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Three Dimensional Concrete printing (3DCP) stands at the forefront of modern construction methodologies, also named additive manufacturing, offering unparalleled time, cost, and labour savings compared to conventional approaches. The evaluation of fresh state parameters like extrudability and buildability through a specialised concrete extruder, combined with a methodical layer-by-layer deposition, ensures structural stability by precisely strengthening each layer. Mechanical strength evaluations highlight the printed material's anisotropic nature, revealing extreme reductions of Fy = 27.94%, Fx = 19.07%, and Fy = 16.33% in compression, flexural, and split tensile strengths, respectively, compared to cast specimens. This emphasises the importance of direction-specific mechanical testing in understanding material behaviour completely. Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods, like Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) testing, are crucial for the qualitative assessment of the integrity and mechanical strength of concrete structures, including both printed and cast specimens, by establishing a strong correlation with compressive strength without causing any damage. Limited research indicates that the microstructure of the material plays a significant role in its mechanical strength, particularly in printed specimens. This claim is reinforced by mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results, which reveal that printed specimens have slightly higher overall porosity, concentrated between 1 µm and 0.1 µm, while cast specimens show higher porosity in pores smaller than 0.1 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid kenaf/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites have emerged as promising structural materials, garnering significant attention due to their unique blend of natural kenaf fibers and synthetic glass fibers. However, despite their potential, there remains a gap in the comprehensive understanding of their quasi‐static mechanical behavior, creep resistance, and fatigue performance. This paper addresses this gap by presenting recent advancements in studying these key properties of hybrid composites. Studies reveal that the combination of kenaf and glass fibers results in enhanced tensile, flexural, and impact strengths compared to individual fiber composites. Additionally, the hybridization offers improved creep resistance, with the glass fibers reinforcing the polymer matrix against deformation under sustained loads. Furthermore, investigations into fatigue properties demonstrate the resilience of hybrid composites to cyclic loading, contributing to prolonged service life in high‐stress environments. By elucidating the interplay between kenaf and glass fibers, this review underscores the potential of hybrid composites in various structural applications. The synergistic effects between natural and synthetic fibers offer a balance between sustainability, performance, and durability, making hybrid kenaf/glass fiber reinforced polymer composites a compelling choice for industries seeking lightweight, high‐performance materials in which aligns with the sustainable development goals (SDGs) especially on Goal 12. Highlights: In composite engineering, combining glass and kenaf fibers could cut production costs, yield high‐performance materials, and promote green technology.Substituting part of the glass fiber with kenaf can enhance the strength‐to‐weight ratio and promote greater biodegradability in current synthetic composites.Quasi‐mechanical properties of hybrid kenaf/glass‐based composites was enhanced by optimal stacking sequences, filler addition, and fiber treatment.Failures due to fatigue and creep can be reduced by hybridizing kenaf/glass fiber composites can prevent in polymer composite due to enhance elastic modulus.Enhanced tribological performance of hybrid kenaf/glass‐based composites due to less damage in microstructure via good interlocking of kenaf and glass in matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes two novel bio-fibrils from agricultural waste and agro-industrial waste as particulate reinforcement in polymer composites. Microfibrils were extracted from the peels of Phaseolus lunatus and Vigna radiata. The main aim of this work is to valorize the obtained fibrils as fillers in polymer composites. The fibrils were subjected to physio-chemical, thermal, and morphological characterization. The physio-chemical analysis revealed that the Phaseolus lunatus consisted of 65.2% of cellulose and 20.1% of hemicellulose contents, whereas the Vigna radiata possessed 58.2% of cellulose and 21.9% of hemicellulose contents respectively. It is well known that the density of the fibril influences the weight of the composites. The density of Phaseolus lunatus and Vigna radiata fibrils were found to be 0.46 and 0.53 g/cm3. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that both the fibrils exhibited a thermal stability of more than 300 °C. Hence, with better functional characteristics, the novel fibrils can be a potential reinforcement in polymer composites for lightweight applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, with the advancement of industrialization and globalization, the automotive sector has drastically increased for transportation and commercial purposes. Hence, to maximize efficiency and minimize the weight of automobiles, the automotive and aerospace industries have welcomed synthetic fibre‐reinforced composites, vastly replacing conventional metals. Despite the superior performance, the usage of synthetic fibre composites has led to the massive dumping of automotive waste in landfills, making the land unfit for future purposes. Therefore, natural fibre‐reinforced composites (NFRCs) quickly replace synthetic fibres with their unique features, such as being lightweight, biodegradable, and non‐toxic, en routing a new path towards a sustainable environment. Though NFRCs are finding new applications in various industries, researchers are trying to enhance their thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties to make them synergic composites. However, with the presence of cellulose, lignin, and wax, natural fibres become highly responsive toward flammability, limiting their use in various emerging applications. As the subject of the flammability of NFRCs has a limited amount of literature, the current review article aims to address the current flammability studies and strategies adopted to improve the flame‐retardant characteristics of NFRCs exclusively. Also, this review covers the factors and influence of different types of flame‐retardant fillers adopted to improve the flame retreatant characteristic of NFRCs and their mechanism. Additionally, this review article summarises various official and laboratory flame‐testing techniques such as radial panel test (RPT), cone calorimetry, and limited oxygen index (LOI) adopted to characterize the flammable properties of NFRCs. Highlights: Natural fiber biocomposites are becoming a potential candidate for structural and interior applications in the automotive and aircraft industries.Flammability becomes a major alarm as it concerns with the safety of passengers.The flammability behavior of natural fiber composites is extensively discussed.Mechanisms, factors, and selection of flame‐retardant materials are reviewed to improve the flame‐retardant characteristics.The influence of surface treatments, fiber content, and flame‐retardant nanofillers are also elaborately discussed.Advanced flame testing techniques were conversed with pictorial representation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case report describes an instance of vulvar lymphangioma occurring in the setting of May–Thurner syndrome (MTS), an association between two vascular conditions that we do not believe has been previously reported. Lymphangioma, also known as lymphatic malformation, is