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This study focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) derived from W. bifurcata fruit peel extract. ZnONPs are frequently synthesized utilizing a green technique that is both cost-effective and ecologically friendly. ZnONPs were characterized utilizing analytical techniques. Ultra Violet visible (UV-Vis) spectra showed peaks at 364 nm, confirming the production of ZnONPs. Scanning Electron Microscope analysis indicated that the nanoparticles generated were spherical/agglomerated, with diameters ranging from 11 to 25 nm. FTIR spectroscopy was used to identify the particular functional groups responsible for the nanoparticles' reduction, stabilization, and capping. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed that flavonoids, saponins, steroids, triterpenoids, and resins were present. The antibacterial activity of W. bifurcata synthesised nanoparticles was evaluated against pathogenic bacteria. The ZnONPs antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH assay. The in vitro cytotoxicity was assessed against prostate cancer PC3 cells. The wound healing potential was assessed by employing in vitro scratch assay and in vivo excision model in Wistar rats. Because of its environmentally benign production, low toxicity, and biocompatibility, ZnONPs exhibited potential antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, and wound healing activities, indicating that they could be used in cancer treatment and wound management. Further study is required to examine the fundamental mechanisms and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the test sample in clinical situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ever-increasing expansion of chemical industries produces a variety of common pollutants, including colors, which become a global and environmental problem. Using a nanocatalyst is one of the effective ways to reduce these organic contaminants. With this in mind, a straightforward and effective method for the production of a novel nanocatalyst based on lignin-derived carbon, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, and Ag particles (TiO2/C/Ag) is described. The preparation of carbon and Ag particles (in sub-micro and nano size) was carried out by laser ablation in air. The nanocomposite was synthesized using a facile magnetic stirrer of TiO2, C, and Ag. According to characterization methods, a carbon nanostructure was successfully synthesized through the laser irradiation of lignin. According to scanning electron microscope images, spherical Ag particles were agglomerated over the nanocomposite. The catalytic activities of the TiO2/C/Ag nanocomposite were tested for the decolorization of methylene blue (MB) and Congo red (CR), employing NaBH4 in a water-based solution at 25 °C. After adding fresh NaBH4 to the mixture of nanocomposite and dyes, both UV absorption peaks of MB and CR completely disappeared after 10 s and 4 min, respectively. The catalytic activity of the TiO2/C/Ag nanocomposite was also examined for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) using a NaBH4 reducing agent, suggesting the complete reduction of 4-NP to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) after 2.30 min. This shows excellent catalytic behavior of the prepared nanocomposite in the reduction of organic pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two series based on poly(propylene 2,5-furandicarboxylate)-block-poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PPF-b-F-PTMO) containing carbon and mineral nanofillers that differ in shape (1D and 2D) were synthesized via in situ polymerization. The influence of the addition of the 1D-type nanoparticle, i.e., carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), and the so-called 2D-type, i.e., graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) and organoclay (C20A), on the properties of a biobased block copolymer was analyzed. The dispersion of nanoadditives in the nanocomposites was determined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The thermal properties were studied employing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The introduction of nanoparticles increased the crystallinity (Xc) and the mean values of tensile modulus (E) of the bionanocomposites. In turn, one observed that the decrease in the limited viscosity number (LVN) was visible along with incorporating nanoadditives. The synthesized polymer bionanocomposites reveal the mechanical properties of elastomers during mechanical testing. Moreover, the good processability of the obtained materials by injection molding combined with the comprehensive ability to change mechanical and thermal properties of PPF-b-F-PTMO by tailoring the type and content of the nanofillers can indicate their possible applications in packaging, automotive, sports, construction, and many other industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the medicinal potential of Pergularia daemia, a perennial vine abundant along Indian roadsides, focusing on its leaves have diverse therapeutic properties in traditional medicine. This research investigates its unexplored potential in application of drug delivery and the synthesis of zinc oxide nano-particles from its leaves. PD mediated Zinc Oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by precipitate method. The qualitative phyto chemical analysis of PD leaves extract was carried out and the extract showed the presence of carbohydrates, phenols, flavanoids, alkaloids and terpenoids. The synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction Analysis and scanning electron microscope. The results from characterization suggest that the synthesized compound was ZnO in nano scale which was in oval shape and with high purity. The synthesized zinc oxide nano particle could be a huge application in medical field, pharmaceutical and biotechnology in near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of the inherent rheological property of transparent gel, laponite has been proposed for soil densification to withstand seismic events. Since the swelling behaviors of laponite could affect the soil-nanoparticle structure, one of the most important research topics is the swelling capacity of nanoparticles, particularly laponite. Hence, the objective of this study is to investigate the swelling properties of fresh laponite and sand treated with different contents of laponite. The swelling characteristics of compacted laponite hydrogel were investigated using a one-dimensional consolidation test setup. Results showed that the swelling strain of compacted laponite increased with time and as the concentration of laponite increased in specimens. The initial swelling of fresh laponite took around 4 weeks to attain equilibrium, while in the reswelling tests, laponite reached equilibrium within 60 h. The reswelling strain of laponite was higher than the initial swelling of fresh laponite, with a distinct reswelling behavior compared to other clay minerals. This swelling strain of laponite was found to be consistent with other clay minerals in which the swelling strain is caused by interlayer and double-layer forces. Scanning