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The article focuses on the papers of the 19th-century British art connoisseur and curator George Scharf. The author notes that the papers, which are housed at the National Portrait Gallery in London, England, represent a remarkable repository of unpublished information regarding hundreds of old master paintings. Particular focus is paid to a series of papers relating to the art collections of the industrialist Abraham Darby IV and the art dealer John Watkins Brett. The paintings, which toured the U.S. in the 1830s, are related to early efforts to establish the first American national gallery. In addition, the author comments on the display of the paintings at the "Art Treasures of the United Kingdom" exhibition held in Manchester, England in 1857.

Since its inception, the cable television industry has experienced a large growth rate. Today 16 percent of the U.S. television homes are linked to some form of cable. While there have been numerous federal, state, and local inquiries and a great deal of literature devoted to cable development and potential, there has only been a limited amount of study devoted to cable's relationship to the advertising industry. This paper discusses some of the more pertinent issues of the cable-advertising industry relationship. It traces the past developments of cable's structure and relationship to advertising and offers some current viewpoints concerning this interesting relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Young people interested in careers in advertising often ask: Do advertising agencies offer good career opportunities? What functions do agencies perform, and why? How will agencies evolve in the future? This article traces the evolution of services that advertising agencies perform and identifies major factors that explain such evolution. The reader may wish to perform the same kind of analysis to predict or anticipate future evolution of advertising agencies. The intent is not only to explain or predict changes, but also to exhibit "systems thinking" which is appropriate for the historian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper challenges the recent suggestion that a new financial elite has evolved which is able to capture substantial profit shares for itself. Specifically, it questions the assumption that new groups of financial intermediaries have increased in significance primarily because there is evidence that various types of financial speculators have played a similarly extensive role at several junctures of economic development. The paper then develops the alternative hypothesis that, rather than being a recent development, the rise of these financial intermediaries is a cyclical phenomenon which is linked to specific regimes of capital accumulation. The hypothesis is underpinned by historical data from the US National Income and Product Accounts for the period from 1930 to 2000, which suggest that the activities of 'mainstream' financial intermediaries have been accompanied by the frequently countercyclical activities of a 'speculative' sector of security and commodity brokers. Based on the combination of this qualitative and quantitative evidence, the paper concludes that the rise of a speculative financial sector is a potentially recurrent phenomenon which is linked to periods of economic restructuring and turmoil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1939, the Futurama exhibit at the New York World's Fair amazed visitors with its diorama showing futuristic freeways crossing the countryside and reshaping cities. After the fair, the exhibit's designer, Norman Bel Geddes, elaborated the model into a proposal for a national freeway network. This paper examines the network structure and geographic dimensions of Bel Geddes's vision and compares it to the Interstate Highway System, created several years later. Despite the futuristic trappings inherited from the Futurama model, the two networks are surprisingly similar except in their relation to cities, which Bel Geddes's network avoids. The majority of elements in Bel Geddes's system have been incorporated into actual routes and networks, and it can be expected that his system would have gone through many of the same adaptations to changing economic, environmental, and political circumstances as the Interstate Highway System. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on a number of issues that have arisen in my efforts to deal with the history of American institutional economics in the interwar period. The specific issues addressed here are (1) the choice of time frame; (2) the definition of institutionalism in terms of its commonly held ideas; (3) the treatment of the network of personal contacts that make up the institutional movement; (4) the treatment of certain institutional and cross-disciplinary connections and supports; and (5) the variety of reasons lying behind the relative decline in the position of institutional economics after World War II. Each of these issues is discussed in light of historical material and examples and with a view to detailing the specific challenges and possible solutions involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhetorical advertising style consists of the method or manner by which ad content is expressed; an example is the use of rhetorical figures such as metaphor or rhyme. Two studies of rhetorical style in U.S. magazine advertisements from 1954 to 1999 are reported. A qualitative content assessment suggests that rhetorical figures were prevalent throughout the period. In addition, the content assessment suggests more layering of multiple figures and less explanation of figures over time. The content analysis supports these trends and clarifies that one kind of figure--a destabilization trope that includes pun, metaphor, and irony--increased in incidence. Several possible explanations for these observed trends are considered, with a focus on how changes in rhetorical style may reflect the mutual adaptation of consumer and advertiser to changes in the advertising environment over this time period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An important tenet of a burgeoning ‘law and finance’ literature is that stock market development is contingent upon corporate law offering ample protection to shareholders. This paper addresses this claim, using as its departure point developments occurring in the United States between 1930 and 1970. It shows that, contrary to what the law and finance literature would predict, during this period and throughout the twentieth century generally the US lacked corporate law that provided extensive protection to shareholders. It also points out that while federal securities legislation introduced in the mid-1930s bolstered investor protection, this reform effort did not energise the stock market in the manner implied by law and finance analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines the position of US and European business in the debate about American direct investment in Western Europe in a historical perspective, from the establishment of the Common Market to the introduction of US regulation of foreign direct investment (FDI) a decade later. Based on abundant and diverse archival documents, it sheds new light on the process of Americanisation and contributes to existing research on transnational networks, by revealing the