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Background: Mental health problems after acute ischemic stroke (AIS) have caused wide public concerns, and the study on early identification of these disorders is still an open issue. This study aims to investigate the predictive effect of circulating neurofilament light (NfL) on long-term mental health status of AIS patients. Methods: This study collected demographic information and mental health measurements from 304 AIS patients from May 1, 2016 to Dec 31, 2019. Baseline serum neurofilament light (NfL) was determined within 2 h since patient admission. Six months after AIS onset, the degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, and insomnia was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7), the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), respectively. Subjects were divided into the high NfL group and the low NfL group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with these mental health problems. Results: The high NfL group had significantly higher PHQ-9, GAD-7, and ISI scores than the low NfL group. The prediction of serum NfL for major depression generated a sensitivity of 70.27%, a specificity of 67.79% and an AUC of 0.694. The prediction of serum NfL for anxiety generated a sensitivity of 69.23%, a specificity of 64.02%, and an AUC of 0.683. The prediction of serum NfL for insomnia generated a sensitivity of 75.00%, a specificity of 66.43% and an AUC of 0.723. Higher serum NfL was a risk factor of post-AIS depression [ORs (95% CI): 4.427 (1.918, 10.217)], anxiety [ORs (95% CI): 3.063 (1.939, 6.692)], and insomnia [ORs (95% CI): 4.200 (1.526, 11.562)]. Conclusions: These findings imply that circulating NfL might be a potential biomarker of long-term mental health problems after AIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on critical appraisal tools and reporting guidelines being the two most important instruments available to researchers. Topics include having a systematic approach in assessing, evaluating, and synthesizing the quality, reliability, validity, and methodological rigor; and evaluating various components of the manuscript, comparing component-specific scores, weighing different components, or appraising research.

The use of mass spectrometry-based proteomics has been increasingly applied in nanomaterials risk assessments as it provides a proteome-wide overview of the molecular disturbances induced by its exposure. Here, we used this technique to gain detailed molecular insights into the role of ROS as an effector of AgNP toxicity, by incubating Bend3 cells with AgNP in the absence or presence of an antioxidant N-acetyl L-cystein (NAC). ROS generation is a key player in AgNP-induced toxicity, as cellular homeostasis was kept in the presence of NAC. By integrating MS/MS data with bioinformatics tools, in the absence of NAC, we were able to pinpoint precisely which biological pathways were affected by AgNP. Cells respond to AgNP-induced ROS generation by increasing their antioxidant pool, via NRF2 pathway activation. Additionally, cell proliferation-related pathways were strongly inhibited in a ROS-dependent manner. These findings reveal important aspects of the AgNP mechanism of action at the protein level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the first time, a POSS and cobalt containing hyperbranched polymer (HP2-Co) was synthesized via a convenient A2 + B3 strategy for solid-state pyrolysis to generate magnetoceramics. For comparison, its analogue (HP1-Co) without the POSS group was also prepared. After pyrolysis, the ceramic obtained from HP2-Co with POSS groups had a unique Co@C-SiOx structure, and its diameter almost remained unchanged with increasing the pyrolysis temperature, showing good sinter–resistant properties. However, the nanoparticles obtained from HP1-Co sintered seriously with increasing temperature. More importantly, the ceramic yields of HP1-Co and HP2-Co were 82% and 90%, respectively, much higher than those of the linear polymers (58–73%). All the produced ceramics showed good magnetic properties, with the saturation magnetization ranging from 40.8–69.0 emu g−1, making them promising candidates for the actual applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new structurally characterized ferrous corrole [FeII(ttppc)]− (1) binds one equivalent of dioxygen to form [FeIII(O2−.)(ttppc)]− (2). This complex exhibits a 16/18O2‐isotope sensitive ν(O‐O) stretch at 1128 cm−1 concomitantly with a single ν(Fe‐O2) at 555 cm−1, indicating it is an η1‐superoxo ("end‐on") iron(III) complex. Complex 2 is the first well characterized Fe‐O2 corrole, and mediates the following biologically relevant oxidation reactions: dioxygenation of an indole derivative, and H‐atom abstraction from an activated O−H bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new structurally characterized ferrous corrole [FeII(ttppc)]− (1) binds one equivalent of dioxygen to form [FeIII(O2−.)(ttppc)]− (2). This complex exhibits a 16/18O2‐isotope sensitive ν(O‐O) stretch at 1128 cm−1 concomitantly with a single ν(Fe‐O2) at 555 cm−1, indicating it is an η1‐superoxo ("end‐on") iron(III) complex. Complex 2 is the first well characterized Fe‐O2 corrole, and mediates the following biologically relevant oxidation reactions: dioxygenation of an indole derivative, and H‐atom abstraction from an activated O−H bond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What should international law make of peace agreements? In the nineteenth century, when treaties regularly ended interstate armed conflicts ("IACs"), the answer was easy. Peace agreements were binding treaties whose terms could be freely dictated by the winning side. Peace agreements also signaled that a series of rules specific to wartime were no longer operable. Contemporary peace agreements share neither of these characteristics because they largely end non-international armed conflicts ("NIACs"). Agreements between governments and rebels do not meet the definition of a binding treaty. And IAC agreements' signaling function has long passed into obsolescence. How then, if at all, do new NIAC peace agreements engage with international law? This Article argues that international law has become critical to their genesis in two respects. First, the agreements parallel international law's concern with governance issues by restructuring domestic institutions. Their governance focus is the logical consequence of international law's refusal to "resolve" NIACs through large-scale and violent changes to national borders or demographic profiles. Former combatants must live with each other, and NIAC agreements seek to structure their peaceful coexistence. Second, all stages of NIAC agreements have become heavily multilateralized. International actors wield incentives and sanctions from the onset of conflict through the agreements' implementation. In so doing, they radically expand the factors militating toward a peace settlement. These added factors, especially those providing a "credible commitment" of enforcing the agreement, reconfigure the parties' incentives as to whether or not a negotiated end to conflict will serve their interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of KONTAKT - Journal of Nursing & Social Sciences related to Health & Illness is the property of University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Health & Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality; therefore, prevention is important. The aim of this study was to systematically assess AKI incidence after cardiac surgery as documented in clinical routine compared to the real incidence because AKI may be under-recognized in clinical practice. Further, its postoperative management was compared to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) recommendations because recognition and adequate treatment represent the fundamental cornerstone in the prevention and management of AKI. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included n = 100 patients who underwent cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. The coded incidence of postoperative AKI during intensive care unit stay after surgery was compared to the real AKI incidence. Furthermore, conformity of postoperative parameters with KDIGO recommendations for AKI prevention and management was reviewed. Results: We found a considerable discrepancy between coded and real incidence, and conformity with KDIGO recommendations was found to be relatively low. The coded incidence was significantly lower (n = 12 vs. n = 52, p < 0.05), representing a coding rate of 23.1%. Regarding postoperative management, 90% of all patients had at least 1 episode with mean arterial pressure <65 mm Hg within the first 72 h. Furthermore, regarding other preventive parameters (avoiding hyperglycemia, stopping angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, avoiding contrast media, and nephrotoxic drugs), only 10 patients (20.8%) in the non-AKI group and in 5 (9.6%) subjects in the AKI group had none of all the above potential AKI-promoting factors. Conclusions: AKI recognition in everyday clinical routine seems to be low, especially in lower AKI stages, and the current postoperative management still offers potential for optimization. Possibly, higher AKI awareness and stricter postoperative management could already achieve significant effects in prevention and treatment of AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for 6 months is a global public health goal, but measuring its achievement as a marker of population breastmilk feeding practices is insufficient. Additional measures are needed to understand variation in non‐EBF practices and inform intervention priorities. We collected infant feeding data prospectively at seven time points to 6 months post‐partum from a cohort of vulnerable women (n = 151) registered at two Canada Prenatal Nutrition Program sites in Toronto, Canada. Four categories of breastmilk feeding intensity were defined. Descriptive analyses included the (i) proportion of participants in each feeding category by time point, (ii) use of formula and non‐formula supplements to breastmilk, (iii) proportion of participants practising EBF continuously for at least 3 months; and (iv) frequency of transitions between feeding categories. All participants initiated breastmilk feeding with 70% continuing for 6 months. Only 18% practised EBF for 6 months, but 48% did so for at least 3 continuous months. The proportion in the EBF category was highest from 2 to 4 months post‐partum. Supplemental formula use was highest in the first 3 months; early introduction of solids and non‐formula fluids further compromised EBF at 5 and 6 months post‐partum. Most participants (75%) transitioned between categories of breastmilk feeding intensity, with 35% making two or more transitions. Our data show high levels of breastmilk provision despite a low rate of EBF for 6 months. Inclusion of similar analyses in future prospective studies is recommended to provide more nuanced reporting of breastmilk feeding practices and guide intervention designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relating physiological stress to habitat quality could refine conservation efforts. Habitat quality, which is often inferred from patch occupancy or demographic rates, might be measured in a more timely and nuanced way using metrics of physiological stress. To understand whether stressassociated hormones vary with metrics of habitat quality, we measured fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (FGM) levels in the American pika (Ochotona princeps), a small mammal with welldefined habitat (talus), which can vary in quality depending on the presence of subsurface ice features. In spring and fall 2018, we collected feces noninvasively from pika territories in taluses "with" or "without" subsurface ice to capture seasonal variation in FGM between habitat types. We used linear mixed effects models to explore the interactions among season, habitat metrics (including subsurface ice status), and subsurface temperature as predictors of FGM. We found support for interacting effects on FGM levels, which covaried with season, elevation, putative ice presence, graminoid to forb ratio, graminoid cover, and measures of acute subsurface heat exposure. However, only one subsurface temperature metric differed according to putative presence of subsurface ice. Our results contribute to the growing evidence that FGMs might be developed as a tool to assess habitat quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphological identification of raw biological material used to produce archeological artifacts is sometimes difficult or even impossible. In recent years, newly developed biochemical techniques have allowed more reliable identification of exploited animal species, even for otherwise taxonomically undiagnostic fragments, and thus can help pinpoint the geographical origin of the raw material. However, in addition to being costly, these techniques involve destructive sampling. This explains why they are rarely applied to archeological artifacts, especially those made of precious, imported raw material or those representing intact works of art. Here, we analyzed the ancient DNA (aDNA) of a medieval chess piece made of ivory of unknown origin, recovered from a medieval settlement in Jambes (Namur), Belgium. This chess piece was broken during excavation. We took this unfortunate event as an opportunity to perform aDNA extraction, to try to answer three questions: (1) What Proboscidean species does the ivory come from?; (2) Can we establish the geographic origin of the ivory more precisely?; and (3) Does doing so help our understanding of (part of) the trade route followed by the ivory? We sequenced two short fragments of the mitochondrial genome and compared them with publicly available DNA data. This enabled the identification of the raw material as an African elephant (genus Loxodonta). Although the results cannot exclude that the ivory comes from a forest elephant, the recovered DNA sequence is currently found only among savanna elephant DNA records. The ivory likely originates from an eastern or southern African country and was therefore probably transported along the African trade route passing through the Swahili Corridor. However, the precise itinerary followed by this ivory from the African shore of the Mediterranean Sea to Europe, and then to the archeological site from which it was recovered, remains unknown. Such identification contributes to documenting past trade networks and long‐distance exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bladder cancer (Bca) is the second most common malignant tumor of the genitourinary system in Chinese male population with high potential of recurrence and progression. The overall prognosis has not been improved significantly for the past 30 years due to the lack of early theranostic technique. Currently the early theranostic technique for bladder cancer is mainly through the intravesical approach, but the clinical outcomes are poor due to the limited tumor-targeting efficiency. Therefore, the targeting peptides for bladder cancer provide possibility to advance intravesical theranostic technique. However, no systematic review has covered the wide use of the targeting peptides for intravesical theranostic techniques in bladder cancer. Herein, a summary of original researches introduces all aspects of the targeting peptides for bladder cancer, including the peptide screening, the targeting mechanism and its preclinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a cytoskeletal protein