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Electron-nuclear spin interactions by pulsed optical pumping have been found to polarize the nuclear spin system, leading to the nuclei building up an intrinsic magnetic field known as the Overhauser field. Studies have indicated an Overhauser field hysteresis effect dependent on the sweep direction of an externally applied magnetic field in negatively detuned periodically pumped Si-doped GaAs. Although predictions of bistable mode-locked electron spin precession frequency modes have been made for systems exhibiting this hysteresis, there have been no reports on the experimental observation of said bistable spin precession modes. This report details the evolution of bistable Overhauser field solutions leading to a hysteretic effect in negatively detuned optical excitation of Si-doped GaAs by magneto-optic pump–probe spectroscopy in the Voigt geometry and investigates the resulting consequence of this hysteresis acting on the electron spin system. One manifestation of the Overhauser field hysteresis acting on the electron spin system leads to the discretization of bistable mode-locked electron spin precession modes within a given band of externally applied magnetic fields. A method for preferentially accessing the two different and stable mode-locked spin precession modes within a given band of externally applied magnetic field is outlined, which may be of interest for communities utilizing electron and nuclear spins for information processing protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large magnetocaloric effects can be observed in materials with first-order magneto-structural phase transition. However, materials with large thermal hysteresis show a reduced effect in moderate fields (∼ 2 T) because the external field is insufficient to induce a fully reversible transformation. The hysteresis can be overcome or even exploited by applying a second external stimulus. A multi-stimuli test bench has been built to demonstrate the multicaloric effect in FeRh alloy using a pulsed magnetic field up to 9 T and a uniaxial stress of up to 700 MPa. A cyclic multicaloric effect of ± 2.5 K could be observed for a sequential application of a pulsed field of 3 T and a uniaxial stress of 700 MPa. The interplay among external field strength, thermal hysteresis, and the transition width enables the use of pulsed magnetic fields and allows a decoupling of the applied magnetic field and the heat transfer process in the multi-stimuli cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variations from equilibrium Young's angle, known as contact angle hysteresis (CAH), are frequently observed upon droplet deposition on a solid surface. This ubiquitous phenomenon indicates the presence of multiple local surface energy minima for the sessile droplet. Previous research primarily explains CAH via considering macroscopic roughness, such as topographical defects, which alter the effective interfacial energy between the fluid phase and the solid phase, thereby shifting the global surface energy minimum. One typical example is the classic Cassie–Baxter–Wenzel theory. Here, we propose an alternative microscopic mechanism that emphasizes the complexity of molecular rearrangements at the fluid–solid interface, treating their interfacial tensions as variables, which results in multiple local surface energy minima. Our theoretical framework demonstrates that CAH can occur even on chemically homogeneous and mechanically smooth-flat substrates, aligning with previously unexplained experimental observations. In addition, we explore the interplay between macroscopic and microscopic roughness in influencing CAH and clarify the contrasting wetting behaviors—the lotus effect and the rose petal effect—on hierarchical roughness from a thermodynamic perspective. This work provides valuable insights into surface tension determination by restoring the natural physical properties of interfaces and illuminates the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the everyday occurrences of CAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Structural disorder in mesoporous solids gives rise to complex phase behavior for materials confined within their pore spaces. As a result, a wide spectrum of possible phase configurations associated with spatial distributions of thermodynamic phases throughout the pore networks can be realized in experiments. Despite their importance, quantifying these states remains largely unaddressed. By considering solid–liquid equilibria as a representative example and using a simple random network model, we investigate the spectrum of such states accessible in real experiments and relate this spectrum to the structural characteristics of porous solids. We classify these states by their free energies and demonstrate how network effects break degeneracies for specific phase compositions and temperatures. Furthermore, we identify the experimental conditions that delineate boundary free energy states, differentiating accessible from inaccessible states. The insights from this study on solid–liquid equilibria are also equally applicable to gas–liquid equilibria in confined spaces and contribute to a deeper understanding of relaxation dynamics associated with hysteresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of above-bandgap photovoltage, referred to as the anomalous photovoltaic effect (APV), is an extraordinary characteristic sought after property in bulk ferroelectric photovoltaic devices. Despite the fact that the relatively narrow bandgap of BiFeO3 (BFO) (2.7 eV) induces a comparatively larger generation of photocurrent than other ferroelectric photovoltaic, it falls short in producing an anomalous photovoltage (Eg ≪ Voc) and exhibits leaky ferroelectric hysteresis due to unavoidable oxygen vacancies. This work revealed a reduction in oxygen vacancies through the substitution of Ba(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 in BFO, leading to improved structural, morphological, synchrotron XPS, and electrical properties. This reduction in oxygen vacancies has resulted in an impressive above-bandgap photovoltage (APV) of 4.41 V for 80BFO–20BFN with greater ferroelectric polarization (Pr = 20.45 μC/cm2) observed at the co-existence of polar and non-polar phases. Moreover, both theoretical and experimental optical analyses have demonstrated a significant decrease in the bandgap to 1.92 eV, effectively extending the visible region close to 653 nm. As a result, a larger population of photoexcited charge carriers is generated, enabling the attainment of a high current density (Jsc) of 0.75 μA/cm2 under 100 mW/cm2 light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates wake-up and imprint in ferroelectric Al0.70Sc0.30N films. The study employs a series of electrical measurements with varying field amplitudes and waveforms to understand the origin and underlying principle of wake-up and imprint as well as their relation. It is shown that the material can be considered wake-up free. However, inherent imprint and imprint variation of the polarization-electric field hysteresis in combination with minor loops result in a wake-up like effect. This effect is most likely related to the formation of persistent inversion domain nuclei—a mechanism that is discussed in detail and compared with alternative explanations based on charged defects. Investigations using unipolar fields are conducted to explore the reversibility of imprint and ways to program it, while partial switching is applied to investigate domain propagation and support the aforementioned explanation for the evolution of the polarization-electric field hysteresis. It is concluded that after an energetically more demanding domain nucleation, domain