active role industrial leaders on both sides of the Atlantic played in shaping the political responses to problems raised by the American firms' massive presence in the Common Market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists (AASP) is a relatively small international scientific organization dedicated to the furtherance of palynology. It is based in the U.S.A., but has a global membership. This contribution is a companion paper to a work on the early history (1967-1970) of the organization. The Association was born as a direct result of the rapid expansion of stratigraphic palynology in the oil industry, but then and now it has embraced all applications of organic microfossils and their modern counterparts. Following the inaugural meeting AASP had a membership of around 40; it now stands at just over 500. The maximum membership was approximately 1000 in 1987. AASP collaborates with other scientific bodies and has an extensive range of publications. The Association runs a comprehensive and widely-perused website, organises annual meetings, and gives several types of awards to deserving professional and student palynologists. The most ambitious project of the Association was the establishment of The AASP Center for Excellence in Palynology (CENEX) at Louisiana State University. For a small independent society, AASP has achieved much in its short history and has attained its stated intentions of promoting the science of palynology beyond its expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A single-letter stock ticker symbol is a limited resource - only 26 possibilities are available in a stock universe of over 475,000 possible one-, two-, three- or four-letter ticker symbols. These symbols were first allocated based on trading volume therefore some of the most important companies at the time were initially placed into this group. This paper examines the history of this group of stocks and documents a decline in the importance of these firms due to a natural turnover in commercial leadership and no established mechanism to remove the single-letter designation from firms that lost their prominence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although considerable attention has been paid to the subject of scholarship in other disciplines, relatively little attention has been devoted to this vital topic in marketing. Moreover, while there has been attention paid to the influence of marketing research on pedagogy, the impact of input from learning environments into research has virtually been ignored. There are increasing pressures on higher education that brings to question the sustainability of scholarship. This paper briefly reviews the historical evolution and the modern conceptualization of scholarship, and presents an inclusive process model of marketing scholarship that attempts to address these pressures. Suggestions are made for implementing the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historians identify the process of registration as key to the 'modern mark'. Hence the introduction of trademark registration with the US federal law of 1870 appears as a pivotal event, endorsing Chandlerean accounts of the modern mark as a product of the 'Second Industrial Revolution'. Such accounts overlook the earlier registration laws in places where economic conditions challenge claims for an industrial origin to registration. This article looks at California's registration law, which antedated the US federal law by seven years, asking whether it is merely an exception to prove the Chandlerean rule, or an example that asks us to question Chandlerean assumptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the period from 1900 to 1917, utility companies led in the expansion of the legitimate use of advertising in the political arena. Under the leadership of men such as Theodore Vail, President of AT&T, they openly invited the advertising business to help establish a public climate conducive to private, monopolistic utility service. Consequently, a growing number of advertising agencies found themselves engaged in political persuasion decades before the widespread use of advertising to elect candidates for public office. Early utility advertising thus prefigured the many types of advocacy and corporate image advertising widely used in the 1970s. It showed a willingness on the part of some agencies to develop non-product campaigns for clients involved in controversial public issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The almshouse dominated the thinking about poverty and the poor during America's period of industrialization and its greatest economic downturns. Yet economists had surprisingly little to say about the facts of almshouse demography, and what they have written has been a rather bad fiction when seen in contrast with American novels. The main object of the paper is to delineate typical characters and characteristics of almshouses in America, and to examine the plausibility of various literary characterizations in light of the facts. The data certainly suggest new stories about paupers in American history: economists, and even the new social historians, have gotten it wrong. Between the Civil War and the Great Depression, the typical pauper living in an almshouse was not Oliver Twist (as many believe). He was not the Shiftless Man of the classical imagination (as Malthusians and Benthamites believe). The typical pauper of an American almshouse was plural. Instructive examples in American literature include Lennie, of Steinbeck's Of Mice and Men; Denver, of Toni Morrison's Beloved; Mrs. Thomson, of Edward Eggleston's The Hoosier School-Master; and Forrest Gump, of Winston Groom's Forrest Gump. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of studies relating to mortality conditions in nineteenth-century Africa deal with the small number of white settlers or visitors. This paper examines the level and causes of mortality in Liberia of Africans who emigrated from the United States. We describe crude and age-standardized death rates by cause of death, and examine the age pattern of mortality and its conformity to existing models of age patterns for causes of death. The results of this analysis indicate that the age pattern of mortality of the Liberian immigrant population recapitulates rather precisely existing models of age patterns for all causes of death, and from specific causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Bretton Woods era, the debate surrounding U.S. export sales versus U.S. multinational production focused primarily on the maintenance of pegged exchange rates and labor’s concern over the export of jobs. The collapse of Bretton Woods gave at least the hope that a decline in the dollar would expand exports and limit imports. Yet, the forty-year secular decline in the dollar has been one with a secular expansion of U.S. trade deficits. The older concerns of U.S. multinational sales competing with U.S. exports retain a current relevance. They help explain the unending nature of U.S. trade deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the legitimacy of the U.S. government in relation to capitalism. Topics include the relation of U.S. imperialism to capitalism, the economic impact of financialization, and the influence of racism and the history of slavery on U.S. politics. The notion of a political crisis in the U.S. political system is addressed.