Electron Microscope images revealed that the structures of swollen laponite are continuous sheet-like irregular structures with pore size. Moreover, the swelling strain of the sand-laponite mixture with 3% laponite reached equilibrium after 40 h, whereas the swelling strain of sand-laponite with 5% laponite specimen did not reach equilibrium even after 50 h. In this study, the water retention ratio and changes in laponite hydrogel characteristics due to repeated drying and wetting processes were also investigated. In addition, the swelling pressure of compacted laponite hydrogel was also estimated, which varied in a range of 5.6–8.6 kPa throughout the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current investigation, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles and Fe-doped ZnO nanoparticles were sustainably synthesized utilizing an extract derived from the Rumex dentatus plant through a green synthesis approach. The Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques were used to examine the compositional, morphological, optical, and thermal properties of both samples. The doping of iron into ZnO NPs has significantly influenced their properties. The analysis firmly established that both ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs have hexagonal wurtzite structures and spherical shapes by XRD and SEM. The EDX analysis suggests that iron atoms have been successfully integrated into the ZnO lattice. The change in color observed during the reaction indicated the formation of nanoparticles. The UV–vis peaks at 364 nm and 314 nm confirmed the presence of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs, respectively. The band gap of ZnO NPs by Fe dopant displayed a narrowing effect. This indicates that adding iron ions to ZnO NPs offers a control band gap. The thermal study TGA revealed that Fe-doped ZnO NPs remain stable when heated up to 600 °C. The antibacterial efficacy of ZnO NPs and Fe-doped ZnO NPs was evaluated against several bacterial strains. The evaluation is based on the zone of inhibition (ZOI). Both samples exhibited excellent antibacterial properties as compared to conventional pharmaceutical agents. These results suggest that synthesizing nanoparticles through plant-based methods is a promising approach to creating versatile and environmentally friendly biomedical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) were prepared by the green synthesis method and loaded inside niosomes as a drug release system and their physicochemical and biological properties were determined. Zn-NPs were prepared by the eco-friendly green strategy, the structure, and morphological properties were studied and loaded into niosomes. Subsequently, different formulations of niosomes containing Zn-NPs were prepared and the optimal formulation was used for biological studies. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) were used to investigate the morphology and size of nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Vis were used to confirm the synthesis of Zn-NPs. Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) determined the elemental analysis of the Zn-NPs synthesis solution and the crystalline structure of Zn-NPs was analysed by XRD (X-Ray diffraction). Furthermore, Zn-NPs were loaded inside the niosomes, and their structural characteristics, entrapment efficiency (EE%), the release profile of Zn-NPs, and their stability also were assessed. Moreover, its antimicrobial properties against some microbial pathogens, its effect on the expression of biofilm genes, and its anticancer activity on the breast cancer cell lines were also determined. To study the cytocompatibility, exposure of niosomes against normal HEK-293 cells was carried out. In addition, the impact of niosomes on the expression of genes involved in the apoptosis (Bcl2, Casp3, Casp9, Bax) at the mRNA level was measured. Our findings revealed that the Zn-NPs have a round shape and an average size of 27.60 nm. Meanwhile, UV–Vis, FTIR, and XRD results confirmed the synthesis of Zn-NPs. Also, the EE% and the size of the optimized niosomal formulation were 31.26% and 256.6 ± 12 nm, respectively. The release profile showed that within 24 h, 26% of Zn-NPs were released from niosomes, while in the same period, 99% of free Zn-NPs were released, which indicates the slow release of Zn-NPs from niosomes. Antimicrobial effects exhibited that niosomes containing Zn-NPs had more significant antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects than Zn-NPs alone, the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects increased 2 to 4 times. Cytotoxic effects indicated that when Zn-NPs are loaded into niosomes, the anticancer activity increases compared to Zn-NPs alone and has low cytotoxicity on cancer cells. Niosomes containing ZnNPs increased the apoptosis-related gene expression level and reduced the Bcl2 genes. In general, the results show that niosomes can increase the biological effects of free Zn-NPs and therefore can be a suitable carrier for targeted delivery of Zn-NPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lately, children's daily consumption of some products, such as cereals and candies, has been rising, which provides a compelling rationale for determining any metallic substances that may be present. Monitoring the concentration of certain metals, like nickel, in these products is necessary due to medical issues in humans when consumed regularly. So, in this work, a novel and highly selective carbon paste as a Ni(II) ion-selective sensor was prepared and investigated using ceramic magnesium aluminum spinel nanoparticles as the ionophore and tritolyl phosphate (TOCP) as a plasticizer. A modified co-precipitation method was used to synthesize the spinel nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope with EDAX, transmission electron microscope, and BET surface area were used to determine the phase composition, microstructure, pores size, particle size, and surface area of the synthesized nanoparticles. The spinel nanoparticle was found to have a nano crystallite size with a cubic crystal system, a particle size ranging from 17.2 to 51.52 nm, mesoporous nature (average pore size = 8.72 nm), and a large surface area (61.75 m2/g). The composition ratio of graphite carbon as a base: TOCP as binder: spinal as ionophore was 67.3:30.0:2.7 (wt%) based on potentiometric detections over concentrations from 5.0 × 10−8 to 1.0 × 10−2 mol L−1 with LOD of 5.0 × 10−8 mol L−1. A measurement of 29.22 ± 0.12 mV decade−1 over pH 2.0–7.0 was made for the Nernstian slope. This sensor demonstrated good repeatability over nine weeks and a rapid response of 8 s. A good selectivity was shown for Ni(II) ions across many interferents, tri-, di-, and monovalent cations. The Ni(II) content in spiked real samples, including cocaine, sweets, coca, chocolate, carbonated drinks, cereals, and packages, were measured. The results obtained indicated no significant difference between the proposed potentiometric method and the officially reported ICP method according to the F- and t-test data. In addition to utilizing ANOVA statistical analysis, validation procedures have been implemented, and the results