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Purpose: Waterborne pathogens pose a significant threat to public health, emphasizing the continuous necessity for advancing robust detection techniques, particularly in preventing outbreaks associated with these pathogens. This study focuses on cholera, an infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, serogroups O1 and O139, often transmitted through contaminated water and food, raising significant public health concerns in areas with poor sanitation and limited access to clean water. Methods: We developed a colorimetric biosensor using aptamer-functionalized gold nanoparticles to identify Vibrio cholerae O139 and address this issue. The detection mechanism relies on the color change of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from red to blue-purple induced by NaCl after the pathogen incubation and aptamer-target binding. Initial steps involved synthesizing and characterizing AuNPs, then exploring the impact of aptamer and NaCl concentrations on AuNP agglomeration. Optimization procedures for aptamer concentration and salt addition identified the optimal conditions for detection as 120 pM aptamers and 1 M NaCl. Results: The aptasensor demonstrated a robust linear relationship, detecting V. cholerae concentrations from 103 to 108 CFU/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 587 CFU/mL. Specificity tests and accurate sample analyses confirmed the efficiency of the AuNPs aptasensor, showcasing its reliability and speed compared to traditional culture examination methods. Moreover, we extended the aptasensor to a paper-based sensing platform with similar detection principles. Conclusion: The change in color upon target binding was captured with a smartphone and analyzed using image processing software. The paper-based device detected the target in less than 2 min, demonstrating its convenience for on-field applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Global estimates for cholera annually approximate 4 million cases worldwide with 95,000 deaths. Recent outbreaks, including Haiti and Yemen, are reminders that cholera is still a global health concern. Cholera outbreaks can rapidly induce high death tolls by overwhelming the capacity of health facilities, especially in remote areas or areas of civil unrest. Recent studies demonstrated that stool specimens preserved on filter paper facilitate molecular analysis of Vibrio cholerae in resource limited settings. Specimens preserved in a rapid, low-cost, safe and sustainable manner for sequencing provides previously unavailable data about circulating cholera strains. This may ultimately provide new information to shape public policy response on cholera control and elimination. Methodology/Principal findings: Whole genome sequencing (WGS) recovered close to a complete sequence of the V. cholerae O1 genome with satisfactory genome coverage from stool specimens enriched in alkaline peptone water (APW) and V. cholerae culture isolates, both spotted on filter paper. The minimum concentration of V. cholerae DNA sufficient to produce quality genomic information was 0.02 ng/μL. The genomic data confirmed the presence or absence of genes of epidemiological interest, including cholera toxin and pilus loci. WGS identified a variety of diarrheal pathogens from APW-enriched specimen spotted filter paper, highlighting the potential for this technique to explore the gut microbiome, potentially identifying co-infections, which may impact the severity of disease. WGS demonstrated that these specimens fit within the current global cholera phylogenetic tree, identifying the strains as the 7th pandemic El Tor. Conclusions: WGS results allowed for mapping of short reads from APW-enriched specimen and culture isolate spotted filter papers this provided valuable molecular epidemiological sequence information on V. cholerae strains from remote, low-resource settings. These results identified the presence of co-infecting pathogens while providing rare insight into the specific V. cholerae strains causing outbreaks in cholera-endemic areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a metapopulation model has been developed and analysed to describe the transmission dynamics of cholera between two communities linked by migration, in the presence of an imperfect vaccine and a varying media awareness impact. Stability analysis shows that the disease-free equilibrium is both locally and globally asymptotically stable when the vaccine reproduction number is less than unity. The endemic equilibria have also been shown to be locally asymptotically stable when the vaccine reproduction number is greater than unity. The simulation results show that with an imperfect vaccine and efficient media awareness, cholera transmission is reduced. The transmission rates have also been shown to be nonidentical in the two communities. It is therefore advisable, that health practitioners embrace the use of both vaccination and media awareness when designing and implementing community-specific cholera intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera is an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholera, its prevalence occurs in almost all the continents of the world, annually there are about 1.3 to 4.0 million cases of cholera and 21, 000 to 143, 000 deaths worldwide. In this paper, we propose a deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of cholera to assess the impact of vaccines in decreasing the spread of cholera infection in Nigeria. Moreover, we develop an optimal control strategy, in which we consider personal hygiene a control strategy on infection class, with u(t) as the control function. The best values of the fitting parameters have been obtained using least square minimization to validate the model with the help of experimental data obtained from Nigeria. We perform sensitivity analysis to determine the key parameters that have impacts on the control of the spread of cholera infections in the population. In addition, the numerical simulation of the model reveals that the use of vaccines and personal hygiene will effectively control the spread of cholera infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the remarkable contributions and achievements of Dr. Azar Andami (1926-1984), a renowned physician and specialist at the Pasteur Institute of Iran. Dr. Andami conducted extensive research on infectious diseases, particularly cholera, utilizing her knowledge in medicine, bacteriology, and laboratory sciences. She played a crucial role in the mass production of the cholera vaccine at the Pasteur Institute of Iran and in controlling the spread of communicable diseases both locally and globally. This paper aims to highlight her remarkable works and accomplishments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: Afghanistan is grappling with a severe health crisis marked by a high prevalence of infectious diseases, particularly tuberculosis, malaria, HIV, and the added strain of the COVID‐19 pandemic. The nation's healthcare system, already fragile, faces formidable challenges. Socioeconomic constraints, including limited resources and financial barriers, hinder healthcare accessibility, leading to delayed or inadequate care. Environmental factors, such as poor sanitation and crowded living conditions, exacerbate the transmission of diseases, especially waterborne illnesses. Governance issues, encompassing transparency, corruption, and political instability, disrupt healthcare efficiency and resource allocation. Addressing these multifaceted issues is vital to enhance Afghanistan's healthcare system and overall well‐being. The withdrawal of international support has exacerbated these challenges. The primary research goal is to deeply understand Afghanistan's health system, focusing on the major disease burdens: Tuberculosis, Malaria, AIDS, COVID‐19, Measles, Hepatitis, and Cholera. The study aims to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of current approaches, presenting a comprehensive view of challenges and opportunities within the Afghan healthcare system. The research concludes by highlighting policy implications, practical implementation, and offering recommendations for future endeavors. Methodology: This paper provides a thorough analysis of the literature concerning infectious diseases in Afghanistan and the enhancement of the healthcare system in the nation. A systematic exploration of the literature was conducted through PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The search terms used encompassed "Tuberculosis" OR "TB," "Malaria," "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome" OR "AIDS," "Human immunodeficiency virus" OR "HIV," "COVID‐19," "Measles," "Hepatitis virus," "Cholera," "Health system improvement," and "Afghanistan." Additionally, external sources like UNICEF, CDC, and WHO were referenced. Results: In conclusion, while improving access to vital medicines and vaccines is