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BACKGROUND: The workplace accommodation process is often affected by ineffective and inefficient communications and information exchanges among disabled employees and other stakeholders. Information systems (IS) can play a key role in facilitating a more effective and efficient accommodation process since IS has been shown to facilitate business processes and effect positive organizational changes. OBJECTIVE: Since there is little to no research that exists on IS use to facilitate the workplace accommodation process, this paper, as a critical first step, examines how IS have been used in the accommodation process. METHODS: Thirty-six interviews were conducted with disabled employees from various organizations. Open, axial, and selective coding were part of the analysis. Fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis was used to identify different levels of IS use based on participants' descriptions. RESULTS: An IS used in the workplace accommodation process consists of electronic request form, accommodation checklist, special budget, specific role, ancillary service, formal policy and procedure. There are different levels of IS use in the current accommodation process. The high-level IS use often results in a better accommodation performance than the low-level IS use, including high efficiency, high effectiveness, and low emotional tolls. Nevertheless, the high-level IS use often uses a specific, inflexible template as well as disregards human elements in the accommodation process. CONCLUSION: This work provides implications that future IS design should raise awareness of disability and accommodation, account for individual differences, involve multiple stakeholder inputs, as well as address the fundamental social issues in the accommodation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has undeniably brought up the issue of Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) for businesses in Turkey. In this global pandemic, strategies developed to effectively address OHS risks and eliminate them with reliable, high-quality data have gained importance. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the perceptions of employees in the forest products industry in Turkey regarding the OHS during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHOD: The sample of the descriptive and analytical study consisted of a total of 371 employees in forest product businesses located in Turkey. The sample of the study was determined by the purpose-based sampling method. Data were collected both online and face-to-face from June 2022 to October 2022. The data were obtained using the Questionnaire of Employee and Business Characteristics and the Scale of Employees' Perceptions on the OHS (S-POHS) adapted by Özden (2022). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS and calculated by descriptive analyses, pairwise comparison tests and multivariate regression analyses. RESULTS: 39.1% of the employees with a mean age of 34.12±8.78 years are high school graduates and 61.5% are workers. Significant differences were found in the S-POHS average scores of the employees in the businesses that produce paper-cardboard, have operated for less than 20 years, have a partnership structure with foreign capital and have an OHS Management System Quality Certificate (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: While a positive OHS perception level has already been achieved in the forest products industry in business administrations and by employees, it is clear that this should not be lost and it should be prepared for the next crises by adding new applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: There are still a lot of countries that do not provide employment opportunities to people with intellectual disability (ID). Ten years after the UN passed the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, it is important to review existing studies on the employment of individuals with intellectual disabilities. OBJECTIVE: In this study, researchers reviewed studies that examined the employment of people with intellectual disability. METHOD: A thorough search of various bibliographic databases identified 1005 academic papers. Ten studies on the employment of persons with intellectual disabilities met the criteria for in-depth analysis. RESULTS: Employment is vital for individuals with intellectual disability, but predetermined employment options and parent-related factors may limit their access to the labour market. Efforts must be made to ensure a seamless progression from school to work. Lack of support makes bridging the gap between individual capacity and societal demands challenging. For people with intellectual disability to increase employment opportunities, stakeholders must work together. CONCLUSION: An intervention to support and follow up on older employees with intellectual disability will be greatly appreciated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Many people living with mental illness want paid work, but finding and maintaining mainstream employment remains challenging. In recent decades, social enterprises have emerged as one alternative site for paid employment. Existing research has examined the experiences of people with mental illness working in social enterprises, but less is known about the organizational character of these workplaces. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to develop a better understanding of social enterprises as organizational contexts for workers with mental illness. METHODS: The research employed a qualitative methodology, conducting semi-structured interviews with executive directors and managers at 42 organizations operating 67 social enterprises across Canada RESULTS: While there are strong similarities in organizational mandate to create meaningful employment there are also important variations between social enterprises. These include variations in size, economic activity and organizational structure, as well as differences in hours of work, rates of pay and the nature and extent of workplace accommodation. These variations reflect both immediate organizational contexts as well as broader economic constraints that enterprises confront. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the varied nature of social enterprises is important for thinking about future enterprise development, and the capacity of such organizations to create meaningful employment for people living with mental illness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The Australian Government has applied considerable focus to improving the unemployment rate of people with disability through initiatives to build their capacity and job readiness. Far less attention has been paid to addressing the needs of business, especially small- to medium-sized enterprises (SME). OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the Diversity Field Officer Service (DFOS) pilot, which aimed to address that gap through providing direct support to SME to build disability confidence and more inclusive organizations. METHODS: We used a mixed method approach (pre- and post-service surveys along with post-service semi-structured interviews) with representatives from 36 businesses. We used descriptive statistics and thematic analysis to summarise the survey data and interview material, respectively. RESULTS: Confidence in employing people with disability increased, as did the employment of, and intention to employ, people with disability. Many businesses were implementing, or planning to implement, measures to increase the employment of people with disability. DFOS capacity building exercises and activities (e.g., one-to-one conversations to understand the specific needs and challenges of their businesses) were all rated highly. Participants were generally supportive of an ongoing role for DFOS. CONCLUSION: The DFOS holds promise as a strategy to increase the employment of people with disability in SME. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the online sales industry experienced record-breaking growth. The number of businesses that decided to enter the e-commerce market for the first time was enormous. At the height of the quarantine, Brazil was registering a new virtual store every minute. This was an unanticipated and unplanned expansion. