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Copyright of Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research / Turkiye Tarimsal Arastirmalar Dergisi is the property of Siirt University, Faculty of Agriculture / Siirt Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to reveal β-casein polymorphism of some cattle breeds and also the potential to produce A2 milk from existing animals and to develop strategies in this area. Therefore, a total of 400 cattle, 100 animals from each breed of Holstein, Brown Swiss, Jersey and Simmental raised commonly in Turkey, were obtained, and C > A polymorphism in 67th amino acid in the 7th exons of β-casein gene was determined by TaqI enzyme with PCR-ACRS method. Blood samples were collected from dairy cattle farms raising Holstein, Brown Swiss and Jersey breeds from Konya province and Simmental breed from Kütahya province in Turkey. A1 and A2 allele frequencies in Holstein, Brown Swiss, Jersey and Simmental cattle breeds were determined as 0.475/0.525, 0.370/0.630, 0.215/0.785 and 0.440/0.560, respectively. The highest A2 allele frequency (0.785) was found in Jersey breed. A1A1 genotypes in Holstein, Brown Swiss, Jersey and Simmental breeds were 0.240, 0.150, 0.030 and 0.160, respectively; A1A2 genotypes were 0.470, 0.440, 0.370 and 0.560, respectively; A2A2 genotypes were determined as 0.290, 0.410, 0.600 and 0.280, respectively. In these breeds, the highest A2A2 genotype frequency was found in Jersey (0.600), the lowest A1A1 genotype frequency (0.030) was found in Jersey and the highest A1A2 genotype frequency (0.560) was found in Simmental. Holstein, Brown Swiss, Simmental and Jersey populations were at the level of Hardy-Weinberg in terms of β-casein gene (p > 0.05). The average Ho, He and PIC values were calculated as 0.460, 0.469 and 0.605, respectively. In conclusion, the frequency of commonly reared cattles in Turkey especially Brown Swiss, and Jersey breeds in A2A2 genotype are satisfactory, but it can be said that the use of animals with A2 allele in selection is extremely important for increasing A2 milk producing potential in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lameness is one of the culling factors such as mastitis, low milk yield, and infertility that cause economic losses in herd management as they threaten animal health and welfare. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the early detection of lameness in Brown Swiss cattle by using a data mining algorithm by both integrating lameness scores and some image parameters such as Lab (CIE L*, a*, b*), HSB (hue, saturation, brightness), RGB (red, green, blue) by processing thermal images with ImageJ program. In the study, the variables obtained as a result of processing the skin surface temperatures and thermal images taken at the fetlock joint of 33 Brown Swiss cattle were used as independent variables. Also, healthy cows (lameness scores 1 and 2) and unhealthy cows (lameness scores 3, 4, and 5) used in the diagnosis of lameness were used as a binary response variable. Classification and regression tree (CART) was used as a data mining algorithm in the diagnosis of lameness. As a result, the CART algorithm correctly classified 12 of the 13 heads unhealthy cows according to locomotion scores. According to locomotion scores by using CART analysis in this study, independent variables that are used to classify healthy and unhealthy (lame) animals were determined as maximum temperature (Tmax), green (mean), L (max), and age (P<0.05). The cut-off values of these independent variables were predicted as 32.40, 149.14, 97.11, and 5.50 for Tmax, green (mean), L (max), and age, respectively. Also, the sensitivity, specificity, and area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the CART algorithm for locomotion scoring were found as 92.31%, 95%, and 93.7% respectively. The area under ROC curve (AUC) was found to be significant in the diagnosis of lameness (P<0.01). Results showed that the use of CART classification algorithm together with thermal camera and image processing methods is a usefull tool in the detection of lameness in the herds. It is recommended that more comprehensive studies by increasing the number of animals in the future would be more beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Birth weight (BW), which is the first physiological record of the postnatal period, is an important indicator that affects growth and development, reproduction, and some yields of living things in the future. The present study was carried out using the birth records of 5417 heads of Awassi lambs from 2013 to 2018 in MeMuTa dairy sheep farm in Zengen town of Ereğli district of Konya city in Türkiye. In this study, the effects of some environmental and genetic factors on birth and weaning weight in Awassi lambs were evaluated using both general linear model (GLM) and classification and regression tree (CART) analysis. As a result of the GLM analysis, the least squares’ means of birth and weaning weights (BW and WW) were determined as 4.15 ± 0.05 kg and 16.39 ± 0.13 kg, respectively. Fixed genetic factors such as birth type and sex, and environmental factors such as season and year were found to be significant on birth weight (P < 0.01). As for weaning weight, other factors except birth type were found to be similarly important like birth weight (P < 0.01). Also, linear regression of birth weight on weaning weight was found