exceed the ICP-MS methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the self-assembling nature of nano-doped liquid crystals is characterized using different techniques. Liquid crystals, namely 4, n-alkoxybenzoic acid (nOBA, where n = 7,8), doped with magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 of size 20nm) are considered for the present study. The structural and morphological properties of nano-doped liquid crystals are determined by the techniques of X-ray diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Morphological properties like grains, grain boundaries, and crystal defects are elucidated using the scanning electron microscope technique. Structural properties such as crystal structure, grain size, inter-atomic spacing, lattice constant, and dislocation density are determined using X-ray diffraction studies. The characteristics measured from the X-ray diffraction studies are correlated using the statistical analysis of Scanning electron microscope images. This is an objective analysis of X-ray diffraction studies. In addition to these techniques, colorimetric studies of optical anisotropic liquid crystals are carried out by measuring the chromaticity coordinates and color purity. This study utilizes the polarizing optical microscope technique. Furthermore, the influence of nano dopants on the characteristics of liquid crystals with carbon chain length is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An ample amount of fruit waste is generated as agro-industrial waste, leading to significant nutritional, economic, and environmental challenges. Fruit peels are rich in many valuable bioactive compounds with the potential for developing nanoparticles. This study examined fresh juices of two citrus fruit peel wastes (Citrus sinensis: C. sinesis and Citrus limon: C. limon) for antioxidants and total protein. Then, we investigated their ability to produce silver nanoparticles, which were further analyzed for anti-microbial activity against thirteen pathogenic microbes. Both Citrus peel juices were rich in secondary metabolites. The formation of Ag nanoparticles was initially confirmed by UV-vis spectroscopy, with peaks at 400 nm for C. sinensis peel Ag nanoparticles and 430 nm for C. limon peel Ag nanoparticles. Further characterization was conducted using zeta sizer, zeta potential, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity was tested using the well diffusion method against 11 bacterial strains (five Gram-positive and six Gram-negative) and two fungal strains of Candida. TEM and SEM results revealed a spherical shape, with an average diameter of about 13 nm for C. sinensis and 21 nm for C. limon Ag. EDX confirmed the presence of silver in both nanoparticles. The FTIR spectrum of the extract indicated the presence of biomolecules, which facilitated the reduction and capping of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles. The prepared nanoparticles showed remarkable antimicrobial activity, but the nanoparticles from C. sinensis exhibited stronger antibacterial properties because of their smaller size. Citrus peel waste is a suitable medium for the eco-friendly production of silver nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles are one of the effective methodologies implemented in concrete technology. The main objective of this research is to study the influence of nano alumina with different percentage variations ranging from 1% to 3% along with the incorporation of PVA fibers. From the mechanical properties test, the optimum dosage was determined to further study the durability behavior. This research work also investigates the hybridization of two nanoparticles such as nano silica (NS) and nano alumina (NA). The results show that the increasing quantity of NA reduces the compressive strength of the mortar due to agglomeration (cluster of particles), which results in a greater molecular attraction force. From the test results, it is concluded that the optimum dosage has been attained with an addition of 2% NA with 0.3% PVA. The compression strength test results at 14 days and 28 days reveal that the addition of NA tends the mineral admixture to react at early ages in the hydration process, which produces a new chemical compound to fill the pores. The rapid chloride penetration (RCPT) test results at 28 days significantly improved with the incorporation of nanoparticles due to their effective size and chemical reaction towards the other compounds. The test results from the hybridization of nanoparticles showed that the compressive strength was significantly enhanced compared to that of the control mortar and mortar with NA. They are effective up to certain limits beyond that addition, and the workability was reduced. Amongst all mixtures, the maximum compression strength has been attained for the mix with the addition of NA 0.5% and NS 2.5% comparatively. The microstructural properties of mortar were also studied through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The results showed that the incorporation of nanoparticles in the mortar matrix turns homogeneous with fewer pores and greater amount of hydration compounds; thereby, pore refinement has improved the hydration compounds remarkably. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest progress in the antioxidant properties of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as a promising tool in several domains of science and industry, including their application as antioxidant agents. The main knowledge gaps seem to be in correctly identifying the make-up of the naturally occurring phytochemicals that give these nano-antioxidants their extraordinary pharmacology and drug-like properties. In many instances, that characterization is done using spectroscopy instrumentation such as fourier-transform Infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). From literature appraisals, it was discovered that a lot of authors didn't properly characterize the phytochemicalsdflavonoids, phenolics, or other phytochemicals in the plant extracts in the case of green synthesis, which bond with the metallic components. Due to the lack of proper isolation of phytochemicals in the plants, it is also uncertain if the increased activities registered for the nanoantioxidants are the result of one or numerous phytochemicals creating unique nano-moieties. Most often, plant extracts of the same species vary significantly in their chemical composition, and therefore making it challenging to replicate the research findings. In conclusion, there is an inadequate understanding of the long-term consequences of nanoparticles on human health, and some studies have raised concerns about their safety versus potential toxicity. Therefore, further studies on the toxicity of nanoantioxidants are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a green synthesis methodology for making copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticle clusters in a cost-effective and simple way is reported. While cuprous sulfate pentahydrate is used as a source of copper, the outer layer of green peas (Pisum Sativum) is used as a source of phenol. Extracting the phenol from pea peels is a simple process that