Presents an excerpt of the paper on geographical and historical concepts in American history read at Plenary Session 56th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers in Dallas, Texas.

The article discusses the history of digital art technology in the United States. The earliest interactions between artists and computers in research laboratories is discussed, as are collaborations between artists and scientists such as Experiments in Art and Technology (EAT), along with the earliest computer art exhibitions in the 1960s. Digital printing technologies are also discussed, as is the incorporation of video and photographic images into artistic productions, and later developments like giclée printing.

In the course of gathering oral histories from women who served in the Navy and Coast Guard during World War II, an unusual conversational pattern has emerged. The women almost invariably diminish the importance of their wartime contributions; a common refrain is "I didn't do anything important." Their individual experiences, as revealed during the interviews, belie that assertion. In this paper, I will use the women's words to parse what is meant by this rhetorical move. Do the women really believe they did not do anything important? If so, why do they find it necessary to participate in the very public process of oral history, placing their names and life stories within the historical record? Considering both the content and the context of the women's words from a feminist pragmatist philosophical base will help explain this seemingly incongruent act. This article demonstrates that the women do not really mean to belittle their life experiences (and military service), but instead are using the phrase as a way to acknowledge society's expectations. The oral history interview, meanwhile, is used by the women to not only place their experience into the historical record but also to affirm the importance of their wartime work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tests Alfred Chandler's thesis that the managerial revolution, that is, the building of managerial hierarchies, clustered in a selected set of industries where the need for co-ordination was particularly high. These fast-growing, capital-intensive, and high-volume producing industries are denoted as Chandlerian industries. We compare the latter with the other industries in the Netherlands and the USA using census data covering the first half of the twentieth century. The comparison reveals that administrative intensity, measured by the proportion of administrative employees to production workers (A/P-ratio), was clearly higher than average in the US Chandlerian industries in the sample used only from c. 1920, considerably later than Chandler's account suggests. In the Netherlands, the A/P-ratios of Chandlerian industries were considerably higher in all three reference years, but the more specific middle managers to workers ratio (MM/W-ratio) only in the middle one (1930). We conclude that differences in the need for co-ordination between industries in the Chandlerian sense are relevant for explaining the pattern in administrative intensity, but suggest that - given the high variety in scores on the A/P- and MM/W-ratios within the category of Chandlerian industries - one should take into consideration additional criteria in further exploring the 'logic' of the managerial revolution. Finally, in particular outside the USA, more consistent differences in administrative intensity between Chandlerian and non-Chandlerian industries are perhaps to be found only in the period after World War Two. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphalt was becoming an integral part of the urban American landscape by the end of the nineteenth century. Not only was it emerging as the preferred alternative for street paving, its promoters were endorsing it for other purposes as well. Although Baltimore was not in the vanguard when it came to adopting asphalt for road surfaces, it soon followed the trend. Like other cities, it too found other applications for this versatile petroleum product, including the paving of playgrounds and schoolyards. Despite low maintenance costs, widespread use of asphalt as a recreational surface started to meet resistance in Baltimore during the 1960s. Fifty years later, stringent storm-water runoff requirements are causing city officials to rethink how they deploy asphalt in an urban setting. In an effort to meet these new requirements, while at the same time improve recreational opportunities for school children, an alliance of government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and private developers has developed a strategy to remove asphalt from schoolyards--one that may serve as a model for other cities facing financial and sustainability challenges similar to those of Baltimore. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postapocalypse stories about human survival and rebound of nature following mass disaster are a familiar genre. A major real world example is the demise of most Native Americans after 1492. This essay is a review of some of what is known about the subsequent return of forests and the explosion of wildlife numbers in the neotropics and in North America. The belief by many early Europeans in the New World, including influential postcolonial writers, that the bounty they observed had preceded them, was mostly false. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the conservation treatment of two black-form triptychs painted for the Rothko Chapel in Houston, Texas. An account is given of the commission and the history of the whitening that has plagued the surface of the murals. The problem was identified through a study of the artist's material and techniques as demonstrated in simulations of the originals, comparison of preparatory drawings with patterns of disfigurement, and scientific analysis of the white exudate. The conservation process is described and suggestions are offered for the future preservation of the triptychs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Delves into the Association of American Geographers in the U.S. Discussion of the organization of the association; Identification of the association's presidents; Analysis of the National Council of Geography Teachers.

