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This paper examines the antecedents of cashless payment systems among businesses in Malaysia. The adoption of cashless payment systems by businesses has the potential to reduce the costs related to handling huge amounts of cash in the market and enhance transaction speed. Unfortunately, its current adoption in Malaysia is still small and very little is known about the factors. A seven-factor model based on the TOE framework was developed and tested. The partial least square (PLS) statistical approach was employed to analyze data collected from 200 business entities in Malaysia. The results reveal that compatibility and technology competence have higher significant relationships with the adoption of cashless payment systems. Management support, firm critical mass, competitive pressure, and information intensity are significantly related to the adoption of cashless payment systems, while firm size is not associated with it. The findings of this study provide significant practical implications for Malaysian stakeholders and technology vendors to recognize factors that affect a firm's adoption of cashless payment systems to support business transactions. By investigating the phenomenon through the TOE framework, this study presents an integrated model of cashless payment systems by businesses. Our findings also offer guidance for future application of the PLS method in cashless payment and related research. The paper provides a more holistic understanding of the factors influencing cashless payment systems among businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a hydrocarbon degrader is not a something new. In fact, there were numerous published papers reported the excellent performance of this species as a hydrocarbon degrader. However, most of the previous study used P. aeruginosa that was isolated directly from the contaminated site. This however resulting a gap of information in understanding the relationship between species growth environmental condition on their hydrocarbon degrading ability. Therefore, in this study, enrichment method was used to isolate P. aeruginosa NR.22 (Ps.NR.22) from crude oil non-impacted recreational lakes in Section 7, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. The survivability and impact of crude oil concentrations (2% (w/v), 5% (w/v) and 7% (w/v)) on the kinetic growth of free moving Ps.NR.22 throughout the fermentation period were monitored through the changes of cell density till constant dropped of cell density obtained. 5% (w/v) was the ideal concentration to support the growth of Ps.NR.22 as specific growth rate, percentage of overall crude oil degraded by Ps.NR.22 and decay coefficient of cells in this culture medium recorded the highest (0.4787 d–1, 94.1%, 0.0097 h–1)) followed by 7% (w/v) (0.3863 d–1, 67.17%, 0.0016 h–1)) and 2% (w/v) (0.3325 d–1, 50.02%, 0.003 h–1). High decay coefficient value of cells in 5% (w/v) might be linked with active and fully utilization of crude oil during exponential phase. Next, potential of free moving Ps.NR.22 as a biodegradation tool was further expanded by evaluating its compatibility with membrane separation technology for removal of hydrocarbons. This was done by introducing 5% w/v crude oil water mixture to the immobilized Ps.NR.22 in a filtration cell through dead end filtration method. Accumulation of crude oil molecule on/within the surface of porous support ceramic activated the Ps.NR.22 hydrocarbon degrading mechanism. As a result, it was found out that, support ceramic with presence of Ps.NR.22 demonstrating de-fouling potential at minute 125 while with absence of Ps.NR.22 the flux rate kept on declining till the filtration ended. This showed that by Ps.NR.22 have the potential to enhance the performance of support ceramic in removing hydrocarbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper discusses some of the challenges on the effects of COVID-19 on aquaculture and fisheries and their mitigations and strategies in ASEAN perspectives with special emphasis on Malaysia due to significant impacts of COVID-19 occurred in this country's enormous aquaculture and fishing industries. Substantial factors within fishery systems, as well as ecological and social impacts outside their control, such as climate change, chronic pollution, resource degradation, fluctuating commodity prices and changes in management strategies that can asymmetrically affect different communities, stress fish culturists and fisher-folk communities. COVID-19's broken food supply chain and shrinking market have certainly impacted everyone in the fishing and aquaculture business, with small-scale fishermen being the most susceptible. During COVID-19 pandemic in ASEAN countries, it was discovered that the potential effects on agricultural sectors in Malaysia needed to be protected in order to defend the well-being of farmers, breeders, fishers, and workers, the majority of whom are low-income earners. The relevant authorities have created different supply chains and expand supply sources to maintain revenue in the event of a national economic downturn through traditional marketing channels. The Post COVID-19 monitoring should be undertaken as a model role based on the Malaysian scenario to gain a quick grasp of the food security and livelihood situation of all fishing communities. As a result, a national platform is urgently needed to boost production, supply, and marketing integration so that the fisheries and aquaculture products may be traded efficiently. Nevertheless, transparency in policy responses, as