uses water as a solvent. Copper salt is reduced by the phenolic content that is so produced. Both physicochemical and microscopic characterization Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), and Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were performed on the particles. A variety of pea-peeling samples were used during the procedure's several executions to ensure reproducibility. The preparation process was appropriate, as the outcomes were identical. Analyses were also conducted on the produced particles' electrochemical activity as an application. A well-defined and organized redox reaction was seen at E' = +0.25 V against Ag/AgCl which were also shown to be highly electro-active. With the benchmarked redox mediator (5 mM ferricyanide), the particles also produced an outstanding redox peak at E1/2 = -0.01 V vs. Ag/AgCl. In a common reducing organic reaction, such as the reduction of p-nitro phenol to p-amino phenol, they were also found to be effective catalysts. Additionally, tests were conducted on the produced particles for their anti-bacterial and antifungal properties. Overall, a simple method for the formation of commercially viable CuO nanoparticle clusters is developed with the potential for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to produce a film based on the mucilage of Paneerak flower modified with licorice root and copper sulfate nanoparticles. The D-optimal statistical scheme was used to study the antioxidant, antimicrobial, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal decomposition (DSC) properties of the films. The results showed that with the increase of licorice root and copper sulfate nanoparticles, the antioxidant activity of the film increased significantly (p<0.05). The results of the antimicrobial activity of the prepared films showed that the addition of licorice and copper sulfate nanoparticles caused the antimicrobial activity of the film against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. X-ray diffraction analysis shows that copper sulfate nanoparticles are physically combined with the mucilage polymer of Paneerak flower and it reduces the crystal structure.Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results confirm the physical presence of copper sulfate nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. FTIR results also showed weak electrostatic interactions between film components and composites. The results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that the surface of the films containing copper sulfate nanoparticles and licorice root are more heterogeneous than the mucilage of Paneerak flower. Shirin-bian and copper sulfate nanoparticles were able to delay the thermal decomposition of the mucilage of Paneerak flower and increase the thermal stability of the mucilage film. Finally, based on the results, the addition of copper sulfate nanoparticles and licorice root to edible films based on the mucilage of paneerak flower improved antimicrobial, antioxidant, DSC and SEM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a comparison is made between the Taguchi and the GRA strategy for enhancing the machinability of AA7178 metal matrix composites that are reinforced with SiC and TiO2 nanoparticles. The composites were produced using a stir casting method, and their machinability was studied using a lathe. The investigation that was carried out with the assistance of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the reinforcement particles were dispersed uniformly over the surface of the aluminum matrix. The machining behavior of the composites was extensively investigated using the Taguchi approach and gray relational analysis. The feed had the greatest effect on the surface roughness of AA7178 + 3wt.% SiC(S1) and AA7178 + 3wt.% TiO2(T1) nanocomposites, respectively, as determined by ANOVA. In contrast, the cutting force for S1 and T1 nanocomposite was most affected by the depth of cut and the cutting speed. An examination of the variance of gray relationship grade revealed that cutting speed had a significant effect on both surface roughness and cutting force for S1 and T1, i.e., 59.76% and 71.40%, respectively. Abrasion and built-up edge were the primary causes of tool wear for both materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of their high mixing entropies, multi-component alloys can exhibit enhanced catalytic activity compared to traditional catalysts in various chemical reactions, including hydrogenation, oxidation, and reduction processes. In this work, new AgCoCuFeNi high entropy alloy nanoparticles were synthesized by the hydrogen reduction-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. The aim was to investigate the effects of processing parameters (reaction temperature, precursor solution concentration, and residence time) on the microstructure, composition, and crystallinity of the high entropy alloy nanoparticles. The characterization was performed with scanning electron microscope, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The syntheses performed at 600, 700, 800, and 900 °C, resulted in smaller and smoother spherical particles with a near-equiatomic elemental composition as the temperature increased to 900 °C. With 0.25, 0.1, and 0.05 M precursor solutions, narrower size distribution and uniform AgCoCuFeNi nanoparticles were produced by reducing the solution concentration to 0.05 M. A near-equiatomic elemental composition was only obtained at 0.25 and 0.05 M. Increasing the residence time from 5.3 to 23.8 s resulted in an unclear particle microstructure. None of the five metal elements were formed in the large tubular reactor. X-ray diffraction revealed that various crystal phase structures were obtained in the synthesized AgCoCuFeNi particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a nano polymer was fabricated via the molecular imprinted polymer (MINP) method to transport and control the release of the drug eptifibatide. N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAAM), N-vinylidene (NVP), and EGDMA have been used as a temperature-sensitive monomers and cross-linker, respectively. Moreover, by changing the percentage composition of monomers, the drug's potential adsorption, and temperature sensitivity were evaluated and optimized. The sample was examined and confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS). The results related to the in vitro drug eptifibatide demonstrated that the optimization of the nanopolymer composition percentage (MINP4) with has a direct impact on some characteristics such as proper response to ambient temperature, the ability to control response time, adequate size, critical dissolution temperature (LCST), and hydrophilicity of the polymer network. Therefore, due to increasing the half-life of eptifibatide, it could be a suitable carrier to deliver the drug molecules to the desired tissue. also, target selection, mastery of drug distribution control, and sensitivity to temperature are the main factors to enhance the efficiency of nano polymer for drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this investigation was to develop a new nanocatalyst that could produce materials with a lower sulfur