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By compiling data from literature and unpublished reports a more detailed description is presented on the geographical and stratigraphic distribution of the Alum Shale Formation (ASF) and correlateable units on the East European Platform. In the northern part of Gotland, downfaulted patchy beds of the ASF indicate a former wider extension of the formation. Lower Ordovician (Tremadocian) examples of downfaulted patchy beds are the contemporaneous Sepopol and Nivenskaya formations in northeastern Poland and the Kaliningrad area, as well as the Salantai Formation in the east Baltic area. It is indicated that Furongian-Tremadocian beds, contemporaneous with the Kallavere, Türisalu, Tosna and Koporye formations, in the area of northern Estonia and the northwestern part of the Moscow Basin, extended to the Gotland and the South Bothnian Basin areas. South of Gotland, in the Swedish sector of the Baltic Basin, drill cores show evidence of tectonic movements through the presence of erosional surfaces indicating occasional subaerial exposure. In this region, variations in the areal extent and thickness of the ASF and coeval formations are suggested to be the result of epeirogenic and tectonic block movements. Tremadocian ASF is also indicated to be present south of Gotland. On Gotland, at least 5 m of the ASF is presumed to have been eroded. The Moscow Basin contains 19 m of dark shales (Koporye Formation) which is significantly thicker than in surrounding areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European Commission has established legislation for toxic metals in certain foodstuffs in order to protect public health already in 1993. After several amendments, new maximum levels for cadmium and lead in certain foods were set as per 30 and 31 August 2021 for lead and cadmium, respectively. The new Serbian Regulation on "maximum levels of certain contaminants in food" is fully harmonised with this European legislation. The concentrations of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As) were determined in 832 samples of 39 species of fruits and processed fruits, collected during the period January 2015 to December 2017. Fruits and fruit products originated from 45 countries, including Serbia. Samples were analysed by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Concentrations of cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic in fruits and fruit products were compared to these maximum levels (MLs). Overall, measurable Cd, Pb, Hg, and As were found in 377 samples (45.3%). According to the former regulations, the maximum levels of Cd and Pb for analysed fruits and fruit products were exceeded in only 10 samples (1.20%; n = 832): Cd in 6 and Pb in 4 samples, but according to the latest regulations, the maximum levels of Cd and Pb for fruits were exceeded in 196 of the samples (23.9%; n = 820): Cd in 191 and Pb in 5 samples. The increase of ML exceedances shows that attention needs to be paid for compliance of food to the recent MLs for these metals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the link between memory and history 'from below' as well as the (non-) use of histories of past migration in Greece. It analyses how the memory of the 1920s Asia Minor refugees was guarded by Greek state over the course of time. It explores how state agents (historiography, education system, commemorations, etc.) acted as guardians of collective memory 'from above', presenting a rosy past that ignored the experiences of these refugees in Greece. It also examines how this process of constructing historical memory 'from above' (re)produced national belonging through homogeneity, without taking notice of refugees' diversities or problems faced during their settlement in the social, cultural or economic space of Greece. The paper adopts a critical approach to the cultural and social spaces in which refugee memory was selectively constructed as the only past that has to be remembered, stored and recalled, and aims to rescue from oblivion memories that were condemned to silence in the contemporary national narrative. These silenced memories could help us to write a history 'from below' and find analogies with the experiences of contemporary refugee flows as well as to combat ever-present xenophobia, prejudice and racism in the present society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pin Formation of the northern Indian Himalaya may contain a record of the late Katian (Late Ordovician) warming event (the Boda Event). Palynological samples collected from two members of this formation are investigated in order to evaluate the biostratigraphical potential of the different microfossil groups. Acritarchs and chitinozoans are the most abundant microfossils, but fragments of scolecodonts and melanosclerites are also present. Several of the acritarchs from the Pin Formation are long-ranging through the lower Palaeozoic, but other taxa can be compared to Upper Ordovician (Katian) assemblages described from other parts of the world. The chitinozoan assemblages, consisting of 13 species (including those in open nomenclature) belonging to seven genera, are mainly recorded from two layers. The chitinozoan assemblage collected from the sample at 87.3 m in the uppermost part of the Farka Muth Member, and that collected at 184.89 m from the Takche Member, indicate a late Katian age. This age interpretation is in