a benign lesion typified by dilatation of endothelial‐lined lymphatic channels involving the skin and subcutis, which can occur either as a congenital abnormality or as a result of acquired damage to lymphatic channels. Lymphangioma is a rare lesion in the vulva. MTS, also known as iliac vein compression syndrome or Cockett's syndrome, is a condition of left iliac vein obstruction due to overriding the right common iliac artery which can lead to iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis. In this report, we describe the case of a 29‐year‐old woman with MTS diagnosed at 7 years of age with poor lymphatic drainage and pelvic pain requiring left iliac vein stenting. She presented with left vulvar discomfort and chronic lower extremity edema and was found to have warty vulvar masses, with histopathological examination showing lymphangioma of the vulva. We believe that this is the first report of vulvar lymphangioma recognized in the setting of MTS, and we will discuss the clinical features, etiology, and possible pathophysiologic association between these two entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal oxide-infused polymer composites with higher dielectric constants are emerging as compelling solutions for effective Electromagnetic Interference shielding (EMIS) applications. In this work, hybrid polymer blends were made of polyoxy methane (POM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), using the conventional solution casting method. This study investigated the dielectric properties of the polymer blend by adding different concentrations (1 to 4 wt.%) of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanofillers that are synthesized via combustion technique with egg albumen. It is evident from the crystallite size of the TiO2 nanoparticles that the egg albumen not only acted as a fuel but also acted as a capping agent in preventing the agglomeration of the particles thereby controlling the size. Increased nanofiller decreased the crystallinity of the polymer blend. The composite with 3 wt.% TiO2 exhibits the highest dielectric constant (1385) and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. Further, the developed hybrid nanocomposites exhibit excellent shielding effectiveness in the frequency range of 8 to 12 GHz. The uniqueness of this study lies in the cost-effective preparation of nanocomposites with a very less concentration of TiO2 nanoparticles. These nanocomposite films could be a potential replacement for films infused with carbon black, multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and nickel oxide nanofillers, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enhancing awareness of personal cleanliness and antibacterial resistance has intensified the antibacterial substance request on consumable products. Antibacterial agents that have been commercialized nowadays are produced from inorganic and non-renewable substances. This provides several drawbacks, particularly against health and environmental issues. Therefore, many scientists work on substituting fossil-fuel-based antibacterial agents with natural ones such as from biomass. Biomass derivatives, natural abundances of biopolymers in the world, amount to major compounds including polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitosan) and polyphenol (tannin and lignin) substances which are capable to combat the growth of Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria. To date, no report focuses on a deep understanding of antibacterial properties derived from biomass and the internal and external factors effects. This work provides that gap because comprehensive knowledge is necessary before applying biomass to the products. The potency of biomass derivatives as antibacterial additives is also summarized. Basic knowledge of antibacterial characteristics to the application in products is highlighted in this review. Besides, the discussion about challenges and future perspectives is also delivered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep eutectic solvent (DES) has been identified as a potential green solvent in biomass processing. In the present investigation, a deep eutectic solvent i.e. choline chloride: urea (ChCl/U) was synthesized and employed to pretreat rice husks. Plackett- Burman response surface methodology was used to optimize the factors which are DES molar ratio, residence time, temperature, and biomass concentration. A total of 11 experimental conditions were evaluated and the highest amount of reducing sugar was obtained when 2 g rice husk was pretreated with 1:2 ChCl/U at 80°C for 6 h i.e. 0.67 ± 0.05 mg/mL. Furthermore, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies were used to characterize the structural and compositional changes in which DES demonstrates a great performance in the pretreatment of rice husk by eliminating amorphous lignin and hemicellulose content. Therefore, the facile process used in this study has the potential to be used on a massive scale to produce fermentable sugars and other compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is a key enabling technology to replace base station-to-device(B2D) communication. D2D with IoT realization has spectral and energy-efficient features for on-time quality data transfer. However, the rapid growth of such networks and the dynamic quality of service demands of user equipment require robust and efficient service quality in disasters, outages, and adversarial conditions. To address this challenge, this paper proposes a triple modular redundancy based on the maximum distance separable (TMR-MDS) technique has been proposed, which modifies the repair bandwidth by utilizing more storage occupation and improving the D2D link availability in the system. The proposed TMR-MDS technique will be used, which is composed of two phases: trust management modules and triple modular redundancy storage modules. As part of the initial stage of trust management, a fuzzy logic model is employed to determine the user's trust value after the user's behaviour is examined. Second, using the majority voting scheme to improve triple modular redundancy storage. Furthermore, if any problem occurs in the node, then it will self-organize. MATLAB is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed system. The overall system performance is evaluated in terms of the network's trust level, and the communication cost of the proposed strategy. As per the experimental results, the proposed TMR-MDS method has a better performance of 12.67%, 23.68%, and 25.87% than hierarchical bi-partite, double replication MDS, and unequal repairing locality code. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 12th annual Utah Cardiac Recovery Symposium (U-CARS) in 2024 continued its mission to advance cardiac recovery by uniting experts across various fields. The symposium featured key presentations on cutting-edge topics such as CRISPR gene editing for heart failure, guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure (HF) with improved/recovered ejection fraction (HFimpEF), the role of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) in treating cardiac arrest, and others. Discussions explored genetic and metabolic contributions to HF, emphasized the importance of maintaining pharmacotherapy in HFimpEF to prevent relapse, and identified future research directions including refining ECPR protocols, optimizing patient selection, and leveraging genetic insights to enhance therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the importance and effect of novel microorganisms used in the bio-machining process. The NiTi is used as a work specimen, and Thiobacillus Novellus is used as a microorganism to perform machining operations. The microstructure of the fabricated specimen is more suitable for biomedical applications. The experiment is designed based on the design of experiment (DoE); three different bio-machining parameters are taken as input parameters: shaking speed, pH, and temperature. In addition, the surface roughness (Ra) and specific metal removal rate (SMRR) are taken as performance measures. The cell concentration of the bio-machining process is kept constant for the designed experiment. Finally, for various process conditions, the effectiveness of Thiobacillus Novellus in the machining of NiTi material is presented. The novel Thiobacillus Novellus microorganism is capable removing more material from the specimen compared to Thiooxidans. The experiment results demonstrated that pH and shaking speed both have a role in achieving a higher SMRR and better Ra. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images are used to understand the type of machining mechanism. The Grey Wolf Algorithm (GWA) optimization method is used to determine the importance of process parameters in achieving a greater SMRR and a better Ra. It has been observed that 95 as shaking speed, 25℃ as temperature, and 4.4 as pH and 80 as shaking speed, 25℃ as temperature, and 2.5 as pH are the best combinations for getting a greater SMRR and better Ra. The developed model can predict the SMRR and Ra with a minimum error of 3.59%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firework industries are one of the primary revenue sources for the Indian Government, and the town of Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu contributes to 90% of the production of firecrackers. Therefore, eco-friendly firecrackers that do not contain harmful chemicals are the hours needed. In eco-friendly firecrackers, the chemical composition of the classical firecrackers is replaced/reduced with less toxic chemicals. As a result, the Supreme Court of India passed an order to close the factories until the implementation of eco-friendly firecrackers. However, the quest for eco-friendly firecracker formulation still prevails. This research aims to develop a novel chemical composition for making ground-level firecrackers. The cashew nutshell powder is selected as an alternative chemical to reduce sulfur consumption. The adjustments in chemical composition would be carried out in strict accordance with the quality and safety measures specified by the Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization of India. With this objective, the cashew nutshell powder (CNSP) was used to reduce sulfur usage by 5% and 10% in firecrackers which leads to less emission of SO2 gas. The latent heat and combustible properties of CNSP make it appropriate to take the partial role of sulfur in the firecracker's performance and tested for noise level and safety parameters. Out of two firecracker formulations containing 5% (CNSP5 formulation) and 10% (CNSP10 formulation) of CNSP, the usage of 5% of CNSP in the firecracker formulation is the optimized limit to reduce sulfur usage confirmed by noise test, safety (impact and friction sensitivity) test, and thermal gravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA and DSC) analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the importance and effect of three different microorganisms used in biomachining process. The aluminum alloy is used as a work sample for performing machining operation using Thiobacillus novellus (Th. novellus), Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (At. thiooxidans), and Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (At. ferrooxidans). The pH and cell concentration of the biomachining process is kept constant for the designed experiment. The other parameters such as shaking rate, temperature, and microorganisms are kept at three levels. Experimental studies were conducted based on the L27 orthogonal array with three levels and parameters. Specific material removal rate (SMRR), material removal rate (MRR), and surface roughness (Ra) were measured and compared for three different microorganisms. The experimental results revealed that shaking rate plays a vital role in increasing the SMRR and MRR. Among all, the performance of the At. ferrooxidans is superior than the other two microorganisms in terms of SMRR and MRR. Further, the effect of initial roughness of the work sample on machining process is also discussed. It is observed that initial surface roughness of the work sample significantly affects the SMRR and MRR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of various stacking sequences on the mechanical and acoustic characteristics of hemp and kenaf fibers reinforced hybrid composites. The mechanical study was done by using universal testing machine and izod imact tester. Further, acoustic study was done by using impendence tube method. Hemp/kenaf/kenaf/hemp hybrid laminates outperformed the other composites in terms of tensile strength, flexural strength and impact strength. In the mono reinforcements, hemp/epoxy composites demonstrated superior mechanical characteristics than the epoxy matrix and kenaf/epoxy composites. However, hybrid composites have superior mechanical behavior compared to pure composites. From the acoustic results revealed that the pure hemp and kenaf/hemp/hemp/kenaf hybrid composites exhibitted highest sound transmission loss level at lowest and highest frequency region. The bestmechanical characteristics of hybrid composites will be suggested for use in automobile door panels. Also, the optimal sound transmission coefficent values signifying their appropriateness for use in applications that encompass many frequency bands. Highlights: Hybridization of kenaf/hemp fibersImproved mechanical properties over the single fiber compositesBetter acoustic properties [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syzgium cumini (L.) Skeels powder (S. cumini powder), also known as Jamun, is well-known for its various medical and health benefits. It is especially recognized for its antidiabetic and antioxidant properties. Thus, S. cumini powder is used in various industries, such as the food and cosmetic industries. In this work, the fruit of S. cumini was utilized; its seeds were extracted, dried, and ground into powder. The ground powders were subjected to various techniques such as physicochemical tests, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry (XRD), particle size analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and antioxidant analysis. From the physicochemical tests, it was revealed that the jamun seed filler contained cellulose (43.28%), hemicellulose (19.88%), lignin (23.28%), pectin (12.58%), and wax (0.98%). The FTIR analysis supported these results. For instance, a peak at 2889 cm−1 was observed and associated with CH stretching, typically found in methyl and methylene groups, characteristic of cellulose and hemicellulose structures. The XRD results demonstrated that the crystallinity index of the jamun seed filler was 42.63%. The particle analysis indicated that the mean (average) particle size was 25.34 μm. This observation was ensured with SEM results. The EDX spectrum results showed the elemental composition of the fillers. Regarding thermal degradation, the jamun seed filler had the ability to withstand temperatures of up to 316.5 °C. Furthermore, endothermic and exothermic peaks were observed at 305 °C and 400 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the antioxidant property of the powder displayed a peak scavenging activity of 91.4%. This comprehensive study not only underscores the viability of S. cumini powder as a sustainable and effective particulate filler in polymer composites but also demonstrates its potential to enhance the mechanical properties of composites, thereby offering significant implications for the development of eco-friendly materials in various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is caused by the disruption in the brain's normal function due to some external forces like jolt or blow to the head. While, Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which starts with tremor in one hand and gradually worsens over time. The connection between these two