Search

Trauma hemorrhage (TH) and subsequent sepsis are well known to frequently result in severe organ damage. Although macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) has been described to exert beneficial effects on organ damage, and further clinical course after both isolated trauma and sepsis, little is known about the impact of MALP-2 in a clinically realistic two-hit scenario of TH and subsequent sepsis. As the liver represents a key organ for the posttraumatic immune response and development of complications, the effects of MALP-2 on the posttraumatic hepatic immunologic response and tissue damage were investigated in a murine "two-hit" model. In C57BL/6 mice, blood pressure-controlled (35 ± 5 mm Hg) TH was induced. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed 48 h after TH. Mice were divided into two control groups (control 1, TH and laparotomy without CLP; control 2, TH and CLP) and three experimental groups (TH + CLP) treated with MALP-2 at different timepoints (ETH, end of TH; ECLP, end of CLP; 6CLP, 6 h after CLP). The observation time lasted for 168 h after induction of TH. Kupffer cells (KC) were isolated and cultured, and MPO activity was analyzed. Cell culture supernatants were taken for cytokine analysis (TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, GM-CSF, IL-10). Histological analysis was performed using the Hepatic Injury Severity Scoring (HISS). Statistical evaluation was carried out using SPSS (version 24.0.0; IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). MPO activity of control 1 group was lowest compared with all the other groups (p < 0.01). MPO activity of control 2 group was significantly higher than that in all experimental groups (ETH (p < 0.01), ECLP (p < 0.01), and 6CLP (p = 0.03)). Within the experimental groups, MPO activity was significantly reduced in the ETH (p = 0.04) and the ECLP (p < 0.01) groups compared with the 6CLP group. Moreover, ETH was also associated with the most pronounced reduction of cytokine expression by KC (p < 0.05). HISS revealed the largest damage in the group control 2. TH and subsequent sepsis lead to a distinct immunologic reaction in the liver with an increase of cytokine expression of KC and pronounced infiltration of granulocytes with associated severe tissue damage. MALP application decreases the hepatic immune response and liver damage, with the most pronounced effects if applied at the end of TH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]