crucial for enhancing health outcomes in Afghanistan, significant challenges must be addressed to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of such strategies. The Afghan health system's fragile governance, corruption, logistical complexities, and failure to address broader social and economic factors pose significant risks and obstacles to the implementation of proposed health strategies. Therefore, the strategies discussed in this analysis align with key Sustainable Development Goals, particularly SDG 3, and their successful implementation will have implications not only for the health and well‐being of Afghanistan but also for global health. Conclusion: Hence, by adopting a comprehensive approach with complementary interventions as discussed, we can address issues in the Afghan health system and reduce transmissible diseases' burden, thereby building a better world for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of cholera, a highly infectious disease, is closely linked to inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities, with resource-poor communities, including refugees, rural communities and temporary displacement camps particularly vulnerable to outbreaks. Any disruption in water and sanitation systems or a sudden surge in community size owing to displacement can spark a humanitarian and health crisis, elevating the risk of cholera transmission and possibly triggering a regional epidemic. Recently, Hammanskraal in Gauteng, South Africa, experienced such an epidemic. A multifaceted approach is essential to minimise fatalities and effectively manage healthcare services in such health emergencies. This approach includes early detection, rapid response to contain outbreaks, and the effective deployment of technical support, advocacy, resource mobilisation and partnerships at local, national, and international levels. This paper explores the responsibilities of individuals, healthcare workers, communities and governments in addressing epidemics. It also delves into the concept of collective responsibility with regard to climate change and cholera, as part of the multifaceted approach for cholera prevention and control. While economic development, equal access to safe drinking water, and adequate sanitation are necessary for cholera control, major challenges persist in achieving the fundamental right to a healthy environment in the long term. We also discuss these obstacles and conclude with practical suggestions and recommendations for future cholera prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the analysis of the course of cholera from 1831 in two free royal cities of Spiš (Kežmarok, Levoča) and five small towns of Spiš (Hranovnica, Ľubica, Podolínec, Spišské Vlachy, Svedlár). It provides data on the occurrence of the first, last, oldest and youngest case of death in a given locality, notes the period of culmination of the disease, brings information about the burial places of the victims, lists the names of the authors of the register records and provides a statistical overview of the progress of the epidemic in the territory of selected towns and cities in Spiš. The source base of the research was the Roman Catholic registers of buried (deceased) and historical schematisms of the Bishoprics of Spiš and Rožňava from 1830 and 1831. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the events and lessons from the 1848–49 cholera epidemic in Hungary. For contemporaries, the ongoing revolution and civil war pushed the devastation of the cholera epidemic into the background, even though the death rate was similar to that of the earlier 1831 infection. The epidemic hit the country in a period when the revolutionary Hungarian state was waging a war of self-defense. This article strives to refute the historiographic view that the movements of the different armies had a considerable influence on the development of the epidemic. Instead, this article argues that the cholera epidemic was a demographic crisis unfolding in the background of war, but for the most part independently of it. It mattered that most people of that time had already directly experienced cholera and that the Hungarian government did not want to cause panic with restrictive measures. In 1848, cholera was not a "mobilizing factor," but in 1849 it contributed to the demoralization of the hinterland and frequently appeared in the political propaganda of the civil war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose and analyze a coupled disease‐economic model to study the impact of poverty on cholera outbreaks. We consider the stock of capital per effective units of labor, reflecting the effect of the stock of capital on cholera outbreak and transmission. The system has positive bounded solutions. We show that the disease‐free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable whenever R01≤1$$ {\mathcal{R}}_{01}\le 1 $$, while when R01>1$$ {\mathcal{R}}_{01}>1 $$, the disease‐free equilibrium is unstable. The sensitivity analysis of the model has been performed in order to determine the impact of related parameters on outbreak severity. We further study various cases for the investment rate upon critical value of the investment in order to describe the effect of poverty on the infected individuals over time. The results we obtained show that increasing of the stock of capital per effective units of labor and the implementation of strategies combining awareness programs and therapeutic treatments will reduce the proportion of the infected population. To verify our analytical results, the numerical simulations on the model are performed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae , is a severe diarrheal disease that necessitates prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. This review comprehensively examines various diagnostic methods, from traditional microscopy and culture to advanced nucleic acid testing like polymerase spiral reaction and rapid diagnostic tests, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additionally, we explore evolving treatment strategies, with a focus on the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance due to the activation of the SOS response pathway in V. cholerae. We discuss promising alternative treatments, including low-pressure plasma sterilization, bacteriophages, and selenium nanoparticles. The paper emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary approaches combining novel diagnostics and treatments in managing and preventing cholera, a persistent global health challenge. The current re-emergent 7th pandemic of cholera commenced in 1961 and shows no signs of abeyance. This is probably due to the changing genetic profile of V. cholerae concerning bacterial pathogenic toxins. Given this factor, we argue that the disease is effectively re-emergent, particularly in Eastern Mediterranean countries such as Lebanon, Syria, etc. This review considers the history of the current pandemic, the genetics of the causal agent, and current treatment regimes. In conclusion, cholera remains a significant global health challenge that requires prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. Understanding the history, genetics, and current treatments is crucial in effectively addressing this persistent and re-emergent disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nigeria accounts for a substantial cholera burden globally, particularly in its northeast region, where insurgency is persistent and widespread. We used participatory group model building workshops to explore enablers and barriers to implementing known cholera interventions, including water, sanitation and hygiene, surveillance and laboratory, case management, community engagement, oral cholera vaccine, and leadership and coordination, as well as exploring leverage points for interventions and collaboration. The study engaged key cholera stakeholders in the northeastern States of Adamawa and Bauchi, as well as national stakeholders in Abuja. Adamawa and Bauchi States' group modes building participants comprised 49 community members and 43 healthcare providers, while the 23 national participants comprised government ministry, department and agency staff, and development partners. Data were analysed thematically and validated via consultation with selected participants. The study identified four overarching themes regarding the enablers and barriers to implementing cholera interventions: (1) political will, (2) health system resources and structures, (3) community trust and culture, and (4) spill-over effect of COVID-19. Specifically, inadequate political will exerts its effect directly (e.g. limited funding for prepositioning essential cholera supplies) or indirectly (e.g. overlapping policies) on implementing cholera interventions. The healthcare system structure (e.g. centralization of cholera management in a State capital) and limited surveillance tools weaken the capacity to implement cholera interventions. Community