content, thereby reducing its environmental harm. To achieve this, the researchers used the sol‐gel method to synthesize a heterogeneous nanocatalyst by attaching sandwich‐type polyoxotungstate [(CuW9O34)2Cu4(H2O)2−10] (denoted as Cu6W18O70) clusters on the surface of copper ferrite nanoparticles (CuFe2O4 NPs). To characterize the nanocatalyst, several analysis techniques were employed, including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet‐visible, powder X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope. The oxidative desulfurization of hazardous sulfur‐containing real and model fuel oils was effectively catalyzed by the Cu6W18O70⊂CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst. According to the experimental findings, the best efficiencies in oxidation reaction were achieved in 1 h contracting time at 35°C, which was as high as 95%. The Cu6W18O70⊂CuFe2O4 nanocatalyst exhibited impressive removal rates (%) on dibenzothiophene (C12H8S), benzothiophene (C8H6S), and thiophene (C4H4S) of model fuels, with figures reaching 97%, 96% and, 96% respectively. Furthermore, multiple recycling of the uniform nanocatalyst can be achieved effortlessly through filtration, without experiencing any notable decline in activity. Therefore, the authors suggest that this study will pave the way for the widely used mentioned nanocatalyst in the practical and workable organization of petroleum fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the reinforcing effect of nanoflower‐like hydroxyapatite (NFHA) in resin‐based dental composites, we synthesized a novel NFHA using microwave irradiation (MW), hydrothermal treatment (HT), and sonochemical synthesis (SS). Silanized NFHA was then used as the reinforcing filler in dental resin composites. We characterized the structure and morphology of various HA nanostructures using x‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and TEM. The mechanical performance of dental resin composites reinforced with silanized NFHA was measured using a universal testing machine. Spherical HA, synthesized through chemical precipitation (CP), served as the control group. One‐way analysis of variance was employed for the statistical analysis of the acquired data. The results demonstrate that the nanoflower morphology significantly was improved mechanical and physical properties. After conducting trials, the NFHA synthesized using MW and HT showed a substantial enhancement in mechanical and physical properties compared to the other structures. Therefore, it can be concluded that NFHA can serve as a novel reinforcing HA filler, providing regenerative properties to resin composites with sufficient mechanical strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium-doped anatase-TiO2 nanoparticles (LixTi1-xO2 NPs, x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20) could be synthesized by a simple sol–gel process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results displayed the tetragonal (space group: I41/amd) of polycrystalline TiO2 anatase phase. The spectroscopy results of Raman and FT-IR confirmed the anatase phase of TiO2 through the specific modes of metal oxides vibration in the crystalline TiO2. Surfaces micrographs by scanning electron microscope (SEM) of agglomerated LixTi1-xO2 NPs showed a spongy like morphology. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) illustrated a cuboidal shape of dispersed NPs with particle size distributed in a narrow range 5–10 nm. Bruanauer Emmett-Teller (BET) results showed the increased surface area of LixTi1−xO2 NPs with increasing Li content. LixTi1-xO2 NPs (x = 0.05–0.20) working electrodes illustrated a pseudocapacitive behavior with excellent electrochemical properties through the whole cycles of GCD test. Interestingly, Li0.1Ti0.9O2 NPs electrode illustrated a high performance in terms of maximum specific capacitance 822 F g−1 at 1.5 A g−1 in 0.5 M Li2SO4 electrolyte, with excellent capacitive retention 92.6% after 5000 cycles GCD test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant-mediated processes offer a more straightforward and cost-effective alternative to conventional chemical and physical methods for the reduction of silver ions to silver metallic nanoparticles. This study was conducted to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3) and a local Basciftlik white potato cultivar (S. tuberosum). Furthermore, the study aimed to compare antioxidant activity of nano-silver particles with that of the potato extract. The potato cultivar was extracted with deionized water and the solution was filtrated. The filtrate was reacted with AgNO3 solution to obtain the AgNPs. The structure of synthesized AgNPs was determined by a spectroscopic study, and characteristic functional groups were analyzed by a fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The signal observed at 3267 cm−1 is indicative of the hydroxyl functional group. The highest absorption at 429 nm in ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS) spectrum confirmed the occurrence of the synthesized AgNPs. The biogenic crystalline structure of the synthesized AgNPs was verified by an X-ray diffraction analysis. Average size and morphology of the St-AgNPs were determined by Scanning Electron Microscope analysis, which also indicated the formation of the AgNPs with an average size of 37.31 nm. Antioxidant activity study revealed that the synthesized AgNPs had higher antioxidant activity compared to that of the potato extract alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisetin (FIS) is a natural flavonoid compound with promising anti-cancer, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties. Despite these benefits, the low aqueous solubility of fisetin prevents its delivery through intravenous administration resulting in poor bioavailability. Hence, it is important to develop suitable delivery approaches to boost the overall performance of FIS and make it suitable for various medical applications. In this study, we formulated FIS-loaded polymannose (PM) nanoparticles (FIS-PM NPs) to increase their solubility and therapeutic efficacy. In addition, we have nanotized the FIS (Nano FIS) using the antisolvent precipitation method and compared its efficacy with the FIS. The nanoformulations FIS-PM NPs and nanotized FIS were characterized using different techniques such as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the anticancer effect of FIS and its nanoformulations were tested in breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231). The apoptotic potential of the nanoformulations was examined using different staining techniques and Annexin-V apoptosis assay using flow cytometry. The cell cycle analysis was performed to check the exact mechanism of cell death. The FIS-PM NPs revealed an average size of 250 nm, while Nano FIS showed an average size of 139 nm. FIS-loaded PM NPs showed an encapsulation efficiency of 88% and a drug content of 37%. In vitro drug release studies of the FIS-PM NPs showed a concentration-dependent controlled release of the FIS followed by an initial burst release of ≈ 40 % in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at different pH. FIS-PM NPs treated