wall motion can switch the majority of polarization in Al1−xScxN. As a consequence, the presence of initial domains reduces the coercive field with respect to unipolar films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The time-dependent quantum transportation through a metal/polymer/metal system is theoretically investigated on the basis of a Su–Schrieffer–Heeger model combined with the hierarchical equations of motion formalism. Using a non-adiabatic dynamical method, the evolution of the electron subspace and lattice atoms with time can be obtained. It is found that the calculated transient currents vary with time and reach stable values after a response time under the bias voltages. However, the stable current as the system reaches its dynamical steady state exhibits a discrepancy between two sweep directions of the bias voltage, which results in pronounced electrical hysteresis loops in the current–voltage curve. By analyzing the evolution of instantaneous energy eigenstates, the occupation number of the instantaneous eigenstates, and the lattice of the polymer, we show that the formation of excitons and the delay of their annihilation are responsible for the hysteretic current–voltage characteristics, where electron–phonon interactions play the key factor. Furthermore, the hysteresis width and amplitude can also be modulated by the strength of the electron–phonon coupling, level-width broadening function, and temperature. We hope these results about past condition-dependent switching performance at a sweep voltage can provide further insight into some of the basic issues of interest in hysteresis processes in conducting polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermal hysteresis exhibited in plastic crystal compounds greatly reduces their cyclic efficiency, limiting their potential for replacing current environmentally harmful refrigerants. A mechanistic understanding of the origins of this hysteresis has yet to be established. Here, we systematically investigate the transformation kinetics of the model plastic crystal, neopentyl glycol (NPG), through microscopic and calorimetric techniques. We reveal an asymmetry between the forward (heating) and reverse (cooling) transitions. We also demonstrate that the forward transformation is rate-limited by the rate of growth of rotationally disordered domains. In contrast, the reverse transformation is rate-limited by the nucleation of the ordered crystal domain, demonstrated by the sharp exothermic peaks in calorimetry and rapid self-nucleation phenomena observed optically. This nucleation limitation is largely responsible for the large thermal hysteresis in NPG, which we observe to be as large as 16.7 °C for an approximately 10 mg sample cooled at 0.5 °C min−1. These findings demonstrate the underlying origin of the thermal hysteresis and introduce a direction to mitigate hysteresis in plastic crystal transformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, three atomic layer deposition (ALD) approaches are used to deposit an Al2O3 gate insulator on n-GaN for application in vertical GaN power switches: thermal ALD (ThALD), plasma-enhanced ALD (PEALD), and their stacked combination. The latter is a novel method to yield the most ideal insulating layer. Also, the influence of an in situ NH3 or H2 plasma pre-treatment is studied. Planar MIS capacitors are used to investigate the electrical properties and robustness of the gate insulators. In vacuo x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to study the changes in chemical composition after every surface treatment. XPS shows that all plasma pre-treatments efficiently remove all carbon contamination from the surface, but only NH3 plasma is observed to additionally remove the native oxide from the n-GaN surface. The water precursor step in the ThALD process does not completely remove the CH3 ligands of the trimethylaluminum precursor step, which might electrically be associated with a reduced forward bias robustness. The O2 plasma step in the PEALD process is associated with the removal of carbon and a tremendous increase of the O content in the GaN surface region. Electrically, this strongly correlates to an enhanced forward bias robustness and an increased forward bias hysteresis, respectively. The ThALD/PEALD stack method mitigates the shortcomings of both ALD processes while maintaining its advantages. Electrical measurements indicate that the stack method alongside NH3 plasma pretreatment provides the best characteristics in terms of hysteresis, threshold voltage, forward bias robustness, and interface trap density of states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of magnetic materials with coupled magneto-structural phase transition (MST) to fulfill the ultimate objectives of practical solid-state cooling applications requires a better understanding of the hysteresis phenomenon linked across the phase transition region along with the large magnetocaloric parameters. For the present sample Mn0.65Ni0.65Fe0.70Si, the MST is associated with a sharp jump in magnetization along with a small thermal hysteresis of ∼13 K. A giant isothermal magnetic entropy change (| Δ S M max |) of ∼37.6 J kg−1 K−1 at 299 K and effective refrigerant capacity (R C effe ) of ∼214.3 J kg−1 under ΔH = 30 kOe is obtained with excellent compatibility between the martensite and austenite phases. The geometrical compatibility condition, i.e., very small (∼0.55%) deviation of the middle eigenvalue (λ 2) from unity justifies the observation of small hysteresis in the present material. The investigation of hysteresis behavior under different extents of the driving forces (temperature or magnetic field) reveals that both the driving forces trigger equally the phase transition and are responsible equivalently for the hysteresis phenomenon. The present study provides a pathway to understand the complexity of the hysteresis behavior, its impact on the reversibility of magnetocaloric effect, and its minimization by optimizing the geometrical compatibility condition between the austenite and martensite phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanowires (NWs) composed of 2,4-bis[(4-diethylamino)-2-hydroxyphenyl] squaraine were prepared by evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA). NWs were ∼560 nm wide (aspect ratios: 10–90). X-ray diffraction analysis indicated polymorphism (monoclinic/triclinic). Optical data reported the triclinic phase with energetic disorder. Given the favorable alignment of the Au work function and squaraine HOMO energy, symmetric, unipolar metal–insulator–metal devices were formed by the EISA of NW meshes on inter-digitated Au electrodes. Room temperature DC I–V characteristics displayed hysteretic I–V loops, indicating memristive behavior. At low bias, data indicated Ohmic transport with carrier extraction facilitated by thermionic emission. At high biases, devices exhibited space-charge-limited conduction in the presence of shallow traps. At 77 K, data indicated Ohmic transport at low bias with carrier extraction by thermionic emission while, at high biases, trap-limited space-charge-limited conduction in the presence of traps distributed in energy, with carrier extraction by Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, was observed. The I–V hysteresis was eliminated at 77 K and attenuated by fast scan rates at room temperature, suggesting that carrier trapping/de-trapping underpinned the hysteresis. In impedance measurements, the device response fitted a Randles equivalent circuit indicating purely electronic conduction. By applying voltage waveforms, I–V hysteresis and analog resistive switching (memristive) functionality were observed. Device conductance could be increased sweep by