trust emerges as integral to strengthening the healthcare system's resilience in mitigating the impacts of cholera outbreaks. Lastly, the spill-over effects of COVID-19 helped promote interventions similar to cholera (e.g. water, sanitation and hygiene) and directly enhanced political will. In conclusion, the study offers insights into the complex barriers and enablers to implementing cholera interventions in Nigeria's cholera-endemic settings. Strong political commitment, strengthening the healthcare system, building community trust and an effective public health system can enhance the implementation of cholera interventions in Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, the etiological agent responsible for the last cholera pandemic, has become a well-established model organism for which some genetic tools are available. While CRISPRi technology has been applied to V. cholerae, improvements were necessary to upscale it and enable pooled screening by high-throughput sequencing in this bacterium. Results: In this study, we present a genome-wide CRISPR-dCas9 screen specifically optimized for the N16961 El Tor model strain of V. cholerae. This approach is characterized by a tight control of dCas9 expression and activity, as well as a streamlined experimental setup. Our library allows the depletion of 3,674 (98.9%) annotated genes from the V. cholerae genome. To confirm its effectiveness, we screened for genes that are essential during exponential growth in rich medium and identified 369 genes for which guides were significantly depleted from the library (log2FC < -2). Remarkably, 82% of these genes had previously been described as hypothetical essential genes in V. cholerae or in a closely related bacterium, V. natriegens. Conclusion: We thus validated the robustness and accuracy of our CRISPRi-based approach for assessing gene fitness in a given condition. Our findings highlight the efficacy of the developed CRISPRi platform as a powerful tool for high-throughput functional genomics studies of V. cholerae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor, the etiological agent responsible for the last cholera pandemic, has become a well-established model organism for which some genetic tools are available. While CRISPRi technology has been applied to V. cholerae, improvements were necessary to upscale it and enable pooled screening by high-throughput sequencing in this bacterium. Results: In this study, we present a genome-wide CRISPR-dCas9 screen specifically optimized for the N16961 El Tor model strain of V. cholerae. This approach is characterized by a tight control of dCas9 expression and activity, as well as a streamlined experimental setup. Our library allows the depletion of 3,674 (98.9%) annotated genes from the V. cholerae genome. To confirm its effectiveness, we screened for genes that are essential during exponential growth in rich medium and identified 369 genes for which guides were significantly depleted from the library (log2FC < -2). Remarkably, 82% of these genes had previously been described as hypothetical essential genes in V. cholerae or in a closely related bacterium, V. natriegens. Conclusion: We thus validated the robustness and accuracy of our CRISPRi-based approach for assessing gene fitness in a given condition. Our findings highlight the efficacy of the developed CRISPRi platform as a powerful tool for high-throughput functional genomics studies of V. cholerae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vibrio cholerae is a primary cause of severe dehydrating diarrhea and remains a serious public health problem in low- and middleincome countries (LMICs) with insufficient water, sanitation, and hygiene. Cholera remains a public health threat the worldwide, mainly in countries with poor access to safe water and sanitation facilities. According to estimates, there are 21,000-143,000 deaths and 1.3-4 million cases of cholera annual. Objective: This study aims to carry out an analysis of the available information on cholera outbreaks in Diyala province, 2022. Patients and Methods: A descriptive study conducted in the department of public health using the data of cases reported from eight sectors in province. The data was collected from the surveillance unit, communicable control division of the public health department in Diyala province, IRAQ in 2022. Results: The total number of confirmed cases of cholera was (n = 139), female (72) 52 % and male (67) 48%, death reported for two of these cases. According to the date of onset, the registration of cases began from July 19 to October 25, 2022. However, the case fatality ratio (CFR) was 1.4%, while the attack rate in the governorate is 7.6 per 100,000 populations during 2022, the highest attack rate in Khanaqin district was (77 cases) 46, while the lowest attack rate in Baldruze, Al-Mansuria, and Al-Khalis districts was (1 case) 0.3,0.6, and 0.8 respectively. The age mean of patients was (38.7 ± 17.14 years) and the occurrence of the disease is more incidence in the age group 30-44 and females more than males. Conclusion: Occurrence Cholera outbreak during year 2022 without confirmed cases recorded since 2015 and the occurrence of cholera cases in governorate is greater during the months of August and September and most of the cases were from Khanaqin district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epidemics and Pandemics (disease outbreaks) are the occurrence of cases of disease in excess of what would be normally expected. Epidemic-prone diseases, including emerging and re-emerging diseases, constitute the greatest threat to public health security and disruption of social and economic development. When outbreaks are diagnosed in specific areas, an outbreak response is triggered to stop the spread rapidly. In the past 20 years, the sub-Saharan region has witnessed a marked increase in the number of outbreaks in pandemics, such as cholera, dengue, A/H5N 1 influenza among others. While efforts toward containment have been individually studied, we have no recent studies that examine them collectively in order to draw appropriate comparisons, no recent studies that have especially focused on hard-to-reach areas, and none that have applied a health systems lens. This study thus details a scoping review of short-term health system responses to epidemics across hard-to-reach areas in sub-Saharan Africa. The scoping review will be undertaken following PRISMA guidelines. A modified Donabedian framework will be used to understand the different approaches used while responding to epidemics. The review will focus on published and unpublished studies that report short-term health systems responses to epidemics in hard to reach areas. These will be gleaned from PubMed, google scholar and Cochrane, supplemented by a Google advanced search. In addition, manual searches will be carried out through related articles and websites. Data will be charted, coded, and narratively synthesized. our exclusion criteria will include; protocols, book chapters and countries not identified as hard to reach areas in SSA. We anticipate developing a document that will show the different approaches health systems in different countries used when responding to epidemics. The information generated will contribute to strengthening future epidemic responses by identifying best practices and innovative ideas as well as highlighting knowledge gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Indian subcontinent being an important region in the fight to eliminate cholera needs better cholera surveillance. Current methods miss most infections, skewing disease burden estimates. Triangulating serosurvey data, clinical cases, and risk factors could reveal India's true cholera risk. Methods: We synthesized data from a nationally representative serosurvey, outbreak reports and risk factors like water, sanitation and the Multidimensional Poverty Index, to create a composite vulnerability index for assessing state-wise cholera risk in India. We tested 7,882 stored sera samples collected during 2017–18 from individuals aged 9–45 years, for vibriocidal antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O1 using a cut-off titre ≥320 defining as elevated titre. We also extracted data from the 2015–19 Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme and published cholera reports. Results: Overall, 11.7% (CI: 10.4–13.3%) of the sampled population had an elevated titre of cholera vibriocidal antibodies (≥320). The Southern region experienced the highest incidence (16.8%, CI: 12.1–22.8), followed by the West (13.2%, CI: 10.0–17.3) and North (10.7%, CI: 9.3–12.3). Proportion of samples with an elevated vibriocidal titre (≥320) was significantly higher among individuals aged 18–45 years (13.0% CI: 11.2–15.1) compared to children 9–17 years (8.6%, CI 7.3–10.0, p<0.05); we found no differences between sex or urbanicity. Between 2015–2019, the Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP) reported 29,400 