cells showed more cytotoxicity in comparison with nanotized FIS and FIS. We observed more apoptosis in FIS-PM NPs and Nano FIS treated cells compared to FIS and control cells as early as 24 h after the treatment. The cell cycle arrest was seen in the G1 phase of the cells treated with FIS-PM NPs and Nano FIS. In conclusion, the anticancer potential of FIS-PM NPs and Nano FIS has improved in MDA-MB-231 compared to raw FIS which can be attributed to the enhanced solubility of FIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were synthesised by the co-precipitation method and the nanocrystals were found in the range 30–50 nm in size. Silicone rubber (SiR) nanocomposite samples were prepared using different concentrations (1, 3, 5, and 7 wt%) of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles through mechanical mixing and hot press moulding. The surface morphology of prepared silicone elastomer nanocomposites was studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the smooth dispersion of ZnO nanoparticles inside the matrix and at higher concentration (7 wt%) agglomerates were formed. With increasing ZnO concentration, the mechanical properties of silicone rubber nanocomposite exhibited an increase in tensile strength, modulus, and decrease in elongation at break, which can be attributed to good distribution and reinforcing activity of nanoparticle in the elastomer matrix. At higher concentration (7 wt%), the rate of increase of mechanical properties was nominal due to the agglomeration of nanoparticles. The effect of ZnO nanoparticle concentration on the rheological properties of silicone rubber nanocomposites such as loss modulus, storage modulus, and complex viscosity was studied as a function of temperature and at different frequency 1, 10, and 100 Hz. The effect of ZnO nanoparticle concentration on the rheological properties showed an increase in loss modulus, storage modulus, and complex viscosity due to increase in volume fraction of nanofiller and reinforcement. The loss factor of silicone elastomer nanocomposites decreased with ZnO concentration which can be attributed towards better polymer–nanoparticle interactions. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles up to 5 wt% concentration level provided better rheological properties beyond which the rate of increase was marginal. Based on the results of morphology, mechanical and rheological properties of silicone rubber nanocomposites, 5 wt% ZnO nanoparticles may be considered as the percolation limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experimental study aimed to assess the in vitro wound healing and antiinflammatory effects of green synthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) by the methanol extract of Ferula macrecolea (Boiss), as a plant with various pharmacological effects, such as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, in traditional and modern medicine. The precipitation approach was used for the green synthesis of CuNPs by mixing the methanol and copper sulfate solution. Cell viability and fibroblast proliferation assay were performed by MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide) assay. The migration abilities of fibroblast cells were evaluated using the in vitro scratch assay for wound healing. The effects of CuNPs on gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthesis (iNOS) were also examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In vitro antibacterial susceptibility test of CuNPs was carried out according to the standards protocol of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. The scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that the green synthesized CNP exhibited a globular shape with a size ranging from 15 to 90 nm, while the majority were at 40-60 nm. The results of the MTT assay demonstrated that the calculated 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) value of green synthesized CuNPs was 236.3 μg/mL. The optimum concentrations of the CuNPs were selected based on the CC50, which dose-dependently increased the proliferation of fibroblast cells. The CuNPs dose-dependently increased the rate of wound closure after 16 and 24 h. The results of the real-time PCR illustrated that CuNPs caused upregulation in the expression level of the iNOS gene in RAW 264.7 cells. CuNPs showed promising antimicrobial effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The present study highlighted the high potency of green CuNPs synthesized by F. macrecolea for wound healing through their antimicrobial properties, proliferation of fibroblast cells, and provoking iNOS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at investigating the idea of anti‐bacterial self‐healing coatings based on polyurea formaldehyde microcapsules (MCs), with the repair agent being ZnO‐containing linseed oil. ZnO nanoparticles were added to the repair agent with the idea of developing an antibacterial coating. The idea was to entrap some ZnO nanoparticles inside microcapsules, aiming for some local release of ZnO nanoparticles where the coating is damaged. The corrosion resistances of the coatings were studied using the Tafel polarization test. The structure of the coating samples was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. To check the antibacterial properties of ZnO‐containing self‐healing samples, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were used. Results showed that ZnO nanoparticles were distributed not only inside microcapsules but also over the walls, inferring that overall protection can also be attained in addition to local anti‐bacterial performance. Results showed that the proposed multi‐functional coating has promising antibacterial and self‐healing responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nanoparticles are increasingly being used as an alternative antibiotic to target microorganisms, particularly for treating bacterial infections. In current study it was recognized processes such as metal ion release, induction of oxidative stress, and non-oxidative mechanisms. Developing resistance to nanoparticles is challenging for bacterial cells due to the multiple simultaneous actions against microorganisms, and require several simultaneous gene alterations within the same bacterial cell. Objective: To determine the effect of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) on the activity of the same bacteria that participate in dental caries (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli). Patients and Methods: The study included 50 patients who attended the dental clinic and took the samples by the wooden swap from the molar area (cervical area of inflamed gingiva and same samples taken from occlusal surface of molar). The collected samples were cultured on "Mannitol salt agar, Blood agar, and MacConkey's agar plates" for separation of the needed bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) that showed wide spreading in the oral cavities and dental carries. TiO2NPs are then created using pulse laser ablation, followed by coating preparation the nanoparticles materials (using a hybrid sol-gel and organ silicate nanoparticles), and finally the prepared nanoparticles