component whose release into blood is indicative of neuronal damage. Tau is a microtubule-associated protein in neurons and strongly associated with overall brain degeneration. NfL and tau levels are associated with mortality in different neurological diseases, but studies in the general population are missing. We investigated whether NfL and tau serum levels could serve as prognostic markers for overall mortality in elderly individuals without pre-defined neurological conditions. Further, we investigated the cross-sectional associations between NfL, tau, neuropsychological functioning, and brain structures.Methods: In 1997, 385 inhabitants of Augsburg who were aged 65 years and older were included in the Memory and Morbidity in Augsburg Elderly (MEMO) study. They participated in a face-to-face medical interview including neuropsychological tests and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain. NfL and tau were measured from non-fasting blood samples using highly sensitive single molecule array assays. To assess the prognostic accuracy of the biomarkers, concordance statistics based on the predicted 5-year survival probabilities were calculated for different Cox regression models. Associations between the biomarkers and the neuropsychological test scores or brain structures were investigated using linear or logistic regression.Results: NfL (HR 1.27, 95% CI [1.14-1.42]) and tau (1.20 [1.07-1.35]) serum levels were independently associated with all-cause mortality. NfL, but not tau, increased the prognostic accuracy when added to a model containing sociodemographic characteristics (concordance statistic 0.684 [0.612-0.755] vs. 0.663 [0.593-0.733]), but not when added to a model containing sociodemographic characteristics and brain atrophy or neuropsychological test scores. NfL serum levels were cross-sectionally associated with neuropsychological test scores and brain structures.Conclusions: The association between NfL serum levels and brain atrophy and neuropsychological performance in individuals without overt neurological disease is similar to that seen in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. These findings support the concept of a continuum of physiological aging and incipient, subclinical pathology, and manifest disease. NfL, but not tau, serum levels might serve as a prognostic marker for all-cause mortality if no other clinical information is available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As apex predators, marine mammals play a key role in maintaining community structure and functioning in marine ecosystems. Hence, a decline in marine mammal populations may have negative effects on the ecosystem function and services. The discharge of anthropogenic chemicals and particles (micropollutants) into the marine environment threatens the health of marine mammals. Traditional approaches for assessing the impact of micropollutants on marine mammal populations are limited by the complexity of micropollutants (e.g., low concentrations, unknown contaminants, transformation products, and mixture effect) and marine mammals (e.g., complex physiology, life history, multiple stressors, and logistical challenges) in the environment. Recently developed (bio)analytical tools that can integrate chemical and biological assessment such as non-target and suspect screening, direct effect analysis, and multiomics (e.g., metabolomics, lipidomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics) can offer critical insights into (i) the health risks of 'known' and 'unknown' micropollutants in marine mammals, (ii) the link between exposure and population effects, and (iii) identification of priority micropollutants. This review highlights the challenges and current progress in assessing the health risk posed by micropollutants to marine mammals. A tired integrated chemical-ecological-biological framework developed from current research practices is offered for effective assessment of micropollutant risk in marine mammals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early differentiation between transient ischemic attack (TIA) and minor ischemic stroke (MIS) impacts on the patient's individual diagnostic work-up and treatment. Furthermore, estimations regarding persisting impairments after MIS are essential to guide rehabilitation programs. This study evaluated a combined clinical- and serum biomarker-based approach for the differentiation between TIA and MIS as well as the mid-term prognostication of the functional outcome, which is applicable within the first 24 h after symptom onset. Methods: Prospectively collected data were used for a retrospective analysis including the neurological deficit at admission (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS) and the following serum biomarkers covering different pathophysiological aspects of stroke: Coagulation (fibrinogen, antithrombin), inflammation (C reactive protein), neuronal damage in the cellular [neuron specific enolase], and the extracellular compartment [matrix metalloproteinase-9, hyaluronic acid]. Further, cerebral magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and day 7, while functional outcome was evaluated with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) after 3, 6, and 12 months. Results: Based on data from 96 patients (age 64 ± 14 years), 23 TIA patients (NIHSS 0.6 ± 1.1) were compared with 73 MIS patients (NIHSS 2.4 ± 2.0). In a binary logistic regression analysis, the combination of NIHSS and serum biomarkers differentiated MIS from TIA with a sensitivity of 91.8% and a specificity of 60.9% [area under the curve (AUC) 0.84]. In patients with NIHSS 0 at admission, this panel resulted in a still acceptable sensitivity of 81.3% (specificity 71.4%, AUC 0.69) for the differentiation between MIS (n = 16) and TIA (n = 14). By adding age, remarkable sensitivities of 98.4, 100, and 98.2% for the prediction of an excellent outcome (mRS 0 or 1) were achieved with respect to time points investigated within the 1-year follow-up. However, the specificity was moderate and decreased over time (83.3, 70, 58.3%; AUC 0.96, 0.92, 0.91). Conclusion: This pilot study provides evidence that the NIHSS combined with selected serum biomarkers covering pathophysiological aspects of stroke may represent a useful tool to differentiate between MIS and TIA within 24 h after symptom onset. Further, this approach may accurately predict the mid-term outcome in minor stroke patients, which might help to allocate rehabilitative resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicts arising from the consumption of anthropogenic foods by wildlife are increasing worldwide. Conventional tools for evaluating the spatial distribution pattern of large terrestrial mammals that consume anthropogenic foods have various limitations, despite their importance in management to mitigate conflicts. In this study, we examined the spatial distribution pattern of crop‐foraging sika deer by performing nitrogen stable isotope analyses of bone collagen. We evaluated whether crop‐foraging deer lived closer to agricultural crop fields during the winter and spring, when crop production decreases. We found that female deer in proximity to agricultural crop fields during the winter and spring were more likely to be crop‐foraging individuals. Furthermore, the likelihood of crop consumption by females decreased by half as the distance to agricultural crop fields increased to 5–10 km. We did not detect a significant trend in the spatial distribution of crop‐foraging male deer. The findings of spatial distribution patterns of crop‐foraging female deer will be useful for the establishment of management areas, such as zonation, for efficient removal of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Phylogeographic studies on savanna ungulates have extensively