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In children, maintaining adequate fluid intake and hydration is important for physiological reasons and for the adoption of healthy, sustainable drinking habits. In the Liq.In7 cross-sectional surveys involving 6,469 children (4–17 years) from 13 countries, 60% of children did not meet the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) adequate intake for water from fluids. Beyond fluid quantity, the quality of what children drink is important for health. In these surveys, the contribution of sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juices to total fluid intake (TFI) in children exceeded that of water in 6 out of 13 countries. To assess the adequacy of children's fluid intake, urinary biomarkers of hydration such as urine osmolality, urine specific gravity, and urine color may be used. To date, while there are no widely accepted specific threshold values for urine concentration to define adequate hydration in children, the available literature suggests that many children have highly concentrated urine, indicating insufficient fluid intake. This is worrisome since studies have demonstrated a relationship between low fluid intake or insufficient hydration and cognitive performance in children. Furthermore, results of the Liq.In7 surveys showed that at school – where children spend a significant amount of time and require optimal cognitive performance – children drink only 14% of their TFI. Consequently, it is pertinent to better understand the barriers to drinking water at school and encourage the promotion of water intake through multicomponent interventions that combine educational, environmental, and behavioral aspects to support adequate hydration as well as optimal cognition in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nutrition plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the most widespread forms of nephrolithiasis, i.e. calcium (calcium oxalate and phosphate) and uric acid stone disease. For this reason, dietary measures are the first level of intervention in primary prevention, as well as in secondary prevention of recurrences. An unbalanced diet or particular sensitivity to various foods in stone formers can lead to urinary alterations such as hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, hypocitraturia and an excessively acid urinary pH. Over the course of time, these conditions contribute to the formation or recurrence of kidney stones, due to the effect they exert on the lithogenous salt profile. The fundamental aspects of the nutritional approach to the treatment of idiopathic nephrolithiasis are body weight, diet and water intake. This paper will present data resulting from our own investigations and the most significant evidence in literature. Copyright © 2004 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Upper urinary calculi (UUC) is considered to be a comprehensive disease associated with many risk factors, but the role of physical activity (PA) is undefined. Here, we conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate this relationship in Asian populations. Materials and Methods: Patients diagnosed with UUC were the subjects of study and those who participated in a health examination in local medical center were included as controls. Information was collected through the same standard questionnaire. A metabolic equivalent score (METs) was measured for each kind of activity. OR of UUC in categories of PA were determined by logistic regression. Results: A total of 1,782 controls and 1,517 cases were enrolled. People who took higher PA (5-9.9, 10-19.9, 20-29.9 and >30 METs/wk) weekly were associated with lower risks of UUC than those took lower PA (<4.9 METs/ wk) after adjusting for age, ethnicity, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, water intake, history of gout, history of diabetes mellitus, history of supplemental calcium use and history of hypertension (adjusted OR 0.11, 0.32, 0.24, 0.34; 95% CI 0.08-0.15, 0.23-0.43, 0.15-0.40, 0.22-0.53, respectively; p value <0.001). Conclusions: In our cross-sectional study, PA was associated with UUC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence from animal and human studies suggests a protective effect of higher water intake on kidney function and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here the associations between water intake, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CVD were examined in the general population. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Non-pregnant adults with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 ml/min/1.73 m2 who were not taking diuretics were included. Total water intake from foods and beverages was categorized as low (<2.0 l/day), moderate (2.0-4.3 l/day) and high (>4.3 l/day). We examined associations between low total water intake and CKD (eGFR 30-60 ml/min/1.73 m2) and self-reported CVD. Results: Of 3,427 adults (mean age 46 (range 20-84); mean eGFR 95 ml/min/1.73 m2 (range 30-161)), 13% had CKD and 18% had CVD. CKD was higher among those with the lowest (<2.0 l/day) vs. highest total water intake (>4.3 l/day) (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.91-6.96). When stratified by intake of (1) plain water and (2) other beverages, CKD was associated with low intake of plain water: adjusted OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.10-5.06), but not other beverages: adjusted OR 0.87 (95% CI 0.30-2.50). There was no association between low water intake and CVD (adjusted OR 0.76; 95% CI 0.37-1.59). Conclusions: Our results provide additional evidence suggesting a potentially protective effect of higher total water intake, particularly plain water, on the kidney. Copyright © 2013 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Gastric bypass (GB) is usually designed to restrict food intake and to induce malabsorption. Gastric hormones have been thought to play a role in the regulation of food intake and body weight. The aim of the present study was to analyze feeding behavior after total gastrectomy (Gx) or GB in rats. Methods: Animals were subjected to Gx, GB, or sham operations. Eating and drinking behaviors after surgeries were assessed by a comprehensive laboratory animal monitoring system. Gastric hormones were measured by radioimmunoassay and energy density in feces by adiabatic bomb calorimeter. Results: Compared with sham operation, both Gx and GB reduced the body weight as measured during 3–8 weeks postoperatively, which was associated with increased energy expenditure per 100 g body weight. Daily accumulated food intake and meal size (during nighttime) were reduced following Gx, but not GB. The water intake (during daytime) was increased after Gx and GB. The energy density in feces was unchanged. Serum concentrations of ghrelin, obestatin, leptin, gastrin, and pancreastatin were greatly reduced after Gx. Conclusions: Control of food intake and meal size was independent of the food reservoir function of the stomach. Surgical depletion of gastric hormones is associated with reduced meal size, but increased water intake. Copyright © 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]