cases of cholera across the country. Using the composite vulnerability index, we found Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal were the most vulnerable states in India in terms of risk of cholera. Conclusion: The present study showed that cholera infection is present in all five regions across India. The states with high cholera vulnerability could be prioritized for targeted prevention interventions. Author summary: Cholera remains a significant public health threat in areas with inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH). The World Health Organization's Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) launched "Ending Cholera: A Global Roadmap to 2030" to reduce cholera deaths and eliminate the disease in 20 countries by 2030 through targeted interventions, including improved WASH practices and disease surveillance. cholera surveillance, especially in developing countries seldom poses difficulty in terms of the need for laboratory infrastructure, and other resource constraints. Thereby, in this study, we utilized a viable approach with serosurvey data from 2017, cholera outbreak data, WASH indicators, and the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) to create a composite vulnerability index for cholera risk in India. Overall, 11.7% of the sampled population had detectable levels of cholera antibodies reflecting previous infection. The Southern region of India experienced the highest incidence, followed by the West and North. the study showed that cholera infection is present in all five regions across India. Further, the vulnerability index which we built could be utilized in other settings so that effective tailored interventions could be applied in identified priority areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we presented a modified SIR-SI model to investigate the dynamics and potential controls for cholera transmission, with an incident rate equipped with a saturation factor to investigate the combined impact of three vital measures which include effective surveillance, vaccination campaign and proper treatment in case severity. We established among other things, the qualitative analysis of the model to validate the results. Furthermore, the reproduction number (R0) was found to be less than unity (1), through the stability analysis. Additionally, finite different scheme was utilized in solving the differential equations of the model. MATLAB software was used for the numerical simulation to examine the effect of these control measures on the population density, findings from the graphical solutions depicts that these measures will aid in flattening the curve Cholera propagation in the population if properly implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The lack of a universally accepted definition of a pandemic hinders a comprehensive understanding of and effective response to these global health crises. Current definitions often lack quantitative criteria, rendering them vague and limiting their utility. Here, we propose a refined definition that considers the likelihood of susceptible individuals contracting an infectious disease that culminates in widespread global transmission, increased morbidity and mortality, and profound societal, economic, and political consequences. Applying this definition retrospectively, we identify 22 pandemics that occurred between 165 and 2024 AD and were caused by a variety of diseases, including smallpox (Antonine and American), plague (Justinian, Black Death, and Third Plague), cholera (seven pandemics), influenza (two Russian, Spanish, Asian, Hong Kong, and swine), AIDS, and coronaviruses (SARS, MERS, and COVID-19). This work presents a comprehensive analysis of past pandemics caused by both emerging and re-emerging pathogens, along with their epidemiological characteristics, societal impact, and evolution of public health responses. We also highlight the need for proactive measures to reduce the risk of future pandemics. These strategies include prioritizing surveillance of emerging zoonotic pathogens, conserving biodiversity to counter wildlife trafficking, and minimizing the potential for zoonotic spillover events. In addition, interventions such as promoting alternative protein sources, enforcing the closure of live animal markets in biodiversity-rich regions, and fostering global collaboration among diverse stakeholders are critical to preventing future pandemics. Crucially, improving wildlife surveillance systems will require the concerted efforts of local, national and international entities, including laboratories, field researchers, wildlife conservationists, government agencies and other stakeholders. By fostering collaborative networks and establishing robust biorepositories, we can strengthen our collective capacity to detect, monitor, and mitigate the emergence and transmission of zoonotic pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cholera remains a substantial public health challenge in Somalia. Ongoing droughts in the country have caused significant outbreaks which have negatively affected the lives of many individuals and overwhelmed health facilities. We aimed to estimate the costs associated with cholera cases for households and health facilities in Somalia. Methods: This cost-of-illness study was conducted in five cholera treatment centres in Somalia and 400 patients treated in these facilities. Data collection took place during October and November 2023. Given that a significant portion of the patients were children, we interviewed their caregivers to gather cost data. We interviewed staff at the centres and the patients. The data obtained from the household questionnaire covered direct (medical and non-medical) and indirect (lost wages) costs, while direct costs were estimated for the health facility (personnel salaries, drugs and consumables used to treat a patient, and utility expenses). All costs were calculated in US dollars (USD), using 2023 as the base year for the estimation. Results: The average total cost of a cholera episode for a household was US$ 33.94 (2023 USD), with 50.4% (US$ 17.12) being direct costs and 49.6% (US$ 16.82) indirect costs. The average total cost for a health facility to treat an episode of cholera was US$ 82.65. The overall average cost to households and health facilities was US$ 116.59. The average length of stay for a patient was 3.08 days. In the households, patients aged 41 years and older incurred the highest mean total cost (US$ 73.90) while patients younger than 5 years had the lowest cost (US$ 21.02). Additionally, 61.8% of households had to use family savings to cover the cost of the cholera episode, while 14.5% had to borrow money. Most patients (71.8%) were younger than 16 years– 45.3% were 5 years or younger– and 94.0% had never received a cholera vaccine. Conclusion: Our study suggests that preventing one cholera episode in Somalia could avert substantial losses for both the households and cholera treatment centres. The findings shed light on the expenses associated with cholera that extend beyond healthcare, including substantial direct and indirect costs borne by households. Preventing cholera cases could lead to a decrease in this economic burden, consequently our study supports the need for preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides new evidence on how access to finance affects technological innovation and establishes the role of labor practices in shaping this relation. We exploit a unique setting, pre-Civil War America, where staggered adoption of free banking laws across states encouraged bank entry, and variation in the use of exploited workers in agriculture generated differences in producers' demands for labor-saving technologies. Results show that access to finance spurred innovation; the positive effect on agricultural innovation diminished with labor exploitation. We establish the causal role of labor exploitation using the 1850s cholera pandemic and the influx of Irish immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper extends the cholera human-to-human direct transmission model from a deterministic to a stochastic framework. This is expressed as mixed system of stochastic and deterministic differential equations. A Lyapunov function is created to investigate the global stability of the stochastic cholera epidemic, which shows the existence of global positivity of the solution using the theory of stopping time. We then find the threshold quantity of the extended stochastic cholera epidemic model. We derive a parametric condition eR0, and for additive white noise, we establish sufficient conditions for the extinction and the persistence of the cholera infection. Finally, for a suitable choice of the parameter of the system for eR0, we perform numerical simulations for both scenarios of extinction and persistence of the dynamic of the cholera infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera is a waterborne disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Laboratory findings suggested that passage through the human host transiently increased the infection potential of the bacteria by creating a hyperinfectious bacterial state, which may contribute to the epidemic spread of cholera. In this paper, we are concerned with the global asymptotic behavior of an infection age-space structured cholera model with multiple transmission pathways, hyperinfectious and hypoinfectious vibrios, imperfect vaccination, and distinct dispersal rates for humans in a general continuous bounded domain under Neumann boundary condition. The mathematical challenges stem from the following facts: (i) the model is partially degenerate, and the solution is not compact; (ii) the imperfect vaccination is incorporated into an infection age-space structured model with multiple transmission pathways. By analyzing the corresponding characteristic equations and constructing suitable Lyapunov functionals, the basic reproduction number is determined as a threshold to predict whether the infection will persist. Numerical simulations support our theoretical results and suggest that compared with increasing the vaccination rate of susceptible humans, enhancing vaccine efficacy is more conducive to reducing the basic reproduction number and controlling cholera spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centralized state response is almost universally considered as the first best option for managing pandemics. This paper argues that in reality, states fall short of this ideal. Knowledge problems hinder the government's disease acknowledgement, resource allocation and feedback, while compulsion, political predation, and corruption exacerbate the situation further. On the other hand, a decentralized, voluntary response may overcome knowledge problems and opportunism through effective signals such as prices, better incentives, local knowledge, and internalization of disease‐related externalities. This results in a speedier, more effective, and responsive pandemic management, which also accounts for differences in risk preferences, and becomes a feasible second‐best option. I then apply these insights to Russia and its history of disease management. I focus on three diseases: plague, cholera, and COVID‐19, which results in a historical analysis that spans multiple centuries and different institutional settings. I show that government‐led pandemic response in Russia has been riddled with knowledge problems, abuse, political predation, and violence. On the other hand, a decentralized response was quicker and more effective at managing the disease, often emerging even in the most unfavorable circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera continues to inflict high rates of morbidity and mortality. Prompt identification of cholera cases facilitates rapid outbreak responses in the short term while providing reliable surveillance data to guide long-term policies and interventions. Microbiological stool culture, the current recognized gold standard for diagnosing cholera, has significant limitations. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) represent promising alternatives for diagnosing cholera in areas with limited laboratory infrastructure. However, studies conducted with the current cholera RDTs demonstrated wide variations in sensitivity and specificity. To address this gap in the diagnosis of cholera, we developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic assay, "Rapid LAMP based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)." With a novel, simple sample preparation method directly from the fecal samples along with lyophilized reaction strips and using established Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) platform, cholera toxin gene (ctxA) and O1 (O1rfb) gene could be detected in less than an hour. Cholera RLDT assay is cold chain and electricity-free. To avoid any end-user bias, a battery-operated, handheld reader was used to read the RLDT results. The performance specifications of the cholera RLDT assay, including analytical sensitivity and specificity, were evaluated using direct fecal samples, dried fecal samples on filter paper, and environmental water samples spiked with cholera strain. The limit of detection (LOD) was ~104 CFU/gm of stool for both ctxA and O1 genes, corresponding to about 1 CFU of Vibrio cholerae per reaction within 40 minutes. The LOD was 10 bacteria per ml of environmental water when tested with RLDT directly, without enrichment. Being simple, RLDT has the potential to be applied in resource-poor endemic settings for rapid, sensitive, and reliable diagnosis of cholera. Author summary: Cholera is an acute diarrheal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae. Cholera continues to severely threaten the health of the impoverished and vulnerable populations in the endemic regions. The present laboratory-based cholera detection methods take time and require well-equipped facilities and well-trained staff that are often not available in the resource-poor settings. The available rapid diagnostic tests have a wide range of sensitivity and specificity. A rapid, simple, sensitive, and reliable diagnostic for cholera is required, which would identify cholera cases early on in outbreaks to facilitate a rapid response and provide reliable surveillance data. We developed a simple, rapid, and sensitive diagnostic assay, "Rapid LAMP based Diagnostic Test (RLDT)," to detect cholera in low-resource settings. Using RLDT, cholera could be detected directly from stool, dried stool on filter paper, and environmental water in less than one hour with minimum hands-on time. The RLDT assay does not require maintaining a cold chain and is electricity-free, facilitating point-of-care testing. The RLDT assay is sensitive, simple to use, and can be scaled up for rapid detection of cholera and surveillance in low-resource endemic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines (i) the state of environmental conditions in two low-income urban communities in Accra, Ghana, using a Participatory Rapid Assessment (PRA) method, and (ii) changes in the environmental conditions in the two low-income communities over the years using the PRA method. The PRA was augmented with qualitative interviews with selected heads of household and other stakeholders from the study communities. The results showed that environmental conditions in the two study communities were poor as indicated by the computed average scores for the environmental problem areas. However, conditions were poorer in Chorkor compared to La. The paper recommends that local governments units in Ghana must prioritise sustained, improved, and reliable funding for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) to ensure undisruptive implementation of environmental health programs and policies. This must be accompanied with improved community education and sensitization on proper sanitary practices, which have the potential to mitigate the effects of disease epidemics such as cholera in the two communities. The study also provides important perspectives on differentials in environmental conditions in low-income communities in urban Ghana. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of cholera in Istanbul in the autumn of 1871 has long been considered something of a historical non-event. Although responsible for several thousand deaths, in the historiography of the city it remains almost entirely obscured. Yet the 1871 outbreak briefly highlighted the social tensions in the burgeoning Istanbulite public sphere, and threatened to fracture the formerly "unified" Istanbulite medical establishment along spatial, colonial, and racialized lines. This article examines the reportage of four newspapers which circulated in Istanbul during the outbreak, each of which claimed to speak for a generalized public, albeit through very different methods. Three of these newspapers—the English-language The Levant Herald , the French-language La Turquie , and the Ottoman Turkish Basiret —were dailies with circulations in the thousands. The fourth paper, the French-language Gazette Médicale d'Orient , was instead the press organ of the city's emergent sanitary establishment. The responses of these papers to this sudden crisis revealed the underlying assumptions which animated Istanbulite social and medical discourse in the late Ottoman Empire, and the tensions inherent in claims to speak for public opinion or to act on behalf of global public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera is a global epidemic infectious disease that seriously endangers human life. It is disturbed by random factors in the process of transmission. Therefore, in this paper, a class of stochastic SIRB cholera model with Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process is established. On the basis of verifying that the model exists a unique global solution to any initial value, a sufficient criterion for the existence of a