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This particular paper analyzes the age of fir (Abies alba Mill.), spruce (Picea abies Karst.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) trees, with a diameter at breast height of approximately 50 cm (diametar classes 47.5 and 52.5 cm) in mixed uneven-aged multi-leyerd stands. Research data was obtained from four continuous experimental plots on Mt. Igman, with different site conditions and stand structure on which the selective management method is carried out. Based on the number of annual growth rings on the incerement cores to the center of the tree taken at a height of 1.3 m, the so-called “age of growth” was determined (Flury according to Stamenković, Vučković 1988). However, the actual age is greater than the determined age, for the time required to reach a height of 1.3 m. The research indicated that the tree age is of great variability. The range for fir trees is from 70 to 350 years, for spruce trees from 65 to 256 years and for beech trees from 113 to 275 years. Moreover, the research implicates that the differences in age between tree species within one stand aren’t statistically significant in all analyzed cases, while differences between trees of the same tree species from stands of different site and stand conditions are statistically significant. The differences between the observed fir and beech trees in the same stand are not statistically significant, while the differences between the trees of these tree species and spruce trees are statistically significant. For all observed tree species, it was found that the age of trees is on average lower in sites of medium quality, compared to sites of better and lower quality. It was concluded that differences in the age of observed trees are determined by tree species, site conditions and stand structure (competitive relations) and other factors not covered by this study, and that the age of trees of certain species to some extent indicates the production potential of sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial structure is the horizontal and vertical arrangement of individual trees. It affects many processes in the stand such as stability, production and regeneration. Stand structure parameters are used to describe spatial structure on experimental plots. The paper presents methods that describe the stand structure through three levels of diversity related to position, species and size. Research has been conducted on two experimental plots from the area of Olovo. Referent trees and their competitors were selected on both experimental plots, and competitors were defined by referent tree distance. The aim of this paper is to describe the spatial structure on experimental plot of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and experimental plot of European beech and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Indicators of spatial diversity, dimensional diversity and diversity of tree species have been determined to achieve that aim. For each experimental plots are described: horizontal tree distribution (Poisson Distribution, Clapham's Variance - Mean Ratio and Morisita's Index of Dispersion), diameter differentiation (Diameter Differentiation by Füldner and Dominance Index by Hui et al.), species diversity and structural diversity (Species Profile Index by Pretzsch) and species intermingling (Species Intermingling Index by Füldner). Obtained results show that the stand structure of both experimental plots deviates from random distribution. Dimensional diversity parameters indicate stronger intensity of competition for beech trees. Analysis of species diversity showed that beech trees occur in groups or patches, and the other represented species mix more intensive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed mountain forests of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst), and silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) cover a total area of more than 10 million hectares in Europe. Due to altitudinal zoning, these forests are particularly vulnerable to climate change. However, as little is known about the long-term development of the productivity and the adaptation and mitigation potential of these forest systems in Europe, reliable information on productivity is required for sustainable forest management. Using generalized additive mixed models this study investigated 60 long-term experimental plots and provides information about the productivity of mixed mountain forests across a variety of European mountain areas in a standardized way for the first time. The average periodic annual volume increment (PAI) of these forests amounts to 9.3 m3ha−1y−1. Despite a significant increase in annual mean temperature the PAI has not changed significantly over the last 30 years. However, at the species level, we found significant changes in the growth dynamics. While beech had a PAI of 8.2 m3ha−1y−1 over the entire period (1980–2010), the PAI of spruce dropped significantly from 14.2 to 10.8 m3ha−1y−1, and the PAI of fir rose significantly from 7.2 to 11.3 m3ha−1y−1. Consequently, we observed stable stand volume increments in relation to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo is the property of Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo is the property of Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Forest productive attributes changes over time in native forests has been recognized as crucial challenge for management of uneven aged mixed forests in Bosnia and Herzegovina since middle of the last century. Experimental study has been carried out on set of experimental plots established in mixed stands on mountain Igman in central Bosnia. The most important forest productivity attributes changes based on repeated measures have been monitored over time. The aim of this research was to conduct the post-hoc power analysis for monitored forest attributes: basal area per ha (BA), growing stock per ha (GS) and current annual increment per ha (CAIv). Here are used repeated measures conduced on the 10 experimental plots in two types of mixed stands: fir-spruce and fir-spruce-beech plots (five plots per each type) measured in five (BA and GS) and four (CAIv) occasions in periods between 10-20 years. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) within and within-between repeated measures were applied and power analysis was performed. ANOVA within forest type over time showed highly significant differences for all attributes (α = 0.05, p < 0.001). Here, power analysis for comparison of stand attributes resulted in observed high power values ranged from 82% to 99% (very low risk of Type II errors). Then, ANOVA between two forest types over time showed different significances for forest attributes (α = 0.05, pBA = 0.25, pGS = 0.23 and pCAIv = 0.02). The risks of Type II errors were high for BA and GS (from 66% to 72%) while conclusions for CAIv could be accepted with very low risk (4%). So, the post-hoc power analysis of comparisons of stand attributes between forests types found low power for BA (28%) and GS (34%) and high power for CAIv (96%). These findings confirm importance of proper forest species composition planning in mixed stands related to highest wood productivity and other forest characteristics as biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina present rich sites of various non-wood forest products. In the concept of sustainable use of forest resources and assurance the economic, environmental and social effects, non-wood forest products have great importance, especially in the strategic commitments of rural development. However, information on the potentials of non-wood forest products in Bosnia and Herzegovina is very scant, whereas institutional and procedural framework relevant to this sector is underdeveloped. In this paper value chain analysis of non-wood forest products in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been carried out in order to identify the participants in the value chain, their mutual relations, and the analysis of organizational and institutional issues that affect the economic aspects of certain stages of the value chain. Survey method was used for primary data collection in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the relevant information from participants in the chain of non-wood forest products has been obtained. The study included a sample of 156 collectors, who had continuity in the collection and delivery, and 18 companies engaged in purchasing, processing and distribution, which have agreed to participate in the research. For data processing and interpretation of the results classical methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and comparison, and statistical methods of trend analysis were used. Technique of SWOT analysis was used in order to identify the positive and negative factors, as the basis for defining the strategic direction of non-wood forest products sector development. The obtained results indicate on the presence of numerous problems in the value chain. The share of individual groups of non-wood forest products in the analyzed period is: 50% of berries, 40% of medicinal and aromatic plants and 10% of mushrooms. The average annual growth rate of purchased and processed amounts of medicinal and aromatic plants was 17%, 28% of forest berries, and 34% of mushrooms. Approximately 93% of these products are distributed in the international market, whereas achieved prices are twice as high as compared to the domestic market. Sales trend has been increasing both in the domestic and foreign markets. The average annual growth rate of sales in the domestic market for mushrooms is 120%, for forest berries 85%, and for medicinal and aromatic plants 64%. The average annual growth rate of sales in foreign markets is 15% for medicinal and aromatic plants, 26% for berries and 33% for mushrooms. The most important foreign markets are Germany, Italy and Austria, and also the United States and Canada for essential oils. The research results show that it is necessary to take certain measures on improvement the institutional and procedural framework relevant for the sector of non-wood forest products, for purpose of its affirmation and contribution to overall national economy. Observed in a broader socio-economic context, it can significantly affect the definition of the forest policy objectives, multifunctional use and determining the strategic direction of sustainable forestry development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forest resources in Bosnia and Herzegovina present rich sites of various non-wood forest products. In the concept of sustainable use of forest resources and assurance the economic, environmental and social effects, non-wood forest products have great importance, especially in the strategic commitments of rural development. However, information on the potentials of non-wood forest products in Bosnia and Herzegovina is very scant, whereas institutional and procedural framework relevant to this sector is underdeveloped. In this paper value chain analysis of non-wood forest products in Bosnia and Herzegovina have been carried out in order to identify the participants in the value chain, their mutual relations, and the analysis of organizational and institutional issues that affect the economic aspects of certain stages of the value chain. Survey method was used for primary data collection in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, where the relevant information from participants in the chain of non-wood forest products has been obtained. The study included a sample of 156 collectors, who had continuity in the collection and delivery, and 18 companies engaged in purchasing, processing and distribution, which have agreed to participate in the research. For data processing and interpretation of the results classical methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction and comparison, and statistical methods of trend analysis were used. Technique of SWOT analysis was used in order to identify the positive and negative factors, as the basis for defining the strategic direction of non-wood forest products sector development. The obtained results indicate on the presence of numerous problems in the value chain. The share of individual groups of non-wood forest products in the analyzed period is: 50% of berries, 40% of medicinal and aromatic plants and 10% of mushrooms. The average annual growth rate of purchased and processed amounts of medicinal and aromatic plants was 17%, 28% of forest berries, and 34% of mushrooms. Approximately 93% of these products are distributed in the international market, whereas achieved prices are twice as high as compared to the domestic market. Sales trend has been increasing both in the domestic and foreign markets. The average annual growth rate of sales in the domestic market for mushrooms is 120%, for forest berries 85%, and for medicinal and aromatic plants 64%. The average annual growth rate of sales in foreign markets is 15% for medicinal and aromatic plants, 26% for berries and 33% for mushrooms. The most important foreign markets are Germany, Italy and Austria, and also the United States and Canada for essential oils. The research results show that it is necessary to take certain measures on improvement the institutional and procedural framework relevant for the sector of non-wood forest products, for purpose of its affirmation and contribution to overall national economy. Observed in a broader socio-economic context, it can significantly affect the definition of the forest policy objectives, multifunctional use and determining the strategic direction of sustainable forestry development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo is the property of Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo is the property of Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Works of the Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo is the property of Faculty of Forestry University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)