sweep, giving conductance tuning through distinct states, with wait time- or voltage-erase options, consistent with trap filling/emptying effects. Repeated erase–write–read of multiple distinct states over many voltage cycles during continuous use in air was demonstrated. Finally, synaptic functions, e.g., pulse-dependent plasticity, and short- to long-term memory transition, were successfully emulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the fight for legitimacy, understanding the rules of status games is critical. This idea holds true in the wedding marketplace. However, when legalization of marriage for same-sex couples disrupted the binary wedding script, the rules of the game became less clear to consumers. Couples sometimes found their gendered bodies, roles, and expressions were out of sync with the evolving script of a destabilized wedding field, thus raising legitimacy questions. This situation is defined as hysteresis—meaning delays in the realignment between habitus and the field. Hysteresis results in consumers' disorientation about what forms of capital are valued as well as perceived absences of materials or recognition from the market. This study investigates consumers' attempts to mobilize gendered capital to resolve hysteresis through realignment of habitus and the script. Grounded in a Bourdieuian field-level analysis of depth interviews with 30 same-sex couples and ethnographic observation in the wedding field, four consumption alignment strategies are identified that consumers leverage to address hysteresis: confronting, masking, collaborating, and experimenting. Consumers' variations in gendered capital explain which consumption alignment strategies they use, with different possibilities for updating habitus and expanding the script. Throughout this process, consumers' moral judgments hinder this pursuit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of the promising room temperature nuclear radiation detection materials, the all-inorganic perovskite CsPbBr3 single crystal has been receiving much attention in recent years. Even though the performance of the CsPbBr3 detector is improving continuously, the disadvantages of detection instability have not been solved fundamentally, and this instability is mainly caused by ionic migration in the CsPbBr3 single crystal itself. In this paper, a reasonable ionic migration model is proposed based on an in-depth study of the current hysteresis phenomenon and ionic migration mechanism in the Ti/CsPbBr3/Ti detector. The model shows that the ions migrate to the anode or cathode under an external electric field, and the accumulated ions subsequently form an inverted internal electric field inside the crystal and carrier transport barriers at the metal–semiconductor interface simultaneously. The photoelectric characteristic and ionic migration activation energy (E a i o n) fitting results also prove the rationality of the ionic migration model. Furthermore, the ionic migration model can also be used to explain the left-shift of the energy response peak and the decrease in the normalized charge collection efficiency in the Ti/CsPbBr3/Ti detector. This paper systematically investigates the intrinsic origin of migrated ions and the influence of ionic migration on detection stability, which will provide a potential solution to improve detection stability by suppressing ionic migration in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report an analysis of reverse current mechanisms observed in GaN Schottky barrier diodes leading to hysteretic behavior of the I–V curves at low temperature. By means of DC measurements from 33 to 475 K, we demonstrate the presence of two leakage mechanisms when comparing the experiments with the results obtained using a unified model to predict the ideal reverse current of the diode. Poole–Frenkel emission is the dominant mechanism for temperatures above 200 K, while trap-assisted tunneling prevails for lower temperatures, where also, hysteresis cycles are revealed by means of DC dual-sweep voltage measurements. The energy of the corresponding traps has also been determined, being around 0.2 and 0.45 eV, respectively. The hysteresis phenomenon is attributed to the bias-induced occupancy of the energy states originating the leakage-current processes, which leads to the reduction of the reverse current after a high negative voltage is applied to the diode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a sequential posture selection task, we reuse former motor plans to reduce cognitive planning cost. The resulting persistence in the former posture, termed motor hysteresis, can serve as a proxy for the percentage of motor plan reuse (PoR). A recent study showed a significant drop in PoR if participants were asked to skip every second drawer in a sequential drawer opening task. In the current study, we sought to disentangle four confounded factors that were potentially responsible for this drop in PoR: a change of (1) spatial distance, (2) digit distance, (3) number of drawers, or (4) context (presence of skipped drawers). To this end, two groups of participants were tested in a series of sequential drawer tasks, where each of the four potential influencing factors was varied independently. PoR was calculated as the dependent variable. Participants displayed a hysteresis effect in all ordered tasks, but the PoR was only reduced by an increase in spatial distance. The three remaining factors had no significant effect. This finding indicates that motor planning is only affected by local (spatial) parameters of the task, but not by context factors (digits, skipped drawers) or global parameters such as the number of drawers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA is not only a centrally important molecule in biology: the specificity of bonding that allows it to be the primary information storage medium for life has also allowed it to become one of the most promising materials for designing intricate, self-assembling structures at the nanoscale. While the applications of these structures are both broad and highly promising, the self-assembly process itself has attracted interest not only for the practical applications of designing structures with more efficient assembly pathways, but also due to a desire to understand the principles underlying self-assembling systems more generally, of which DNA-based systems provide intriguing and unique examples. Here, we review the fundamental physical principles that underpin the self-assembly process in the field of DNA nanotechnology, with a specific focus on simulation and modelling and what we can learn from them. In particular, we compare and contrast DNA origami and bricks and briefly outline other approaches, with an overview of concepts such as cooperativity, nucleation and hysteresis; we also explain how nucleation barriers can be controlled and why they can be helpful in ensuring error-free assembly. While high-resolution models may be needed to obtain accurate system-specific properties, often very simple coarse-grained models are sufficient to extract the fundamentals of the underlying physics and can enable us to gain deep insight. By combining experimental and simulation approaches to understand the details of the self-assembly process, we can optimise its yields and fidelity, which may in turn facilitate its use in practical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to propose a novel wheel-based multiaxis force sensor designed to detect the interaction forces and moments between the planetary rover's wheel and the terrain, thereby assisting the rover in environmental perception. Design/methodology/approach: The authors' design approach encompasses the mechanical structure design, decoupling