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to identify existing challenges in human interactions with e-commerce, such as the difficulties faced during the pandemic and improvements to ensure growth of, and confidence in, this type of business. METHODS: An exploratory study of e-commerce data and an online survey using the snowball non-probabilistic method were developed to research the growth of, and issues in, Brazilian users' interaction with e-commerce, comparing findings before and after the pandemic restrictions. RESULTS: Some businesses were not prepared, and the lack of experience among workers contributed to businesses not delivering on their promises. The acceleration of e-commerce demonstrates the need to guarantee that Brazil can effectively use e-commerce to capitalize on digital supply chain opportunities and enhance their role in its economic expansion, while remaining human-centered. CONCLUSIONS: For users' needs to be met, companies and online workers must understand people's needs and behaviors in order to provide excellent service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Despite the great potential that technical solutions, based on the Internet of Things (IoT), offer for companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), companies are hesitant to implement such solutions. Reasons for this lie in the resulting far-reaching change, which particularly affects working activities and communication between employees and IoT objects in their environment. OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to investigate (1) how the implementation of an IoT solution, consisting of multiple objects, might be integrated into daily working activities; (2) what reactions might occur at the individual level; and (3) what structural conditions should be established at the organizational level. METHODS: We applied a scenario-based design. Specifically, we conducted interviews to develop personas and scenarios describing human–machine interactions during implementation of the IoT solution in an initial phase. RESULTS: Regarding changing work activities, we identified three structural conditions that facilitate the implementation of IoT in SMEs: (1) the development of a support unit that bundles communication and training activities as well as internal and external knowledge; (2) the planning of an appropriate testing and adoption phase that enables participation and feedback; and (3) the creation of an incentive structure that includes social reward, empowerment, and recognition. CONCLUSION: IoT gives employees enhanced access to resources, information, and feedback, supporting an efficient way of working. To successfully implement IoT solutions, companies, especially SMEs, must actively address organizational change and empower their employees to manage technological innovations at an early stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Microenterprise is emerging as an employment pathway for people with intellectual disabilities, but there is little published research in this area. OBJECTIVE: To identify the facilitators, barriers and outcomes from microenterprises owned by people with intellectual disabilities from several stakeholder perspectives. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven business owners and 22 other stakeholders with data analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: A key facilitator for successful microenterprise was the availability of, and continued access to, three pillars of formal support (microenterprise consultant, personal assistant, and an enterprise management group). Key barriers identified were funding limitations, role confusion between supports, and problems recruiting supports with business skills. Outcomes for business owners included personal/emotional growth, skills development, autonomy, having a meaningful role, and contributing to their communities. Other stakeholders experienced personal rewards and an increased expectation of the capacities of people with intellectual disabilities. Income generation and cessation of benefits was not the goal of the model or noted as a main consideration by stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS: Microenterprise can provide people with intellectual disabilities with an employment pathway highly tailored to their goals, capacities and interests. With consistent formal support, people with intellectual disabilities can run businesses over many years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In many European countries, entrepreneurs have to consider psychosocial factors in the workplace risk assessment. Little is known about psychosocial working conditions in micro- and small companies. Even less is known about the entrepreneur in these settings. OBJECTIVE: The present study was conducted to develop and examine the job demands and resources of small business owners and managers, who serve as important designers of their businesses' working characteristics. METHODS: N = 29 semi-structured interviews with a unique sample of owners and managers of the transportation sector were analysed via qualitative content analysis. RESULTS: The data suggest the presence of specific demands (time-, management-, and organisational demands) and resources (support and feedback). In particular, the variability and load of the demands indicate that the existing theoretical framework for employees is inadequate for evaluating the working characteristics of micro- and small business managers. CONCLUSION: Occupational health activities in small companies should include the working situation of the entrepreneur/manager. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The sustainability of the workforce is threatened due to working conditions. One of the reasons for this is an imbalance between the working conditions and the capacity of the workers. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the paper, based on a literature review, is to explore the relationship between two main concepts, beginning with sustainability, and finished with ergonomics. Based on that relationship, determine if ergonomics could be helpful to improve the sustainability of the workforce. METHODS: Literature review was based on two keywords: sustainability and ergonomics. The focus was on create a theoretical path between these two concepts. The literature review draws on 100 journal articles, books, conference proceedings, thesis and reports. RESULTS: The results of the literature review highlights that an ergonomics approach is helpful and appropriate to determine the mismatch between people capacity and system demand. In that sense, the literature review reveals that both disciplines, ergonomics and sustainability, share the same principles and that the mix of both has significant potential. However, the literature also shows a lack of empirical information that proves that potential. CONCLUSION: The review first posits that sustainability principles could be helpful to improve the working conditions, and second, that an ergonomics approach provides information related with working conditions, organizations’ problems and the needs of workers that would be helpful to create a sustainability workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to identify current trends and practices that have been influencing Japanese business environment and their consequences to corporate world by conducting a review of existing empirical evidence on this topic. An in-depth review of more than 1,600 articles published in high-quality academic journals in the areas of Business Management, Accounting, Social Sciences, Engineering, Economics, Econometrics, Operations Research Management Science, Psychology, Public Administration, Finance and Decision Sciences was pursued following a multiple-step process. Furthermore, the trends were classified into six categories based on their occurrence frequency and described in detail. These trends involve: reformulating strategic management principles, less lifelong employment orientation and change of traditional HRM practices, raising labour