evaluated genetic patterns mostly related to Pleistocene climatic oscillations. We address this subject through a comprehensive assessment across the pan‐African range of the roan antelope, assessing whether climatic oscillations or natural physical barriers play a predominant role in the evolutionary history of the species. We also address the spatial concordance of the genetic structure with the currently recognized subspecies. Location: Sub‐Saharan Africa. Taxon: Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus). Methods: We genotyped 43 microsatellite loci and sequenced whole‐mitochondrial genomes for 131 individuals across the species' entire African range. We performed spatial analyses of genetic diversity for contemporary and historical samples and calculated overall patterns of genetic differentiation and structure for both marker types. We also estimated the timing of divergence events and demographic trends, correlating these with the species' biotic attributes as well as abiotic features shaping African savanna habitats. Results: Our analyses uncovered highly structured clusters and contact zones across the distribution of the roan antelope, including five nuclear groups and four mitochondrial lineages. The north‐west group had the highest level of intra‐group diversity as well as inter‐group divergence and represents the oldest vicariant event. The central and southern groups had the lowest intra‐group diversity with low divergence values separating them, suggesting a more recent ancestry for these groups. All population groups showed signals of demographic stability over time showed signals of demographic stability over a demographic decline during the Holocene. Main conclusions: The roan antelope exhibits significant population structure across its African range. This structure is largely associated with natural physical barriers, whereas contact zones could more easily be explained by climatic events. Based on estimates of genetic diversity, we propose a West African ancestry for this species with subsequent eastward and southern range expansions, as well as the persistence of stable population numbers within refugia. A general trend of population size decreases likely reflects Holocene extreme climatic events and increased human pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activation of O2 at thiolate–ligated iron(II) sites is essential to the function of numerous metalloenzymes and synthetic catalysts. Iron–thiolate bonds in the active sites of nonheme iron enzymes arise from either coordination of an endogenous cysteinate residue or binding of a deprotonated thiol-containing substrate. Examples of the latter include sulfoxide synthases, such as EgtB and OvoA, that utilize O2 to catalyze tandem S–C bond formation and S-oxygenation steps in thiohistidine biosyntheses. We recently reported the preparation of two mononuclear nonheme iron–thiolate complexes (1 and 2) that serve as structural active-site models of substrate-bound EgtB and OvoA (Dalton Trans. 2020, 49, 17745–17757). These models feature monodentate thiolate ligands and tripodal N4 ligands with mixed pyridyl/imidazolyl donors. Here, we describe the reactivity of 1 and 2 with O2 at low temperatures to give metastable intermediates (3 and 4, respectively). Characterization with multiple spectroscopic techniques (UV-vis absorption, NMR, variable-field and -temperature Mössbauer, and resonance Raman) revealed that these intermediates are thiolate-ligated iron(III) dimers with a bridging oxo ligand derived from the four-electron reduction of O2. Structural models of 3 and 4 consistent with the experimental data were generated via density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The combined experimental and computational results illuminate the geometric and electronic origins of the unique spectral features of diiron(III)-μ-oxo complexes with thiolate ligands, and the spectroscopic signatures of 3 and 4 are compared to those of closely-related diiron(III)-μ-peroxo species. Collectively, these results will assist in the identification of intermediates that appear on the O2 reaction landscapes of iron–thiolate species in both biological and synthetic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2,7-Diazapyrene and 2,9-diazaperopyrene tetraalkynes (12 and 13) as well as related non-N-doped pyrene and peropyrene tetraalkynes (14 and 15) of the same shape were used as polyaromatic templates in their metalation by [Co2(CO)8]. Isolated cobalt-rich [(12, 13, 14, 15)Co8(CO)24] clusters were characterized by means of NMR, IR, UV–Vis spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. Their thermogravimetric behaviour and products of solid-state pyrolysis (SSP) were investigated by TGA, DSC, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Despite the same precursor shape, different carbon nanoparticles and nanotubes were formed depending on the extension of the π-system and nitrogen content of the precursors. Diazapyrene and diazaperopyrene complexes formed cauliflower-shaped nanoparticles, and the pyrene complex formed spherical nanoparticles and the peropyrene complex led to multi-walled carbon nanotubes. These results elucidate that the carbon to cobalt ratio and the nitrogen dopant in the precursor have a significant impact on the products of the pyrolysis reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A bundle of preventive measures can be taken to avoid acute kidney injury (AKI) or progression of AKI. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the compliance to AKI care bundles in hospitalized patients and its impact on kidney and patient outcomes.Methods: Randomized controlled trials, observational and interventional studies were included. Studied outcomes were care bundle compliance, occurrence of AKI and moderate-severe AKI, use of kidney replacement therapy (KRT), kidney recovery, mortality (ICU, in-hospital and 30-day) and length-of-stay (ICU, hospital). The search engines PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar were used (January 1, 2012 - June 30, 2021). Meta-analysis was performed with the Mantel Haenszel test (risk ratio) and inverse variance (mean difference). Bias was assessed by the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RCT) and the NIH study quality tool (non-RCT).Results: We included 23 papers of which 13 were used for quantitative analysis (4 RCT and 9 non-randomized studies with 25,776 patients and 30,276 AKI episodes). Six were performed in ICU setting. The number of trials pooled per outcome was low. There was a high variability in care bundle compliance (8 to 100%). Moderate-severe AKI was less frequent after bundle implementation [RR 0.78, 95%CI 0.62-0.97]. AKI occurrence and KRT use did not differ between the groups [resp RR 0.90, 95%CI 0.76-1.05; RR 0.67, 95%CI 0.38-1.19]. In-hospital and 30-day mortality was lower in AKI patients exposed to a care bundle [resp RR 0.81, 95%CI 0.73-0.90, RR 0.95 95%CI 0.90-0.99]; this could not be confirmed by randomized trials. Hospital length-of-stay was similar in both groups [MD -0.65, 95%CI -1.40,0.09].Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis shows that implementation of AKI care bundles in hospitalized patients reduces moderate-severe AKI. This result is mainly driven by studies performed in ICU setting. Lack of data and heterogeneity in study design impede drawing firm conclusions about patient outcomes. Moreover, compliance to AKI care bundles in hospitalized patients is highly variable. Additional research in targeted patient groups at risk for moderate-severe AKI with correct and complete implementation of a feasible, well-tailored AKI care bundle is warranted. (CRD42020207523). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficiency of airport processes using simulation tools. A critical review of selected scientific studies relating to the performance of airport processes with respect to reliability, particularly within the apron, has been undertaken. The developed decision-making model evaluates the efficiency of airport processes in terms of minimizing penalties associated with aircraft landing before or after the scheduled landing time. The model takes into account, among other things, aircraft take-offs and landings and separation times between successive aircraft. In order to be able to verify the correctness of the decision-making model, a simulation tool was developed to support decision making in the implementation of airport operations based on a genetic algorithm. A novel development of the structure of a genetic algorithm as well as crossover and mutation operators adapted to the determination of aircraft movement routes on the apron is presented. The developed simulation tool was verified on real input data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Climate change is expected to markedly change site factors, tree species composition and finally ecosystem services provided by forests. Here, we describe the development of a framework for modelling how these changes may transform forest site types. Site types capture information on site conditions like climate, topography and soil, all factors with strong influence on tree species occurrence. Location: Switzerland. Methods: We elicited expert knowledge and followed a participatory modelling approach for quantifying upward shifts of altitudinal vegetation belts and the changes in the zonal distribution of main tree species, as a basis for assessing transformation pathways of forest site types for three climate projections. Results: The model results show marked range shifts of altitudinal vegetation belts. The change in the vegetation belt and a rule base for forest site type transformations allow for assessing the location‐specific and long‐term transformation pathway from the current to a future forest site type. Conclusions: The resulting maps enable forest managers to take climate change into account when selecting tree species. The presented method complements statistical distribution models as it considers more site information, integrates expert knowledge and is based on a forest site type classification which is already widely used by forest practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI is the most sensitive method for detection of breast cancer. However, due to high costs and retention of intravenously injected gadolinium‐based contrast agent, screening with DCE‐MRI is only recommended for patients who are at high risk for developing breast cancer. Thus, a noncontrast‐enhanced alternative to DCE is desirable. Purpose: To investigate whether velocity selective arterial spin labeling (VS‐ASL) can be used to identify increased perfusion and vascularity within breast lesions compared to surrounding tissue. Study Type: Prospective. Population: Eight breast cancer patients. Field Strength/Sequence: A 3 T; VS‐ASL with multislice single‐shot gradient‐echo echo‐planar‐imaging readout. Assessment: VS‐ASL scans were independently assessed by three radiologists, with 3–25 years of experience in breast radiology. Scans were scored on lesion visibility and artifacts, based on a 3‐point Likert scale. A score of 1 corresponded to "lesions being distinguishable from background" (lesion visibility), and "no or few artifacts visible, artifacts can be distinguished from blood signal" (artifact score). A distinction was made between mass and nonmass lesions (based on BI‐RADS lexicon), as assessed in the standard clinical exam. Statistical Tests: Intra‐class correlation coefficient (ICC) for interobserver agreement. Results: The ICC was 0.77 for lesion visibility and 0.84 for the artifact score. Overall, mass lesions had a mean score of 1.27 on lesion visibility and 1.53 on the artifact score. Nonmass lesions had a mean score of 2.11 on lesion visibility and 2.11 on the artifact score. Data Conclusion: We have demonstrated the technical feasibility of bilateral whole‐breast perfusion imaging using VS‐ASL in breast cancer patients. Evidence Level: 1 Technical Efficacy: Stage 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a precursor to future public transportation, automated shuttle buses can already be experienced in some test regions, but the general public still has reservations and may not yet be ready for this change. For example, the fact that such vehicles might operate independently (without a human driver) creates a barrier of uncertainty and mistrust among people. In this work, we aim to identify and classify the prevailing reservations and propose solutions. We followed the User Centered Design (UCD) process to design concepts that are specifically tailored to the needs of future public transport users. After related work analysis, on-site research, and pre-studies, two main studies were conducted specifically to address communication in the exterior (n = 24) and interior/service design (n = 21). For both studies, we applied a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative measures. Our results indicate that, in general, existing ways of communication in the exterior are insufficient to meet future needs. The two visualization concepts for external communication developed in this work were rated (significantly) better in most dimensions of the User Experience Questionnaire (UEQ), when compared to the baseline condition with no additional visualization. Furthermore, preferences among the study participants towards simple, highly visible, and well-known lighting concepts could be observed. As for the interior, the results show that participants rated attractiveness highly for the two design concepts (closer, further in the future) as compared to current, state-of-the-art solutions (automated buses currently in operation). For the "near future" concept, the pragmatic quality dominated, while in the other (the "far future") concept the hedonic quality was in the foreground. From the results, design recommendations in different categories were derived, which reflect the general openness of the public towards new technologies and interior approaches, but also point out the importance for privacy and designated personal spaces inside an (automated) shuttle bus. Some of the results do not strictly apply to automated shuttle buses, and can serve as valuable suggestions for improving conventional shuttle buses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months and then alongside solid food for the first 2 years and beyond is the gold standard in young child nutrition. There is an abundance of literature relating to the preventative nature of breastmilk and breastfeeding against many infectious diseases and chronic conditions. However, despite medically complex infants and children being a group that could benefit most from continued breastfeeding, breastfeeding duration and exclusivity are lower among more complex paediatric populations. The reasons for this are not well known, and there is a paucity of data relating to supporting infants who have acute or chronic illness, disability or congenital anomaly to breastfeed. This systematic review aimed to understand the challenges of breast/chestfeeding the medically complex child and to establish the gaps in healthcare provision that act as barriers to optimal infant and young child feeding. The search was limited to studies published in English, focused on breastfed sick infants in hospital, with no date limits as there is no previous systematic review. Of 786 papers retrieved, 11 studies were included for review, and seven themes identified. Themes included practical and psychological challenges of continuing to breastfeed in a hospital setting, complications of the condition making