accordance with conodont data from the Takche Member, a positive carbon isotopic peak from the top of a shale unit in the Takche Member, and the initial part of the rapid negative shift of the Paroveja isotopic excursion related to the Boda Event of late Katian age. Further detailed studies with a higher number of samples are needed, that describe better preserved and more diversified palynomorph assemblages, which would help to more precisely refine the Upper Ordovician biostratigraphy in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social changes and political tensions had a great impact on Greek football clubs during the interwar period. Earlier, the establishment of the first sports clubs in Greece was associated with the rise of the middle classes, whose members carried liberal perceptions and a new code of conduct. Football was placed in the 'civilizing process', as the process of 'sportization' was only possible in societies where political differences were resolved by non-violent means and where groups of citizens obeyed common acceptable rules. In this sense, football was not just a physical activity, but a social process, as well. In the case of Greece, the arrival of refugee populations and the rapid urbanization resulted in the popularization of sports. Throughout Greece, hundreds of sports clubs were founded, which mainly cultivated the new 'craze' of football. New collectivities were forged in the neighborhoods of the cities, and a new football culture was cultivated, which was fed by interwar identities that often appeared as opposing couples and interacted with each other, namely: native-refugee, middle class-worker and so on. As a result, in the football fields, along with the new folk heroes, the new phenomena of fanaticism and violence were born. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty-nine core and seven cuttings samples were collected from two boreholes penetrating the Middle Ordovician Hawaz Formation in the Murzuq Basin, south-west Libya. The samples were palynologically analysed in order to determine age and depositional environment. The palynological assemblages contain abundant sphaeromorphs, rare but diverse acritarchs, rare chitinozoans, and relatively abundant cryptospores. A total of 26 acritarch species, five chitinozoan species and 17 cryptospore species have been identified. The acritarch and chitinozoan assemblages provide biostratigraphical age dating and indicate that the Hawaz Formation is Mid Ordovician and most likely mid Darriwilian (Llanvirn) in age. The cryptospore assemblage is typical of those from the Mid Ordovician–earliest Silurian and does not permit further age refinement. Based on palynofacies analysis, the depositional environment of the Hawaz Formation is interpreted as shallowing upward from nearshore marine inner shelf to marginal marine. The cryptospores provide rare evidence for Middle Ordovician terrestrial vegetation at this very early stage in its development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The periodical press of the Armenian communities of the Eastern Mediterranean represents an archive of social, literary, political, and economic expressions of these historical Armenian communities. Despite their large numbers, they remain relatively unknown in North America. This article fills in this gap by addressing what these periodicals were and how the fate of the majority of them was tied to the histories of the communities in which they arose, functioned, and ceased to exist over the 19th and 20th centuries. More importantly, the author provides a cohesive picture about possible access to the digital surrogates of these periodicals. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A pot trial was carried out for 10 months to investigate the effects of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal infection and phosphorus (P) fertilization on the growth of newly germinated Pinus radiata D. Don seedling, P uptake by the seedlings and rhizosphere properties. The experiment consisted of two phosphate rock (PR)-P application rates [0 and 100 mg P kg- 1 soil supplied as Ben Guire PR (BGPR)] and 5 soil treatments (autoclaved soil, fungicide-treated soil, untreated natural soil, and Rhizopogon rubescens Tul. and Suillus luteus (L. ex. Fr.) S. F. Gray inoculated soils). The results showed that the treatment effects were more striking in P-fertilized treatments. In P-fertilized soils, all the non-autoclaved treatments significantly increased seedling growth and P concentration and P uptake in plant tissues compared with the autoclaved treatment. The ECM inoculation produced greater phosphatase activities, higher oxalate concentration, and more plant-available P (soil solution P and resin extractable P) in the rhizosphere soils than in the bulk soils in P-fertilized soil. Compared with S. luteus, R. rubescens inoculation resulted in greater ECM tip density in seedling roots in P-fertilized treatments, indicating that R. rubescens are more susceptible to infection of radiata seedling roots. Approximately 57-69% of the BGPR added to the soil had been dissolved in 10 months after application and BGPR significantly increased seedling height, ECM root tip density, and P concentration in shoots in both autoclaved and non-autoclaved treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the transformations occurring in the context of Greek industry by paying special attention to the shipbuilding