to be significant (P < 0.01). In GLM and CART analyses, the determination coefficient (R2) was determined to be 23.80% and 11.70% for BW, and 24.11% and 13.18% for WW, respectively. The findings of the analysis results showed that the factors in the model have a similar tendency both in terms of their relative ratios in the total variation in the GLM analysis and in their relative importance in the CART algorithm. It was seen that CART data mining algorithm in the prediction of some genetic and environmental factors on birth and weaning weights using some factors in Awassi lambs produced successful results in predictive performance. Briefly, it was determined that there is a similar tendency to GLM analysis according to CART algorithm analysis in the current study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to investigate the species identification and enumeration of some pathogenic microorganisms before and after feeding the full ration contaminated by predatory starling bird herds on 5 different days in the dairy cattle farm in Aksaray. At the end of the study, the average number of E.coli obtained from the feed samples taken before the arrival of starlings was 6.46 log cfu/g, while the number of E.coli obtained from the feed taken after starling birds flocked to the feed was found as 6.80 log cfu/g. While the average Campylobacter spp. number was 5.50 log cfu/g, this value was found as 5.66 log cfu/g after starlings swooped down on the feed. As the average Yersinia spp. number was 5.04 log cfu/g, this value was 5.78 log cfu/g after the starlings flocked to the feed. Salmonella was found in 3 samples taken from the feed samples taken after the starlings came to the farm only on the 5th day in 5 different days when they attacked the cattle feed. Considering the current results, necessary precautions should be taken against starlings that cause contamination in farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to determine the levels of melatonin in the day and night milk of Holstein and Jersey cows. In the study, samples of daytime milk produced from 27 head of Holstein and 27 head of Jersey cows in the first lactation, which were raised in a private dairy cattle enterprise in the Kaşınhanı neighborhood of Meram district of Konya city Turkey, and night milk samples taken from the same cows that were blackened for one (1) week were used. Melatonin levels in milk samples taken from day and night milk were determined separately for Holstein and Jersey cows with the help of Bovine Melatonin (MLT) Elisa Kit. In the study, it was determined that the ratio of melatonin in day and night milk in Holstein cows was 2.912 pg/ml and 11.314 pg/ml, respectively, and the ratio of melatonin in Jersey cows was 2.924 pg/ml and 6.954 pg/ml in the same order. The difference between the melatonin levels of the day and night milk of Holstein and Jersey cows was found to be statistically significant (p<0.01). At the end of the study, it can be stated that night milk can be used for medical purposes and a new production source may arise for producers since there is a significant difference in melatonin between day and night milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reproductive efficiency of dairy cattle is critical to the economic success and sustainability of the enterprise. Due to its many advantages, artificial insemination has inevitably taken its place in herd management today, and different artificial insemination methods have been developed until today. At the same time, artificial insemination is carried out by commercial artificial insemination operators or do-it-yourself operators in cattle farms. One of the factors affecting the success of artificial insemination is inseminators. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inseminators on conception rates in reproductive challenges and to reveal the differences between the success rates of inseminators. A total of 227,297 artificial insemination acts carried out by 35 inseminators for 4 years belonging to the Konya Cattle Breeders’ Association in Turkey were assessed for this purpose. In the study, the insemination success rate was determined as 41.36%. In addition, the percentage of inseminators with a total insemination success rate of more than 50% is very low, such as 2.9%, and the percentage of those who achieved 35.9% and below was 9.3%. As a result, it can be stated that the inseminators having a lower success rate than the overall should be retrained to avoid costs or losses in the farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Akkaraman sheep and Hair goats raised extensively on the same farm were scored with the FAMACHA card. Score 1 was not present in both sheep and goats, whereas scores 5 and 2 were not detected in sheep and goats, respectively. While the number of animals with scores of 2, 3, and 4 was 9, 46, and 55 in sheep, the number of animals with 3, 4, and 5 scores in goats was 6, 55, and 41, respectively. In the study, the differences in the amount of RBC, Hct, and Hb in goats according to these score groups were found statistically significant, confirming anemia (p < 0.01). The number of animals with a score of 3-4 was 101 in the sheep population. Compared to the sheep population, a more serious anemic condition was observed in goats. However, differences in Hct and Hb amounts according to these score groups were statistically significant, confirming anemia (p < 0.05). As a result, it was concluded that the relationships between scoring by using the FAMACHA card and hematological blood analysis in the detection of anemia are more effective in goats, whereas it is also possible to use it in sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the difference between melatonin hormone in night milk and melatonin concentration in day milk of Holstein cows. In this study, daytime milk obtained from 40 heads Holstein cows in the first lactation raised in a private dairy cattle farm in Karapınar district of Konya state province in Turkey and night milk samples taken from the same cows that were kept in darkness for one week were used. The milk samples were collected from day and night milking in order to determine the melatonin concentration with the help of Bovine Melatonin (MLT) Elisa Kit. In this study, melatonin concentration in day time and night time milk were determined as respectively 103.70 ± 6.61 pg mL-1 and 163.13 ± 8.96 pg mL-1. The difference between melatonin levels of day and night milk was statistically significant (P<0.01). Since significant difference occurred between melatonin concentration between day and night milk at the end of the study, it can be stated that night milk can be used for medical purposes that is used cure of some illnesses and producers can be provided with a new production source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important activities in animal raising is parasite control. Since parasites share what animals eat on one hand, they have disease-causing effects on the other hand, they are parasites that must be fought. In fact, they can be responsible for the decrease in yield and can also cause death. Haemonchus contortus parasite from the Trichostrongylidae family is a blood parasite that causes anemia in sheep and goats. In this study, using the FAMACHA© card, which is widely used in the determination of anemia caused by Haemonchus contortus in the world, the color of the conjunctiva was scored in Akkaraman sheep and Hair goats raised in the Sızma district of Konya, and the relations between the score and the parasite type and density were determined. Accordingly,while no animals with 1 and 5 scores were observed in sheep, the numbers of animals with scores of 2, 3, and 4 were determined as 7.84%, 40.2%, and 52.96%, respectively. Parasite eggs belonging to the Trichostrongylidae family were observed in 96.07% of the sheep. On the other hand, no animal with score 1 or 2 was observed in goats. The numbers of animals with 3, 4, and 5 scores were determined as 6.12%, 54.08%, and 39.80%, respectively. Eimeria, the most common parasite species, was found in 68.18% of the goats and parasite eggs from the Trichostrongylidae family were observed in 17.05%. As a result, it was concluded that the card in question was a practical, easily available, and cheap tool in the detection of anemia by using the relationships between FAMACHA© card scoring and parasite loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) which is an opioid peptide during digestion of A1 milk, has been claimed as a possible cause of some health problems. There are some studies about the role of β-casomorphin-7 in some diseases such as type 1 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autism, schizophrenia, sudden infant death syndrome, apnea, constipation. For example, β-casomorphin-7 destroys pancreatic β cells, leading to the emergence of type 1 diabetes. It effects T and B cells related to immunity and negatively effects the autoimmune system. The aim of this study is to reveal the diseases that can caused by β- casomorphin-7 in terms of both animal and human health, in this way to contribute to the reduction of the costs of animal and human health and to create an awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Milk proteins are generally composed of proteins such as casein, lactalbumin, lactoglobulin, blood serum albumin, and immunoglobulin. One of them, casein from milk proteins consists of fractions such as alpha, beta, kappa and gamma. Beta casein gene in cattle consists of 209 amino acids and contains proline amino acid (CCT) at 67th position of the amino acid sequence. The milk obtained from animals with this genotype is defined as the original A2 milk. Proline/Histidine amino acid substitution (C/A) at 67th position of the amino acid sequence results in the beta-casomorphin-7 (BCM-7) which is a naturally occurring opioid peptide from cow's milk. By this substitution (CAT), the milk obtained from animals with genotypes (A1A1 or A1A2) is defined as the A1 milk. BCM-7 is a polypeptide consisting of 7 amino acids and is produced from A1 milk during digestion of beta-casein protein. As a result, BCM-7 has harmful effects on human health. The aim of this study is to raise awareness in the field of animal science as well as to contribute to the taking of professional measures by using the literature on A1 / A2 milk and beta-casomorphin-7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Selcuk Journal of Agriculture & Food Sciences / Selcuk Tarim ve Gida Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Selcuk Journal of Agriculture & Food Sciences / Selcuk Tarim ve Gida Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Selcuk University, Agricultural Faculty and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Hematology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)