well as regional and international cooperation, will support to build trust in the future of fish value chains and markets. Furthermore, these real-world lessons will make it easier to learn from the pandemic crisis to improve the sustainability and viability of fisheries and aquaculture industries in ASEAN countries and global as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to answer the question of how the sultanates of Malaysia maintained their authority in the current nation-state era as almost all of Indonesia's hundreds of sultanates (except for the Sultanate of Yogyakarta in Java) lost formal power. It proposes three findings. First, Dutch and British colonialism had different legacies in Indonesia and Malaysia, respectively. Second, following their independence, Indonesia and Malaysia adopted different government systems, with the former becoming a unitary republic and the latter becoming a federal state; consequently, the sultanates of Indonesia had to submit themselves to the central government in Indonesia, whereas those in Malaysia were given broader space to exercise their authority within a federal state. Third, the sultanates of Malaysia have a two-layered identity, resulting from the convergence of ethnic Malay and Islamic identities that eventually strengthened the Sultanate's authority and legitimacy in the eyes of the people and the federal state; conversely, convergence between ethnic and religious identity was limited in Indonesia's sultanates, subsequently undermining the sultans' ability to uphold authority and power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membrane applications in public water treatment plants (WTP) in Malaysia have seen more setbacks than successes. Its early applications in a few locations encountered operational problems which saw many systems cease operations due to high operating expenses, membrane fouling or poor raw water quality. The main issue, however, was financial-related in view of the fact that the water tariff has been regulated and heavily subsidised. Both capital expenses (CAPEX) and operating expenses (OPEX) have not been affordable within such a framework. The power consumption of a 3 million L d-1 (MLD) hybrid membrane WTP subjected to study consumed 1.5 kWh m-3 of electricity as compared with 0.43 kWh m-3 for a conventional system in the same district. Besides that, cartridge filters had to be changed on a weekly basis as compared with filter media which can last more than 5 years. Capital cost of a membrane WTP is at least twice more expensive than conventional systems. Based on the standard of raw water adopted in the Malaysia, it is imperative that operators raise raw water quality standards prior to treatment whether through natural process or forced, physically or chemically. Downstream reservoir, river bank infiltration and radial well system have been applied in several projects in Malaysia and had successfully resulted in the high quality of raw water. However it has always been restricted from being implemented holistically due to financial constraints. Hybrid offriver storage implemented as interim measure to improve raw water quantity had indicated prospect of improving raw water to reach higher standards. This paper compares the raw water quality of various non-conventional raw water abstractions, followed by discussion on the proposed entry point of membrane systems in Malaysia for public WTPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has had an adverse effect on the global economy, particularly the hotel industry. Industry players have turned to big data to recover and improve their business performance. This paper aims to identify the key resources to develop and build big data analytics capabilities (BDAC). Drawing upon the knowledge-based and dynamic capability views, this research also examines the interplay among BDAC, organizational agility, marketing and organizational innovations, and firm performance in the hotel industry. The partial least square structural equation modeling is used for the data analysis, while quota sampling is used for the sampling design. Based on the statistical data analysis from 115 star-rated hotels in Malaysia, BDAC positively impacts organizational agility, marketing and organizational innovations, and firm performance. Likewise, organizational agility positively impacts firm performance, marketing and organizational innovations. The empirical findings provide researchers and industry players with meaningful insights for improving firm performance in the hotel industry using big data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholarship on Christianity in Malaysia has been dominated by denominational church history, as well as the study of urban, middle-class and English-speaking church congregations in the post-Independence period. In focusing on the vernacular Chinese Protestant church in Malaysia, and one of its most prominent para-church organisations, called The Bridge, this paper draws attention to the variegated histories of Christian conversion and dissemination in Malaysia, and the various modes and meanings of Christian identity as incorporated into different local communities and cultures. The history of the Chinese Protestant church suggested in the first part of the paper takes as its point of departure the distinction between mission and migrant churches, the latter being the origin of the vernacular Chinese churches in Malaysia. The second part of the paper traces the emergence of a Chinese para-church lay organisation called The Bridge, and the Chinese Christian