force participation, female participation in management and improving education, use of non-financial performance indicators, decomposition of a large organization into smaller units and opening up to outside influence. Each of the categories contained specific practices that interacted with each other, shaping and giving strength to each individual category. Finally, the insights extracted from the literature review were synthesized and directions to future research were provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) training is obligatory for Ontario workplaces. The purpose of this training is to help workers understand the health and safety issues associated with using chemicals, including how to understand the information contained in the Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) that come with all chemicals. However, many workers still do not know how hazardous workplace chemicals can be and they find it difficult to objectively determine the level of hazard posed by the chemicals they use. OBJECTIVE: A team of researchers, unions, and health and safety associations created a tool for Joint Health and Safety Committees (JHSC) of small and medium-sized businesses to help them identify, assess and prioritize the health hazards posed by workplace chemicals using SDSs as the primary source of information. METHODS: The team recruited the JHSCs of six workplaces to pilot the usefulness of the Chemical Hazard Assessment and Prioritization (CHAP) tool. The CHAP tool helps workplaces rank their chemicals within one of five hazard levels using information contained in SDSs. RESULTS: Despite a difficult recruitment process, the participating JHSCs thought the CHAP process of assessing and prioritizing their workplace chemicals was useful. It raised their awareness of chemical hazards, increased their understanding of SDSs, and helped them prioritize their chemicals for improved control measures. CONCLUSIONS: Small and medium-sized businesses found the tool to be useful, but suggested that an electronic version would be easier to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an interview with Heidi Jannenga, a physical therapist and founder of the Rizing Tide Foundation, which seeks to inspire diversity and inclusiveness in the physical therapy industry. Among the issues she discussed include a background on her business and how she got started in social entrepreneurship, her business' contribution to the prevention of illness, injury and disability for underserved populations, and her advice to those who wants to be social entrepreneurs.

BACKGROUND: People with intellectual disability and high or very high support needs face systemic economic and social exclusion. Small business enterprise (SBE) models of employment focusing on adults with intellectual disability have emerged relatively recently, predominantly developed by parents. These are highly individualised, person-centred, and are built around the skills, strengths, and interests of the focal person. SBEs draw on a range of funding sources and paid and unpaid supports are instrumental in their development and continuation. OBJECTIVE: To explore the utility of SBE as an emerging employment pathway to economic and social inclusion for adults with intellectual disability. RESULTS: Four case studies describe a range of strategies to develop and maintain SBEs to create meaningful economic and social inclusion. They illustrate different supports used in establishing and continuing these arrangements, and issues related to safeguarding and sustainability. CONCLUSION: There is a dearth of empirical studies of SBE for people with intellectual disability who have high or very high support needs. Further work to develop and operationalise an SBE quality framework needs to account for the differences between the start-up and continuation stages, emphasising sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business rules play a critical role in developing effective and flexible information systems. In light of this critical role, the publication of the Semantic Business Vocabulary and Business Rules standard (SBVR) is considered a highly significant advance. However, although SBVR is a major breakthrough in defining business vocabulary and rules, its subsequent adoption in practical applications has proved to be much slower than originally anticipated. This paper proposes an approach that firstly reduces the SBVR complexity by identifying a subset that can be used to express structural design models unambiguously. Secondly, it formalizes a transformation that maps the identified SBVR subset to the UML class diagram, based on formally defined and validated meta-models that can guarantee the correctness of the generated UML class model. Finally, it incorporates the formal meta-models and the formal transformation algorithm into an automated transformation tool. The proposed approach is evaluated by taking into consideration the aspects of applicability, functionality, correctness, and completeness through a number of case studies and a comparison with an existing transformation approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Ergonomics in Cyprus is a rather neglected area of safety. The size of the country, the lack of scientific expertise, the nature of the economy and the nature of the majority of the enterprises make it a case, different from the average. OBJECTIVE: The aims of the survey were to examine the views and perceptions of employees and owners/managers on safety issues of micro-firms in Cyprus, to collect information on accidents and other aspects of safety performance in micro-firms and to cross-check the above data with data collected from safety inspectors for the above firms. METHODS: The authors with the collaboration of the Department of Labour Inspection of the Republic of Cyprus collected information from a relatively large number of micro companies in a National survey. Information from employees, employers and labour inspectors was drawn. RESULTS: Particular emphasis is paid on the exploration of the relationship of the non-use of personal protection equipment with a number of factors. Results show the resistance of employees to the use of PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) and GPM (General Protective Measures). CONCLUSIONS: The results of the survey are in line with the relevant literature. Micro firms illustrate several interesting findings that are discussed in detail in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Occupational health services (OHS) are often described as an important resource to reduce work-related diseases and improve the workplace. OBJECTIVE: This paper identifies key factors for successful collaboration between Swedish OHS providers and their client companies. METHODS: Interviews were carried out with representatives of 15 companies and their OHS providers. The interviews were transcribed and their content analyzed. RESULTS: The results revealed that successful collaboration was highly correlated with six factors. First, the collaboration depends on both parties; "it takes two to tango". Second, the company and the OHS provider have a joint commitment to a long-term collaboration. Third, the collaboration is built on frequent contact at different organizational levels. Fourth, the company has a well-structured work environment for occupational health and safety management. Fifth, the OHS provider uses a consultative approach in its prevention and promotion activities. Finally, OHS providers seek to treat the company, not the individual. CONCLUSIONS: Our research indicates that a successful collaboration requires both occupational health and safety management (OHSM) within the company and the assistance of a competent OHS provider. A change toward more promotion and prevention services benefits the company, since the occupational health services are better tailored to the company's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: There is entrenched exclusion of around half the working age people with disability in Australia and elsewhere. There also appears to be a lack of attention being paid to the ‘demand’ side of efforts to improve the employment of people with