Our human ancestors thrived on a diet high in fat and protein of animal or fish origin for at least 2.5 million years. Foods with a high-energy content and nutritional density were required for the development of the large, energy-expensive human brain. A reduction in human height and deterioration in our health followed the introduction of agriculture 2 000-12 000 years ago. In 1977, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) introduced novel dietary guidelines based on an untested hypothesis of Keys that dietary fat, especially of animal origin, increases the blood cholesterol concentration, "clogging" the coronary arteries and causing heart attacks, i.e. the diet-heart hypothesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sylla and Wright's statistics of new US special incorporations in 1790–1860 show that they exceeded those in France, Prussia and the UK, but the aggregate paid-up share capitals of extant companies were not so far apart in 1860. The UK continued to lead corporatisation, as measured by the ratio of corporate share capital to GDP. The distinctive features of US corporations were that they were small, diverse and numerous, while UK corporations were larger, more capital-intensive, less prone to disappear and had more dispersed ownership. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A historian of innovation explores the roots of the organization that became the Industrial Research Institute. IRI president Ed Bernstein offers a vision for its future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fear of a cholera outbreak in Philadelphia in 1893 led to intense debate over how to manage the risk of an epidemic. Philadelphians largely agreed that the risk was spatial in nature, and that coping with the danger of cholera meant addressing the problem of the city's southeastern 'slums.' But the meaning of this space was contested. Some reformers viewed it as a den of immorality, while others saw it as a site of injustice. The city government ignored both views, instead undertaking a technical reform by repaving the neighborhood's streets with asphalt. The episode demonstrates how competing understandings of risk and urban space yielded competing prescriptions for urban reform, and why technical reform came to be preferred over moral or economic reconstruction in the Progressive Era. Contrary to previous interpretations, Progressive reformers cannot be understood as simply 'confident' or 'anxious,' but as prioritizing certain risks while ignoring others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with the effects of globalisation on the organisation of family philanthropy. It aims to assess whether the increased visibility and social and economic relevance of foundations connected to entrepreneurial families and family firms, has also involved the adoption of similar organisational models internationally over the last three decades. The article examines the interplay between family philanthropy and its institutional framework in the US, Germany and Spain by identifying two basic models of relationship between the entrepreneurial family, the family foundation, and the family firm: the non-controlling model, which continues to characterise most US foundations; and the controlling model, characteristic of most German foundations. In Spain, where large family foundations have traditionally adopted the controlling model, newer foundations have tended to adopt the non-controlling model. This reveals the mixed effects of globalisation and national cultural and institutional patterns on the organisational structure adopted by family philanthropy across Western countries. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Between 1790 and 1860, US state governments chartered 22,419 businesses, with minimum authorised capital totalling $4.58 billion, by special statute. The US, in both total and per capita terms, had considerably more corporations and authorised corporate capital than the UK, France or Prussia did over that same span. Differences in incorporation and capitalisation rates between nations were largely a function of differences in laws and politics but differences among American states resulted more from differences in the timing and character of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The American thrift industry began in the mid-nineteenth century as a way for people of modest financial means to purchase homes. Modelled after British building societies, thrifts relied on members adhering to the principle of mutual cooperation to achieve this goal. Over time five basic operating structures emerged to assist in this process. When the collapse of fraudulent competitors in the 1890s tarnished the industry's image, thrifts leaders promoted the core values of mutuality and the cooperative spirit, as opposed to the need for operational uniformity, to regain the public's trust in their businesses. As a result, thrifts continued to follow a wide variety of organisational structures and procedures well into the 1920s. This changed during the Great Depression when industry consolidation, federal regulations, and internal industry efforts combined to bring greater uniformity to thrift business practices. These conjoining actions resulted in one set of operating procedures becoming dominant – the one that relied the least on mutual cooperation. By the end of the decade the process of repositioning the industry was well underway, and with it the spirit of cooperation that characterised thrifts for more than a century had become more an emotional attachment and less a pragmatic business choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