intellectuals behind it, in their mission to engage the larger Chinese and national public through literary publications and other media outreach activities. In so doing, these Chinese Christian intellectuals also drew on the resources of an East Asian and overseas Chinese Christian network, while searching for their destiny as Chinese Christians in the national context of Malaysia. By pointing to the importance of regional, Chinese-language Christian networks, and the complexity of vernacular Christian subjectivity, the paper hopes to fill a gap in the existing literature on Christianity in Malaysia, as well as make a contribution to on-going debates on issues of localisation, globalisation and authenticity in global Christianity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Applying Bourdieu's theoretical framework on the correspondence between mental structures and social structures, this paper examines the persistence of educational underachievement among working class Malay youths in Singapore. Accordingly, my first objective is to document the social structure, namely a largely working class neighbourhood where these Malay youths have grown up. My second aim is to analyse how everyday cultural practices and interactions among peers in the neighbourhood significantly reinforced these youths' levelled aspirations. I maintain that by believing in 'taking the gravel road', which is symbolically rough, uneven and uncertain, these youths justified the irrelevance of doing well in school. Succinctly, this essay demonstrates the close correspondence between the perceptions of the odds of success and the educational underperformance of the Malay youths. Hence, this paper would be of interest to scholars in the Malay Peninsula, as well as experts concerned with the intertwining of education with class and ethnicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Malay merchants and traders played an essential and significant role in the early modern history of trade and commerce in Southeast Asia. Nevertheless records on the history of their entrepreneurship has been hardly written and researched upon. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to trace back the dynamic of Malay trading communities in the late 18th and towards the early decades of the 19th century. The paper would also highlight the importance of Malay traders in early Penang and the survival of Melaka as an important port in the late 18th century. A focal analysis of this study is on the 18th and 19th centuries Malay merchant communities and how their active presence in the Malay waters had given a great impact to the intra-Asian trade in Southeast Asia prior to the period of European colonialism and imperialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores dominant discourses on 'illegal' migrants in the context of contemporary Indonesian labour migration to Malaysia. By focusing on the particular case of migrant domestic workers, it discusses recent political moves undertaken by both nation-states to regularise migratory movements. These state-induced efforts at regularising transnational migration have been promoted as combating trafficking and 'illegal' migration, but they have led to the legitimisation of a migration scheme that has much in common with colonial indentured labour. Hence, the paper argues that this 'legal,' state-sanctioned migration scheme gradually leads domestic workers into 'legal' - but bonded - labour arrangements and that the labour contract, as such, needs to be analysed as an instrument of subordination. Through the counter-narrative of Arum, an Indonesian domestic worker performing her work 'illegally' in Malaysia, the paper then goes on to argue that to migrate through 'illegal' migration channels can be interpreted as an act of voluntarily circumventing the 'legal,' state-sanctioned migration scheme. Thus, 'illegal' migration can be equated with deliberately resisting a coercive system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking at crisis responses in the Philippines and Malaysia, this paper will analyse how state-based banking policy elites in both states used the 1997–2000 crisis to radically accelerate pre-crisis policy directions that were opposed by local banking institutions and their peak associations. Drawing on empirical evidence and policy reform theory, the paper will detail how these elites used both their ability to define the nature of the 1997–2000 crisis and the appropriate responses, and their control of the executive to accelerate these directions and minimize the voice of local banking players. In the case of Malaysia, the banking policy direction to be analyzed will be banking sector consolidation, while for the Philippines it will be foreign entry and equity participation in the local banking sector. Moving away from the singular domestic focus of much policy reform literature, this paper will attempt to develop a two-level model for these crisis-driven policy accelerations. To do this, it will look at the use by these state elites of their relationships with the IMF and their banking policy obligations of the GATS as the rationale for acceleration and as the rationale for their overriding of local banking interests. This incorporation of external actors and changes to the international political economy should allow for a more nuanced and well-rounded understanding of these specific elements of the 1997–2000 crisis response, as well as the political economy of policy reform in general for both Malaysia and the Philippines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on a