methods and component integration techniques, effectively incorporating multiaxis sensors into the forward-sensing wheel. This enables high-precision and high-reliability detection of wheel–terrain interaction forces and torques. Findings: The designed wheel-based multiaxis force sensor exhibits a nonlinearity error of 0.45%, a hysteresis error of 0.56% and a repeatability error of 0.49%, meeting the requirements for practical applications. Furthermore, the effectiveness and stability of the designed wheel-based multidimensional force sensor have been validated through hardware-in-the-loop experiments and full-vehicle model testing. Originality/value: Unlike previous methods that directly integrate multiaxis sensors into the forward-sensing wheel, the authors have designed the force sensing wheel with consideration of its limited design space and the need for high measurement accuracy. The effectiveness of the designed wheel-based multidimensional force sensor was ultimately validated through static calibration, hardware-in-the-loop experiments and full-vehicle model experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total harmonic distortion (THD) of grid current and leakage current are significant for transformerless inverters, as they impact power quality, efficiency, and compliance with grid codes. Monitoring and minimizing these currents ensure safe and reliable grid integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems while reducing electromagnetic interference. Therefore, in this paper, the analysis THD of grid current and leakage current is described. The bipolar pulse width modulation (BPWM) technology provides a stable common-mode voltage (200 V), fewer leakage currents (< 30 mA), and better system efficiency, compared to the unipolar pulse width modulation (UPWM) technique. To ensure the inverter complies with the IEC 61000-3-2 class C (THDi < 5%), the current control strategy should be considered during the design of the transformerless inverter. Therefore, this paper presents an implementation and evaluation of the bipolar hysteresis current control (BHCC) technique. In comparison to the BPWM technique, the BHCC technique delivers lower leakage current (0.007274 A), reduced grid current harmonic distortion (1.81%), and increased efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this paper is to investigate the ventilated cavitating flow behavior, through experimental and numerical methods. The experiments are performed for a test model placed in a water tunnel and a high-speed camera is used to image the formation and collapse of the supercavity. For the numerical simulations, Ansys CFX commercial software is employed to solve the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and additional transport equation for the liquid volume fraction in the unsteady condition. Both the experimental observation and numerical prediction show a hysteresis behavior for ventilated supercavity in which the value of the air entrainment coefficient required to maintain the supercavity in the formation process is less than the amount required to form it. The good agreement observed between the numerical prediction and experimental data, revealed the accuracy and capability of the numerical scheme. Also, the numerical simulation shows that the variations in the supercavity length, in addition to the air entrainment, are a function of the air leakage regime from the closure region of supercavity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophobised soils found in the superficial region of earthen infrastructure can affect the hydrological processes of these structures. The hysteretic water-retention curve (WRC), which governs these processes, for hydrophobised soils has rarely been reported. Existing apparatus is unable to measure the WRC of unsaturated soils as it could not control the condition of pore water pressure (uw) in excess of pore air pressure (ua) when the contact angle was larger than 90°. In this study, a new apparatus was created, which sandwiches a soil sample between a high water-entry value (WEV) membrane and a high air-entry value (AEV) ceramic disc, to control the uw < ua and uw > ua conditions. Contact angle hysteresis and menisci evolution in the test materials during wet–dry cycles were measured to interpret the WRC. The WEV of soil increased with decreasing chemical heterogeneity and particle size. When drying the hydrophobised soils, they could retain water before reaching a certain negative uw. The WEV identified from the second wetting cycle was lower than that from the first cycle, whereas the AEV remained largely unchanged. The WEV and AEV decreased when the particle size of the hydrophobised materials was increased, resulting in a smaller hysteresis size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the hysteresis controller (HCs) of the direct power control (DPC) is proposed based on super-twisting HCs (STHCs). The effectiveness of the proposed STHCs is analysed and compared with the HCs in terms of the reducing power ripples, steady-state error (SSE), track references, and total harmonic distortion (THD) of current of the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based multi-rotor wind turbine (MRWT) system. Simulation is performed using Matlab to validate the performance of the DPC-STHC of a DFIG-MRWT and the obtained numerical and graphical results were compared with DPC-HCs in case of different tests. Also, the comparison between the two controls was made in terms of the THD of current, power ripples, SSE, and overshoot. The numerical results demonstrate the high performance of the DPC-STHC compared to the DPC-HCs, as the DPC-STHC improves the active power ripples by ratios estimated at 28.76% and 30.48% in both tests. The DPC-STHC reduced the SSE value of reactive power by ratios estimated at 76.55% and 24.62% in both tests. Also, improves the THD value of the current by 6.66% and 11.01% in both tests. The results show the efficiency and satisfactory performance of the DPC-STHC in all tests performed on DFIG compared to the DPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co3Sn2S2, a ferromagnetic Weyl semi-metal with Co atoms on a kagome lattice, has generated much recent attention. Experiments have identified a temperature scale below the Curie temperature. Here, we find that this magnet keeps a memory, when not exposed to a magnetic field sufficiently large to erase it. We identify the driver of this memory effect as a small secondary population of spins, whose coercive field is significantly larger than that of the majority spins. The shape of the magnetization hysteresis curve has a threshold magnetic field set by the demagnetizing factor. These two field scales set the hitherto unidentified temperature scale, which is not a thermodynamic phase transition, but a crossing point between meta-stable boundaries. Global magnetization is well-defined, even when it is non-uniform, but drastic variations in local magnetization point to a coarse energy landscape, with the thermodynamic limit not achieved at micrometer length scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core subunits of the KV7.2, KV7.3, and KV7.5 channels, encoded by the KCNQ2, KCNQ3, and KCNQ5 genes, are expressed across various cell types and play a key role in generating the M-type K+ current (IK(M)). This current is characterized by an activation threshold at low voltages and displays slow activation and deactivation kinetics. Variations in the amplitude and gating kinetics of IK(M) can significantly influence membrane excitability. Notably, IK(M) demonstrates distinct voltage-dependent hysteresis when subjected to prolonged isosceles-triangular ramp pulses. In this review, we explore various