African Americans had access to only a small number of state parks in the Jim Crow South. Between the end of World War II and the U.S. Supreme Court's 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, however, state park officials oversaw a relative expansion in the construction of facilities available to southern blacks. Emphasizing developments leading up to that landmark court ruling, I note that this trend did not indicate waning support for segregation among whites. Rather, this relative expansion was part of a strategy to protect Jim Crow by demonstrating that the 'separate-but-equal' principle was being successfully achieved by southern park agencies. This intensified construction was largely a reaction to increasingly successful legal action in federal courts by the naacp generally; and officials in the state agencies hoped-unsuccessfully-to avoid challenges to state park segregation. After the Brown decision, several border states integrated their park systems, but most agencies displayed the reactionary defiance that characterized most white Southerners as the civil rights movement grew. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An article is presented that reports on Marxist and Gramscian philosophy in class and race. The article describes the role of dominant classes in the construction of racial oppression as related to economic exploitation and conflicts. The article discusses historical materialism, economic determinism, and capitalism, as well as racism and slavery. Information is also provided on the history of racial conflict in the U.S. related to the Jim Crow laws, the American Civil War, segregation, and the concept of the underclass.

Previous assessments of Ford's assembly line have been based on a limited set of highly aggregated data. New, more detailed and extensive data allows a reconsideration of Ford's operations and their effectiveness to confirm more fully some earlier understandings through extending the analyses to show the line's impact over a longer period and with more detail about its operational and organisational effects. The reconsideration also challenges some earlier ideas to show that the line was intensively exploited to yield productivity improvements, and that it was not so rigidly used as previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the history of the different ways immigrants adapt to the U.S. and how these paradigms of adaptation are applied to issues of language. Two paradigms are given focus including cultural pluralism and Anglo-conformity. Other paradigms mentioned are assimilation, acculturation, and the melting pot. Topics include the public discouragement of using Spanish, the anti-democratic atmosphere created by the promotion of English as the official language, the ending of bilingual educations, and restrictions placed on legal immigration.

The article discusses immigration and the U.S., examining the contributions of four individuals who created a response to practice and theory of the hegemonic melting pot theory including Leonard Covello, Randolph Bourne, Louis Adamic, and Horace Kallen. Cultural pluralism, the authors state, fought for the cultural and economic rights of foreign-born Americans. Topics include the manner in which cultural pluralism was affected by political repressions that followed World Wars I and II and Americanization as a Nativist movement meant to erase the original cultures and languages of immigrants entering the country between 1880 to 1920.

