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Highlights: The large-scale, high-strength, super-tough, and multifunctional nacre-like heterocyclic aramid (HA)/MXene@polypyrrole (PPy) (HMP) nanocomposite papers were fabricated using the in-situ assembly of PPy onto the HA/MXene hydrogel template. The "brick-and-mortar" layered structure and abundant hydrogen-bonding interactions among MXene, PPy, and HA respond cooperatively to external stress and effectively increase the mechanical properties of HMP nanocomposite papers. The templating effect from HA/MXene was utilized to guide the assembly of conducting polymers, leading to high electrical conductivity and outstanding electromagnetic interference shielding performance. Robust, ultra-flexible, and multifunctional MXene-based electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding nanocomposite films exhibit enormous potential for applications in artificial intelligence, wireless telecommunication, and portable/wearable electronic equipment. In this work, a nacre-inspired multifunctional heterocyclic aramid (HA)/MXene@polypyrrole (PPy) (HMP) nanocomposite paper with large-scale, high strength, super toughness, and excellent tolerance to complex conditions is fabricated through the strategy of HA/MXene hydrogel template-assisted in-situ assembly of PPy. Benefiting from the "brick-and-mortar" layered structure and the strong hydrogen-bonding interactions among MXene, HA, and PPy, the paper exhibits remarkable mechanical performances, including high tensile strength (309.7 MPa), outstanding toughness (57.6 MJ m−3), exceptional foldability, and structural stability against ultrasonication. By using the template effect of HA/MXene to guide the assembly of conductive polymers, the synthesized paper obtains excellent electronic conductivity. More importantly, the highly continuous conductive path enables the nanocomposite paper to achieve a splendid EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of 54.1 dB at an ultra-thin thickness (25.4 μm) and a high specific EMI SE of 17,204.7 dB cm2 g−1. In addition, the papers also have excellent applications in electromagnetic protection, electro-/photothermal de-icing, thermal therapy, and fire safety. These findings broaden the ideas for developing high-performance and multifunctional MXene-based films with enormous application potential in EMI shielding and thermal management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a bast fiber plant known for its long fibers, making it an excellent source of pulp for paper production. In Ethiopia, flax is primarily cultivated for oil, with the residual straw utilized for papermaking. This study focuses on pulping flax straw using the Kraft process and investigates its chemical composition, proximate analysis, and morphological properties. The proximate analysis revealed an ash content of 4.13% and moisture content of 11%. Chemical composition analysis showed cellulose at 51.34%, hemicellulose at 25.20%, lignin at 14.12%, ash at 4.13%, and extractives at 5.21%. The morphological properties included a fiber length of 1.41 mm, diameter of 16.78 μm, lumen width of 9.45 μm, and cell wall thickness of 3.77 μm. Flax straw exhibited an acceptable Runkel ratio (0.8) and flexibility coefficient (56.32), placing it within the range of non-wood fibers. SEM analysis of the pulp's morphology was conducted to assess fiber structure, including the presence of cracks. Pulp quality and length are directly linked to paper strength. Various pulping conditions were studied using a full-factorial design, with optimum conditions being 10% alkaline, 131.74°C, and 120 min of cooking time, yielding a pulp with a Kappa number of 10.45 and a yield of 40.56%. The resulting paper demonstrated standard tensile, tearing, and burst strengths, indicating that flax straw is a promising raw material for paper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Activated carbon paper is a type of porous carbon material with a highly developed pore structure and a large specific surface area. It finds extensive applications in adsorption, complexation, and catalyst support. To prepare high-performance activated carbon paper, this study investigates the changes in performance and structure of Poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) paper under CO2 activation, ZnCl2 activation, H3PO4 activation, and NaOH activation conditions. The research reveals that carbon paper after CO2 activation has a certain tensile strength (0.36 MPa), while chemically activated carbon paper lacks tensile strength. Incorporating 15% carbon fiber (CF) into PPTA paper increases the tensile stress (1.26 MPa) and tensile strain (4.18%) of the activated carbon paper. NaOH-activated carbon paper has the highest specific surface area (1321.6 m2/g), the most disordered carbon structure (ID/IG = 1.22), the lowest carbon yield (23.9%), and a pore rate 4.16% higher than that of CO2-activated samples. The activated carbon paper prepared by ZnCl2 activation has the highest content of C = N bonds, with the nitrogen content of pyridine increasing by 31.8% compared to CO2 activation. This indicates that ZnCl2 protects the N elements in PPTA paper during the activation process, preventing their decomposition during carbonization. The activated carbon paper prepared by H3PO4 activation has the lowest electrical conductivity (1.62 S/cm). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Progress in International Reading Literacy Study (PIRLS) was conducted in paper and online reading modes in 2016 using the same samples of students in a number of countries. Differences in reading literacy scores were found in several European countries. In some countries, the differences favored the electronic reading mode. Yet in others, the paper reading mode was favored. As the electronic reading mode differs substantially in the cognitive demands compared to the paper mode, it can be expected that the differences between the two modes are related to the variables related to technology: availability and access, general use, use for educational purposes in class or out-of-school, and self-efficacy with technology. This study investigates the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) factors related to the differences in paper and online reading in six European countries participating in both modes in PIRLS 2016. This study uses linear regression models as the application of multilevel modeling is not suitable because of the low between-school variances across countries. The results from this study show limited support for the relative effect that the student individual, school, and classroom ICT variables have on the differences between paper and electronic reading. Access to technology is related to mode differences only in Italy, and the use of computer devices in and out of school is related to the mode differences in Italy and Portugal. Student self-efficacy is related to the mode differences in Portugal and Slovenia. School resources show significant effects in Denmark (computers to students ratio) and Italy (instruction affected by digital resource shortages). None of the classroom variables showed any significant relationship in any of the countries. In addition, socio-economic status (which is proxied by the variable on home resources for learning) is a significant predictor in half of the countries. In addition to these findings, the general technological context within countries is discussed as part of an evaluation of the difference in reading in the two test delivery modes. The general uptake of technology in different social and economic aspects, as measured by the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI), follows the differences between the two reading modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Materials that provide dynamically tunable infrared (IR) response are important for many applications, including active camouflage and thermal management. However, current IR-tunable systems often exhibit limitations in mechanical properties or practicality of their tuning modalities, or require complex and costly fabrication methods. An additional challenge relates to providing compatibility between different spectral channels, such as allowing an object to be reversibly concealed in the IR without making it appear in the visible range. Here, we demonstrate that conducting polymer-cellulose papers, fabricated through a simple and cheap approach, can overcome such challenges. The papers exhibit IR properties that can be electrochemically tuned with large modulation (absolute emissivity modulation of 0.4) while maintaining largely constant response in the visible range. Owing to high ionic and electrical conductivity, the tuning of the top surface can be performed electrochemically from the other side of the paper even at tens of micrometer thicknesses, removing the need for overlaying electrode and electrolyte in the optical beam path. These features enabled a series of electrically tunable IR devices, where we focus on demonstrating dynamic radiative coolers, thermal camouflage, anti-counterfeiting tags, and grayscale IR displays. The conducting polymer-cellulose papers are