breastfeeding difficult, lack of specialist breastfeeding support from hospital staff and a lack of availability of specialist equipment to support complex breastfeeding. The findings affirm the lack of consistent high‐quality care for lactation support in paediatric settings and reinforce the need for further focused research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new nonheme iron(II) complex, FeII(Me3TACN)((OSiPh2)2O) (1), is reported. Reaction of 1 with NO(g) gives a stable mononitrosyl complex Fe(NO)(Me3TACN)((OSiPh2)2O) (2), which was characterized by Mössbauer (δ=0.52 mm s−1, |ΔEQ|=0.80 mm s−1), EPR (S=3/2), resonance Raman (RR) and Fe K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopies. The data show that 2 is an {FeNO}7 complex with an S=3/2 spin ground state. The RR spectrum (λexc=458 nm) of 2 combined with isotopic labeling (15N, 18O) reveals ν(N‐O)=1680 cm−1, which is highly activated, and is a nearly identical match to that seen for the reactive mononitrosyl intermediate in the nonheme iron enzyme FDPnor (ν(NO)=1681 cm−1). Complex 2 reacts rapidly with H2O in THF to produce the N‐N coupled product N2O, providing the first example of a mononuclear nonheme iron complex that is capable of converting NO to N2O in the absence of an exogenous reductant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new nonheme iron(II) complex, FeII(Me3TACN)((OSiPh2)2O) (1), is reported. Reaction of 1 with NO(g) gives a stable mononitrosyl complex Fe(NO)(Me3TACN)((OSiPh2)2O) (2), which was characterized by Mössbauer (δ=0.52 mm s−1, |ΔEQ|=0.80 mm s−1), EPR (S=3/2), resonance Raman (RR) and Fe K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopies. The data show that 2 is an {FeNO}7 complex with an S=3/2 spin ground state. The RR spectrum (λexc=458 nm) of 2 combined with isotopic labeling (15N, 18O) reveals ν(N‐O)=1680 cm−1, which is highly activated, and is a nearly identical match to that seen for the reactive mononitrosyl intermediate in the nonheme iron enzyme FDPnor (ν(NO)=1681 cm−1). Complex 2 reacts rapidly with H2O in THF to produce the N‐N coupled product N2O, providing the first example of a mononuclear nonheme iron complex that is capable of converting NO to N2O in the absence of an exogenous reductant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide (N2O) is associated with immense biological and health implications. Flavodiiron nitric oxide reductases (FNORs) are diiron containing enzymes that catalyze the two electron reduction of NO to N2O and help certain pathogenic bacteria to survive under "nitrosative stress" in anaerobic growth conditions. Consequently, invading bacteria can proliferate inside the body of mammals by bypassing the immune defense mechanism involving NO and may thus lead to harmful infections. Various mechanisms, namely the direct reduction, semireduction, superreduction and hyponitrite mechanisms, have been proposed over time for catalytic NO reduction by FNORs. Model studies in relation to the diiron active site of FNORs have immensely helped to replicate the minimal structure–reactivity relationship and to understand the mechanism of NO reduction. A brief overview of the FNOR activity and the proposed reaction mechanisms followed by a systematic description and detailed analysis of the model studies is presented, which describes the development in the area of NO reduction by diiron complexes and its implications. A great deal of successful modeling chemistry as well as the shortcomings related to the synthesis and reactivity studies is discussed in detail. Finally, future prospects in this particular area of research are proposed, which in due course may bring more clarity in the understanding of this important redox reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Timely endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) significantly improves outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) with large vessel occlusion type. However, whether certain central nervous system-specific plasma biomarkers correlate with the outcomes is unknown. We evaluated the temporal changes and prognostic roles of the levels of these biomarkers in patients with AIS undergoing EVT.Methods: We enrolled 60 patients who received EVT for AIS and 14 controls. The levels of plasma biomarkers, namely neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary astrocytic protein (GFAP), tau, and ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1), were measured with an ultrasensitive single molecule array before, immediately after, and 24 h after EVT (T1, T2, and T3, respectively). The outcomes of interest were death or disability at 90 days (defined as a modified Rankin Scale score of 3-6) and types of hemorrhagic transformation (hemorrhagic infarction or parenchymal hemorrhage).Results: Of the 180 blood samples from the 60 patients who received EVT, the plasma NfL, GFAP, and UCHL1 levels at T1 were significantly higher than those of the controls, and the levels of all four biomarkers were significantly higher at T3. Patients with parenchymal hemorrhage had a significantly higher rate of increase in GFAP (Pinteraction = 0.005) and UCHL1 (Pinteraction = 0.007) levels compared with those without parenchymal hemorrhage. In a multivariable analysis with adjustment for age, sex, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score, history of atrial fibrillation, and recanalization status, higher NfL levels at T1 (odds ratio [OR] 2.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-4.08), T2 (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.05-4.01), and T3 (OR, 3.94; 95% CI, 1.44-10.79) were independent predictors of death or disability at 90 days.Conclusion: Among patients with AIS who received EVT, those with hemorrhagic transformation exhibited significant increase in plasma GFAP and UCHL1 levels over time. Higher plasma NfL were predictive of unfavorable functional outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Large carnivore feeding ecology plays a crucial role for management and conservation for predators and their prey. One of the keys to this kind of research is to identify the species composition in the predator diet, for example, prey determination from scat content. DNA‐based methods applied to detect prey in predators' scats are viable alternatives to traditional macroscopic approaches, showing an increased reliability and higher prey detection rate. Here, we developed a molecular method for prey species identification in wolf (Canis lupus) scats using multiple species‐specific marker loci on the cytochrome b gene for 18 target species. The final panel consisted of 80 assays, with a minimum of four markers per target species, and that amplified specifically when using a high‐throughput Nanofluidic array technology (Fluidigm Inc.). As a practical example, we applied the method to identify target prey species DNA in 80 wolf scats collected in Sweden. Depending on the number of amplifying markers required to obtain a positive species call in a scat, the success in determining at least one prey species from the scats ranged from 44% to 92%. Although we highlight the need to evaluate the optimal number of markers for sensitive target species detection, the developed method is a fast and cost‐efficient tool for prey identification in wolf scats and it also has the potential to be further developed and applied to other areas and large carnivores as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cortisol is involved in a broad range of physiological processes and enables animals to adapt to new situations and challenges. Diurnal fluctuations in circulating cortisol concentrations in elephants have been demonstrated based on samples from urine and saliva. The aims of this study were to demonstrate diurnal cortisol fluctuations based on blood