disability, particularly in relation to small and medium sized organizations. OBJECTIVE: To identify gaps in disability employment research, policy, and strategies in relation to small to medium employers; and to identify challenges and potential solutions for these employers in becoming disability confident and inclusive organizations. METHODS: A comprehensive search of literature was conducted including published articles, books, and reports. Searches were also conducted on relevant government and disability employment related web sites. RESULTS: First, although larger employers are contributing to the discussion of ways to increase the employment of people with disability, small to medium employers are largely missing from the discussion. Second, reliance on the broad business case argument alone for employing people with disability, is not enough to change attitudes and organizational cultures that are at the root of the workforce exclusion of people with disability. CONCLUSIONS: The major barrier to employment of people with disability is negative attitudes that result in discriminatory organizational cultures. Current initiatives in this area are not addressing the needs or potential role of small to medium organizations. Solutions to both these issues are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses various reports within the issue on topics related to domain specific business ontologies that have emerged in multiple fields.

Research suggests that Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) practitioners have difficulty influencing the decisionmaking process because they are placed on the sidelines in the organisation. This paper analyses the strategies that OHS practitioners use to fulfill their job role and the impact they have on the working environment and OHS management systems. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten New Zealand OHS practitioners from mainly large private and public organisations about their job role, OHS tasks, strategies and their impact. The interviews were tape recorded, transcribed, entered into a qualitative data management programme and analysed thematically in relation to their strategies, barriers and their impact on the OHS management system and working environment. The analysis revealed that these OHS practitioners used multiple strategies - chosen in relation to the situation, the stakeholders and their own resources. They saw themselves as change agents or facilitators. They preferred to use a knowledge strategy, supported by an audit strategy. Their last resort was a regulation strategy. All of the practitioners had a positive impact on stakeholders' knowledge, attitude and behavior and on OHS management systems. Some practitioners improved the working environment but few were involved in introduction of new technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ergonomics is a holistic discipline encompassing a wide range of special interest groups. The role of an ergonomics consultant is to provide integrated solutions to improve comfort, safety and productivity. In Australia, there are two types of consultants - generalists and specialists. Both have training in ergonomics but specialist knowledge may be the result of previous education or work experience. This paper presents three projects illustrating generalist and specialist (visual ergonomics) consultancy: development of a vision screening protocol, solving visual discomfort in an office environment and solving postural discomfort in heavy industry. These case studies demonstrate how multiple ergonomics consultants may work together to solve ergonomics problems. It also describes some of the challenges for consultants, for those engaging their services and for the ergonomics profession, e.g. recognizing the boundaries of expertise, sharing information with business competitors, the costs-benefits of engaging multiple consultants and the risk of fragmentation of ergonomics knowledge and solutions. Since ergonomics problems are often multifaceted, ergonomics consultants should have a solid grounding in all domains of ergonomics, even if they ultimately only practice in one specialty or domain. This will benefit the profession and ensure that ergonomics remains a holistic discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this case study are to explore the strategy of business process outsourcing with focus on the service sector industry, and present a toolkit for deciding what and when to outsource in order to optimize a company's process metric, profitability or productivity while minimizing risks and exposures. The recommended process methodology for outsourcing features life cycle phases with go-no-go decisions in each phase. This assumes a mature, highly competitive company wanting to leverage the global outsourcing market opportunities. Emphasis was given on the strategy creation and business analysis activities, which highlighted use of strategy formulation tools and business decision modeling. The software-based model was vetted against a fictitious company modeled after an existing e-commerce company, faced with an outsourcing decision for its website maintenance and call center operations. Decision modeling was conducted in two stages: 1) Using Decision Matrix and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA), compare the attractiveness and risk numbers among three locations assessed – USA, India, and South Africa, and 2) Using @Risk software, perform a statistical/financial analysis and modeling. India turned out to be the best choice, where the company would expect to realize a significant increase in cash flow per year. This paper outlines a roadmap for managers contemplating an outsourcing strategy. Leveraging a business decision model will assist in choosing from among various alternatives and forecasting expected financial benefits. The authors also incorporated industry best practice of making go-no-go decisions for each phase of the project, serving as gates to the next phase. This will allow management to tightly manage resources and control cost of outsourcing. An original element of this paper is the business decision model for the service sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like a growing number of individuals, the author believes that business is facing the same bifurcation point physics was facing before the development of quantum mechanics – trying to fit a Newtonian explanation onto a non‐Newtonian problem. Given that perspective business needs a system‐based model not more research and development on its Newtonian practices and beliefs. The focus of this paper focuses is on the development of such a framework. This paper draws on science to identify the necessary requirements for a living system and converts that into a three‐entity framework. Through the conversion of this living‐system framework the necessary requirements for a living business system are identified. With that, an assortment of currently available system‐based business tools and techniques that fulfill most of the requirements of a living business system, are introduced. An approach to implementing these tools and techniques as well as remaining open for the incorporation of other systems‐based practices is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A written language and a transportable recording medium were key elements in the advancement of humankind. Five thousand years ago the Sumerians, using their cuneiform system of writing, recorded business transactions as well as epic poetry on clay tablets. For the thousand of years that have followed we have improved upon our methods of communication with others and upon how we prepare, organize, store, and share our collective knowledge. Now the Internet and the World Wide Web application operating together are causing a fundamental change in the way we have done things for millennia. We are engulfed by this new environment that is, from an historical perspective, merely in its infancy. This paper presents twelve premises regarding the digital environment that are not only reminders of major changes that are occurring, but that also serve as “bumper stickers” for others to consider as they examine this new environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we describe a new approach and support tool for the modelling and analysis of socio‐technical system configurations. This novel approach has been developed for use on systems composed of a wide variety of different components including social and organisational elements, in addition to the more traditional software and hardware aspects. Configuration models of such systems are lightweight and quick to construct and can help to promote understanding by the various stakeholders involved in system development, operation and evolution. These models also provide the data required for performing various useful forms of automated analysis. The results of such analysis can allow managers, administrators, developers and end users to investigate various efficiency, productivity and dependability attributes of the current configuration of a system. This can help support decisions about the evolution of a system by allowing the assessment of proposed changes such as the addition or removal of components, processes and structures. In this paper we utilise a real world case study in order to demonstrate and evaluate the utility of the described approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-increasing number of fielded Data Mining applications is evidence that the technology works and produces added value in a variety of business areas. Most of the research-lab generated algorithms have found their way under various guises in a number of commercial software packages. When considering the use of Data Mining, the average business user is now faced with a plethora of DM software to choose from. In order to be informed, such a choice requires a standard basis from which to compare and contrast alternatives along relevant, business-focused dimensions, as well as the location of candidate tools within the space outlined by these dimensions. This paper aims at meeting this business requirement. It presents a standard schema for the characterisation of Data Mining software tools and the results of a recent survey of 41 popular Data Mining tools described within this schema. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to characterize solid particulate aerosol derived from a cutlery microenterprise and to investigate substances associated with activities performed within the work environment. OBJECTIVE: Suspended particulate matter (SPM) was collected at different locations in the cutlery workshop and near machines used by workers, using passive sampling devices fitted with polytetrafluoroethylene filters, onto which total particulate material was deposited. The substances present in the SPM were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS: Identification of the substances was performed using the National Institute of Standards (NIST) library and automated mass spectral deconvolution and identification system. (AMDIS) software, considering at least 70% probability. The concentration of total dust, obtained using a gravimetric method, was approximately 1 mg.m–3. CONCLUSION: The toxic substances found in the SPM included halogenated hydrocarbons (containing chlorine, fluorine, and iodine) and aromatic hydrocarbons. The toxic substances included naphthalene, which is classified as carcinogenic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This paper intends to review the historical development and related issues involved in the employment of persons with disabilities under the Law on Employment Promotion of Persons with Disabilities in Japan in light of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). METHODS: The actual situations of the special subsidiary company system, which was established by the Law to assist large-sized enterprises in achieving their legally mandated quota, were analyzed, based on the relevant data and materials published by the government and other sources. CONCLUSIONS: The targeted enterprises could achieve the highest employment rates of persons with disabilities through the establishment of special subsidiary companies. However, various studies on these companies have revealed that more effort is needed to improve the quality of employment of their workers with disabilities in light of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite substantial and sustained investment of public funds in research and development, the return in new or improved Assistive Technology devices or services has not met expectations. The paper asserts that the creation, translation and transfer of technology-based knowledge is hampered by assumptions regarding the primacy of research over development and production, and the accompanying dominance of academia over industry. Parity between methods and sectors is needed to transform ideas into inventions and on to innovations. The Need to Knowledge Model offers a framework for achieving this parity in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A development programme was carried out by the Swedish government and the Swedish Labour Market Board (AF) over a period of more than twenty years. The paper describes a case history of a single national programme. Some significant conclusions from it are given. The rationale for the effort was the advent of micro-computers in the early 1980s and the ICT development in general. It was realised that people with disabilities would struggle in the job market if active measures were not taken. Within the AF expertise on different impairments and functional disorder was employed, often highly-skilled with many years of experience of helping people with workplace adaptations. In five years some 4000 jobs for disabled jobseekers were established by applying public procurement, partly on a pre-competitive basis. After these first five years the programme was regularised but still only as a development tool for another fifteen years, with a yearly budget of 0,5-1,0 M\psfig{figure=eur.eps,width=1.9mm}. The ICT technology offered successively a range of generative options, often pre-empting application to solutions beneficial for people having a variety of functional difficulties in their jobs. The projects were intended to include a potential to result in products or services on the open market. If new technology could be transferred into regular business, it would benefit the chief target groups and their procurers in the long run. One success case was Comfort Audio AB. The company was started in 1994 by two young entrepreneurs. Fifteen years later it employs some 60 people and finds its market all over the world with its cutting edge technology for hearing impaired persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the many constraints that small businesses (SBs) face in meeting legislative requirements, occupational health and safety (OHS) regulatory authorities and other OSH actors have developed programmes which can reach out to SBs and motivate and assist them in improving the work environment. A number of conceptual models help to enhance our understanding of OHS interventions in SBs and their effectiveness. However, they have mainly been evaluated on output rather than the process relating to the change theory underlying the intervention, and hence have seldom been rigorously evaluated. Thus little is known about how particular features of SBs can be taken into account when designing and implementing national programmes. This paper shows how realist analysis and programme theory may be used as a framework for evaluating, developing and improving national intervention programmes for the improvement of the work environment and reducing injuries in SBs. It illustrates this for a specific New Zealand intervention: the Workplace Safety Discount scheme and its implementation in the agriculture sector. In practice, realist analysis should be performed during the planning, implementation and management stages so that ongoing findings can be fed back to the participant social actors to help them make appropriate changes to enhance the likelihood of success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to control ergonomic risks among female cashiers working in a department store belonging to the retail market. This study was conducted between May and November 