important diseases is not yet fully understood. Thus, we have proposed a transcriptome-based approach to identify the interrelation between TBI and PD. Determining the common over-or under gene expression pattern could reveal common pathobiological pathways that may explain the linkage between these two diseases. A total of 609 differentially expressed genes were discovered as commonly expressed genes for both TBI and PD. Further, the pathway studies reveal that nine genes such as NDUFA6, SLC17A7, EMXI, PLPPR1, FEZF2 and DUSP14, SERF1B, HBB and ABR made a significant impact on the disease progression of TBI and PD. In particular, SERF1B and HBB and ABR were considered as the top-ranked genes based on the pathway analysis and functional enrichment calculations. We believe that in-depth study on the identified biomarkers will provide possible treatments strategies to overcome TBI and PD. This study proposes a transcriptome-based investigation to elucidate the interrelation between Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Parkinson's disease (PD), both complex neurological conditions with poorly understood connections. Through comprehensive gene expression analysis, 609 differentially expressed genes were identified as common signatures of both disorders, among which NDUFA6, SLC17A7, and SERF1B exhibited significant implications. Particularly noteworthy, SERF1B and HBB and ABR were highlighted as pivotal genes based on pathway analysis and functional enrichment calculations, underscoring their potential as crucial mediators in the progression of TBI and PD. These findings offer valuable insights into shared pathobiological mechanisms and may pave the way for targeted therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating the burden of these debilitating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bottom-lit open top packed bed In-situ Gasification-Activation System with Staged Oxidizer Supply (IGAS-SOS) for co-generation of activated carbon (AC) and intrinsic hydrogen rich producer gas from coconut shells in a single step is demonstrated. Primary air is used for gasification. Superheated steam, in conjunction with secondary air, is employed for activation by injecting it directly into the char bed and distributing it evenly. It is identified that volatile equivalence ratio between 2.1 and 2.5, steam temperature ( T steam ) of ∼ 700 ∘ C, and t act of ∼ 3 h are critical for char-steam reaction to be kinetically controlled. Increase in T steam from 250 to 700 ∘ C increases both maximum activation and intrinsic H 2 yield from 624 m 2 /g and 16 g/kg of biomass to 965 m 2 /g and 27 g/kg of biomass, respectively without much compromise in AC yield. Further, the preferred configuration of oxidizer supply also ensures tar-free exit gas, with higher hydrocarbon levels below 2.5 g/kg of biomass. S A BET and yield are enhanced at least twofold compared to earlier works on in-situ physical activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass-based activated carbon is used in filtration and purification due to its high porosity and absorptivity. This paper reports a scalable single-step self-sustained process to synthesize activated carbon from coconut shells. The process uses mixtures of air and steam as the activation agent (referred to as the activator) in a counter-current packed bed system. The ratio of air to steam in the activator and the strain rate of the activator (a parameter derived from the activator flow velocity) are the key controlling parameters of activation. For a fixed ratio of air to steam in the activator, the extent of activation (quantified by the iodine value of the product) is found to initially increase with an increase in strain rate and starts to decrease beyond a certain critical value. For a given air-steam ratio, this critical value called as extinction strain rate is found to be linked to a fundamental characteristic of the gas-phase flame formed around fuel particles due to the release of volatiles. It is observed that activation increases with an increase in strain rate as long as the gas-phase flame engulfs the fuel particle. Beyond the extinction strain rate (found to be around 250 ± 10 s− 1), the engulfing flame is extinguished and activation starts to fall; this is inferred to be due to the surface oxidation of char due to the absence of gas-phase flame, leading to a lack of pore formation and hence a decrease in activation. For activator flow rates within the extinction strain rate, various regimes for AC synthesis are identified based on the degree of activation and yield. Maximum activation of 850 mg/g iodine value at 8% yield is obtained at an air to steam ratio of 2 and an activator strain rate of 244 s− 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a scalable ultra-rich carbonization process in counter-current packed bed (CCPB) for synthesizing biochar/charcoal with a yield of more than 33% and fuel consumption rate of more than 200 g/m2s (which is at least 2 times more than the maximum achievable with conventional gasification) from coconut shells (CS). The novelty of the process lies in the use of reactant pre-heating to slightly below the devolatilization temperature of CS as a strategy to achieve steady and controlled conversion of CS to biochar/charcoal. The basis for this idea is that the ignition time (tig) of biomass particles decreases significantly with pre-heating while the time for devolatilization (tv) remains more or less the same. Single particle experiments with CS as fuel and atmospheric air as oxidizer show that tv/tig increases from 1.3 to 7.7 with a corresponding increase in pre-heating temperature Ti from 30 to 170 ∘C. The bed operation, in terms of flame propagation, equivalence ratio, and charcoal yield, with pre-heating to slightly below devolatilization temperature in CCPB systems, shows several interesting behaviors not observed in traditional gasifier systems. Two prominent examples of such behaviors are steady flame propagation under extremely rich conditions (volatile equivalence ratio, ϕv > 10) and reduction in peak bed temperature (Tpb) well below 600 ∘C. The biochar yield of the developed process is at least ∼ 25% more than traditional CCPB gasification system. The feedstock flexibility, self-sustainability, and scalability of the developed process are also brought out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the shear bond strength between polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and heat activated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) resin after laser treatment. Materials and Methods: A total of 128 PEEK discs were fabricated (10 mm diameter and 2 mm thickness) and allocated into two groups. Group 1 was subjected to surface treatment followed by thermal cycling for 5000 cycles and group 2 was subjected to surface treatment followed by thermal cycling for 10,000 cycles. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups (n = 16) which were: no surface treatment; primer treatment; acid etching; and laser surface treatment. PEEK was then bonded with PMMA resin using the conventional flasking technique. The shear bond strength was evaluated using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Statistical analysis was done using one‐way ANOVA for comparing within groups, followed by Tukey HSD test. Student's T‐test was done to evaluate between the two groups. Results: In group 1, the highest shear bond strength was exhibited by the laser group (19.08 ± 0.16 MPa) followed by the acid etch group (14.84 ± 0.23 MPa), and the primer group (6.43 ± 0.20 MPa), while the least shear bond strength was observed in the no surface treatment group (4.98 ± 0.34 MPa) which was found to be significant (p < 0.05). In group 2, the highest shear bond strength was observed in the laser group (18.21 ± 0.23 MPa) followed by the acid etch group (13.77 ± 0.48 MPa), and the primer group (6.04 ± 0.11 MPa), while the least shear bond strength was observed in no surface treatment group (4.35 ± 0.21 MPa) which was found to be significant (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The shear bond strength between PEEK and PMMA resin was highest for specimens that were surface treated with laser and followed by specimens treated with acid etching, primer application, and without surface treatment, respectively. Increasing thermal cycling from 5000 cycles to 10,000 cycles also reduced the bond strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical conductivity is emerging as one of the most essential material's qualities of the 21st century due to the lightning‐fast advancements in the electronics sector and the continuously improving electrical goods. As conductive materials are used in the majority of the modern items we use, including power sources, energy generating systems, electrical circuits, sensors, and many others, continuing advancement in this field is very crucial. The novelty of this work lies in the dispersion of ferrite nanoparticles, which was synthesized using egg albumen to enhance the electrical behavior of PANI polymer films. In this research work, a simple casting approach was used to ex situ polymerize aniline to fabricate ultrathin and flexible CuFe2O4 distributed PANI films for electrical conductivity applications. The combustion approach was used to produce the copper ferrite nanoparticles, while egg albumen was not only used as the fuel but also it was used a capping agent to control the size of ferrite NPs with a size much lower than that already reported. Studies on the structural, morphological, and electrical properties of pure and various weight percent of (1 , 3 , and 5 wt%) CuFe2O4 loaded PANI films were performed. Comparing the different films, the 5 wt% CuFe2O4 dispersed PANI films exhibited remarkable and greatly improved permittivity and electrical conductivity with low dielectric loss. This indicates the 5 wt% CuFe2O4 dispersed PANI films have the prospective uses in high‐tech industries where there is a need for flexible, thin, and lightweight high electrical conducting materials with lesser loss factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a form of digital systems and a way of encoding digital data across multiple frequency components that is used in telecommunication services. Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) inaccuracy is a serious disadvantage of OFDM. In this research, Fuzzy based Slime Mould optimization for CFO (FSM-CFO) has been proposed. The proposed FSM-CFO not only estimates the CFO with increased precision, but also allocates resources effectively, achieving maximum utilization of dynamic resources. Initially, Slime Mould Algorithm is utilized to extract the precise CFO. Additionally, the base station (BS) manages the Resource Units (RU), which could be used to distribute resources in such a manner that the user-requests are met. The resources are assigned using fuzzy rules, with the type of resource that is most appropriate for the nodes that have requested the resources being chosen. To assign resources to a certain job, fuzzy rules are devised. Once the residence time for the duration has passed, the highest-priority tasks receive the specific resources. Finally, experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated in terms of Resource utilization, failure rate, life span, and energy consumption. According to the simulated results, the suggested configuration can perform better compared to the existing techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text summarizing (TS) takes key information from a source text and condenses it for the user while retaining the primary material. When it comes to text summaries, the most difficult problem is to provide broad topic coverage and diversity in a single summary. Overall, text summarization addresses the fundamental need to distill large volumes of information into more manageable and digestible forms, making it a crucial technology in the era of information abundance. It benefits individuals, businesses, researchers, and various other stakeholders by enhancing efficiency and comprehension in dealing with textual data. In this paper, proposed a novel Modified Generative adversarial network (MGAN) for summarize the text. The proposed model involves three stages namely pre-processing, Extractive summarization, and summary generation. In the first Phase, the Text similarity dataset is pre-processed using Lowering Casing, Tokenization, Lemmatization, and, Stop Word Removal. In the second Phase, the Extractive summarization is done in three steps Generating similarity metrics, Sentence Ranking, and Sentence Extractive. In the third stage, a generative adversarial network (GAN) employs summary generation to jointly train the discriminative model D and the generative model G. To classify texts and annotate their syntax, Generative Model G employs a convolutional neural network called Bidirectional Gated Recursive Unit (CNN-BiGRU). The performance analysis of the proposed MGAN is calculated based on the parameters like accuracy, specificity, Recall, and Precision metrics. The proposed MGAN achieves an accuracy range of 99%. The result shows that the proposed MGAN improves the overall accuracy better than 9%, 6.5% and 5.4% is DRM, LSTM, and CNN respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymers are ideal solutions for architects and constructors in the marine field who require materials that can achieve light and stable structures owing to their unique advantages. For instance, they possess a high strength-to-weight ratio, high wear resistance and fatigue strength, resistance to corrosion, ease of fabrication, and superior vibration damping behavior. These properties make polymers well suited for marine-based applications. However, polymers have their disadvantages, such as contributing to plastic pollution, which has a detrimental impact on the environment. In recent times, various concurrent methods have been employed to advance the future of polymers. This review explores (i) an overall view of polymers used in marine industries, (ii) a focus on reducing plastic wastage, (iii) challenges involved in recycling polymers and ensuring their sustainability, and (iv) the development of renewable plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics to cutting‐edge industrial and scientific equipment, high dielectric permittivity (ε′) polymers are crucial for maximizing the performance and efficiency of electrical and electronic systems. Researchers strive to create and perfect these materials to meet the changing demands of modern technology. It is generally known that freestanding bare polymers cannot achieve high dielectric values; however, the mixing of multiple materials that are distinct is an effective technique for developing high dielectric hybrids. Polymer‐based nanoarchitectures are particularly beneficial for use in the storage of energy due to characteristics such as excellent mechanical strength, noncorrosive nature, lightweight, affordability, versatility, thermal and electrical shielding. The primary aim of this investigation is to prepare copper ferrite, zinc ferrite, and copper0.5 zinc0.5 ferrite (CuFe2O4, ZnFe2O4, and Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4) nanoparticle (NP) via combustion technique using egg albumen as a fuel and these NPs were separately dispersed in polyaniline (PANI) matrix by the method of ex situ polymerization of aniline with an objective to enhance the electrical properties for energy storage and electromagnetic wave applications. Flexible freestanding films were casted via solution casting technique. X‐ray diffractogram of 5 wt.% NP dispersed PANI films confirmed the presence of NPs in the PANI matrix. Scanning electron micrograph images show the homogeneous dispersion of NPs into PANI matrix. Rather than the pure ferrite NPs, mixed ferrite highly enhance the permittivity of PANI films without much increasing its loss factor, the obtained values of ε′ of all the three ferrite added films are higher than polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/(Mn0.2Zr0.2Cu0.2Ca0.2Ni0.2)Fe2O4 nanofiller. In this work notably for 5 wt.