small-molecule modulators that can either inhibit or enhance the amplitude of IK(M), along with their perturbations on its gating kinetics and voltage-dependent hysteresis. The inhibitors of IK(M) highlighted here include bisoprolol, brivaracetam, cannabidiol, nalbuphine, phenobarbital, and remdesivir. Conversely, compounds such as flupirtine, kynurenic acid, naringenin, QO-58, and solifenacin have been shown to enhance IK(M). These modulators show potential as pharmacological or therapeutic strategies for treating certain disorders linked to gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations in M-type K+ (KV7x or KCNQx) channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental mechanism of hysteresis in the quasistatic limit of multi-stable systems is associated with transitions of the system from one local minimum of the potential energy to another. In this scenario, as system parameters are (quasistatically) varied, the transition is prompted when a saddle-node bifurcation eliminates the minimum where the system resides in. The objective of the present work is to specify this generic mechanism for systems of interacting particles assuming a natural single-well (Lennard–Jones) interaction potential for each pair of particles. We show multi-stability and present details of hysteresis scenarios with the associated bifurcations and transitions in a case study of constrained four-degrees-of-freedom four particle systems on the plane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The AC conductivity, complex impedance, and power loss (Pcv) in the Ta2O5-doped Mn-Zn ferrites have been comprehensively investigated. In the high-frequency range, AC conductivity increases remarkably with increasing frequency. It has been found that the traditional loss separation method underestimates eddy current loss (Pev) and overestimates residual loss (Prv) due to no consideration of the frequency influence on the conductivity. Based on the analysis of AC conductivity, the generation mechanism of Pev in the high-frequency range has been clarified and the loss separation method has been modified. The loss separation method could be more accurate to guide the development of low-Pcv Mn-Zn ferrites for high-frequency applications. The Ta2O5 addition effectively reduces all three parts of the loss, hysteresis loss (Phv), Pev , and Prv, and the Mn-Zn ferrite with low Pcv in the frequency range of 1–3 MHz has been developed. The optimal sample shows Pcv at 30 °C as low as 15, 65, and 359 kW/m3 at 1 MHz/30 mT, 2 MHz/30 mT, and 3 MHz/30 mT, respectively. The mechanism of Ta2O5 addition influence on Phv and Prv has also been clarified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) are increasingly cultivated throughout the humid tropics and are reported to have high transpiration rates. A potential contribution of stem water storage to transpiration has been discussed in previous studies. We assessed the water-use characteristics of oil palms at different horizontal and vertical positions in the plant by using three sap flux techniques, i.e., thermal dissipation probes, the heat ratio method and heat field deformation sensors. In a radial profile of the stem, sap flux densities were low at the outer margin, increased to 2.5 cm under the bark and remained relatively high to the innermost measured depth at 7.5 cm. In a vertical profile of the stem and with further sensors in leaf petioles, we found only small time lags in sap flux densities. Time lags along the flow path are often used for analyzing the contribution of water storage to transpiration. Thus, the small observed time differences in our study would leave only little room for the contribution of water storage to transpiration. However, water storage might still contribute to transpiration in ways that are not detected by time lag analysis. Such mechanisms may be explored in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Force sensitive resistors (FSRs), commonly utilized in various pressure measurement applications, exhibit distinct characteristics like hysteresis and creep. Accurate calibration, tailored to their specific use, is therefore crucial. To this end, a calibration device capable of delivering precise and repeatable dynamic loads was developed. The essential functionality of this device is its force control, which ensures the accurate application of target loads. However, controlling force with high-speed response is challenging due to the rigidity of the base on which the thin FSR sensors are mounted and compressed by the device's end-effector. To address this challenge, a stable and robust sliding mode force controller was implemented. The dynamic model of the calibration device was established for designing this controller, and its parameters were determined through parameter identification. The system model's performance was enhanced using a four-piece piecewise Hammerstein linear model. The efficacy of the designed controller was validated through force control applications on both static and dynamic loads. Additionally, experiments were conducted to assess the impact of variations in control parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, owing to declining birthrates and an aging population, patients and the elderly requiring rehabilitation are not getting enough physical activity. In addressing this issue, devices for rehabilitating them have been researched and developed. However, rehabilitation devices are almost exclusively used for patients who can get up, rather than those who are bedridden. In this study, we aim to develop a rehabilitation device that can provide passive exercise for bedridden patients. The ankle joint was selected as the target joint because the patients who have undergone surgery for cerebrovascular disease remain bedridden, and early recovery in the acute stage is highly desirable. We proposed and tested a fan-shaped pneumatic soft actuator (FPSA) that can expand and bend stably at angles when supply pressure is applied as an actuator for a rehabilitation device to encourage patient exercise. However, the previous FPSA's movement deviates from the arch of the foot owing to increased supply pressure. In the ideal case, FPSA should push the arch of the foot in an arc motion. This study proposes and tests the FPSA that can operate a bending motion to provide passive exercise to the ankle joint using tensile springs and a winding mechanism powered by a servo motor. The proposed FPSA has a significant advantage of exhibiting no hysteresis in its pressure-displacement characteristics. The configuration and static analytical model of the improved FPSA are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes two position control methods for a double air chambers pneumatic artificial muscle (W-PAM) developed to improve the hysteresis characteristics of the rubber-less artificial muscle and confirms their characteristics and usefulness. The proposed control methods are the external pressure-regulated position feedback control and the internal pressure-regulated position feedback control. Of the two air chambers in the W-PAM, the air chamber regulated by the feedback control is different. The steady-state characteristic and frequency characteristics of these controls were compared, and it was experimentally confirmed that the adjusted position feedback control is superior in terms of position control performance. On the other hand, we confirmed that external pressure-regulated position feedback control can express passive stiffness, which is an important characteristic of pneumatic artificial muscles. These results indicate that the W-PAM is a useful actuator for human coexistence systems, because it can express both positional control performance and softness by