sustainable, cheap, flexible and mechanically robust, providing a versatile materials platform for active and adaptive IR optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper- and paperboard-based materials are alternatives to petroleum-based plastics in food packaging but unsuitable for their poor moisture and oil resistance. In this sense, fluorinated compounds improve water and grease repellency, though their use is controversial. This Perspective discusses main techniques to combine fluorinated compounds with paper and paperboard, including water and oil contact angles and grease resistance values, and summarizes main legal aspects in Europe and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper bookbindings have been disregarded for centuries by scholars since they were only considered temporary covering materials for manuscripts and books. Recently, there is a willingness to reconsider these bindings and to evaluate their role. Thanks to the collaboration with the Marciana National Library in Venice, which stores an impressive collection of 849 detached bindings, the current research provides a chemical-physical elucidation about the composition and the manufacture of paper bookbindings realized between the 16th and the eighteenth century in the Venetian area. A selection of bookbindings was analysed by the means of complementary methods (thickness measurements, Attenuated Total Reflection—Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (Py-GC–MS) and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)). Data evidence the presence of cellulose as the main component of paper pulp; hemicellulose and lignin were identified too, probably related to the presence of linen/hemp rags in the paper production. Gelatine was detected muck likely related to paper sizing; among inorganic additives CaCO3 was found in all samples. The presence of waxy material may be due to past undocumented conservation treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers have created a modern infrared (IR) sensor that is both super-sensitive and highly flexible. This remarkable device possesses impressive properties of exceptional sensitivity (24,000%), high responsiveness (1.25 A/W), and fast response time (3 ms). This innovation stands out for its unique construction: an ultrathin layer of lead sulfide (PbS) deposited on a standard Whatman filter paper. This design achieves a photo-current 32 times greater than previous record-holding PbS thin films. The key advantage is its unmatched flexibility. This sensor can bend and flex without breaking, maintaining its IR detection capabilities even after enduring extreme bending cycles. This breakthrough paves the way for a new era of wearable IR photo sensors, flexible electronics, and medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we developed a simple, low-temperature method to synthesize carbonized polymer nanosheets (CPNSs) using sodium alginate, a biopolymer derived from algae, and diammonium hydrogen phosphate. These nanosheets are produced through a solid-state pyrolysis at 180 °C, involving dehydration, cross-linking through phosphate ester bonds, and subsequent carbonization, forming 2D structured CPNSs. These synthesized CPNSs exhibit excellent bacterial adsorption capabilities, particularly against V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus. When applied to ordinary filter paper, the CPNS-modified paper efficiently filters bacteria from aquaculture water, removing over 98% of V. parahaemolyticus within two hours and maintaining effectiveness after 24 h. In contrast, control filter paper showed significantly reduced efficiency over the same period. Our filtration tests demonstrated enhanced survival rates for shrimp in aquaculture systems, highlighting the potential of CPNSs-modified filter paper as a suitable treatment to reduce the microbiological contamination levels in recirculating aquaculture systems in the event of a disease outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oil spills are widespread and can cause devastating environmental consequences. Rapid oil identification is critical to find the origin of the spill, monitor the environment, and lead to informed mitigation measures. The current standard methods in oil spill identification are precise and reliable, but require extensive sample preparation, long instrument runs, and time-consuming data processing. Direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART-ToF MS) has been employed to screen for spilled petroleum oils, with results obtained in mere hours. The present study introduced an innovative, simple, and fast oil sampling method using hydrophobic filter paper and demonstrated its compatibility with DART-ToF MS analysis. Motor oils, jet fuels, marine diesels, crude oils, intermediate fuel oils, heavy fuel oils, and diluted bitumen were collected using the filter paper sampling method. Classification models were constructed from the spectral data by heat map inspection followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). Oil slicks and weathered oil slicks were prepared from five oil types, and samples from each slick were collected using filter paper. Results: The filter paper technique allowed for effective oil sampling and data acquisition by DART-ToF MS for diluted source oils, oil slicks and weathered oil slicks. Classification via the constructed DAPC models indicated that the DART-ToF MS instrument in tandem with filter paper sampling and multivariate statistics can accurately identify common oil types, with significant improvement of sample collection and turnaround time. Conclusions: The promising classification results, simple sample collection, and rapid data analysis illustrate the potential use of hydrophobic filter paper and DART-ToF MS as tools in managing large scale oil spill emergency situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry generates vast quantities of paper sludge, posing significant environmental challenges due to its disposal in landfills or incineration. This study explores the potential of valorizing paper sludge by incorporating it into particleboard production. It aims to optimize sludge content and particle size to enhance board properties—a novel approach to waste management in the wood composites industry. Through systematic variation of sludge content (0–25%) and particle size (< 0.5 to > 2 mm), we assessed the mechanical and physical properties such as internal bond strength (IB), modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS). The findings indicate that incorporating paper sludge at moderate levels (5–15%) with optimized particle sizes (< 1 mm) significantly improves the mechanical properties of the particleboard, including increased IB, MOR, and MOE while reducing WA and TS. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) further supported these results, revealing that higher-density boards with enhanced mechanical properties absorb less water, highlighting the interrelationship between structural integrity and moisture resistance. The PCA also identified thickness swelling as an independent factor, suggesting that while mechanical properties can be optimized, additional strategies are needed to control swelling. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that up to 15% paper sludge can be effectively used in particleboard production without compromising quality, provided particle size is carefully controlled. This approach not only offers a sustainable solution for managing paper sludge but also contributes to the development of eco-friendly composite materials, aligning with circular economy principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many animals, early-life decisions influence long-term fitness. Mantidflies are spider egg predators; their tiny larvae climb aboard spiders to find eggs, but little is known about how they find spiders. We tested the hypothesis that mantidfly larvae (Dicromantispa sayi) detect and respond to substrate-borne spider cues (e.g., silk and/or excreta). We presented larvae with filter paper exposed to different types of spiders (adult female, adult male, or juvenile Habronattus trimaculatus jumping spiders) versus a no-cue control. Larvae spent more time on filter paper with spider cues. We then tested the hypothesis that mantidflies make finer distinctions between spiders when given direct choices between these cues. Larvae did not discriminate between sexes but spent more time (and exhibited more phoretic behavior) on filter paper with female or male cues compared with juvenile cues. While this suggests that mantidflies actively seek out adult spiders, we also found that adult spiders were more active than juveniles and may have simply deposited more silk and excreta, providing a stronger cue to detect. We discuss these findings in the context of the risks and benefits of different spider hosts, and how early-life spider-searching strategies may shape a mantidfly's long-term fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was designed to explore the efficiency of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs)/bacterial cell assembly to biodegrade lignin and lignocellulose, decontaminate pulp and