samples and compare concentrations between seasons, species, and changes in reproductive hormone concentrations. Nine African (Loxodonta africana) and three Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants at two facilities in the United States were included in this study. Blood samples were collected every 2–3 h at one location and every 1–6 h at another. Peak serum concentrations of cortisol averaged 28 ng/ml for both African and Asian elephants, and diurnal cycles included a fivefold decrease from morning peak to evening nadir concentrations. Diurnal cortisol profiles varied uniquely among individual elephants. During the winter, nadir concentrations of cortisol were slightly higher, and the timing of peak concentrations was less predictable. There was no correlation between diurnal serum concentrations of progesterone and cortisol; however, a significant correlation (p =.02) was identified between serum concentrations of testosterone and cortisol when a time lag of ~2–3 h was considered. The physiological significance of the positive correlations between diurnal serum concentrations of cortisol and testosterone in male elephants remains to be determined. If cortisol concentrations are being used to evaluate elephant health or welfare, samples should be obtained at the same time each day to minimize variation due to diurnal fluctuations, and ideally seasonal variations and individuality in diurnal profiles should also be considered. Research Highlights: Diurnal serum cortisol profiles vary across individual elephants.Serum cortisol concentrations and diurnal profiles vary seasonally in African elephants.Diurnal peaks in serum testosterone concentrations in males lag cortisol peaks by 2–3 h. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the setting of ischemic stroke, the neurofilament subunit NF-L and the microtubule-associated protein MAP2 have proven to be exceptionally ischemia-sensitive elements of the neuronal cytoskeleton. Since alterations of the cytoskeleton have been linked to the transition from reversible to irreversible tissue damage, the present study investigates underlying time- and region-specific alterations of NF-L and MAP2 in different animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. Although NF-L is increasingly established as a clinical stroke biomarker, MAP2 serum measurements after stroke are still lacking. Therefore, the present study further compares serum levels of MAP2 with NF-L in stroke patients. In the applied animal models, MAP2-related immunofluorescence intensities were decreased in ischemic areas, whereas the abundance of NF-L degradation products accounted for an increase of NF-L-related immunofluorescence intensity. Accordingly, Western blot analyses of ischemic areas revealed decreased protein levels of both MAP2 and NF-L. The cytoskeletal alterations are further reflected at an ultrastructural level as indicated by a significant reduction of detectable neurofilaments in cortical axons of ischemia-affected areas. Moreover, atomic force microscopy measurements confirmed altered mechanical properties as indicated by a decreased elastic strength in ischemia-affected tissue. In addition to the results from the animal models, stroke patients exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of MAP2, which increased with infarct size, whereas serum levels of NF-L did not differ significantly. Thus, MAP2 appears to be a more sensitive stroke biomarker than NF-L, especially for early neuronal damage. This perspective is strengthened by the results from the animal models, showing MAP2-related alterations at earlier time points compared to NF-L. The profound ischemia-induced alterations further qualify both cytoskeletal elements as promising targets for neuroprotective therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In-stent restenosis (ISR) represents a major complication after stenting of intracranial artery stenosis (ICAS). Biomarkers derived from routine blood sampling including C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) have been associated with progressive atherosclerosis. We investigated the role of CRP, NLR, PLR and MPV on the development of intracranial ISR and recurrent stroke risk. We retrospectively included all patients who had undergone stenting of symptomatic ICAS at our university hospital between 2005 and 2016. ISR (≥ 50% stenosis) was diagnosed by regular Duplex sonography follow-up studies and confirmed by digital subtraction angiography or computed tomography angiography (mean follow-up duration: 5 years). Laboratory parameters were documented before stenting, at the time of restenosis and at last clinical follow-up. Of 115 patients (mean age: 73 ± 13 years; female: 34%), 38 (33%) developed ISR. The assessed laboratory parameters did not differ between patients with ISR and those without (p > 0.1). While ISR was associated with the occurrence of recurrent ischemic stroke (p = 0.003), CRP, NLR, PLR and MPV were not predictive of such events (p > 0.1). Investigated blood biomarkers of progressive atherosclerosis were not predictive for the occurrence of ISR or recurrent ischemic stroke after ICAS stenting during a 5-year follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite advancements in standardizing the criteria for acute kidney injury (AKI), its definition remains based on changes in serum creatinine and urinary output that do not specifically represent tubular function or injury and that have significant limitations in the acute hospital setting. Much effort in nephrology has centered on identifying biomarkers of AKI to address these limitations. This review summarizes recent advances in our knowledge of biomarkers involved in pathophysiological processes during AKI and describes their potential clinical implications. Blood and urine biomarkers are released via various mechanisms during renal tubular injury. Urinary kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), liver-type fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-7 (IGFBP-7), and tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease-2 (TIMP-2) are released from the proximal tubule while uromodulin (UMOD) is secreted from the loop of Henle and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is released from the distal tubule. These biomarkers could therefore be used to localize specific segments of injured tubules. Biomarkers also have diverse roles in pathophysiological processes in AKI, including inflammation, repair, and fibrosis. Current evidence suggests that these biomarkers could be used to predict the transition to chronic kidney disease (CKD), decrease discard of AKI kidneys, differentiate between kidney dysfunction and injury, guide AKI management, and improve diagnosis of diseases such as acute interstitial nephritis (AIN). They could differentiate between disease phenotypes, facilitate the inclusion of a homogenous patient population in future trials of AKI, and shed light on therapeutic pathways to prevent the transition from AKI to CKD. However, a major limitation of current biomarker research in AKI is the lack of tissue correlation. The Kidney Precision Medicine Project, a large-scale national effort, is currently underway to construct a kidney tissue atlas and expand the use of biomarkers to assess nephron health. Numerous biomarkers are involved in distinct pathophysiological processes after kidney injury and have demonstrated potential to improve diagnosis and risk stratification as well as provide a prognosis for patients with AKI. Some biomarkers are ready for use in clinical trials of AKI and could guide management in various clinical settings. Further investigation of these biomarkers will provide insight that can be applied to develop novel therapeutic agents for AKI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoint blockade leads to unprecedented responses in many cancer types. An alternative method of unleashing anti-tumor immune response is to target immunosuppressive metabolic pathways like the indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) pathway. Despite promising results in Phase I/II clinical trials, an IDO-1 inhibitor did not show clinical benefit in a Phase III clinical trial. Since, a treatment can be quite effective in a specific subset without being effective in the whole cancer type, it is important to identify the subsets of cancers that may benefit from IDO-1 inhibitors. In this study, we looked for the genomic and immunologic correlates of IDO pathway expression in cancer using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. Strong CD8+ T-cell infiltration, high mutation burden, and expression of exogenous viruses [Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Human papilloma virus (HPV), and Hepatitis C virus (HCV)] or endogenous retrovirus (ERV3-2) were associated with over-expression of IDO-1 in most cancer types, IDO-2 in many cancer types, and TDO-2 in a few cancer types. High mutation burden in ER+ HER2− breast cancer, and ERV3-2 expression in ER− HER2− and HER2+ breast, colon, and endometrial cancers were associated with over-expression of all three genes. These results may have important implications for guiding development clinical trials of IDO-1 inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent visit to the remote villages of East Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, revealed a unique medicinal approach practiced by the Adi tribe (earlier Abor tribe) using monitor lizard tails. Following reports of being a traditional medicine for humans, this case study emphasizes on the administration pattern to treat their livestock, veterinary purposes by the indigenous tribe of Arunachal Pradesh. The use of animal parts in traditional medicines negatively impacts and contributes to the overexploitation of wild animals for meat and remedial purposes. We raise our concerns of wildlife being harvested by the local communities for such unscientific use as a traditional medicine which harms species survival and a challenge for wildlife law enforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Host metabolism has recently gained more attention for its roles in physiological functions and pathologic conditions. Of these, metabolic tryptophan disorders generate a pattern of abnormal metabolites that are implicated in various diseases. Here, we briefly highlight the recent advances regarding abnormal tryptophan metabolism in HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and discuss its potential impact on immune regulation, disease progression, and neurological disorders. Finally, we also discuss the potential for metabolic tryptophan interventions toward these infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a progressive segmental dilation of the abdominal aorta and is associated with high mortality. The characterized features of AAA indicate several underlying mechanisms of AAA formation and progression, including reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial functions are critical for determining cell fate, and mitochondrial dynamics, especially selective mitochondrial autophagy, which is termed as mitophagy, has emerged as an important player in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. The PARKIN/PARIS/PGC1α pathway is associated with AAA formation and has been proposed to play a role in mitochondrial dynamics mediated by the PINK/PARKIN pathway in the pathogenesis underlying AAA. This review is aimed at deepening our understanding of AAA formation and progression, which is vital for the development of potential medical therapies for AAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as a progressive segmental dilation of the abdominal aorta and is associated with high mortality. The characterized features of AAA indicate several underlying mechanisms of AAA formation and progression, including reactive oxygen species production, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Mitochondrial functions are critical for determining cell fate, and mitochondrial dynamics, especially selective mitochondrial autophagy, which is termed as mitophagy, has emerged as an important player in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases. The PARKIN/PARIS/PGC1α pathway is associated with AAA formation and has been proposed to play a role in mitochondrial dynamics mediated by the PINK/PARKIN pathway in the pathogenesis underlying AAA. This review is aimed at deepening our understanding of AAA formation and progression, which is vital for the development of potential medical therapies for AAA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Slope movements are commonly occurring natural disasters damaging the infrastructures, upper structures, and nature. Among the slope movements, landslide is the most damaging and frequent natural disaster. This study investigates the previously occurring slope instability and runs a landslide susceptibility analysis for the Karabük-Yenice area in NW of Turkey. Types of slope movements in the area were mainly slide, flow, and fall type failures. The most frequent slope movements were slides and flows. Fall type of movement, however, was seen only in two locations in bedrock as rock falls. After the determination of the mass movements, landslide susceptibility analysis was performed for the study area. Four predisposing parameters, geology, slope, aspect, and distance to the river were used in the frequency ratio landslide susceptibility analysis. Geographical information system (GIS) and frequency ratio methods were used in landslide susceptibility analysis. GIS made it easy to prepare the required layers and to perform analysis for generating a landslide susceptibility map. The outcome of this study, the landslide susceptibility map, reveals the susceptibility in five classes, namely, very low, low, moderate, high, and very high. The locations of the previous landslides defined by the fieldwork were overlaid on the landslide susceptibility map to verify the validity of the susceptibility analysis and make evaluations and interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic stroke (IS) is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Multimodal neuroimaging techniques that have significantly facilitated the diagnosis of hyperacute IS are not widely used in underdeveloped areas and community hospitals owing to drawbacks such as high cost and lack of trained operators. Moreover, these methods do not have sufficient resolution to detect changes in the brain at the cellular and molecular levels after IS onset. In contrast, blood-based biomarkers can reflect molecular and biochemical alterations in both normal and pathophysiologic processes including angiogenesis, metabolism, inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, thrombosis, glial activation, and neuronal and vascular injury, and can thus provide information complementary to findings from routine examinations and neuroimaging that is useful for diagnosis. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on blood-based biomarkers of hyperacute IS including those associated with neuronal injury, glial activation, inflammation and oxidative stress, vascular injury and angiogenesis, coagulation and thrombosis, and metabolism as well as genetic and genomic biomarkers. Meanwhile, the blood sampling time of the biomarkers which are cited and summarized in the review is within 6 h after the onset of IS. Additionally, we also discuss the diagnostic and prognostic value of blood-based biomarkers in stroke patients, and future directions for their clinical application and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]