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To compensate for the limitation of the energy intensity indicator and to constrain energy consumption growth more directly and severely, China had decided to implement the Total Energy Consumption Control (TECC) policy during the 12th Five-Year Plan (FYP). This paper analyzes the situation of energy consumption in 3 scenarios based on the energy consumption trend during the 11th FYP, the energy intensity reduction target during the 12th FYP, and the TECC policy. The Energy Conservation Comprehensive Evaluation System (ECCES) which includes 5 indicators reflecting energy conservation responsibility and 3 indicators reflecting energy conservation difficulty has been built, and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Entropy methods are used to determine the weights of 8 basic indicators. According to the ranking of comprehensive evaluation scores of ECCES, 30 provinces are divided into 5 clusters, which are assigned 3%, 3.5%, 4.2%, 5.5%, and 6.8% of controlled energy consumption growth rate, respectively. By comparing and analyzing energy consumption situations in 3 scenarios, we find that the TECC policy has the strongest constraint effect, and can achieve unification of provincial and national energy conservation goals. The provincial decomposition result of energy consumption controlled target of TECC policy roughly remains consistent with the current economic and energy development layout of China that the provinces in southeast coastal developed areas are assigned lower controlled energy consumption growth rate while the backward inland provinces are assigned higher growth rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mid- and long-term energy requirements and greenhouse gas emission scenarios for China were presented by using the Integrated Policy Assessment Model of China. Technologies are the key component to reach a low carbon future. Technologies are identified with the scenario analysis. In order to realize the low carbon future, a technology roadmap was presented to reach the emission reduction up to 2050 in China. Twenty-eight key technologies are given in the paper for the technology roadmap, presenting learning curves. With full adoption of these key technologies, we do see ample opportunities for China to make the emission stable after 2020, without a large increase, and even start to have a deep reduction after 2030. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the urgent requirement of maintaining a healthy environment, the quick development of economic growth, and the unstable price of conventional energy sources, generating electricity from renewable and clear energy in China will become the main trend in the near future. However, how to adopt a suitable strategic planning for different energy sources among stakeholders has not been comprehensively discussed in previous literatures and is becoming more important and complex. Accordingly, the current work employs a proposed method, which incorporates the benefits, opportunities, costs and risks and integrates quantitative and qualitative data to help analyze various impacts on the adoption of different primary energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass resources are abundant in China, the cultivation of which is encouraged as it could provide energy for future social and economic development. Utilization of biomass pellets for energy through gasification could help ease critical problems such as energy shortage and environmental deterioration in China. In this paper, the performance of three types of gasification and pyrolysis reactors-downdraft, bubbling, and pyrolysis-were evaluated in terms of thermal output using the same corn stalk pellets. The three reactors were connected in parallel with a common control system, condenser, root blower, gas tank, and gas chromatography (GC) system. Gas composition was analysed using two GC columns. The lower heating values (LHVs) of the pellets, pellets charcoal, and bio-oil were analysed using a rapid screening device. Analyses of the properties of the pellets and pellets charcoal were carried out using an automatic proximate analyser. In the downdraft reactor, gas with an LHV of 3.91-4.44 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at a reduction zone temperature (RZT) of 660-760 °C. In the bubbling reactor, gas with an LHV of 8.48-9.38 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at an RZT of 575-750 °C. In the pyrolysis reactor, gas with an LHV of 14.51-16.49 MJ/Nm3 was obtained at a pyrolysis temperature of 380-530 °C, and pellets charcoal and bio-oil were formed in the pyrolysis reactor as gas-assisted products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a consequence of the rapid industrialization experienced in China over recent decades, the nation's energy demands have grown at a remarkable pace. In particular, the demand for electricity is enormous and growing rapidly. Given the considerable differences in economic and social development, the growth trends and determinants of electricity consumption are likely to vary significantly among different regions of China. In this study, using the logarithmic mean Divisia index, the factors that influence electricity consumption for the whole country and different regions were analyzed and estimated for the first time. The results indicated that economic growth, total energy consumption, energy intensity, and population growth all affected electricity consumption throughout the country and in four specific regions of China. Specifically, based on their contribution to electricity consumption, the four most influential factors were ranked as follows: energy consumption effect, gross domestic product effect, energy intensity effect, and population effect. As a result, the energy, economic development, and population policies should be coordinated to ensure the reasonable growth of China's electricity consumption and an improvement in the energy mix that would contribute to the sustainable development of China's economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two important paths to transform the economic growth pattern in China: upgrading industrial structure and adjusting energy structure. However, industrial structure depends on the stage of economic development; energy structure depends on resource endowments. Thus, the start times and development paths of China's economic growth differ from region to region. The changes and differences in industrial structure, energy structure, and the corresponding energy (coal) intensity in one decade are analyzed based on provincial cross-sectional data in 2009 and 2000. It is found that Chinese provinces have different growth patterns due to the difference of resource endowment, industrial structure, and the internal industrial transfer. Moreover, the potential paths of economic growth pattern transformation in provinces in China are analyzed. It should be a common direction to make the industrial structure light and energy structure low-carbon, but the road maps of regional transformation vary significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]