using different control methods depending on the application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Tokyo Aquatics Centre is a certified swimming facility, and its main arena roof, spanning 180 m by 80 m and supported only by four corner cores, offers column free space. The main arena roof is seismically isolated to reduce seismic input, with two rubber bearings at each corner core and oil and hysteresis dampers in the isolation layer to absorb seismic energy input. The roof is also equipped with vertical oil dampers to mitigate the vertical deflection of the main truss due to wind and minimise the risk of hangings falling. Furthermore, the roof also behaves as a mass damper for its supporting structure and successfully reduces seismic force to act on the corner cores and grandstand structure, achieving the corner core size of just 5 m2. The perimeter columns free from supporting the roof are slender steel columns encased with prestressed concrete for finish and buckling restraint. The roof was assembled at ground level and was lifted to its designed level. To minimise temporal support for assembling roof steel, the roof shape was designed to be flat at an early design stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an experimental analysis of a turbocharger with semi-floating ring bearings, focusing on hysteresis in subsynchronous vibrations. Four automotive oils (SAE 0W-20, SAE 0W-30, SAE 5W-30, SAE 5W-40) were tested across six oil inlet temperatures from 20 °C to 120 °C during ramp-up and ramp-down cycles to examine the effects of lubricant viscosity and temperature on rotor dynamics. Hysteresis and bifurcation points were observed at distinct rotational speeds in both directions, with subsynchronous components providing insights into rotor–lubrication interactions. This study applies the concept of hysteresis loop width for turbocharger rotors, highlighting its nonlinear dependence on oil temperature, an unexpected and unexplained phenomenon. Additionally, the results suggest that vibration sensors could provide real-time feedback on oil supply conditions, offering potential enhancements for turbochargers and other rotating machinery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study 2D stationary regimes of mixed convection in a square cavity with a moving lid. All walls of the cavity are considered as solid; the side walls are assumed to be perfectly thermally insulated, while the top and bottom walls are isothermal, the temperature of the bottom wall is higher. The impact of a smooth change in the velocity of the upper wall of on the convective stability of air within a square cavity is investigated both analytically, using low-mode approximation, and numerically, by the finite difference method. Calculations are performed for Grashof numbers up to values thirty times greater than the critical one. It have been shown that for each supercritical Grashof number there is a critical Reynolds number R e c such that with a smooth change in the Reynolds number within the interval - R e c < R e < R e c the flow is continuously transformed, changing the structure from normal single-vortex to anomalous double-vortex and vice versa. If, with a change in the Reynolds number, the limits of the specified interval are exceeded, a hysteresis transition from the anomalous flow to the normal one is observed. These findings provide new insights into the complex interplay between thermal and inertial forces in convective flows. Understanding these flow structures and transitions could improve the knowledge of combustion processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand the seismic performance of the steel reinforced concrete-filled GFRP tubular (SRCFGT) columns, this paper presents a low-cycle repeated loading test on twelve I-SRCFGT columns with different parameters including axial compression ratio, diameter-thickness ratio and fiber winding angle. The failure mode, hysteresis curve, skeleton curve, ductility, stiffness degradation, strength degradation and energy dissipation capacity of each specimen are analyzed and discussed. The tests demonstrate the favorable seismic performance of the I-SRCFGT columns. The failure mode consists mainly of fiber fracture and matrix cracking. Besides, results show that an increase in the axial compression ratio from 0.7 to 0.9 leads to greater initial stiffness, but accelerates the stiffness degradation during the loading process, and the ductility index (DI) of the specimen decreases by 3.2 %. Specimens with larger wall thickness of the GFRP tube have higher ultimate bearing capacity, but excessively increasing the wall thickness of the GFRP tube can reduce the ductility of the specimen. The overall displacement ductility of the specimen with a wall thickness of the GFRP tube of 6 mm increased by 3.1 % compared to the specimen with a 4 mm wall thickness of the GFRP tube. However, when the wall thickness of the GFRP tube continued to increase, the DI decreased by 2.6 %. Furthermore, specimens with a fiber winding angle of ±45° perform better in terms of the ultimate bearing capacity and ductility as well as overall seismic performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the hysteresis performance of multi-story Y-shaped eccentrically bare braced steel frames with block slit dampers (BSDs). After validating existing models through finite element (FE) analysis, an FE model of Y-shaped eccentrically bare braced steel frames (YEBFs) with BSD (BSD-YEBFs) was established. The influences of different types of BSDs on the hysteresis performance of YEBFs were subsequently analysed, as were the seismic performances of YEBFs with BSD (BSDF) and traditional Y-shaped eccentrically bare braced steel frames (TEBF) under cyclic loading, including the stress failure mode, hysteresis curve, stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation capacity. The results showed that: (1) compared with those of BASE-Y, the ductility coefficients of YEBFs with one level BSD (BSD-1) and two level BSD (BSD-2) increased by 59.57% and 39.47%, respectively, and the lateral bearing capacity decreased by 3.26% and 2.78%, respectively. (2) Compared with those of TEBF, the yield bearing capacity and ultimate bearing capacity of BSDF increased by 3.13% and 11.12%, respectively, and the ductility coefficient increased by 56.7%. Moreover, BSDF possesses higher initial stiffness and more sustained energy dissipation capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hysteretic nonlinear elasticity is often observed in consolidated granular media, including concrete, mortar, sandstones, or rocks. Nonlinearity is frequently quantified using Nonlinear Resonant Ultrasonic Spectroscopy (NRUS), which provides tools to define nonlinear parameters for both fast and slow dynamic effects, often observed when analyzing the propagation velocity dependence on strain in such materials. The dependence of these parameters on temperature was studied with the aim of using NRUS to quantify the induced thermal damage; thus, experiments were performed spanning a wide temperature range. However, since most of these materials are used in construction (concrete and sandstone, mostly), it is of interest to understand how sensitive the measured nonlinear parameters are to small environmental temperature fluctuations. In this paper, the dependence on temperature of elastic parameters is investigated, both linear (wave velocity and damping) and nonlinear (the slope and hysteresis of the curves describing the strain dependence of wave velocity and residual conditioning effect on wave velocity), separating the slow from the fast dynamic properties of nonlinearity. The observations reported here denote a different behavior for concrete and