% Cu0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4 dispersed film shows the highest value of ε′ (7291) for 100 Hz at 150°C with ultralow loss factor (0.08) which is the key characteristic of an energy storage material. Thus, this present study leads the formation of a cost effective, flexible, high dielectric material, which can be a potential alternate to replace PVDF/(Mn0.2Zr0.2Cu0.2Ca0.2Ni0.2)Fe2O4 and polyvinyl alcohol/Ni0.65Cu0.35Fe2O4 polymer blends for energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India's gig economy professionals often transition into successful startups, attracting seed funding for growth. Their success is attributed to their expertise, niche focus, market relevance, local insights, adaptability, innovation, networking, government support, scalable business models, and effective pitching skills. The journey from gig economy worker to startup success in India is marked by a blend of digital marketing acumen, adaptability, and understanding of local market dynamics. This study analyzes data from 232 freelancers who have applied for seed funding to have startups in Tamil Nadu, assessing their expectations and satisfaction levels. The study uses Confirmatory Factor Analysis, AVE, HTMT, and SEM to examine the relationships between digital marketing, seed financing, and freelancers' satisfaction. The study result shows that the freelancers are satisfied with their work as they get work flexibility and timing, and it is also found that when seed financing is made available to these freelancers, they could build their own startup and provide employment opportunity to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been reported that the properties of a foam-based sandwich panel can be enhanced by incorporating nanoclay into the facesheet or foam core. In this study, an attempt was made to disperse nanoclay into the epoxy adhesive so as to bond the facesheet with the core. The sandwich panel in this study was fabricated using a basalt/epoxy laminate as the facesheet and polyvinyl chloride foam as the core material. The characterisation results through flexural and quasi-static indentation tests revealed that the infusion of nanoclay led to an increase of up to 34% in the bending strength, 51% in the core shear strength, and 72% in energy absorption. In addition, the nanoclay-reinforced sandwich panel showed a slightly higher sound absorption coefficient than the control specimen without nanoclay. Another interesting observation from the flexural and quasi-static indentation tests was that the addition of nanoclay also influenced the failure behaviour and the size of the damaged area. The superior energy and sound absorption characteristics make the foam-based sandwich panel a potential material for structural applications requiring acoustic insulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MAPK pathway is important in human lung cancer and is improperly activated in a substantial proportion through number of ways. Strategies on dual-targeting RAF and MEK are an alternative option to diminish the limitations in this pathway inhibition. Hence, we implemented parallel pharmacophore screening of 11,808 DrugBank compounds against RAF and MEK. ADHRR and DHHRR were modeled as a pharmacophore hypothesis for RAF and MEK respectively. Importantly, these hypotheses resulted an AUC value of > 0.90 with the external data set. As a result of phase screening, glide docking, and prime-MM/GBSA scoring, it is determined that DB08424 and DB08907 have the best chances of acting as multi-kinase inhibitors. The pi-cation interaction with key amino acid residues of both target receptors may responsible for the stronger binding with these kinases. Cumulative 600 ns MD simulation studies validate the binding ability of these compounds. Significantly, the hit compounds resulted higher number of stable conformational state with less atomic movements than the reference compound against both targets. The anti-cancer efficacy of the lead compounds was validated through machine learning-based approaches. These findings suggest that DB08424 and DB08907 might be novel molecules to be explored further experimentally to block the MAPK signaling in lung cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene particles were synthesized from biomass, i.e., wood powder, for the first time in this work for analyzing milk protein content in samples such as cow milk and pocket milk. The production of graphene on large scale is one of the biggest challenges. Graphene synthesis by a low-cost method is achieved by thermal treatment of wood powder. Label-free detection of milk by graphene using UV-Visible spectroscopy is reported. This method of detection of milk is rapid, highly sensitive, and more economical. The large specific surface area of graphene allows for very good adsorption of target biomolecules. Though graphene is reported widely for its remarkable properties such as high electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength, anti-corrosion, and sensitivity, its applications are less explored. Graphene is synthesized by heating wood powder to a high temperature of about 800 °C. The structural and morphological studies are performed using XRD, FTIR, and SEM analysis. The protein content in milk is measured by optical sensing using graphene as the sensing material. Raw cow milk and commercial pocket milk are selected, and their quality is analyzed using UV-Visible spectroscopy. The milk samples are detected using the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of graphene through the non-enzymatic method. The analysis of the SPR peak at 282 nm clearly shows the ability of graphene as a bio-molecular recognition element. The intensity of the absorbance increases linearly when the amount of milk increases from 0.25 to 1 ml. Thus, graphene can replace noble metal nanoparticles in the field of biosensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study fabricated Kevlar-Hemp and Kevlar-Pineapple leaf fiber-based hybrid composites with different weaving architectures using the compression molding method. The quasi-static indentation behavior of hybrid composites was examined. The indentation behavior of hybrid composites was measured using peak load and energy absorption, load-displacement performance, and specimen damage size. The results show that the twill weave type Kevlar-Pineapple leaf fiber and Kevlar-Hemp fiber-based hybrid composites showed better energy absorption and peak load than all types of composites. Moreover, the hybrid composites exhibited beneficial results for peak force and absorbed energy than pure composites. After the indentation behavior, the front and back damaged surfaces of the composites were examined. The specimen damage size was assessed utilizing ultrasonic C-scan images. According to the findings, the hybrid composites' surface damage was influenced by the different weaving architecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer recurrence seems to be the most leading cause of death as well as deterioration of lifespan. Proper assessment of the probability of recurrence in early-stage lung cancer is necessary to push up the treatment progress. We therefore employed machine-learning technologies to forecast post-operative recurrence risks using 174 lung cancer patient records. Six classification algorithms logistic regression, SVM, decision tree classification, random forest classification, XGBoost and lightGBM were used to predict the cancer recurrence. The patient samples were divided into training and test group with the split ratio of 3:1 for model generation and the accuracy were validated using k-fold cross-validation method. It is worth noting that the logistic regression