2010. Participatory ergonomics was applied through knowing and understanding how the company works, establishing the work team (Ergo group), training the team in ergonomics-related topics, and making decisions and interventions. The sample was composed of 71participants -mostly female cashiers-, and all of them have a musculoskeletal compromise, declaring pain or discomfort mainly in the neck, lower back, right wrist and shoulders. Among others, following problems were found: postural overload, repetitive work, manual load handling, mental fatigue, environmental discomfort, variable work schedules, extended working days, and absence of breaks. In the intervention, the main implemented changes were the redesign of workstation, complete change of chairs and keyboards, and the implementation of a rotation system, as well breaks for compensatory exercises. After that, an evident improvement of found problems was observed, therefore it can be concluded that participatory ergonomics is an attractive methodology, appropriate and efficient for solving and controlling ergonomic risks and problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many companies currently strive to support their employees' work-life balance through appropriate measures in order to improve employees' loyalty towards the company and to recruit new employees. In this context, flexibility in the area of working times is a measure that can influence employees' private lives immensely. This is why the individualisation of working time arrangements has been accorded high importance in current discussions on work-life balance. In this area, best practice examples can be found showing how working-time arrangements can improve the situation of the employees. It should be noted, however, that there is not one single perfect working-time model. A working-time model must always be adapted specifically to the actual situation of the company and the employees. Therefore, a targeted analysis of the challenges facing the company and the demands on the employees is essential for the creation of an appropriate working time policy. In particular, the employees' working-time preferences must be appropriately taken into account. Owing, however, to a combination of organisational complications and legal data protection restrictions, it is for the most part impossible to meet these working-time preferences in their entirety. This paper, which is based on an employee survey, illustrates the strain on employees in the retail sector and identifies different types of working-time preferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the reality of very small and small enterprises (VSSEs) in Brazil, concerning health and safety management of their workers. These companies tend to operate in a few administrative levels. The owners' health and safety culture is fundamental for the implementation of preventive measures. The VSSEs end up adopting merely reactive and under-the-law actions. In order to understand such reality, a questionnaire was elaborated especially for the reasearch made. Fiftyfive very small and small enterprises of the industrial, commercial and service sectors were selected. The research confirmed the reactive attitude shown by the VSSEs, thus demonstrating that none of the companies involved presented policies of safety and health. Even though not holding policies, programs or scopes of their activities, 22% of them revealed to have a clear definition of the responsibilities of their high level administration. Nevertheless, 10% had financial resources allocated to this sector. Such companies do not count on a frequent safety and health support. The ignorance on it leads them to take a reactive action. This study reaches its objective on contributing to the debate, besides indicating that the way to improvement is on the strict cooperation between governments, companies, workers and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology that assists persons with disabilities has been offered since long in the European countries. Many companies have been involved in the different support areas mainly for restoration and enhancement of hearing, vision, mobility and handling or assistance of activities of daily living. With the constitution of the common European market the set up and interaction of such companies in the market has gained attention on the background of the harmonisation process. The HEART study [1] presented a first look at the situation based on previous activities of e.g. COST 219 [2] and the CORE project [3]. HEART study line B [4] stated that "the European assistive technology market is fragmented because of geographical, cultural and political differences". It identifies problematic issues and market conditions of the early 1990s. With the development of the European Union and on the background of growing economies, of changing societies, of change of social legislation and the enormous progress of ICT technology subsequent investigations looked at the market from different perspectives [5-7]. Actually, market change has been observed by the studies but overall also many problems still have remained and not all potential is yet used. This paper makes an attempt to highlight the important aspects of the various study results and tries to come up with preliminary conclusions to be fed into the further discussion process for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of a collaborative approach involving electric utility companies, university researchers, individual contractors and a not-for-profit research institute, two ergonomics teams consisting of skilled utility workers and trained ergonomists, were assembled. These teams were to identify tasks with risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among workers in fossil-fueled generating stations and and to propose ergonomic interventions for these tasks. One team focused on tasks of electricians and the other focused on tasks of plant operators and mechanics. Several of the tasks were tested in an ergonomics laboratory and at one of the utility's generating stations. We present a sample of the recommended interventions in this paper. An anthropometric analysis of electrical box height recommended the appropriate height for electrical boxes. The results of a field experiment showed that low rolling resistance wheels decreased the forces to initiate and sustain pushing a cart. The same experiment also demonstrated that the forces required to turn a cart with six wheels were lower than the forces equired to turn a cart with four wheels. A collaborative approach to ergonomics proved to be an effective method to identify and assess tasks that are problematic for workers and to develop best practices for these tasks in the electric power industry. This method could be used by other industries in their attempt to decrease the incidence, cost and severity of workplace MSDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a model of organizational assessment that in support of enterprise transformation. We argue that the assessment process spans beyond performing the assessment itself. For the assessment to provide the expected benefit, organizations must first of all create an environment ensuring a clear understanding of the role assessment plays in the enterprise transformation process. To this end they must promote open and frequent discussion about the current state of the enterprise and future goals. The assessment process must be carefully planned to ensure it runs effectively and efficiently and that assessment results are accurate and reliable. Assessment results must be analyzed and turned into specific recommendations and action plans. At the same time, the assessment process itself must be evaluated and adjusted, if necessary, for the next assessment cycle. Based on literature review and case studies of four large aerospace companies, we recommend a five-phase assessment process model that includes mechanisms to change organizational behavior through pre-assessment phases. It also allows for adjustment of the assessment process itself based on the results and experience of participants so that it better suits the organization's needs and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of