larger ethnographic study of Bidayuh women who are a group of minority indigenous women in the Malaysian stat of Sarawak. The paper discusses women's entry into paid work and life-course squeezes. As the women earned a mere 39 per cent of their husbands' monthly wages even though they had the same years of schooling if not more than their husbands, the women's views on work and marriage are examined. The paper also explores the feminist question as to whether women's employment increases their personal autonomy and independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental problems are a major global concern. In this global problem, water pollution is perhaps one of the more threatening causes of environmental problems. Water pollution significantly affects public health. Hence, this paper investigates household risk perception of water pollution and examines the demographic and socio-economic factors that influence their risk perception. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed by SPSS. The findings indicate that gender, age, education, income, AWN and ATT significantly affect household risk perception of water pollution. Upon discussing the water resource policies in Malaysia, we offer recommendations that will be helpful for policy-makers to improve river water quality in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract This paper explores the rise of new social movements in Malaysia in the past year, with special focus on the transformations in civil society and the changing face of politics in the country. Recently, proselytisation and LGBT rights have become deeply politicised as a result of a revival in public activism and mobilisation. Here, I examine the discourse surrounding these issues through analyses of NGO websites, press releases, news articles and other sources. The analyses reveal three emergent themes beginning with the fragmentation of Islamic authority following experiments with state Islamism, the cosmopolitanisation of a society in a post-Islamist phase and finally, the increasing public visibility of social and political movements. I argue that Malaysian society is experiencing a shift from traditional ethnic politics to more critical cosmopolitan struggles, highlighting the encounter with globalisation and heightened awareness within public consciousness of the visible presence of minority communities in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Social theorists examining the impact of globalisation on state power argue that sovereignty is being respatialised and rescaled and that it is no longer adequate to understand state sovereignty as operating evenly on a national scale over a population within a bounded territory. Nevertheless, ASEAN states continue to adopt such a national framing of people and place, particularly in the construction of immigration control regimes. I argue that in order to understand the localised and spatialised exercise of graduated sovereignty and the selective introduction of neoliberal practices, it is necessary to recognise the significance of the immigration status of individuals and examine how the dividing practices of immigration control regimes permit the selective allocation of rights to non-citizens. This paper examines Malaysia's approach to international labour migration, noting that it makes different biopolitical investments in different types of non-citizens on the basis of a calculation of their potential contribution to the 'nation'. Malaysia creates a hierarchy of rights, giving greater rights to skilled workers, while restricting those of 'unskilled' workers. Malaysia punishes those who breach immigration laws severely. However, Malaysia's modernist approach to immigration control fails to achieve intended results and I highlight a number of reasons why. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the recruitment procedure and the gradual loss of autonomy of low-skilled migrant workers in international labour migration, by using the example of Vietnamese workers' trajectories to Malaysia. It argues that debates on indentured labour and all other forms of bonded labour remain relevant today as new manifestations of the practice are now concealed behind extensive economic exchanges and inter-state economic cooperation. A detailed study of the process of Vietnamese labour migration shows how migratory trajectories that start from 'voluntary' indebtedness eventually lead to a status of subordinate and immobilised guest workers in Malaysia. The interrelations between debt and contracts play here a central role. Encouraged by the promising messages of local recruiters and the official support for migration, candidate workers readily consent to sign the triple contracts that will lead them to work in Malaysia. In the process, they gradually get entangled in a web of obligations towards their recruiter, their state (bank) and their employer, leading to severe restrictions in their autonomy over life and work in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines and analyses human rights issues in Malaysia. Its approach is primarily an eclectic, by concentrating on the strengths and weaknesses of the human rights regime as practiced by Malaysia. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part looks at the six fundamentals of human rights that include: Respect for the integrity of the person; respect for civil liberties; and respect for political rights, more specifically, the rights of citizens in Malaysia to change their government. The second part looks at the Malaysian government's attitude regarding international and non-governmental investigation of alleged violations of human rights, such as discrimination based on religion, race, gender, disability, language or social status. The last part looks at worker's rights. The data for this analysis comes from primary and secondary sources, namely newspapers, the Internet, books, magazines and journals. The study found that the records of human rights in Malaysia is relatively good when compared to some of her ASEAN neighbours. For instance, Malaysian experience demonstrates that parliamentary democracy has been well-maintained in that elections have been held regularly ever since independence in 1957. Indeed, Malaysia enjoys one of the fastest-growing economies and is one of the 'Asian small tigers.' It may have occasional political and religious arrests of some opposition leaders, but physical force is not exerted against opponents, in contrast to what Ferdinand E. Marcos did and what Gloria M. Arroyo has been doing in the Philippines at the time of this writing. Furthermore, there is nothing that resembles the violence that frequently erupts in the Philippines, Thailand and the continuing oppression in Myanmar committed by the military government against its people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article highlights the workshop "Women, Youth and Children in Muslim Countries: Between Democracy and War," which was jointly organized by the Academy of Social Sciences and Women's Development Research Center, held at the Universiti Sains Malaysia, on December 23, 2002. The title of the workshop cum seminar captures the dilemma faced by Muslims in a campaign against terror. The exercise of pointing to the shortcomings of Western models of development and shifting from Eurocentric views were the prominent themes of the papers presented in the workshop. Local traditions acquire prominence in the exercise of exposing alternative perspectives. The civilizing role of religion becomes the basis of a dialogue between civilizations. A high priority is given to education as a means to introduce the alternative ways of doing and understanding life and the world. Education, through school and university curricula, becomes interconnected in a project to create a more tolerant society and world. The desire to break away from Eurocentricism and Western knowledge systems is a struggle in many parts of the developing world as the contradictions of capitalist modernity are made obvious.

Knowledge has been widely recognised as the most important factor of production in a "new economy". The production, dissemination and utilisation of knowledge are therefore essential for development. Some countries, Malaysia among others, have embarked on an ambitious plan to use knowledge as a base for economic development, by-passing earlier stages of industrialisation. Some commentators have, in contrast, asserted "that it is doubtful that the knowledge revolution will let developing countries leapfrog to higher levels of development" as "the knowledge economy will actually expand the gap between rich and poor" (Persaud, 2001:108). The paper discusses this controversy by arguing that the knowledge-gap (k-gap) is in fact a precondition for development. It is, however, no natural phenomenon but it is constructed by experts and governments. Socio-economic indicators are used to show that the existing global knowledge gap is widening between Southeast Asia and the OECD countries and within ASEAN Malaysia, whose government has pursued a vigorous strategy of knowledge development is moving ahead of other ASEAN nations, but falling behind industrialised countries. Factors explaining the situation are outlined in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The globalisation of economies offers new opportunities to both developed and developing countries in terms of promoting growth, improving income, and reducing poverty and inequality. However, it has also given rise to labour flexibility, wage depression, and eroded important elements of redistribution and weakened social protection systems. The 1997–1998 financial crisis in Southeast and Northeast Asia further exposed important limitations in the ability of such existing systems to cope with the crisis. This paper identifies new forms of economic insecurities generated by the renewed growth of labour flexibility as globalisation weakens the basis of social partnership and tripartism. It examines Malaysia's development experience, the impact of the crisis on workers' economic security, and assesses the adequacy of existing social protection programmes in its response to new types of economic insecurities generated by globalisation. It argues that these issues need to be addressed in formulating policies to ensure equitable social development in Malaysia in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Malaysia's attempt to join the 'information society' and 'knowledge economy' by embarking on the ambitious Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) is mapped out and analysed. The discussion is framed in the context of globalization, modernity and the situation in other Muslim societies. Notwithstanding the present national skepticism regarding the MSC, the project has been reasonably well designed and launched. But it is, in the final analysis, only a part of the larger structure of national innovation systems that function equally as 'engines of economic growth.