Berea sandstone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we analyze the thermodynamic principles underlying modern data storage systems, including Random Access Memory (RAM), hard disk drive (HDD), flash memory, magnetic RAM (MRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM), and phase-change RAM (PCRAM), as well as other less well-known data storage mechanisms. The analysis is conducted in the context of data storage and processing in relation to Landauer's principle, with special emphasis on hysteresis. Analogous to how heat engines are characterized by thermodynamic cycles, data storage systems are examined in terms of the hysteresis loop of their fundamental data unit. We explore the role of heat in data storage systems. Afterward, we introduce the concept of temperature gradient memory (TeGraM) along with a detailed layout of a realizable device. Experimental results demonstrating this technology are also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferroelectric materials undergo a phenomenon called domain switching when subjected to electric fields exceeding a critical yielding value: an irreversible polarisation arises, that can be removed only by applying an appropriate electric field in the opposite sense. Under a cyclic electric field, this results in a hysteretic behaviour in the relation between the electric field and the polarisation. The hysteresis loop is a measure of the energy dissipated in the ferroelectric switching process. In this study, we introduce a rate-independent model of ferroelectricity, inspired by small-deformation elastoplasticity models. Analogously to the yielding surface in elastoplasticity, we define the switching surface, the boundary of the domain of the admissible states of the system. States in the interior of the domain are reversible, while states on the surface can be either reversible or irreversible, based on the relation between the electric field and the derivative of the yielding function with respect to the electric field. We solve a two-dimensional benchmark boundary-value problem by applying two numerical methods, Finite Differences and Finite Elements. Our results demonstrate the effectiveness of both methods in capturing the nonlinearities and reproducing the electrical hysteresis loops typical of ferroelectric materials. This work establishes a foundational framework for modelling rate-independent ferroelectricity and paves the way for future research on comprehensive elastoplastic-ferroelectric models for piezoelectric materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers a model of a wind power generation system. It is assumed that the wind torque is transmitted to the generator via a gear. At the same time, the gear itself can have backlash with stochastic parameters. This kind of nonlinearity simulates an inevitable aging and wear of the mechanical parts of wind power generation systems over time. The purpose of the study was to identify a control system that would allow for establishing and maintaining the stability of the desired characteristics. The control system is formalized in the form of a second-order linear system. Numerical experiments demonstrated that the suggested control system is robust to stochastic perturbations resulting from both external and internal factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the vortex-induced vibration displacement response, force characteristics, and vibration trajectories of double cylinders under different tandem spacing and reduced velocities, a coupled simulation of computational fluid dynamics and computational structural dynamics was carried out in this present study. Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equations were solved using a coupling algorithm, while the structural vibration equations were solved using the fourth-order Runge–Kutta method. The fourth-order Runge–Kutta algorithm was implemented in Fluent through user-defined function. By comparing with the experimental data, the accuracy of the numerical model was verified. The research results show that in terms of frequency response, the change of tandem spacing leads to the alteration of the lock-in regions of the upstream and downstream cylinders with a certain hysteresis, and the lock-in region of the downstream cylinder is enlarged. The lift coefficient of the downstream cylinder decreases with the increase in tandem spacing. Regarding the vibration trajectories, the trajectory of the upstream cylinder gradually exhibits regularity with the increase in spacing, while the trajectory of the downstream cylinder is diverse due to interference. The frequency and power spectral density curves exhibit complex variations, influenced comprehensively by spacing and reduced velocity. These variations follow distinct trends with changes in reduced velocity under different spacings, offering critical data and a robust theoretical foundation for engineering applications and academic research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monitoring creatinine levels in urine helps to recognize kidney dysfunction. In this research, we developed a photocurable membrane for the detection of serum creatinine. Using a system based on field-effect transistors, we carried out creatinine quantification in synthetic urine. The device was able to cover values between 3 and 27 mmol L−1. The current sensitivity was 0.8529 (mA)1/2 mmol−1 L with 91.8% linearity, with the LOD and LOQ being 5.3 and 17.5 mmol L−1, respectively. The voltage sensitivity was 0.71 mV mmol−1 L with a linearity of 96.2%, with the LOD and LOQ being 4.2 and 14.0 mmol L−1, respectively. These data were obtained under flow conditions. The system performed very well during the measurements, with a hysteresis of about 1.1%. Up to 90 days after manufacture, the sensor still maintained more than 70% of its initial response. Even when used periodically during the first week and then stored unused at −18 °C, it was able to maintain 96.7% of its initial response. The device used in the flow setup only had a useful life of three days due to membrane saturation, which was not reversible. In the interference test, the membrane was also shown to respond to the urea molecule, but in a different response window, which allowed us to discriminate urea in synthetic urine. EGFETs can be used to identify variations in the creatinine concentration in urine and can help in therapeutic decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we used Monte Carlo simulations under the Metropolis algorithm to study the magnetic characteristics of β12-Borophene. We investigated the effects of temperature, coupling interaction parameters, and external magnetic fields on changes in the magnetic response. We investigated the blocking temperature and coercive field evolution under the given conditions. The β12-Borophene under investigation exhibits a remarkable magnetic response at low temperatures, suggesting possible uses in a range of low-temperature technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The special band structure of bilayer MoS2 makes it show strong nonlinear optical characteristics in the visible band, which provides a new way to develop visible nonlinear devices. In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of the optical bistability (OB) in a silver–Bragg reflector structure by embedding bilayer MoS2 at the visible band. The nonlinear OB phenomenon is achieved due to the nonlinear conductivity of the bilayer MoS2 and the excitation of the optical Tamm state at the interface between the silver and the Bragg reflector. It is found that the hysteresis behavior and the threshold width of the OB can be effectively tuned by varying the incident light wavelength. In addition, the optical