enterprise architecture arose as technologies emerged which made it possible to interconnect all the information technology within an enterprise. Before these internetworking technologies existed, systems were stovepiped by necessity. Any connection to another system or component had to be specifically designed and developed. However, once internetworking technologies became widely available and economically feasible, suddenly, stovepiped systems were no longer necessitated by the constraints of technology and economy. If anything can connect to everything, then the range of enterprise solutions becomes vast and there arises an overwhelming need to manage that solution space. However, managing this solution space is fraught with challenges arising from wicked problems, complexity and an enterprise learning curve that evolves slower than the technology the enterprise is attempting to manage. This paper attempts to addresses these challenges and suggests enterprise architecture needs and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epitome of the modern enterprise is a large scale, geographically dispersed, complex entity. It interacts with other enterprises, perhaps large numbers of them, in many different locations, often with great frequency. It serves highly competitive markets, which may shift in a matter of days or weeks. Designing, planning, managing, and controlling the modern enterprise requires a supporting infrastructure that is capable, adaptable, understandable, and usable. While not all enterprises share all these characteristics, almost all enterprises are affected by the associated business processes and technologies. Over the past decade, Enterprise Modeling, or EM, has emerged as a response to the needs of those charged with designing and maintaining the enterprise infrastructure, and EM could well become the platform for developing not only enterprise infrastructure, but all enterprise decision support. As a result, EM may be a powerful enabler (or inhibitor) of enterprise transformation. This paper provides an introduction to EM, a brief history of its evolution, and an assessment of EM from an enterprise transformation perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of the Internet, electronic commerce (E‐commerce) has grown rapidly. The rapid development of information technology has brought many business opportunities for companies doing business in a global market. This paper discusses the issues that affect a company's business operations in a global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will address the effects of Information Technology on the business world. Technology is increasingly playing a crucial role in the success of organizations in the information age. The impact of Information Technology on business has been enormous. Computers and the information they process and store have permeated every aspect of the business world. The fundamental role of Information Technology is to enable businesses to find new ways to drive down the costs of products, processes, and improve performance. We use examples from five different companies/industries to show the different and dramatic effects that IT can have on a business. The television industry is using high‐speed Internet to send digital dailies from location to directors and producers in Hollywood. The use of this technology eliminates the old method of dubbing tapes and then sending them via FedEx back to L.A. General Motors has used aggressive outsourcing and web‐based services to increase production time. Where it used to take up to four years to get a vehicle on the market, it now takes less than two. With new management and a greater focus on quality and customer satisfaction, an aircraft company has seen its $ 15 million in debt turn into $ 243 million in revenues. These increased revenues were attained by using new software to help it get better organized. AT&T, the once Titan of the phone industry, utilized IT to get out of debt. Specifically, AT&T used web‐services to allow all of its different systems to communicate. By using new software to translate three different business processes into one usable code, Cybex International used IT to fix its supply‐chain mess. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatic knowledge discovery from texts (KDT) is proving to be a promising method for businesses today to deal with the overload of textual information. In this paper, we first explore the possibilities for KDT to enhance communication in virtual communities, and then we present a practical case study with real-life Internet data. The problem in the case study is to manage the very successful virtual communities known as 'clubs' of the largest Dutch Internet Service Provider. It is possible for anyone to start a club about any subject, resulting in over 10,000 active clubs today. At the beginning, the founder assigns the club to a predefined category. This often results in illogical or inconsistent placements, which means that interesting clubs may be hard to locate for potential new members. The ISP therefore is looking for an automated way to categorize clubs in a logical and consistent manner. The method used is the so-called bag-of-words approach, previously applied mostly to scientific texts and structured documents. Each club is described by a vector of word occurrences of all communications within that club. Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI) is applied to reduce the dimensionality problem prior to clustering. Clustering is done by the Within Groups Clustering method using a cosine distance measure appropriate for texts. The results show that KDT and the LSI method can successfully be applied for clustering the very volatile and unstructured textual communication on the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Effective employer engagement strategies are critical to the provision of high quality employment supports for individuals with disabilities. There is a gap in both relevant research and knowledge surrounding these strategies. This article describes the knowledge translation (KT) activities of the Diversity Partners Project, which are designed to promote and contextualize a set of promising employer engagement practices to improve outcomes for job seekers with disabilities. OBJECTIVE: KT is an emerging area of study in the field of disability and employment. This article explores the role of capacity building in a knowledge translation intervention for employment service providers. CONCLUSIONS: Ongoing efforts on the Diversity Partners Project have involved KT principles as an integral part of the process. The target audience of the intervention has been actively engaged in the process from development to implementation to evaluation. Overall, frontline staff have been receptive and even eager for the on-demand, business-focused tools made available to them on the website, though broad adoption has been hindered by a number of factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: A key step for increasing the employment outcomes of job seekers with disabilities includes ensuring that employment consultants who assist them have the tools to succeed, including feedback about how they are performing. OBJECTIVE: Supporting employment consultants in their work with job seekers by providing feedback about the implementation of the support strategies recommended in the literature. METHODS: Sixty-one employment consultants completed a daily survey for one year, on their smartphones. RESULTS: Providing supports that lead to hire represented 30% of the employment consultants' work time. When providing supports that lead to hire, most of the primary interactions were with job seekers (69%), followed by business personnel (12%), and families or acquaintances (3%). Secondary interactions represented another 17% of time with business personnel and 8% with families or acquaintances. The largest share of supports leading to hire were provided in the offices of the employment consultants (41%). CONCLUSION: Employment consultants should be supported in investing a larger share of time in supports that lead to hire, increasing involvement of family members and business