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the use of merger and separation as a textual construction of a nation. According to the author the history is not neutral. It is rendered ideological by the very act of being conveyed in a narrative form for language is both the purveyer of meaning and the principle locus of ideology. The paper explores the idea of history as discourse, and its deployment in the cultural symbolic construction of Singapore. To this end, the author has chosen to analyze a key moment for Singapore history, the years 1963-65, when Singapore for first merged with the nation of Malaysia and then separated form it. The way that these events are described in official histories is used by the government of Singapore to justify the policy of multiracialism, which also serves as a legimitating device confirming the state in its political and ideological hegemony. The author thus has examined the events through the analysis of local newspapers, to see in what ways their reporting may be helped to mould popular understandings to what was happening.

The right to the city concept is widely debated in academic discourse yet ambiguously executed in public discourse. In much of the discussion, the right to the city is advocated as a right that humans should claim—i.e., participating in urban space living. Nonetheless, constraints and limits are imposed on such advocacy, resulting in a tokenized implementation state. With such a background surmounting the COVID-19 pandemic era, this study is aimed at understanding the right to the city propagation and revealing the possible wrongs of such civic advocacy. Multiple cases in Malaysia were selected for analysis and as the discussion context representing the state-of-the-art aspect of right to the city in the context of an emerging country. Two potential misconceptions through the action of right to the city were identified: first, the concept of right to the city has the potential to infringe the centrality of power, which both citizens and the authority have to make clear; second, the lack of a sign of contribution from citizens poses a severe challenge to build a co-created urban space for all. This paper contributes to removing a blind spot—the possible wrong to the right to the city—and provides ideas to achieve authentic citizen participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth of the ageing population has increased the attention paid towards the provision of retirement village (RV). RV is a new form of housing on the ageing landscape that provides a full range of care from independent to assisted living to meet the diverse needs of the elderly. Numerous studies conducted in the past examined factors that influence elderly intention to relocate to the RV and the intention to adopt the smart home technology. The current study focused on the intention of elderly to relocate to the smart retirement village (SRV) (i.e., RV with the smart home technology). A customer-driven open innovation survey was conducted to solicit opinions from the elderlies. This paper applied the Theory of Planned Behavior to examine such intention among the elderly in Malaysia. The types of smart home technology preferred by the elderly at the SRV were determined. The results from the multiple regression analysis (N = 305) indicated that attitudes, social norm, and perceived behavioural control contributed significantly to the elderly intention to relocate to the SRV. Further investigation revealed that 83% of the elderly choose the smart emergency contact system as the most important smart home technology to be included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A body of work has emerged that examines human capital from the perspective of skills to better understand the types of expertise that influence innovation. The relationship between skill and financial innovation, however, is poorly understood in the context of Islamic financial institutions (IFIs). IFIs are distinct from their conventional counterparts by their compliance with Shariah law. Based on a survey of IFIs in Bahrain and Malaysia, this paper examines the effect of different skills on IFI innovation. The findings indicate that while skill in Islamic finance positively influences innovation, skill in Shariah law does not. Cognitive-technical skill is also highly significant, but marketing skill has a negative effect. The results suggest that Islamic financial innovation relies on continuous improvement that sustains markets, product and service innovation. Sustaining innovation lends itself to abilities that are oriented towards problem solving and computation of Shariah and business risks. This favors skills of programming and expertise in Islamic finance over marketing and Shariah legal proficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few years, the monstrous fan has gained attention in this country for large space buildings and areas. The continuity of this product technology is important to allow it to be able to survive in the current and future market. However, there are limited studies on the present and future scenario of the monstrous fan, especially in Malaysia. Thus, the objective of this paper is to forecast its present technology, evaluating the market demand and future of the monstrous fan. For these reasons, an online survey was used to obtain feedback from suppliers and manufacturers to forecast the future of this product. In conclusion, the monstrous fan has been discussed and predicted, which can be beneficial for various parties including policy makers, government, business and technology players by representing a specific knowledge on the technical specificities of monstrous fans in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]