paper-contaminated wastewater and optimize lignin adsorption by Fe3O4 NPs. Water samples were collected from three paper and carton manufacturing companies, Alexandria Governorate, Egypt. Pseudomonas otitidis MCC10330, the most active and promising strain among 10 previously screened indigenous and exogenous isolates, was selected and decorated with magnetic Fe3O4 Nanoparticles, that were prepared by the co-precipitation method, characterized and used to decontaminate paper and pulp effluent in a batch mode bioassay for 4 h. Fe3O4 NPs/bacterial cell assembly achieved the highest removals (64.1, 52.0, 54.3 and 66.6%) of TSS, COD, BOD, and Total Tannin and Lignin after 1, 4 and 4 h, reaching residual concentrations (RCs) of 322, 216, 112 and 7 mg/L, which are still slightly higher (5.35, 2.7 and 1.86-fold) than their maximum permissible limits (MPLs), respectively. RCs of pH, DO and TDS in the treated effluent are accepted for safe discharging. Maximum lignin adsorption and removal (82.14%) using Fe3O4 NPs was achieved at the optimized conditions (pH 6, Fe3O4 NPs dosage of 100 mg and 10 min contact time). Results confirmed that the proposed magnetite-coated Pseudomonas otitidis treatment system is highly efficient and recommended to treat the highly contaminated pulp and paper wastewater. Also, as far as we know, this integrated assemblage is the first time to be used as a novel, very promising, eco-friendly, renewable and economical biotechnological approach to minimize/eliminate the involved pollutants with the least running time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, massive exudation of heavy metals into natural water bodies has become prevalent world wide, posing threat to the environment, individuals and their well-being. Owing to its prolonged half-life and non-biodegradability, potential accumulation of heavy metals can cause serious health problems. Several cutting-edge diagnostic methods are being utilized for the assay of heavy/toxic metals. Certainly, these methods hold some limitations, such as requirement for extortionate devices and strenuous operations that can only be carried out in laboratories. This led to the emergence of detection methods based on sensors. Among various breakthroughs, paper-based analytical devices as well as paper-based microfluidic devices have turned up as one of the economical, convenient, easily disposable and portable substitutes for on-site detection. This study discusses the current analytical methods and paper-based devices used for heavy metal detection in the first phase followed by the discussion on comparative analysis of various analytical methods. In addition, there are techniques for heavy metal detection, which use substrates like paper, polydimethylsiloxane, etc. using colorimetric, fluorescence or electrochemical sensing, have also been discussed. The development of programmable paper-based microfluidic devices has been emphasized in the second phase of the discussion. Finally, the future progressions and developments in this field have also been proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exosomes as new biomarkers for cancer diagnosis have attracted attention because they are highly released by tumor cells in various biological fluids. In this study, an electrochemical paper-based immunosensor device (Exo-sensing paper) is introduced for the detection of exosome in the serum. The Exo-sensing paper is a three-electrode system that is prepared using pattern paper and carbon and silver inks. The sensor part of this immunosensor contains a three-dimensional porous nanocomposite of nickel nanofoam coupled with graphene oxide and gold nanoparticles. The high specific surface area of this nanocomposite increases the antibody loading on the sensor surface significantly and consequently leads to obtaining a wide linear range of 500–1 × 107 Exospore µL−1 with a detection limit of 110 Exosome µL−1. Due to some advantages of this constructed Exo-sensing paper such as easy storage, simple application, low cost and good selectivity in the real samples, this system has a good potential to be used as a point of care testing for in situ detection of the exosomes and is a promising strategy for minimally invasive liquid biopsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scitility’s tool Argos identifies work whose authors have a record of misconduct. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanochromic photonic crystals are attractive due to their force-dependent structural colors; however, showing unrecordable color and unsatisfied performances, which significantly limits their development and expansion toward advanced applications. Here, a thermal-responsive mechanochromic photonic crystal with a multicolor recordability-erasability was fabricated by combining non-close-packing mechanochromic photonic crystals and phase-change materials. Multicolor recordability is realized by pressing thermal-responsive mechanochromic photonic crystals to obtain target colors over the phase-change temperature followed by fixing the target colors and deformed configuration at room temperature. The stable recorded color can be erased and reconfigured by simply heating and similar color-recording procedures respectively due to the thermoswitchable on-off mechanochromism of thermal-responsive mechanochromic photonic crystals along with solid-gel phase transition. These thermal-responsive mechanochromic photonic crystals are ideal rewritable papers for ink-freely achieving multicolor patterns with high resolution, difficult for conventional photonic papers. This work offers a perspective for designing color-recordable/erasable and other stimulus-switchable materials with advanced applications. Mechanochromic photonic crystals are extremely attractive due to their force-dependent structural colors yet are limited by unrecordable color and unsatisfactory performances. Here, the authors report a thermal-responsive mechanochromic photonic crystal with multicolor recordability-erasability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is crucial to develop high porosity and permeability carbon fiber paper for improving the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell. Herein, Porous carbon paper with gradient structure (GCP) was prepared by the process of impregnation with a solution of phenolic resin /carbon black composites, overlayer molding, carbonization and graphitization. Specially, conductive carbon black was modified by silane coupling agent (KH-550) and in-situ polymerization with phenolic resin to improve its dispersion uniformity. The microstructure, porosity, gas permeability, electric resistance and mechanic properties of the as-prepared GCP are characterized. The resultant GCP has a gradual transition of porosity from bottom layer to top layer, which constitutes diffusion channels conducive to the transport of gas and liquid. In addition, GCP exhibits superior gas permeability, conductivity, corrosion resistance and tensile strength over commercial carbon paper (CCP). It has potential application prospects for further improving the performance of fuel cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the English language, when a sentence contains all letters of the alphabet, such as "The/A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", this is known as a pangram. Curiously, despite its odd meaning, this fox-dog pangram has found practical usage in some applications, mainly in text typography related to computer graphics, in linguistics, as a writing tutorial, or for testing computer keyboards. Even more curiously, it has been detected as a residual of template text in some academic papers. This unique linguistic curiosity was examined by screening Scopus and Web of Science, as well as Google Scholar from 2019–2023, to appreciate its practical use, as well as to assess whether there were any cases of residual template text, the main target of this exercise. In the latter case, this letter advocates for the removal of this residual text, in the form of a literary correction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L.) is a valuable source of woody forage that can be used for ruminants, such as goat and lambs. However, there is limited knowledge about how paper mulberry silage affects carcass characteristics, meat physicochemical attributes, amino acid and unsaturated fatty acids in Hu lambs compared to alfalfa silage. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of substituting alfalfa silage with paper mulberry silage on the slaughter performance, meat quality, free amino acid and fatty acid composition in muscles of Hu lambs. Results: Thirty 60-day-old male Hu lambs with 17.13 ± 0.26 kg body weight were randomly allocated into paper mulberry silage (30% of total mixed ration) and alfalfa silage (30% of total mixed ration) treatment, and the feeding trial lasted 70 days. The results indicated no significant differences in all measurements (P > 0.05). However, compared to the group fed with alfalfa silage, the group fed with paper mulberry silage exhibited a reduction in meat drip loss (P < 0.05) without any notable effect on meat nutrients (P > 0.05). Targeted metabolomics analysis revealed that feeding paper mulberry silage led to decreased levels of certain bitter amino acids, such as valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan, and phenylalanine (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the consumption of paper mulberry silage significantly augmented the levels of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly n6-polyunsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n6, C20:3n6, C20:4n6, etc.), in meat. Conclusions: Substituting paper mulberry silage for alfalfa in the daily diet of Hu lambs not only has no detrimental effect on animal performance but also improves meat unsaturated fatty acid composition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on novel tools for model-based development differs from a mere engineering task by not only developing a new tool, but by providing some form of evidence that it is effective. This is typically achieved by experimental evaluations. Following principles of good scientific practice, both the tool and the models used in the experiments should be made available along with a paper, aiming at the replicability of experimental results. We investigate to which degree recent research reporting on novel methods, techniques, or algorithms supporting model-based development with MATLAB/Simulink meets the requirements for replicability of experimental results. Our results from studying 65 research papers obtained through a systematic literature search are rather unsatisfactory. In a nutshell, we found that only 31% of the tools and 22% of the models used as experimental subjects are accessible. Given that both artifacts are needed for a replication study, only 9% of the tool evaluations presented in the examined papers can be classified to be replicable in principle. We found none of the experimental results presented in these papers to be fully replicable, and 6% partially replicable. Given that tools are still being listed among the major obstacles of a more widespread adoption of model-based principles in practice, we see this as an alarming signal. While we are convinced that this situation can only be improved as a community effort, this paper is meant to serve as starting point for discussion, based on the lessons learnt from our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to characterise the so-called Sialkoti paper used to produce Pahari drawings preserved today in the Wereldmuseum in Leiden (Netherlands) (WML). These works originate from the Punjab Hills in India (today Himachal Pradesh) and are commonly known as 'Pahari miniature paintings'. The paper upon which these drawings are executed is said to have been produced in Sialkot during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when papermaking was an integral part of an overall regional economy correlated with other sectors such as agriculture and the textile industry. Although the term Sialkoti refers to identified papermills in Sialkot (now Pakistan), the paper from this region is yet to be subjected to a systematic study. This article therefore explores the paper(s) in question through macro- and microscopic observations of structure, pulp and fibres. The study of historical sources, complemented by the analysis of paper samples and fibre identification, has revealed that the pulp would have been prepared from a variety of manufactured products using different technologies, such as rags, cloth, mats, rope and other plant-based materials made from local bast fibres which, once tattered, were recycled to prepare the pulp. Microscopic study reveals that a variety of fibre combinations under different conditions and processing steps were used, in particular sunn hemp fibre (Crotalaria juncea L.), a plant species that has until now rarely been identified in historical paper. In addition, the presence of kenaf and jute fibres, as well as a significant quantity of cotton fibres, have also been demonstrated. To overcome the lack of comparative materials, our work was supported by a comparative study of several materials made from sunn hemp now held in the Ethnobotany Collection at Kew Gardens. Samples were taken from these materials and provided useful reference micrographs for the identification of the WML samples. The quality of the paper used by Pahari artists, as well as the raw materials available and their processing, are discussed in detail. Putting all the data, including technical and historical information into perspective, we conclude that the Pahari artists used a paper of inferior quality compared to other types of paper used for other purposes such as the creation of illuminated manuscripts in the Punjab plains. This study therefore provides useful analytical and material evidence that complements previous historical, technical and anthropological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleic acid amplification testing has great potential for point-of-need diagnostic testing with high detection sensitivity and specificity. Current sample preparation is limited by a tedious workflow requiring multiple steps, reagents and instrumentation, hampering nucleic acid testing at point of need. In this study, we present the use of mixed cellulose ester (MCE) paper for DNA binding by ionic interaction under molecular crowding conditions and fluid transport by wicking. The poly(ethylene) glycol-based (PEG) reagent simultaneously provides the high pH for alkaline lysis and crowding effects for ionic binding of the DNA under high salt conditions. In this study, we introduce Paper-based Abridged Solid-Phase Extraction with Alkaline Poly(ethylene) Glycol Lysis (PASAP). The anionic mixed cellulose ester (MCE) paper is used as solid phase and allows for fluid transport by wicking, eliminating the need for pipetting skills and the use of a magnet to retain beads. Following the release of DNA from the cells due to the lytic activity of the PASAP solution, the DNA binds to the anionic surface of the MCE paper, concentrating at the bottom while the sample matrix is transported towards the top by wicking. The paper was washed by dipping it in 40% isopropanol for 10 s. After air-drying for 30 s, the bottom section of the paper (3 mm × 4 mm) was snapped off using the cap of a PCR tube and immersed in the colourimetric loop-mediated isothermal amplification (cLAMP) solution for direct amplification and colourimetric detection. The total sample processing was completed in 15 min and ready for amplification. cLAMP enabled the detection of 102 CFU/mL of Escherichia coli (E. coli) from culture media and the detection of E. coli in milk < 103 CFU/mL (10 CFU) after incubation at 68 °C for 60 min, demonstrating applicability of the method to complex biological samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to identify the manufacturer of Hanji, Korean handmade paper widely used in conservation science. To achieve this, machine learning models utilizing attenuated total reflectance–infrared spectroscopy (ATR–IR) were developed to assess the robustness and effectiveness of the computed models. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares–discriminant analysis (PLS–DA), decision tree (DT), and k-NN models were constructed using IR spectral data, with the spectral region between 1800 and 1500 cm⁻1 identified as the critical input variable through Variable Importance in Projection (VIP) scores. The transformation of the obtained spectra into second derivative spectra proved beneficial in this key spectral region, leading to significant improvements in model performance. Additionally, the application of DBSCAN for outlier detection was effective in refining the dataset, further enhancing the performance of the models. Specifically, the k-NN model, when applied to the selected variables and preprocessed with the second derivative transformation, achieved an F1 score of 0.92. These findings underscore the importance of focusing on the 1800–1500 cm⁻1 spectral range and applying outlier detection techniques, such as DBSCAN, to enhance the robustness and accuracy of the Hanji classification models by eliminating the influence of atypical data points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposed an approach to multi-component non-metallic materials, namely regular polygonal paper honeycomb sandwich tubes filled with polyethylene (PE) foam, and focused on the influence of drop impact parameters and structural parameters on the deformation characteristics and energy absorption of the filled tubes. Axial drop impact tests were employed to exert drop impact loading on cross-sections of the specimens with a square drop weight. The results showed that the X-direction filled tube (X-DFT) had a higher crushing strength and yield strength than that of the Y-direction filled tube (Y-DFT). As the tubular cross-section edge number of the filled tube increased, the specific energy absorption (SEA) and specific total efficiency (STE) decreased. Under the same axial drop impact loading conditions, the SEA and STE of the X-DFT were superior to those of the Y-DFT. As the edge number of the tubular cross-section or the tubular length ratio increased, the SEA and STE of the filled honeycomb tube decreased significantly. While the