personnel, and providing supports in typical community settings rather than in their offices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: In recent years, the interest of performing research about and providing e-services for individuals with disabilities has grown significantly. However, there is a knowledge gap in the existing literature on how to stimulate the pre-requisites needed for a sustainable implementation of e-services. AIM AND METHOD: The study aims to contribute to this knowledge gap by performing semi-structured email interviews with twelve project coordinators from the EU programmes of FP6-IST and FP7-ICT. RESULTS: The findings showed that knowledge-based and financially based resources, the complexity of the project context, ethical issues and the structural responsibility of the implementation process were key issues in creating a sustainable implementation. Furthermore, users often were not able to perceive added value from the e-services as they seldom were developed beyond prototypes within the research project. CONCLUSION: The implementation of e-services and/or ICT based applications for individuals with disabilities face similar challenges to the challenges that have been identified when implementing IT-based innovations. Further studies should focus on how users can be involved in the choice and development of e-services they understand as effective, and how to ensure that the implementation strategy will contribute to long-term social inclusion, that is, sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Negative employer attitudes have been identified as a major barrier to employment for people who are blind or visually impaired, yet we know little about what influences employer attitudes toward this population. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to replicate an earlier study of predictors of employer attitudes towards people who are blind or visually impaired as employees, utilizing a larger sample of employers and including additional predictor and control variables. METHODS: An online survey was conducted with a national sample of hiring managers, resulting in a usable sample of 379. Multiple regression was utilized to identify predictors of employer attitudes. RESULTS: Five variables significantly predicted employer attitudes: having hired someone in the past, knowledge about how work tasks can be accomplished, belief in knowledge, having a relationship with vocational rehabilitation (VR), and being female. Although communication with VR had a strong association with employer attitudes, having hired functioned as a mediator of the relationship between it and employer attitudes, indicating that communication with VR may influence employers' hiring decisions. CONCLUSION: VR professionals should interact with employers as much as possible to encourage the hiring of people who are blind or visually impaired. Going beyond initial contacts to developing relationships is important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data mining technology has been widely studied and applied in recent years. Frequent pattern mining is one important technical field of such research. The frequent pattern mining technique is popular not only in academia but also in the business community. With advances in technology, databases have become so large that data mining is impossible because of memory restrictions. In this study, we propose a novel algorithm for Fast mining with Secondary Memory, abbreviated as FSM-Mining, to help improve this situation. FSM-Mining saves a part of the information that is not stored in the memory, and through the use of mixed hard disk and memory mining we are able to complete data mining with limited memory. The results of empirical evaluation under various simulation conditions show that FSM-Mining delivers excellent performance in terms of execution efficiency and scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobile user data are collected by service providers around the clock and through intelligent data analysis in which it can offer great services for health cares, business activities, and other personal or social services, etc. However, data could be misused and privacy could potentially be breached which might lead to harmful consequences. Many privacy-preserving techniques have been proposed in the past decade for anonymizing relational and social data. But only a handful of privacy-preserving techniques have been proposed to anonymize sensitive mobile context before releasing data to service providers. Unfortunately, these techniques also reduce the utility of data that are supposed to provide helpful services. As such, the effectiveness of these anonymization techniques cannot be easily justified and compared. In this work, we propose a unified approach to define privacy gain and utility loss due to anonymizing sensitive context on mobile user data. We further perform extensive numerical evaluation on various well-known anonymization techniques, compare their performances and trade-offs between privacy and utility, and also provide a framework of analysis which serves a reference for adopting suitable anonymization technique for different user requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The integration of ergonomics knowledge into engineering projects leads to both healthier and more efficient workplaces. There is a lack of knowledge about integrating ergonomic knowledge into the design practice in engineering consultancies. OBJECTIVES: This study explores how organizational resources can pose constraints for the integration of ergonomics knowledge into engineering design projects in a business-driven setting, and how ergonomists cope with these resource constraints. PARTICIPANTS: An exploratory case study in an engineering consultancy was conducted. A total of 27 participants were interviewed. METHODS: Data were collected applying semi-structured interviews, observations, and documentary studies. Interviews were transcribed, coded, and categorized into themes. RESULTS: From the analysis five overall themes emerged as major constituents of resource constraints: 1) maximizing project revenue, 2) payment for ergonomics services, 3) value of ergonomic services, 4) role of the client, and 5) coping strategies to overcome resource constraints. CONCLUSION: We hypothesize that resource constraints were shaped due to sub-optimization of costs in design projects. The economical contribution of ergonomics measures was not evaluated in the entire life cycle of a designed workplace. Coping strategies included teaming up with engineering designers in the sales process or creating an alliance with ergonomists in the client organization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Individuals with disabilities continue to be underrepresented in STEM education and employment, despite the strong group of STEM occupations in recent years. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of SPR/n Ablement's unique efforts to assist people with physical disabilities to find employment in IT occupations. METHODS: The Consensual Qualitative Research (CQR) approach was used to gain a rich understanding of employment services provided to people with sensory and physical disabilities by the nAblement division of SPR Consulting, a medium- sized information technology (IT) company in Chicago. Interviews were conducted with six SPR/nAblement staff and administrators, six people with physical disabilities served by SPR/nAblement, and five employers who had hired people with physical disabilities from the SPR/nAblement's candidate pool. RESULTS: Results suggest multiple opportunities for IT companies that include a focus on disability in their workforce diversity and inclusion programs. Results also highlight some of the unique opportunities and challenges for people with physical disabilities that may arise from receiving in-house, occupation-specific employment and training services. CONCLUSION: Implications for rehabilitation counseling practice and research are provided, including suggestions for facilitating other companies in their profit-driven goals for hiring people with physical disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]