bistable behavior of the structure can be adjusted by varying the position of the MoS2 inset in the defect layer, the incident angle, and the structural parameters of the spacer layer. We believe the above results can provide a new paradigm for the construction of controllable bistable devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sap flow methods are widely used to estimate water use through transpiration in orchards. This study reports for the first time on pecan tree sap flow properties observed in a micro-irrigated orchard in the southeastern US in 2022 and 2023. This new information regarding sap flow properties of Southeastern pecan trees sheds some insight on how pecan water use responds to environmental conditions. The daily peak in the sap flow density occurs either before or after the peak in diurnal solar radiation. The latter peaks before that of air temperature and vapor pressure deficit while the peaks of air temperature and vapor pressure deficit occur later than that of solar radiation. Seasonally, the largest sap flow density occurred during both the growth stage of early nut sizing in May-July and the growth stage of nut sizing and early kernel filling in July-August. The sap flow density in 2022 was higher than that in 2023 mainly due to higher vapor pressure deficit that year. While a single anticlockwise loop of hysteresis occurred in the sap flow diurnally varying with solar radiation in 2023, a twin loop of hysteresis of sap flow to solar radiation was observed in 2022. The twin loop happened since the sap flow peak occurred earlier than that of solar radiation, possibly attributed to high morning vapor pressure deficit that year. A single clockwise loop hysteresis was present in both years in the response of sap flow to air temperature and vapor pressure deficit. The hysteretic strength of the sub-diurnal sap flow density against the vapor pressure deficit for the Southeastern pecan is quantified using a hysteresis index. The index is correlated positively with vapor pressure deficit. This suggests that the drier the air, the greater difference for pecan tree sap flow (or transpiration) in the afternoon to be smaller than that in the morning at the same vapor pressure deficit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polarization switching in van der Waals ferroelectric materials driven by an electric field remains robust even at the atomic layer limit, paving the way for advances in the miniaturization and integration of ferroelectric devices. Thus, understanding the modulation of ferroelectric properties in two-dimensional ferroelectric materials is essential for their efficient nanoscale applications. NbOI2, a recently confirmed van der Waals ferroelectric, offers an ideal platform for investigating in-plane spontaneous polarization at the nanoscale. We explored the influence of laser excitation on the ferroelectric polarization properties of NbOI2. In multilayer NbOI2 devices with in-plane configurations, no significant current signals were detected along the c-axis or b-axis (the ferroelectric polarization axis) in the absence of illumination. However, under laser excitation, the material exhibited clear hysteresis loop behavior along both the c-axis and b-axis, indicating that laser excitation effectively reduces the coercive voltage. Furthermore, at the same excitation wavelength, the current peak along the c-axis was larger, with more pronounced hysteresis loops. Our experimental findings demonstrate that laser excitation can lower the coercive field in multilayer NbOI2 and induce different electrical hysteresis behavior along different crystallographic orientations, providing valuable insights for the development of NbOI2-based optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resistive strain sensors show great potential in motion detection, medicine and healthcare, and human–machine interaction owing to their ease of fabrication, simple structure, and adjustable electrical performance. However, developing high-performance flexible resistive strain sensors with high sensitivity, high linearity, and low hysteresis remains a challenge. In this work, we report an LMPs (liquid metal particles)/MXene/AgNWs strain sensor (LMA strain sensor) with high sensitivity (GF = 6.339), high linearity (R2 = 0.982 24), and low hysteresis (0.452%). In this process, AgNWs act as a bridge between the MXene nanosheets, and the change in contact area of the MXene nanosheets under stretching endows the sensor with high sensitivity. The aggregated LMPs function as a structural framework, capitalizing on their intrinsic fluidic characteristics to serve as an adhesive between silver nanowires (AgNWs) and MXene nanosheets. This approach effectively minimizes the interstitial spaces between AgNWs and MXene. The formation of Ti-O → Ga3+ coordination bonds between MXene nanosheets and LMPs has strengthened the interfacial interactions. Consequently, the sensor demonstrates superior linearity and low hysteresis. In addition, a sensitive layer with a buckled structure is obtained by stretch-release. The buckled structure inhibits inhomogeneous and irreversible connection losses of the sensitive material, further improving the sensor's mechanical durability. LMA strain sensors can accurately detect various human activities such as breathing detection, motion detection, and expression detection. This work will provide an avenue for developing high-performance strain sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the mechanical characteristics of a passive earth pressure problem taking into account water retention curve (SWRC) hysteresis. Both hydraulic (drying and wetting cycles) and mechanical hysteresis were considered. Parametric studies were carried out at various air entry values (AEV = 5–30 kPa), different wall frictions (δ = 0, 0.33 ϕ, 0.5 ϕ, 0.67 ϕ and δ = ϕ), and unsaturated conditions (covering the zone from the fully saturated to the transition suction, 0 - ~40 kPa) using an upper bound theorem. The numerical results were compared with a passive earth pressure equation based on the limit equilibrium method. The results indicated significant influences of SWRC hysteresis and wall frictions on the passive thrust (Pp) for the modeled suction profiles. An increase of 1.31-fold in Pp was obtained when the AEV changed from 10 to 20 kPa at the water table (Hw) = -2 m. Additionally, the combined effects of AEV and δ were found to be significant. An increase of 4.14-fold in Pp at Hw = -3 m was obtained when comparing the case of AEV = 30 kPa and δ = ϕ with AEV = 5 kPa and δ = 0. Based on the parametric studies, a series of design charts of the exerted passive thrust were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations is an important tool for studying their long-term behavior. However, when studying the asymptotic behavior of solutions to nonlinear partial differential equations with delay, the delay factor u (t + θ) in the delay term may lead to oscillations, hysteresis effects, and other phenomena in the solution, which increases the difficulty of studying the well-posedness and asymptotic behavior of the solution. This study investigates the global well-posedness and asymptotic behavior of solutions to the non-autonomous Navier–Stokes equations incorporating infinite delays. To establish global well-posedness, we first construct several suitable function spaces and then prove them using the Galekin approximation method. Then, by accurately estimating the number of determining nodes, we reveal the asymptotic behavior of the solution. The results indicate that the long-term behavior of a strong solution can be determined by its values at a finite number of nodes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]