impact energy increased, the SEA and STE of the filled tubes increased approximately linearly. This work investigated the influence of drop-impact and structural parameters on deformation characteristics and energy absorption. It is expected to provide supplementary documentation for the advancement of cushion protection technology and the optimization of product structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: A blade-coated composite paste, composed of a compressible 3D carbon skeleton, PEDOT:PSS, and CNTs, can naturally dry to form a porous electrode on paper with a micro- and nano-structured surface. The all-paper pressure sensor demonstrated an ultrahigh sensitivity of 1014 kPa−1, a wide responsive range up to 300 kPa, and an ultralow operating voltage of 0.01 V. The sensor showcased superior detection capability, ranging from subtle wrist pulses and robust finger taps to large-area spatial force. Flexible and wearable pressure sensors hold immense promise for health monitoring, covering disease detection and postoperative rehabilitation. Developing pressure sensors with high sensitivity, wide detection range, and cost-effectiveness is paramount. By leveraging paper for its sustainability, biocompatibility, and inherent porous structure, herein, a solution-processed all-paper resistive pressure sensor is designed with outstanding performance. A ternary composite paste, comprising a compressible 3D carbon skeleton, conductive polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate), and cohesive carbon nanotubes, is blade-coated on paper and naturally dried to form the porous composite electrode with hierachical micro- and nano-structured surface. Combined with screen-printed Cu electrodes in submillimeter finger widths on rough paper, this creates a multiscale hierarchical contact interface between electrodes, significantly enhancing sensitivity (1014 kPa−1) and expanding the detection range (up to 300 kPa) of as-resulted all-paper pressure sensor with low detection limit and power consumption. Its versatility ranges from subtle wrist pulses, robust finger taps, to large-area spatial force detection, highlighting its intricate submillimeter-micrometer-nanometer hierarchical interface and nanometer porosity in the composite electrode. Ultimately, this all-paper resistive pressure sensor, with its superior sensing capabilities, large-scale fabrication potential, and cost-effectiveness, paves the way for next-generation wearable electronics, ushering in an era of advanced, sustainable technological solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We previously used a grinder to prepare cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) that were then added to pulp to improve the wet strength of paper, with subsequent alkali treatment further improving its wet tensile strength. However, mass production of CNF using ultra-fine grinders is not feasible; moreover, fabricating paper sheets by first preparing CNFs and adding them to pulp is a complex process. Therefore, in this study, we directly fibrillated pulp using a refiner instead separately preparing CNFs, with the refined pulp used to make paper sheets, thereby simplifying the process. The resulting dried sheets were subsequently treated with 8 and 16 wt% NaOH, after which the co-reinforcing effect of the refiner and NaOH treatments on the wet tensile strength of paper was examined. Unexpectedly, wet tensile strength of 39 and 45 MPa was achieved. These values are higher than values obtained using the CNFs and NaOH treatment, and comparable to the dry strength of untreated and unrefined pulp sheet. Moreover, the dewatering time of the refiner-treated pulp was significantly shorter than that of the CNF-mixed pulp, which reduces the time required to prepare paper. This study demonstrated that refiner-treated pulp is more suitable than CNF-mixed pulp for improving paper wet strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly sensitive sensor based on carbon fiber paper modified with a shungite–copper formazanate composite is presented for the voltammetric determination of lidocaine. The synthesized organometallic complex, composite, and modified electrode are characterized by infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution mass spectrometry, elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry. The twofold increase in the current of the lidocaine oxidation peak on the modified electrode compared to the unmodified one is associated with the sensitizing effect of the composite modifier, which is due to an increase in the electroactive area and the number of lidocaine binding sites on the electrode surface. The sensor exhibits a wide dynamic range from 2 to 2120 µM with a low limit of detection of 0.18 µM lidocaine and high sensitivity of 0.755 µA/V µM. The interelectrode and intraelectrode repeatability of the analytical signal do not exceed 3.5%. The sensor response is stable within three weeks. The developed sensor was used for the determination of lidocaine in pharmaceuticals. The results of an analysis of real samples demonstrated good reproducibility (RSD ≤ 5.5%) and recovery (98–102%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manufacturing companies focus on improving productivity, reducing costs, and aligning performance metrics with strategic objectives. In industries like paper manufacturing, minimizing equipment downtime is essential for maintaining high throughput. Leveraging the extensive data generated by these facilities offers opportunities for gaining competitive advantages through data-driven insights, revealing trends, patterns, and predicting future performance indicators like unplanned downtime length, which is essential in optimizing maintenance and minimizing potential losses. This paper explores statistical and machine learning techniques for modeling downtime length probability distributions and correlation with machine vibration measurements. We proposed a novel framework, employing advanced data-driven techniques like artificial neural networks (ANNs) to estimate parameters of probability distributions governing downtime lengths. Our approach specifically focuses on modeling parameters of these distribution, rather than directly modeling probability density function (PDF) values, as is common in other approaches. Experimental results indicate a significant performance boost, with the proposed method achieving up to 30% superior performance in modeling the distribution of downtime lengths compared to alternative methods. Moreover, this method facilitates unsupervised training, making it suitable for big data repositories of unlabelled data. The framework allows for potential expansion by incorporating additional input variables. In this study, machine vibration velocity measurements are selected for further investigation. The study underscores the potential of advanced data-driven techniques to enables companies to make better-informed decisions regarding their current maintenance practices and to direct improvement programs in industrial settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firecrackers are a vital element of cultural festivities that happen worldwide. However, the hazardous by-products they emit have a significant impact on environmental pollution, leading to the greenhouse effect and climate change. Aluminium powder serves as the fuel in the traditional flash powder mixture, nitrate of potassium serves as an oxidizing agent, and sulphur acts as the igniter at exact concentrations. The presence of sulfur in the flash powder mixture is critical as it acts as an igniter, contributing to the formation of sulfur dioxide, which can cause environmental harm. We carried out an experiment employing Sargassum wightii brown seaweed powder as a replacement for sulphur at specific amounts to lessen the effects of sulphur in flash powder. We discovered that Sargassum wightii brown seaweed powder may replace up to 50% of the sulphur significance in the flash powder mixture without impairing the flash powder's traditional performance. Our experiments included impact and friction sensitivity, SEM, and FTIR analyses to evaluate the improved flash powder composition. The results revealed that the modified flash powder mixture SP5 and SP10 emits less emission by 12% and 21%, and produces similar noise performance of 108 and 107 dB(A) to the normal flash powder composition (SP), affirming that the SP10 flash powder is a viable alternative. Moreover, in our relentless pursuit to mitigate the detrimental effects on our environment, we have ingeniously introduced a novel product—the Chinese cracker made from vegetable waste paper. Not only does this innovative solution address concerns regarding land pollution, but it also presents a sustainable approach to consumer goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper replies to “Can AI Believe?”