model outperformed all the models in both training (Accuracy = 0.82) and test set (Accuracy = 0.79) on k-fold validation. Further, the optimal features (n = 7) identified using the RFE method is certainly helpful to improve the model in a high precision. The imperative risk factors associated with recurrence were identified using three feature selection methods. Importantly, our research showed that age is an important prognostic factor to be considered during the recurrence prediction. Indeed, severe concern on the identified risk factors combined with predictive models assists the physician to reduce the cancer recurrence rate in patients with lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the mounting environmental consciousness, natural fibers in composite materials have become inevitable, especially for lightweight semi-structural applications which includes the door panels, side body structures, stressed shell structure and hood components in automotive and aerospace industry. This study represents the properties of raw and NaOH treated novel cellulosic Abelmoschus ficulneus weed plant fibers. The extracted fibers were characterized by physicochemical analysis, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and Differential scanning calorimetry, single fiber tensile test, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The physicochemical analysis found that the extracted fiber possessed higher cellulose content (80.86%). The extracted fiber was also chemically modified by NaOH treatment, which enhanced the tensile and thermal properties. The peak load at which the fiber failure occurred improved from 2.87 N for the untreated fiber to 3.57 N for the treated fiber while the modulus improved from128 MPa to 159 MPa for the untreated and treated fiber. Further, the inflection degradation increased from 349 °C to 352 °C. Hence, with better functional properties, the novel Abelmoschus ficulneus weed fibers can be a potential reinforcement material for the composites used in semi-structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, traffic accidents are of main concern because of more death rates and economic losses every year. Thus, road accident severity is the most important issue of concern, mainly in the undeveloped countries. Generally, traffic accidents result in severe human fatalities and large economic losses in real-world circumstances. Moreover, appropriate, precise prediction of traffic accidents has a high probability with regard to safeguarding public security as well as decreasing economic losses. Hence, the conventional accident prediction techniques are usually devised with statistical evaluations, which identify and evaluate the fundamental relationships among human variability, environmental aspects, traffic accidents and road geometry. However, the conventional approaches have major restrictions based on the assumptions regarding function kind and data distribution. In this paper, Aquila Anti-Coronavirus Optimization-based Deep Long Short-Term Memory (AACO-based Deep LSTM) is developed for road accident severity detection. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient and Deep Recurrent Neural Network (DRNN) are utilized for the feature fusion process. Data augmentation method is carried out to improve the detection performance. Deep LSTM detects the road accident and its severity, where Deep LSTM is trained by the designed AACO algorithm for better performance. The developed AACO-based Deep LSTM model outperformed other existing methods with the Mean Square Error (MSE), Root-Mean-Square Error (RMSE) and Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 0.0145, 0.1204 and 0.075%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has been a practice of converting saltwater into potable water using solar stills for more than a century. Their production is only 2,000–5,000 mL/m² ·d, considering all the modifications. The process of production is expensive and inconvenient. The double basin solar stills are the only recommended solution to this problem. In this work, the performance of a double basin solar still with exterior reflectors, lower basin with flat plate collector (FPC) and mini solar pond has been examined and it was executed in Francis Xavier Engineering College, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India (latitude 11.9089° N, longitude 79.7589° E) with 09.00 to 19:00 h on a daily basis for a period of 20 d. Further, it has been examined whether the modifications have an impact on the effectiveness of double basin. Even in double basins, the 100 cm² × 100 cm² upper basins have a 5-step tray inside the lower basins for stability. There is a total of 25 compartments in each tray, having five portions each section. Materials, such as granite, for storing the heat is present in each unit. The yield of distilled water has been increased to 5,650 mL/m² ·d, when the external reflectors were installed. The yield has further increased to 6,249 mL/m2 ·d when the double basin solar still is connected to the FPC and small solar ponds. The overall yield due to the modifications has been increased by 127.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new hybrid fabrication technique was introduced to manufacture composite laminates made of glass fiber, carbon fiber, and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as the matrix. The fabrication process utilized two different techniques: fused deposition modeling and hot press molding. The composite laminates were produced using five layers of glass fibers to form glass fiber-reinforced composites (GF/ABS) and five layers of glass fiber and carbon fiber to form glass fiber, carbon fiber-reinforced hybrid composites (GF/CF/ABS), with three layers of glass fibers and two layers of carbon fibers. The fabricated composite laminates were subjected to wear testing at velocities of 2 m/s, 3 m/s, and 4 m/s and under loads of 5 N and 10 N. The results indicated that GF/ABS samples had the lowest wear loss at 5 N and a velocity of 4 m/s. Additionally, the GF/CF/ABS hybrid samples had the lowest coefficient of friction (COF) of 0.28 at 4 m/s. The GF/ABS samples also exhibited the lowest friction force of 1.7 at 5 N and a velocity of 4 m/s. The worn samples were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope to examine the fiber-to-matrix adhesion behavior. GF/ABS and GF/CF/ABS composites are widely used in various applications due to their high strength-to-weight ratio and resistance to wear. These materials could be used in automotive parts, sporting goods, and marine applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is the form of a digital system and a way of encoding digital data across multiple frequency components that are used in telecommunication services. Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) inaccuracy is a major disadvantage of OFDM. This paper proposed a feasible and elegant fuzzy-based resource allocation technique, that overcomes the constraints of the CFO. The suggested Fuzzy linear CFO estimation (FL-CFO) not only estimates the CFO with increased precision but also allocates resources effectively, and achieves maximum utilization of dynamic resources. The suggested FL-CFO error estimation algorithm in OFDM systems employing 1-bit Quadrate errors ADC (1-bit QE) is utilized to extract the precise CFO. Additionally, the base station (BS) manages the Resource Units (RU), which could be used to distribute resources in such a manner that the user requests are met. To assign resources to a certain job, fuzzy rules are devised. When the residence duration exceeds the resource requirement time then the particular resources are provided to the highest-priority jobs. As a result, the job performance will not be halted due to a lack of allocated resources. Performance metrics such as utilization, rate of failure, and life span, as well as energy consumption, are used to assess the proposed FL-CFO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber‐reinforced composites have found their prominent place in various applications, including aerospace, automobile and marine manufacturing industries, because of outstanding properties obtained during composite preparation. One such aspect of improving the composite property is hybridization, where natural fibers (or both natural and synthetic fibers) are combined to obtain different composite structures for diverse applications. This research aims to hybridize the composite considering Kenaf fabric and Kevlar fabric reinforced in an unsaturated polyester matrix with different proportions. Three different laminate sequences (L1, L2, and L3) were developed by considering the fabric's stacking sequence, weave pattern, and orientation. The composite laminates prepared were tested where Taguchi's method (L9 orthogonal array) and artificial neural network were used to study influencing parameters for tribological behavior of the composite. From the practical information, a prediction model from the artificial neural network is applied to forecast the wear rate of the laminates at a broader range of operating factors beyond and within the test phase. The microstructures of the worn surfaces were investigated from a scanning electron microscope to confirm the wear principle of the laminates under different cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipases are widely used in many biochemical industries. Media optimization is considered one of the best ways to produce a large quantity of lipase economically. This study used Response Surface Methodology (D - Optimal design in MODDE 13 to comprehend the effect of different media on the enzyme activity. The enzyme activity was highest under the following conditions: 10.1 g/L of peptone, 7.5 g/L of Yeast Extract, and 13.9 mL/L of Olive oil. A feasibility analysis of lipase production from the microbes using the optimized data was performed, and at optimized conditions, lipase activity increased from 0.757 μmol/min to 0.959 μmol/min. A simulation study for large-scale batch production for lipase was conducted using SuperPro Designer (v10), and techno-economic data was analyzed. The expected cost per unit volume of lipase was estimated to be 4393.96 $. Thus, process optimization with technoeconomic analysis could be helpful for industrial-scale lipase production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term elastomer is a curtailment of two words, which are elastic and polymers. Accordingly, elastomers are polymer materials with elasticity. The significant challenges hindering the development of materials for naval applications, similar to other engineering sectors, include achieving a competitive light elastomeric structure. Marine structures are susceptible to various damage responses due to various loads throughout their service life. Being flexible, elastomer has a low modulus of elasticity, exhibits higher values of failure strain and yield strength. In these regards, elastomers are attractive materials for applications that require elasticity because they offer substantial advantages compared to traditional materials. However, the low fire resistance of these elastomeric materials jeopardizes their use in some critical applications. As a result, elastomeric blends and composites containing flame retardant (FR) additives are commonly used. On the other hand, elastomers possess (i) high strength-to-weight ratio, (ii) excellent impact properties, (iii) low infrared, magnetic, and radar signatures, (iv) excellent durability, and (v) high resilience to extreme loads. Hence, the scope of this study focuses on review and awareness regarding the feasibility of marine applications of elastomers/elastomeric composites, their current scientific and technological drawbacks, and future outlooks or prospects to support several applications in the marine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of jute, kenaf, and banana fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites with different stacking sequences were fabricated by compression molding techniques. The pure epoxy, pure jute, pure kenaf, pure banana composites are also fabricated for comparison purposes. Tensile, flexural, inter‐laminar shear strengths, and hardness properties of the fabricated composites were investigated. Physical parameters like density, water absorption, and thickness swelling were also examined. From mechanical properties, the results are evident that when compared to hybrid composites pure banana composites have the highest tensile, flexural, interlaminar shear strength and shore D hardness value of 41, 67, 18, and 86 MPa respectively. Also, pure banana composites have better water absorption and thickness swelling percentage of 4% and 1.6%. However, KBJJBK hybrid composites exhibit a maximum tensile strength of 34 MPa, flexural strength of 54 MPa. Further BJKKJB hybrid composites possess the highest hardness value of 87, intralaminar shear strength of 17 MPa and lowest water absorption of 8% and thickness swelling percentage of 2%. Certain pure and hybrid configuration have enhanced mechanical strength, stiffness, and lower water absorption and thickness swelling properties, indicating that they are suitable for automotive structural applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal ions (Ag+, Cd2+, Eu3+, Sm3+) and protons can, through coordination and protonation, modulate in three specific ways the structural information contained in the pyrazine-based heterocyclic strand L (obtained from 2,5-bis(methylhydrazino)pyrazine and 2 equivalents of 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde), thus generating two linear rod-like conformations and a bent one. This conformational diversity is associated with a structural one that consists of two diprotonated forms (H2L(PF6)2 and H2L(CF3SO3)2), a polymeric architecture [AgL]n(CF3SO3)n, two rack-like complexes ([Eu2H2L3(CF3SO3)6](PF6)2 and [Sm2H2L3(CF3SO3)6](PF6)2) and a grid-like structure ([Cd4L4](CF3SO3)8). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this present work, a review of fatigue strength on bio‐nano composites was presented. Generally, the biocomposites possessed higher fatigue strength than the conventional materials. Because the propagation in biocomposites can be arrested due to their internal structure, whereas the damages occur in the matrix and/or at the fiber/matrix interface region. In the case of conventional materials, the cracks would rapidly grow until a catastrophic failure occurs. Thus, the S–N curves of composites show a flatter curve when compared to the conventional materials. In terms of fatigue properties, conventional fiber‐reinforced composites (e.g., glass and carbon‐reinforced composites) were more extensively studied than bio‐based reinforced composites. Examining the fatigue properties of materials is significant for all engineering‐based applications. Because the fatigue failures can occur below the ultimate tensile strength of materials. However, the fatigue performance of the composites can be enhanced by improving the fiber‐matrix interfacial bonding resulting from surface treatment of fibers and incorporating nanofillers within the matrix, and so forth. Since the nanocomposites have a larger surface area and aspect ratio, they are preferred to use in many applications: aerospace, automotive, biotechnology, construction, and building, electronics, marine, and packing industries. Thus, this chapter starts with the unique advantages of bio‐nano composites. Then, the fatigue properties of bio‐nano composites, the significance of the S–N diagram, and the pattern of fatigue testing were discussed. In order to understand the fatigue behavior, several factors such as structure, fillers, fabrication techniques, and so forth were included. Challenges of fatigue strength of biocomposites were also summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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