stationary distribution of the positive solution of the random model is established by constructing an appropriate random Lyapunov function. Furthermore, under the same condition that there is a stationary distribution, the specific expression of the probability density function of the random model around the positive equilibrium point is calculated. Finally, the theoretical results are verified by numerical model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider a reaction-diffusion cholera model with hyperinfectious vibrios and spatio-temporal delay. In the model, it is assumed that cholera has a fixed latent period and the latent individuals can diffuse, and a non-local term is incorporated to describe the mobility of individuals during the latent period. It is shown that the existence and nonexistence of traveling wave solutions are fully determined by the basic reproduction number R 0 and the critical wave speed c*. Firstly, when R 0 > 1 and the wave speed c > c*, the existence of strong traveling waves is obtained by using Schauder's fixed point theorem and Lyapunov functional approach. By employing a limiting argument, the existence of strong traveling waves is established when R 0 > 1 and c = c*. Next, when R 0 ≤ 1 , the nonexistence of traveling wave solutions is established by contradiction. Besides, when R 0 > 1 and c < c*, the nonexistence of traveling wave solutions is obtained by means of two-sided Laplace transform. This indicates that c* is indeed the minimal wave speed. Numerical simulations are carried out to illustrate the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera continues to cause many outbreaks in low and middle-income countries due to inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene services. We describe a protracted cholera outbreak in Nairobi City County, Kenya in 2017. We reviewed the cholera outbreak line lists from Nairobi City County in 2017 to determine its extent and factors associated with death. A suspected case of cholera was any person aged >2 years old who had acute watery diarrhea, nausea, or vomiting, whereas a confirmed case was where Vibrio cholerae was isolated from the stool specimen. We summarized cases using means for continuous variables and proportions for categorical variables. Associations between admission status, sex, age, residence, time to care seeking, and outbreak settings; and cholera associated deaths were assessed using odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Of the 2,737 cholera cases reported, we analyzed 2,347 (85.7%) cases including 1,364 (58.1%) outpatients, 1,724 (73.5%) not associated with mass gathering events, 1,356 (57.8%) male and 2,202 (93.8%) aged ≥5 years, and 35 deaths (case fatality rate: 1.5%). Cases were reported from all the Sub Counties of Nairobi City County with an overall county attack rate of 50 per 100,000 people. Vibrio cholerae Ogawa serotype was isolated from 78 (34.8%) of the 224 specimens tested and all isolates were sensitive to tetracycline and levofloxacin but resistant to amikacin. The odds of cholera-related deaths was lower among outpatient cases (aOR: 0.35; [95% CI: 0.17–0.72]), age ≥5 years old (aOR: 0.21 [95% CI: 0.09–0.55]), and mass gathering events (aOR: 0.26 [95% CI: 0.07–0.91]) while threefold higher odds among male (aOR: 3.04 [95% CI: 1.30–7.13]). Nairobi City County experienced a protracted and widespread cholera outbreak with a high case fatality rate in 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An outbreak of cholera was reported in the Middle East by the second half of 2022. Raising public awareness and vaccination against cholera represent critical factors in the preventive efforts. The current study aimed to assess the knowledge of cholera and attitude towards its vaccination among a sample of the general public residing in Jordan. Methods: An online self-administered questionnaire was distributed to the residents in Jordan using a snowball convenience-based sampling approach. The questionnaire based on previously published studies included items to evaluate sociodemographic variables, knowledge about cholera symptoms, transmission, and prevention and the willingness to accept cholera vaccination. Additionally, four items based on the validated 5 C scale in Arabic were included to assess the psychological factors influencing attitude to cholera vaccination. Results: The final study sample comprised 1339 respondents, of whom 1216 (90.8%) heard of cholera before the study. Among those who heard of cholera, and on a scale from 0 to 20, the overall mean cholera Knowledge score (K-score) was 12.9 ± 3.8. In multivariate analysis, being over 30 years old and occupation as healthcare workers or students in healthcare-related colleges were significantly associated with a higher K-score compared to younger individuals and students in non-healthcare-related colleges. Overall, the acceptance of cholera vaccination if cases are recorded in Jordan, and if the vaccine is safe, effective, and provided freely was reported among 842 participants (69.2%), while 253 participants were hesitant (20.8%) and 121 participants were resistant (10.0%). In linear regression, the significant predictors of cholera vaccine acceptance were solely the three psychological factors namely high confidence, low constraints, and high collective responsibility. Conclusions: In this study, the identified gaps in cholera knowledge emphasize the need to enhance educational initiatives. Although cholera vaccine acceptance was relatively high, a significant minority of the respondents exhibited vaccination hesitancy or resistance. The evident correlation between the psychological determinants and attitudes toward cholera vaccination emphasizes the need to consider these factors upon designing public health campaigns aimed at cholera prevention. The insights of the current study highlight the importance of addressing both knowledge gaps and psychological barriers to optimize cholera control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malawi experienced its deadliest Vibrio cholerae (Vc) outbreak following devastating cyclones, with >58,000 cases and >1700 deaths reported between March 2022 and May 2023. Here, we use population genomics to investigate the attributes and origin of the Malawi 2022–2023 Vc outbreak isolates. Our results demonstrate the predominance of ST69 clone, also known as the seventh cholera pandemic El Tor (7PET) lineage, expressing O1 Ogawa (~ 80%) serotype followed by Inaba (~ 16%) and sporadic non-O1/non-7PET serogroups (~ 4%). Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed that the Malawi outbreak strains correspond to a recent importation from Asia into Africa (sublineage AFR15). These isolates harboured known antimicrobial resistance and virulence elements, notably the ICEGEN/ICEVchHai1/ICEVchind5 SXT/R391-like integrative conjugative elements and a CTXφ prophage with the ctxB7 genotype compared to historical Malawian Vc isolates. These data suggest that the devastating cyclones coupled with the recent importation of 7PET serogroup O1 strains, may explain the magnitude of the 2022–2023 cholera outbreak in Malawi. Malawi experienced a large cholera outbreak in 2022-2023 that was associated with high morbidity and mortality and distributed across all 29 districts of the country. This study describes the epidemiological and genomic features of the outbreak and attempts to understand the reasons for its severity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a cholera infection model with a bilinear infection rate is developed by considering the perturbation of the infection rate by the mean-reverting process. First of all, we give the existence of a globally unique positive solution for a stochastic system at an arbitrary initial value. On this basis, the sufficient condition for the model to have an ergodic stationary distribution is given by constructing proper Lyapunov functions and tight sets. This indicates in a biological sense the long-term persistence of cholera infection. Furthermore, after transforming the stochastic model to a relevant linearized system, an accurate expression for the probability density function of the stochastic model around a quasi-endemic equilibrium is derived. Subsequently, the sufficient condition to make the disease extinct is also derived. Eventually, the theoretical findings are shown by numerical simulations. Numerical simulations show the impact of regression speed and fluctuation intensity on stochastic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Developing nations have to overcome a number of obstacles to fulfill the Sustainable Development Goals. The Democratic Republic of Congo is one of the five poorest nations in the world and faces several challenges in combating problems related to poverty, health, and sanitation while linking the environment to anthropogenic activities. Methods: This study analyzes anthropogenic activities and their impact on the environment