—an insightful commentary on “Can AI Know?” Addressing the substantive concern, this paper argues that AI systems can possess knowledge-conducive dispositional beliefs, rather than mere dispositions to believe, akin to certain human perceptual and manipulated beliefs. In response to the dialectical concern, it defends the appropriateness of the original dilemmatic reasoning. The commentators’ claim that proponents of innate knowledge deny knowledge’s need for experience is critically examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data from giant project show how withdrawn research propagates through the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, language practitioners have paid increasing attention to artificial intelligence (AI)'s role in language programs. This study investigated the impact of AI-assisted language assessment on L2 learners' foreign language anxiety (FLA), attitudes, motivation, and writing skills. The study adopted a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design. Divided between an experimental group (receiving AI-assisted assessment) and a control group (receiving paper-format assessment), the participants were 70 intermediate English learners from two intact university classes in Bangladesh. The TOEFL iBT writing section measured writing skills, while the study also investigated perceptions and experiences of FLA, attitudes, and motivation using narrative frames. Thematic analysis of the narrative data showed that AI-assisted assessment greatly raised learners' motivation, improved attitudes about language acquisition, and lowered FLA. According to quantitative analysis, the pretest writing abilities across groups showed no appreciable variation. Even though the difference was not statistically significant on the posttest, the experimental group exceeded the control group. The results of this study imply that AI-assisted assessments can generate a helpful learning environment, lower anxiety, improve attitudes, and increase motivation, thereby delivering useful information. Future studies should investigate long-term consequences, and further improvements to AI tools should optimize educational advantages—attitudes, motivation, and writing skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementation gaps in the areas of naturalization and immigrant regularization emerge through a mismatch between the documents a residence country requires, and the documents that refugees and migrants can realistically provide. Those caught in this gap may live undocumented or risk statelessness. Residence countries can close such paperwork gaps by adapting legal interpretations and easing administrative requirements. When Colombia faced large-scale international displacement from Venezuela, state actors identified documentation-based implementation gaps in its nationality law and regularization procedures; they then took an innovative – yet not faultless – approach by adapting its citizenship and immigration regimes to accommodate displaced Venezuelans. These changes strengthened access to essential rights and increased the well-being of many. In this article, we develop the concepts of paperwork gaps and paper bridges and discuss the actors, impact, and limitations of Colombia's policy innovations in the areas of nationality by birth, naturalization, and regularization based on research conducted from 2020 to 2023. The study advances the literature on government learning regarding policies within citizenship and immigration regimes that target internationally displaced populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of physical theories, thought experiments play a crucial role. Research on this topic began in 1976 and has continued to the present. This study aims to provide a more complete picture of the progress of thought experiments over the past two decades. To achieve this, this study employs bibliometric mapping methods. A total of 679 published papers were analyzed, including articles (504), conference papers (92), and book chapters (83). This data was retrieved from the Scopus database. The study's findings reveal that research and publications on thought experiments are highly valued and have received significant attention over the past eight years. According to the findings, 90% of the top 20 source titles contributing to thought experiments are from journals in the first and second quartiles (Q1 and Q2). This quartile ranking shows the quality and significant influence of a journal. The geographical distribution indicates that the United States contributes the most to thought experiments research, with 213 documents, 2592 citations, and 47 links. We also identified several prospective keywords that could be the focus of future research, including artificial intelligence, physics education, fiction, God, theology, productive imagination, technology, speculative design, and critical design. Therefore, this study provides a thorough picture of thought experiment research trends and future directions of potential topics that can be the focus of future researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the process of conservation mounting, starch paste made from wheat flour is the glue of choice to paste reinforcing strips and backing papers, often Xuan paper, for mending and decorating aged and damaged paper-based Chinese artworks. To keep objects intact and select appropriate conservation materials, this research explored the applicability of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis for the characterization of contemporary unsized Xuan paper with and without starch. In particular, partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to predict the degree of polymerization (DP) of the paper, i.e., one of the most important properties of paper materials, and principal component analysis (PCA) was used to detect starch and to distinguish between papers with different amounts of starch. Using 12 contemporary unsized Xuan papers, the NIR-PLS method for DP prediction was validated, and the best-performed model was generated using the logarithmic transformation of DP−1 as a response variable, with root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of DP 128. The NIR-PCA method was also found to be applicable to separate starch-free papers and papers treated with starch, and the results indicate that the higher the content of starch, the better PCA classification performs. This research provides supporting data for the non-destructive characterization of Xuan paper-based objects and differentiates between Xuan paper before and after treatment with starch. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, two methods were examined to optimize the immobilization of antibodies on paper when conducting a paper-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (P-ELISA). Human IgG, as a test-capture protein, was immobilized on paper via the formation of Schiff bases. Aldehyde groups were introduced onto the surface of the paper via two methods: NaIO4 and 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) with glutaraldehyde (APTS-glutaraldehyde). In the assay, horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgG (HRP-anti-IgG) binds to the immobilized human IgG, and the colorimetric reaction of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzyzine (TMB) produces a blue color in the presence of H2O2 and HRP-anti-IgG as a model analyte. The immobilization of human IgG, the enzymatic reaction conditions, and the reduction of the chemical bond between the paper surface and immobilized human IgG all were optimized in order to improve both the analytical performance and the stability. In addition, the thickness of the paper was examined to stabilize the analytical signal. Consequently, the APTS-glutaraldehyde method was superior to the NaIO4 method in terms of sensitivity and reproducibility. Conversely, the reduction of imine to amine with NaBH4 proved to exert only minimal influence on sensitivity and stability, although it tended to degrade reproducibility. We also found that thick paper was preferential when using P-ELISA because a rigid paper substrate prevents distortion of the paper surface that is often caused by repeated washing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-world information is often characterized by uncertainty and partial reliability, which led Zadeh to introduce the concept of Z-numbers as a more appropriate formal structure for describing such information. However, the computation of Z-numbers requires solving highly complex optimization problems, limiting their practical application. Although linguistic Z-numbers have been explored for their computational straightforwardness, they lack theoretical support from Z-number theory and exhibit certain limitations. To address these issues and provide theoretical support from Z-numbers, we propose a Z-number linguistic term set to facilitate more efficient processing of Z-number-based information. Specifically, we redefine linguistic Z-numbers as Z-number linguistic terms. By analyzing the hidden probability density functions of these terms, we identify patterns for ranking them. These patterns are used to define the Z-number linguistic term set, which includes all Z-number linguistic terms sorted in order. We also discuss the basic operators between these terms. Furthermore, we develop a multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) model based on the Z-number linguistic term set. Applying our method to predict the acceptance