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Popular impressions of Phoenix, Arizona perpetuate the notion that this metropolitan area is an overwhelmingly Anglo place. We challenge this assertion and demonstrate that the city has substantial Mexican roots and is presently being shaped by a vibrant, resurgent Mexican population. Employing historical records, surveys, and landscape data, we articulate the Mexican character of early Phoenix and highlight how the revival of Mexican Phoenix has transformed the urban landscape. We then relate how Phoenix's Mexican population is a more nuanced regional subculture formed through both historical and contemporary connections with specific Mexican states. We conclude with a call for greater understanding of the internal heterogeneity of Mexicans in the United States and how this can inform our geographical interpretations of the growing Latinization of American cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author mentions that no other public policy goal with the exception of civil rights was more widely supported than full employment among African-American organizations and leaders following World War II. The author discusses the development of the "Freedom Budget" by civil rights activist Bayard Rustin and union organizer A. Philip Randolph in 1966 working with New Deal Keynesian economists. The Rustin-Randolph proposal suggested full employment and a job guarantee through public works and using the government as employer of last resort.

In 1900 US business corporations were dominated by plutocratic family owners, while British and French quoted companies showed higher levels of divorce of shareholding owners from management controllers. Distinctive European 'democratic' corporate governance rules explain some of Europe's precocity and London's distinctive listing requirement of large 'free floats' was an important initial factor in manufacturing. Later in the twentieth century, the United States displaced France by further divorcing ownership from control. Business historians should direct their efforts to understanding why Britain was an early pioneer with persistent wide shareholding, why America took decades to catch up and why other countries did not build on their earlier lead (or even married ownership and control more closely). The pursuit of alternative (largely imagined) histories of national ownership differences could usefully be curtailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the diversity of business history and related periodical literature in Great Britain from 2005 to 2007. The author focuses on the international banking and financial business sectors of business. Contributing factors, including corporate governance, industrial relations, and trade, are examined. Europeanization is discussed. Studies related to corporate social responsibility, occupational safety, as well as a study comparing the business history of the U.S. to that of Great Britain are also mentioned.

Discusses various issues involving Andres de Ariola's trans-Pacific voyage in 1694/95 and the contested discovery of the Marcus Island. Topography and vegetation of, and Spanish geographical knowledge about, Marcus Island; Topography and vegetation of, and Spanish geographical knowledge about, Wake Island; Topography and vegetation of, and Spanish geographical knowledge about, Laysan Island or Hawaiian Leeward Islands.

Focuses on the history of geographical fieldwork in the United States. Traces of the foundation of US geography; Influences of foreign traditions on US geography; Details of the geographical fieldwork development.

Compares the approach to history education and national identity in Northern Ireland and the United States (U.S.). Approaches to history education in the U.S.; Different ideas about history; Differences in priorities.

A quiet demographic revolution has occurred during the twentieth century in the United States: the decline in intergenerational household sharing. Why were these living arrangements so common for older women early in the century? We examine the characteristics of adult kin who shared intergenerational households in 1910. Two nationally representative samples, of elderly mothers and their co-resident biological adult children were taken from the 1910 Census P.U.S. and linked to test general hypotheses relating to the determination of living arrangements. We find that kin availability influenced co-residence in two ways: by increasing the pool of children available and by facilitating strategic processes of kin selection based on quality of children. As kin availability increased, mothers chose security (especially the retention of headship) and a child's lack of competing obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an autobiographical account of the career of dancer Margaret Severn from 1919 to 1921. Severn's nightclub performances; Severn's beginnings in Vaudeville.

Offers examples of the American gift for academic innovation and invention. Historic look at the changing roles of the faculty; First century of American higher education; Gilded age and the Progressive era; `The work of investigation'; American professors and the Cold War; Post-Cold War; Public role of the faculty.

The article comments on African-American literature and the insight it provides to the current position and future prospects of African-American education in the U.S. Key issues discussed include a comparison of the education of African Americans in the U.S. with the education of minorities in other societies, an historical background on the alleged educational deprivation of African Americans documented in social, economic and political history and in contemporary social criticism and the issues' implications for comparative education.