while providing access to the public health of the Congolese population based on the objectives of sustainable development. Thirty‐five articles were selected for further analysis as well as relative data. Results: In 2022, 21 million cases of malaria were recorded by the national malaria control program, with 13,000 cases of death. The Democratic Republic of Congo has the highest typhoid incidence, with 315 cases per 100,000 people. A number of 31,342 cases of cholera were reported in 2023, according to multiple reports, with 230 deaths, mainly affecting children. In the same year, a triple epidemic of typhoid, shigellosis, and cholera was identified, with 2389 cases and 52 deaths. These observations cause a health emergency, which can be alleviated and resolved by the establishment of an adequate sanitation system. Waste can be recycled and returned to usable raw materials. Conclusion: Finally, it will be necessary to establish a water safety management plan to combat all diseases linked to the consumption of nonpotable water and improve national coverage on the treatment of recent cases to reduce and at best avoid observed cases of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite several interventions on the control of cholera, it still remains a significant public health problem in Africa. According to the World Health Organization, 251,549 cases and 4,180 deaths (CFR: 2.9%) were reported from 19 African countries in 2023. Tools exist to enhance the surveillance of cholera but there is limited evidence on their deployment and application. There is limited evidence on the harmonization of the deployment of tools for the evaluation of cholera surveillance. We systematically reviewed available literature on the deployment of these tools in the evaluation of surveillance systems in Africa. Method: Three electronic databases (PubMed, Medline and Embase) were used to search articles published in English between January 2012 to May 2023. Grey literature was also searched using Google and Google Scholar. Only articles that addressed a framework used in cholera surveillance in Africa were included. The quality of articles was assessed using the appropriate tools. Data on the use of surveillance tools and frameworks were extracted from articles for a coherent synthesis on their deployment. Result: A total of 13 records (5 frameworks and 8 studies) were fit for use for this study. As per the time of the study, there were no surveillance frameworks specific for the evaluation of surveillance systems of cholera in Africa, however, five frameworks for communicable diseases and public health events could be adapted for cholera surveillance evaluation. None (0%) of the studies evaluated capacities on cross border surveillance, multisectoral one health approach and linkage of laboratory networks to surveillance systems. All (100%) studies assessed surveillance attributes even though there was no synergy in the attributes considered even among studies with similar objectives. There is therefore the need for stakeholders to harmoniously identify a spectrum of critical parameters and attributes to guide the assessment of cholera surveillance system performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the beginning of the initial cholera outbreak in China, Wang Qingren, after years of clinical trials, became an early representative who discovered the infectious characteristics and observed the course of cholera in the field of traditional Chinesse medicine (TCM). Kou Langa and Xu Zimo both medical practitioners, constructed a diagnosis and treatment system for cholera with cold patterns under the theory of typhoid. They represented "School of Cholera with Cold Patterns" (SCCP). In the 1860s, with the influence of Wang Shixiong's studies on the nature of cholera under the theory of epidemic febrile disease, the "School of Cholera with Heated Patterns" (SCHP) prevailed thereafter. The two schools complemented each other in theories and contributed to the integrity of TCM in cholera diagnosis and treatment. By reviewing previous literature, books, clinical cases, and historical materials in medical field, this article aims 1) to summarise the influence of TCM on the cognitive development towards cholera in the late Qing dynasty; 2) to explore the origin of the controversy between SCCP and SCHP from historical evidence; 3) to summarize the historical lessons from the debate over cholera in TCM based on the principle of treatment based on pattern identification, and offer suggestions for the current prevention and treatment of new diseases using TCM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries are currently negotiating a new global health treaty in response to the Covid-19 pandemic. This treaty is expected to address future pandemics and is different from previous health treaties due to the nature of fast-emerging and unknown diseases. The scope of the treaty is broader and needs to be embedded in existing international law on trade, environment, and human rights. The process of negotiating this treaty is more complex and involves a larger number of countries and diverse perspectives. The negotiations are also happening alongside amendments to the existing International Health Regulations. The future of global health security depends on finding a balance between the pandemic treaty and the International Health Regulations. The negotiations involve new ways of engagement, such as hybrid meetings and the formation of cross-regional interest groups. Additionally, international mechanisms related to the pandemic, such as the International Pathogen Surveillance Network and the Global Health Emergency Corps, have been established during the negotiations. These mechanisms may need to be integrated into the final treaty. [Extracted from the article]

In this paper, we propose and analyse a mathematical model of the transmission dynamics of cholera incorporating awareness programs to study the impact of socio-media and education on cholera outbreaks. These programs induce behavioural changes in the population, which divide the susceptible class into two subclasses, aware individuals and unaware individuals. We first provide a basic study of the model. We compute the Disease-Free Equilibrium (DFE) and derive the basic reproduction number R 0 0 that determines the extinction and the persistence of the disease. We show that there exists a threshold parameter ξ such that when R 0 0 ≤ ξ < 1 , the DFE is globally asymptotically stable, but when ξ ≤ R 0 0 < 1 , the model exhibits the phenomenon of backward bifurcation on a feasible region. The model exhibits one endemic equilibrium locally stable when R 0 0 > 1 and in that condition the DFE is unstable. Various cases for awareness proportions are performed using the critical awareness rate in order to measure the effect of awareness programs on the infected individuals over time. The results we obtained show that the higher implementation of strategies combining awareness programs and therapeutic treatments increase the efficacy of control measures. The numerical simulations of the model are used to illustrate analytical results and give more precision on critical values on the controls actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an analysis on global dynamics of a diffusive cholera model. We formulate the model by a reaction–diffusion system with space-dependent parameters and bacterial hyperinfectivity, where susceptible and infectious humans disperse with distinct dispersal rates and the hyper-infectious and lower-infectious vibrios in contaminated water are assumed to be immobile in the domain. We first establish the well-posedness of the model. To cope with the lack of compactness of solution semiflow, we verify the asymptotic smoothness of semiflow implied with κ -contraction condition. The basic reproduction number, R 0 , is identified as a threshold, predicting whether or not the disease extinction and persistence will occur. R 0 is also equivalently characterized by some principle spectral conditions of an associated elliptic eigenvalue problem. The asymptotic profiles of the positive steady state are investigated for the cases when the dispersal rate of the susceptible humans is small and large. Our theoretical results indicate that: (1) cholera epidemics will be extinct through restricting the flow of susceptible humans within some extend; (2) the risk of infection will be underestimated if hyperinfectivity is not considered. In a homogeneous case, we also confirm the global attractivity of a unique positive equilibrium by utilizing the technique of Lyapunov function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the availability of advanced computational techniques has led to a growing emphasis on fractional-order derivatives. This development has enabled researchers to explore the intricate dynamics of various biological models by employing fractional-order derivatives instead of traditional integer-order derivatives. This paper proposes a Caputo-Fabrizio fractional-order cholera epidemic model. Fixed-point theorems are utilized to investigate the existence and uniqueness of solutions. A recent and effective numerical scheme is employed to demonstrate the model's complex behaviors and highlight the advantages of fractional-order derivatives. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis is conducted to identify the most influential parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American colonization of the Philippines restyled local civilization's character. One notable transition prompted by American colonial rule was the adoption of new public health conventions. In spite of these practices being introduced to elevate the well-being and life expectancy of the Filipinos their implementation was met with resistance. Accordingly, this paper focuses upon the creation of the Philippines' first crematory facility, namely the San Lazaro Crematorium (opened in 1903, in Manila). The work, thus, grants an overview of how Filipinos responded to a societal modernization project initiated by the American colonial regime. The paper discusses three matters: first, what American colonial policymakers sought, with reference to public health, to accomplish; second, how the American colonial framework directly challenged Filipino culture with regard to disease prevention and death management; and, third, why the construction of the San Lazaro Crematorium offers a unique entry point to grasp the nature of America's initial governance of the Philippines. Such clarification has twofold value: it helps to deepen comprehension of the administration's operation and, in association, native opposition to it; plus, given that the crematorium is presently derelict this paper can underscore its value as a dark heritage object worthy of preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Mirai. Estudios Japoneses is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historical Searches / Historijska Traganja is the property of Institute for History, University of Sarajevo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extent health humanities readings of Gabriel García Márquez's Love in the Time of Cholera have focused on the doctor-patient relationship, the physician-scientist as a model for aspiring practitioners, and how individuals relate to the novel's health themes of death, disease, and disability. However, such medicine-focused readings neglect the population-level public health concerns of the novel as they relate to contagion, community, and quarantine. This paper contributes to the growing field of public health humanities by using a close reading method to explore how the competing endemic and epidemic public health issues shape the plot and metaphors of the novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over 700,000 Myanmar nationals known as the 'Rohingyas' fled into Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, in late 2017. Due to this huge displacement into unhygienic areas, these people became vulnerable to communicable diseases including cholera. Assessing the risk, the Government of Bangladesh (GoB), with the help of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) and other international partners, decided to take preventive measures, one of which is the execution of oral cholera vaccination (OCV) campaigns. This paper describes the implementation and delivery of OCV campaigns during humanitarian crises in Bangladesh. Methods: Seven rounds of OCV campaigns were conducted between October 2017 and December 2021. The OCV campaigns were conducted by applying different strategies. Results: Approximately 900,000 Rohingya Myanmar nationals (RMNs) and the host population (amounting to 528,297) received OCV across seven campaigns. In total, 4,661,187 doses of OCVs were administered, which included 765,499 doses for RMNs, and 895,688 doses for the host community. The vaccine was well accepted, and as a result, a high level of coverage was achieved, ranging from 87% to 108% in different campaigns. Conclusions: After successful pre-emptive campaigns in Cox's Bazar humanitarian camps, no cholera outbreaks were detected either in the RMN or host communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that historic events in the western Irish town of Sligo were more substantial in shaping Bram Stoker's novel Dracula (1897) than previously thought. Biographers of Stoker have credited his mother, Charlotte Thornley Stoker, for influencing her son's gothic imagination during his childhood by sharing tales of the Sligo cholera epidemic she had witnessed in 1832. While Charlotte Stoker's written account of Sligo's epidemic Experiences of the Cholera in Ireland (1873) influenced Bram Stoker, it is argued that as a voracious library researcher he is likely to have cross-referenced it with other historical accounts. Furthermore, by viewing the text of Dracula through the lens of Charlotte Stoker's account and the historical reportage of the epidemic, clear parallels emerge. Ultimately, the striking similarities between Sligo's cholera are marshaled to argue that Count Dracula may be read as the personification of Sligo's cholera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an introduction covering the absence of measures against the plague and other contagious diseases in the Ottoman Empire, the measures practiced in the Austrian Empire, the terminology used for measures against the spreading of the disease in the Serbian language, etc. This is followed by a section that covers the plague during the First Serbian Uprising and the remembrance of its disastrous consequences. The central part of the paper focuses on the measures against cholera and the plague taken by the Principality of Serbia, starting the 1830s. Regulations modeled after the Austrian counterparts passed in 1839 and 1841, establishing a cordon sanitaire toward the Ottoman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper provides an introduction covering the absence of measures against the plague and other contagious diseases in the Ottoman Empire, the measures practiced in the Austrian Empire, the terminology used for measures against the spreading of the disease in the Serbian language, etc. This is followed by a section that covers the plague during the First Serbian Uprising and the remembrance of its disastrous consequences. The central part of the paper focuses on the measures against cholera and the plague taken by the Principality of Serbia, starting the 1830s. Regulations modeled after the Austrian counterparts passed in 1839 and 1841, establishing a cordon sanitaire toward the Ottoman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of disease is one factor inhibiting the development of local chicken particularly in rural area. This paper aimed to identify the types of disease occurred in superior local chicken KUB (Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan: improved local chicken) during the Poverty Alleviation Program in Indramayu District, West Java Province. About 157.750 heads of chickens owned by 3155 households in Anjatan Subdistrict, Indramayu District were monitored weekly regarding the types of diseases occurred during the program from March to October 2019. Data gathered were analysed descriptively. The result showed that diseases diagnosed in the area mostly were chronic respiratory diseases (2.7%), while there were other diseases found in local chicken during the program such as Cholera, Choriza, Pullorum, Coccidiosis and Newcastle Disease which reached no more than one percent of total chicken population. These types of diseases mainly occurred in May, a transition month from rainy to dry season in which many chickens experienced a weakening of the immune system; and the disease decreased slowly until September. Moreover, the disease was higher for chicken at five-week age. In conclusion, it is suggested that raising local chicken should follow good farming practices particularly in the transition season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholera also known as blue death is highly contagious bacterial disease whereas malaria is not contagious and is caused by malaria parasites. Cholera and malaria both are communicable disease. In this paper we formulate a fractional order model of malaria-cholera co-infection using definition of Caputo fractional derivative with as the order of derivative in the interval (0.1]. The coinfection is said to have four equilibrium points. Fractional order model is also constructed for two of its sub models malaria only and cholera only. Fractional order model is proved to give better results according to literature survey. Basic reproduction number for the malaria only and cholera only model is computed. Local and global stability analysis is also studied for both the sub models. Numerical simulation is carried out to show stability of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]