sector. In recent years, the economic crisis created extensive structural problems, acute deindustrialization, rising unemployment and a context of declining investment as well as employment uncertainty. Through the ethnographic research conducted in a workplace located at Piraeus, the author attempts to show the effects of these processes on the qualitative characteristics of labor relations as the latter are embedded in the strategies of supranational decision makers and mediated by the policies adopted by the Greek state regarding these issues. Finally, it is argued that local actors follow strategies and make decisions taking into account the asymmetrical context within which they are involved in order to make their lives possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study aimed to observe the mineral accumulation added through effluent application and their influence on physiological functions and growth of Dalberia sissoo and ultimately to find out suitable combination of industrial and municipal effluent for their utilization in raising tree plantation. Dalbergia sissoo seedlings were irrigated with: canal water (T[sub 1]); municipal effluent (T[sub 2]); textile effluent (T[sub 3]); steel effluent (T[sub 4]); textile + municipal effluent in 1:1 ratio (T[sub 5]); steel + municipal effluent in 1:2 ratio (T[sub 6]); steel+municipal+textile in 1:2:2 ratio (T[sub 7]); and steel+textile in 1:2 ratio (T[sub 8]). Mineral accumulation, water relations and gas exchange, growth and biomass production were the recorded observations. Mortality occurred within a day for the seedlings in T[sub 4], 45 days in T[sub 6], and 60 days in T[sub 7] and T[sub 8] treatments. This was probably the result of high (P<0.01) Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn and low N, P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration in different parts of the seedlings in these treatments affecting physiology and growth. Reduction in rate of photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (T) to the level of 90%, leaf water potential (LWP) and increased stomatal resistance (R) at two months of age is the indicator of metal toxicity in these treatments. Pn and T were 20 and 17% high in T[sub 2] treatment, respectively. However, the reduction was only 21 and 10% in Pn and 18 and 26%, respectively in the seedlings of T[sub 3] and T[sub 5] than that in T[sub 1] treatment. During nine months of observation, the seedlings of T[sub 2] and T[sub 5] maintained high LWP and same rate of Pn and T but they reduced significantly (P<0.01) in the seedlings of T[sub 3] treatment affecting biomass production. This was believed to be due to increase in Na concentration leading to decrease in Mg, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn concentration and ratio of Mg/Na and Mg/K and increased ratio of N/Mg and K/Ca +Mg. The enhanced physiological functions in Ts treatment were probably the result of ameliorative effect of municipal effluent through increased mineral status producing biomass equivalent to that in T[sub 1] treatment at 10 months of age. The seedlings of T[sub 2] attained greater (P<0.01) height and collar diameter and produced 120 g seedling[sup -1] of dry biomass. The study suggests that addition of excess mineral elements leads to metal toxicity that adversely affects physiology and ultimately growth and productivity of tree seedlings. Mixing of effluents to ameliorate the toxic effects could be the better management practices for their use in tree irrigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. Recent shifts in Mongolia's politics and economy have changed pastoral land-use patterns and charged debate over how pasturelands are allocated and regulated in a market economy. Absent has been any detailed understanding of the historical geography of pastoral tenure and land-use patterns in Mongolia prior to the socialist era and the collectivization of livestock husbandry. An overview and case study of changing tenures and land-use patterns suggests that in prerevolutionary Mongolia wealth and poverty determined herders' mobility and access to pasture resources; no less is true today. Historical data also reveal dual formal and informal regulatory institutions extant in the past that coordinated patterns of seasonal movement. This amounted to an unofficial tenure system and has contributed to Mongolia's legacy of ecologically and socially sustainable pastoralism. Keywords: land tenure, land use, Mongolia, nomads, pastoralism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The automotive vehicle has become one of modern Society's deadliest killers, in addition to injuring thousands of lives every year. This paper describes a combined accelerator and brake in one pedal which may be a technique for reducing automotive accidents. Its use is riot limited to automobiles, but can be used in any typo of automotive vehicle. Reaction time, from onset of an accident stimulus until the brakes are initially applied, is 0-256 seconds with this one pedal system, versus 0.468 seconds under the conventional two pedal accelerator-brake system. This saving of over 45 per cent in reaction time, results in the brakes of a vehicle being applied about 19 feet earlier at 60 mph for example. In addition, the driver would have this much more room to swerve and possibly avoid an otherwise serious situation ahead. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]