of academic papers, we demonstrate its effectiveness and superiority. We compare the performance of our MCGDM method with five existing Z-number-based MCGDM methods and eight traditional machine learning clustering algorithms. Our results show that the proposed method outperforms others in terms of accuracy and time consumption, highlighting the potential of Z-number linguistic terms for enhancing Z-number computation and extending the application of Z-number-based information to real-world problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodegradable plastics applied to soil stimulate the production of greenhouse gases and inhibit plant growth under aerobic conditions. This study aimed to examine the effects of biodegradable plastics on paddy rice growth and greenhouse gas emission under flooding conditions in pot experiments and also on greenhouse gas production under flooding conditions in an incubation experiment. Two series of pot experiments were conducted with rice (Oryza sativa). First series as immediate flooded and 2nd series as 2 weeks nonflooding before flooded, and both kept flooded until harvest. The following four kinds of materials were added to the sandy paddy soil, (1) nonwoven fabric sheets made of polylactic acid and polybutylene-succinate, (2) laminate sheets made of polybutylene adipate terephthalate and pulp, (3) cellulose filter paper, and (4) rice straw. Only soil was used as control. Methane (CH4) emission, measured by chamber method followed by gas chromatography, was significantly larger only in the cellulose treatment than the laminate treatment in the immediate flooded series, indicating that biodegradable plastics had no significant impact on CH4 emission from paddy rice soil. Rice growth and yield did not show significant difference among treatments in both series. Incubation experiment showed the largest CH4 production in cellulose-amended soil, followed by straw-amended and laminate amended soils, and least in fabric-amended soil, while CO2 did not show significant differences among treatments. We need further examination with different biodegradable plastics for a longer period that test used in this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presence of copying pencils in heritage objects poses a significant challenge for conservators due to their proneness to fading, sensitivity to solvents and difficulties in differentiation from regular graphite pencils. In this paper a method of copying pencils identification by means of ATR—FTIR spectroscopy is used. A protocol for spectra processing and dimensionality reduction of spectral data by means of principal component analysis has been developed, allowing for pencil types differentiation and providing an easy to read visual representation of the collected data. The protocol has been developed on mock-up samples and tested on objects from the archives of the State Museum Auschwitz – Birkenau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We argue that students have moral reasons to refrain from using chatbots such as ChatGPT to write certain papers. We begin by showing why many putative reasons to refrain from using chatbots fail to generate compelling arguments against their use in the construction of these papers. Many of these reasons rest on implausible principles, hollowed out conceptions of education, or impoverished accounts of human agency. They also overextend to cases where it is permissible to rely on a machine for something that once required human cognition. We then give our account: you have a moral obligation to respect your own humanity (i.e., your capacity to set and pursue your own ends), and the process of writing a humanities paper is important for the cultivation of your humanity. We conclude by considering objections and offering replies. In the end, we argue that the moral reasons students have to refrain from using chatbots depend crucially on instructors' ability to make writing assignments worthwhile. This relies on instructors having the right kind of institutional support, which sheds light on implications that this duty has for administrators, legislators, and the general public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state-of-the-art technology of fabricating printed copper electronics is focussed largely on thermal sintering restricting transition towards heat sensitive flexible substrates. Herein we report a pioneering technology which eliminates the need for conventional sintering. Biopolymer-stabilised copper particles are prepared such that they can be compressed at room temperature to generate air-stable films with very low resistivities (2.05 – 2.33 × 10−8 Ω m at 20 °C). A linear positive correlation of resistivity with temperature verifies excellent metallic character and electron microscopy confirms the formation of films with low porosity (< 4.6%). An aqueous ink formulation is used to fabricate conductive patterns on filter paper, first using a fountain/dip pen and then printing to deposit more defined patterns (R < 2 Ω). The remarkable conductivity and stability of the films, coupled with the sustainability of the approach could precipitate a paradigm-shift in the use of copper inks for printable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frequency-domain dielectric spectroscopy (FDS) technology is commonly utilized for assessing the condition of power equipment with oil–paper insulation. Nonetheless, its application in practical field conditions is limited because of the constantly changing temperature in the measurement environment and the equipment under inspection. To address this issue, this paper presents a method for separating the conductance and polarization components in dielectric response, and conducts experiments to measure the dielectric curves of oil–paper samples at five different temperatures. Subsequently, the dielectric curves in the entire frequency range are decomposed into three distinct microscopic dielectric processes: low-frequency conductivity, low-frequency polarization, and high-frequency polarization. The impact of temperature variation on these microscopic dielectric processes is investigated to establish a connection between them and the physical meaning of the complex dielectric constant. This leads to proposing a new method for temperature translation normalization of dielectric curves. Experimental results reveal that each microscopic dielectric curve undergoes translation due to temperature changes, with varying amplitudes of translation. Based on the temperature translation characteristics of these microscopic processes, the suggested temperature translation normalization method for dielectric responses demonstrates excellent efficacy, aiding in the precise assessment of power equipment insulation status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work demonstrates the application of urea-powered paper-based fuel cells (PFCs) with Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant to drive a flexible electronic circuit (ring oscillator (RO)), for the first time. Herein, the electrochemical performance of four different PFCs has been studied by employing non-precious electrodes as the anode and cathode. These are the membraneless PFC with (i) Toray carbon paper (CP) (ii) Nickel (Ni)-mesh (iii) Nickel Cobalt nanoparticles supported on reduced Graphene Oxide loaded on the CP (Ni Co@rGo@CP) and (iv) membrane-based PFC with Ni Co@rGo@CP as the electrodes. In each PFC the same electrode is employed on both the sides. A single membraneless-PFC with Ni-Co@rGo@CP as electrodes delivered a peak power density (Pmax) of 55 µW cm−2, maximum current density (Jmax) of 371 µA cm−2 and an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 0.7 V at 3 M urea. While, a single membrane-based PFC assembled on an anion exchange membrane with Ni-Co@rGo@CP electrodes, delivered a Pmax of ≈70 µW cm−2 and Jmax of ≈500 µA cm−2 at an OCV of 0.7 V with 3 M urea. Subsequently, a stack of two membrane-based PFCs delivered an OCV of ≈1.4 V for 400 s. Finally, this stack is employed as a power source to drive a RO. The measured frequency and peak-to-peak voltage are 37.52 kHz and 1.04 V, respectively. This demonstration opens a window to implement self-contained flexible electronic system using PFCs as the power source with minimal e-waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing low-cost, high-catalytic-performance anode electrocatalysts is a significant challenge for methanol oxidation (MOR) and urea oxidation (UOR) reactions. Using paper templates with abundant pores to prepare thin porous metal materials helps to obtain high-performance electrode materials. The nano amorphous B-doped Ni/crystalline Ni (nanoam Ni-B/Ni) foil composite electrodes were derived from paper templates prepared by impregnation, high-temperature reduction, and electrodeposition methods. Porous Ni foils (Nip) derived thinnest rice ("Xuan") paper, initially used for Chinese calligraphy and painting, exhibits the best performance due to its strong adsorption and wettability. Compared to direct current electrodeposition, pulse electrodeposition yields finer amorphous B-doped Ni nanoparticles with good catalytic performance. Under a current density of 100 mA·cm−2, the nanoam Ni-B/Ni composite electrode prepared under a duty cycle of 0.5–1.0 s achieved current densities of 290.4 mA·cm−2 (MOR) and 340.4 mA·cm−2 (UOR) at 0.8 V, which are improved by 37.1% and 55.1%, respectively, compared to those of Nip. After 2000 cycles, with solution replacement, the current densities maintained 99.2% (MOR) and 81.6% (UOR) of the original values, showing excellent electrocatalytic stability. This research provided a new use for Chinese rice paper, and the prepared Nip-based electrode, with a thickness of about 60 μm and a low area quality, had a simple preparation process and good electrochemical properties, and can be used as a potential substitute for commercial Ni foam for portable or small electrochemical devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A scientist reviewing a study spotted figures that looked identical to his own, leading to a frustrating campaign to prevent its publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable materials and material circularity are key priorities for the coming decades. While paper is the most utilized material in the packaging sector, its applications in food packaging are limited due to low barrier properties. Coating it with petroleum-based polymer barrier coatings renders it unrecyclable both mechanically and biologically. Bio-coated paper packaging, made from agricultural waste or by-products, presents environmentally favorable solutions that can benefit the biological cycle of the circular economy. The main objective of this study is to assess the applicability of grain and beer production by-products in wood pulp food packaging materials. It examines the effects of different grain by-products (industrial wheat grain processing residues and wheat bran) particles and concentrations (15 wt% and 40 wt%), as well as the impact of brewer's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) at a concentration of 10 wt%, on the physical–mechanical and barrier properties of Northern bleached softwood kraft (NBSK) and chemithermomechanical (CTMP) pulps. Material composites were fabricated using a standard sheet forming method. Physical–mechanical properties were analyzed through tensile strength, strain at break, tear resistance, and bending stiffness tests. Barrier-related properties were analyzed through roughness, air permeance, and water contact angle tests. Results revealed that the vast majority of physical–mechanical properties decreased with the increase of both types of grain production fillers. Industrial wheat grain processing residues had a lower impact on physical–mechanical properties than wheat bran filler. A higher percentage of property decrease was absorbed in NBSK pulp than in CTMP. Roughness of CTMP can be improved by adding both industrial wheat grain processing residues and wheat bran. Wheat bran particles can increase hydrophobicity. CTMP pulp strength properties can be increased with the addition of yeast; however, the yeast additive's effect on air permeance demonstrated a negative impact. In the case of NBSK pulp, which has higher primary strength properties, the addition of yeast does not make any significant changes. The conducted experiments demonstrated that, overall, the addition of these fillers resulted in a decline in physical–mechanical properties such as tensile strength, strain at break, tear resistance, and bending stiffness. This decline was more pronounced with higher concentrations of fillers. In the case of CTMP pulp, both types of fillers exhibited similar trends in affecting properties, whereas for NBSK pulp, wheat bran had a more significant impact compared to wheat grain processing residues. The addition of yeast generally led to a reduction in physical–mechanical properties, particularly in tensile strength and tear resistance. However, samples containing yeast displayed increased flexibility compared to controls. The influence on barrier properties varied: while yeast increased air permeability, it also enhanced surface hydrophobicity, thereby reducing the paper's receptivity to liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic development of a country directly depends upon industries. But this economic development should not be at the cost of our natural environment. A substantial amount of water is spent during paper production, creating water scarcity and generating wastewater. Therefore, the Pollution Control Board classifies this industry into red category. Water is used in different papermaking stages such as debarking, pulping or bleaching, washing, and finishing. The wastewater thus generated contains lignin and xenobiotic compounds such as resin acids, chlorinated lignin, phenols, furans, dioxins, chlorophenols, adsorbable organic halogens (AOX), extractable organic halogens (EOCs), polychlorinated biphenyls, plasticizers, and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins. Nowadays, several microorganisms are used in the detoxification of these hazardous effluents. Researchers have found that microbial degradation is the most promising treatment method to remove high biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater. Microorganisms also remove AOX toxicity, chlorinated compounds, suspended solids, color, lignin, derivatives, etc. from the pulp and paper mill effluents. But in the current scenario, mill effluents are known to deteriorate the environment and therefore it is highly desirable to deploy advanced technologies for effluent treatment. This review summarizes the eco-friendly advanced treatment technologies for effluents generated from pulp and paper mills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soot stain from diverse sources is the most common stain that stains historical paper documents found in libraries, museums, and storage facilities. It is believed to be one of the types of deterioration that arises from the contact between stains and paper sheets. Therefore, in the present work, the effectiveness of the synthesized hybrid nanogel consisting of carbopol and nanoparticles (NPs) of ZnO, TiO2, or Fe3O4, in low and high-viscosity forms, for eliminating soot stains from historical paper manuscripts was conducted. The prepared hybrid nanogels were characterized utilizing the TEM, AFM, XRD, DLS, and Zeta Potential techniques. Following preparation, the soot-stained paper samples were heated to 105 °C for 6 days, a process known as accelerated thermal aging. Surface morphology, mechanical properties and the color change of the paper samples were investigated. The prepared hybrid nanogel had a spherical shape with well-defined edges and uniform size, with an average particle diameter ranging from 30 to 35 nm. There was no significant NPs agglomeration seen, suggesting uniform dispersion in the carbopol matrix. Additionally, the prepared gels' crystal structure and phase purity were revealed by the XRD analysis results. Paper fibers were visible in some parts of the treated sample with TiO2/carbopol hybrid nanogel at high-viscosity before aging. Cleaning soot-stained paper samples using high-viscosity Fe3O4/carbopol hybrid nanogel is more successful than using low-viscosity nanogel. the sample treated with high-viscosity ZnONPs/carbopol hybrid nanogel produced the highest total color differences (ΔE) (26.17). The paper sample treated with high-viscosity ZnO/carbopol hybrid nanogel exhibited the maximum tensile strength (61.8 N/mm2) and elongation at break (1.174%). The evaluation of the paper samples both before and after the cleaning process revealed that, the treatment with high-viscosity ZnO/carbopol hybrid nanogel gave the best results in removing soot stains from stained paper samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based conductive inks, with their low cost, ease of fabrication, and environmental friendliness, have a wide range of applications. In this study, we present the development of a candle-soot-based conductive ink through a simple and cost-effective synthesis process. The composite was formulated by incorporating candle-soot with PVDF-HFP polymer using DMF as a solvent. The study evaluates the performance of different amounts of carbon present in a candle-soot-polymer composite. The conductive ink was also filled in a ballpoint refill, circuits were drawn, and I–V responses were studied. The conductive films were thoroughly characterized using SEM, EDX, TGA, and IV characteristics. XRD and FTIR analyses were performed to assess the properties of the conductive film (CPC4) and candle-soot. Four distinct conductive ink formulations were synthesized by varying the percentage of candle-soot. I-V studies revealed that the electrical resistance of the composite films decreased with increasing candle-soot content. The results demonstrated excellent conductivity, enabling the fabrication of simple and functional conductive circuits on paper using the developed CPC4 ink. Candle-soot, as filler, exhibited promising results comparable to expensive conductive fillers such as graphene and multi-walled carbon nanotubes. The developed conductive ink shows promising performance in flexible electronic devices, offering a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]