to the coating solution and local paint were used for antimicrobial activity of the separated bacteria using different concentrations of TiO2 in the cultures. Results: Characterization showed the phase of the TiO2NPs was spherical, with very few irregularly shaped particles, and had an average small size in millimeters. Antimicrobial activity results showed a strong bactericidal effect against Gram-positive bacteria and demonstrated greater sensitivity to TiO2 nanoparticles at lower concentrations when compared to Gram-negative bacteria. Conclusion: It was shown that nanotechnology promise in treating various infections caused by bacteria, including dental caries. Notably, nanoparticles have demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial effects against Gram-positive bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) were synthesized by an electrochemical exfoliation method. Four various conditions of the electrochemical exfoliation process: (I) 1M NaOH with 4V, (II) 0.5M H2SO4 with 5V, (III) a mixture of 1M NaOH and 0.5M H2SO4 with 5V, and (IV) a twostep process of 1M NaOH with 4V and 0.5M H2SO4 with 5V, were compared. The as-synthesized GNPs obtained from all conditions were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The two-step process provided the GNPs with the low defect concentration and the lowest number of layers. Moreover, confirmed by field emission scanning and transmission electron microscopes (FE-SEM and TEM), the GNPs obtained from the two-step process were multilayer graphene. The GNPs obtained from each condition were added into an ultraviolet-cured acrylate adhesive to fabricate electrically conductive acrylate adhesive (ECAA). The GNPs acted as fillers to play an important role in conducting the electrical network of the ECAA without any other additive. The van der Pauw method was conducted to measure the electrical resistivity of the ECAA. The ECAA, containing 5wt% of the obtained GNPs from the two-step process, had the lowest resistivity when compared to the ECAA which contained the obtained GNPs from other conditions. We found that the percolation threshold of the ECAA, containing the obtained GNPs from the two-step process, was at 3.26 wt%. Last, 6.92 wt% of the GNPs reached the lowest resistivity at 1.09Ω·cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile dyes have a major issue of the contamination of water and are hazardous to aquatic environments. This work reports the development of an efficient process for iron oxide nanoparticle synthesis by a modified co-precipitation technique. The ultrasonic energy was used to enhance the synthesis of maghemite nanoparticles. A comprehensive study of vital process factors was carried out to develop the optimum conditions for synthesising pure Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The effect of process variables was modelled and analysed with Box–Behnken statistical design and response surface methodology using Design-Expert software. The best outcome with 25-nm size was achieved with optimum processing conditions at a pH level of 12, a temperature of 70 °C, and a time of 60 min. The end products were confirmed with X-ray diffraction. Further, the nanoparticles were characterised with a scanning electron microscope, BET, UV–visible spectrophotometer, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The method described here offers significant advantages over other techniques for the large-scale production of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in a short time compared to other procedures. The prepared maghemite nanoparticles were successfully employed for methylene blue (MB) dye adsorption from water. Further, different adsorption process parameters were examined thoroughly. The data was analysed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, whereas the adsorption kinetics of dye were investigated by employing the pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order models. Higher values of R2 showed better fitness of the experimental data on dye removal to the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption capacity of maghemite nanoparticles was observed to be 96.52 mg g−1. The adsorbent maghemite nanoparticles can be easily restored and reused. The combination of facile desorption and effective regeneration positions the prepared maghemite nanoparticles as a compelling candidate for industrial wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aimed to prepare eco-friendly bio-nanocomposite films utilizing gelatin/ starch (GS), nano-ZnO, and Darbha grass extract via the solution casting method. Then, it was examined the mechanical and physical properties of different durations of sunlight exposure on the prepared films. The results indicated that up to 12 h of sunlight exposure led to increased film thickness, mechanical strength, and apparent density. Tensile strength increased from 4.8 to 34.8 MPa, and the average crystalline size of the nanoparticles was found to be 54.35 nm using scanning electron microscope. Compared with GS films, these bio-nanocomposite films exhibited lower moisture content, oil permeability, and enhanced water barrier properties. Moreover, they displayed significant UV absorption and profound antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative food borne pathogenic bacteria. The nano-ZnO/Darbha grass extract-based bio-nanocomposite films exhibited showed improved characteristics and could be applied in the field of food packaging application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The areas of environmental cleanup and bacteria inactivation are particularly interesting in polymer-based nanomaterials because of their unique physicochemical properties. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CP NPs) have potential uses in the biological and environmental, but little is known about them. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of CP nanoparticles in the photocatalytic inactivation of S. aureus and E. coli under visible irradiation (λ ≤ 420 nm), with minor enhancements observed. The simple and one-step chemical oxidation technique was used to prepare CP nanoparticles. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analyses were utilized to characterize the physicochemical properties of CP nanoparticles for comprehensive structural analysis. The synthesized CP nanoparticles exhibited outstanding photocatalytic disinfection capabilities, achieving a degradation of 98.6%. This research not only provides insights into the physical characteristics of CP nanoparticles but also illustrates their antibacterial efficacy against two different bacterial pathogens, namely S. aureus and E. coli. Therefore, this research highlights an eco-friendly and inexpensive preparation of conjugated polymer nanoparticles for a wide range of applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, nanoparticle (NP)-based drugs have been developed to increase the efficiency of existing cancer treatment approaches; however, how NPs interact with cellular systems is still uncertain. In this study, we have examined the ability of Se–FA NPs to enhance the chemotherapeutic effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in human AGS gastric cancer cells as well as their ability alone and in combination with 5-FU to modulate autophagy. The prepared NPs were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and scanning electron microscope. Cytotoxicity and autophagy-modulating activity of NPs were determined using MTT, q-PCR, and western blot methods. The size and surface charge of NPs were determined to be ~ 90.4 nm and − 53.8 mV, respectively. Se–FA NPs enhance the cytotoxicity of 5-FU (up to 4.1-fold) and consequently inhibit autophagy flux in AGS cells. These findings confirm the therapeutic potential of combining Se–FA NPs with 5-FU in an in vitro gastric cancer model and may suggest an approach to overcome chemotherapy resistance in cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanofluids have demonstrated incredible potential for application in various industries such as coolants. Metal oxides are widely used as solid particles in formulations of nanofluids due to their advantages. Metal oxide-based nanoparticles (NPs), ZnO NPs were fabricated by the ultrasonically assisted co-precipitation method. The structure and morphology of the synthesized ZnO NPs were characterized using an array of analytical techniques including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD results showed that the purity of ZnO was obtained. The investigated nanofluids remained stable for a long time without substantial sedimentation. The present study deals with the corrosion assessment of St37 steel in nanofluids prepared with various concentrations of ZnO NPs. A scanning electron microscope coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to determine the surface characteristics and elemental composition of low-carbon steel specimens both before and after corrosion tests. Notably, the nanofluid containing 0.05% by weight of ZnO nanoparticles demonstrated the highest corrosion prevention efficiency among the prepared nanofluids. Furthermore, impedance spectroscopy measurements revealed that the corrosion resistance increased by 72.9% for the nanofluid containing 0.05 wt% ZnO NPs compared to the base fluid. These findings highlight the potential of ZnO nanoparticles as an environmentally friendly anti-corrosion compound in cooling systems, effectively reducing corrosion degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial discharge (PD) has a well-established relationship with the lifespan of power cables. This paper has been treated the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with specified nanoparticles for enhancing dielectric degradation and reducing partial discharge current to extending lifespan of power cables. It has been succeeded to creation new polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites that have been synthesized experimentally via using solution-gel (SOL-GEL) technique and have high featured electric and dielectric properties. The validation of nanoparticles penetration inside polyvinyl chloride during synthesis process have been constructed and tested via scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The partial discharge current mechanisms in polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites have also been simulated in this work by using MATLAB® software. This paper has explored the characterization of partial discharge current for variant void patterns (air, water, rubber impurity) in polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites insulations of power cables to clarify the benefit of filling different nanoparticles (Clay, MgO, ZnO, and BaTiO3) with varied patterns inside power cables dielectrics. A comparative study has been done for different partial discharges patterns to propose characterization of partial discharges using nanoparticles of appropriate types and concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the effect of chitosan on the properties of zinc ferrite nanoparticles suitable for potential biomedical applications. The co‐precipitation method is employed to fabricate these bio‐composites that exhibit excellent microstructural properties. The X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) analysis confirms the presence of a cubic spinel structure in the zinc ferrite‐chitosan bio‐composites, indicative of their crystalline nature. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging revealed spherical particles with a size distribution below 100 nm, demonstrating the successful synthesis of homogenous nanosized particles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis identifies the active functional groups within the bio‐composites, providing valuable insights into the molecular structure and interactions present in the synthesized materials. The presence of chitosan is confirmed, highlighting its role in modifying the chemical composition and enhancing the biocompatibility of the samples. UV–vis absorption spectra analysis reveals that the samples exhibits absorbance within the visible range. Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analysis demonstrates the superparamagnetic behavior of the samples. Remarkably, these formulated samples exhibit superparamagnetism with zero coercivity and a magnetization of ≈0.0125 emu g−1 at 5 kOe when doped with chitosan. These properties are crucial for potential biomedical applications making it a promising candidate for various biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthesis of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) with high purity, stability, and small sizes for biomedical applications is in high demand. The research on Fe3O4 NPs has been rapidly expanding and holds considerable promise for advancing new technologies and enhancing existing ones. Herein, Fe3O4 was synthesized from iron ferrous chloride (II) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) on air, and then coated with gum Arabic (GA) in a single step. The characterizations were investigated using UV–Vis absorption, ultra-high-resolution scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). Compared to bare Fe3O4, GA-coated magnetite nanoparticles (GA-Fe3O4) showed a uniform cubic morphology with a mean size of 8.61 ± 1.31 nm. Stability studies were performed via dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique, zeta (ζ) potential, and observing the precipitation of NPs over 5 weeks. GA-Fe3O4 showed higher stability of -34.5 mV compared to -23.1 mV for bare Fe3O4. Further, GA-Fe3O4 NPs demonstrate interesting magnetic properties that can be efficiently separated from the reaction medium with the aid of an external magnet. The magnetic properties of GA-Fe3O4 were confirmed through VSM analysis, revealing a significantly high saturation magnetism of approximately 226 emu/g. GA-Fe3O4 NPs are promising magnetic NPS that can offer several benefits in biomedical applications, such as increased biocompatibility, improved stability, and enhanced functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Boehmite is one of the stable phases of alumina that is easily available, and it also has a variety of applications. Therefore in this work, for preparation of AlOOH, Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solutions was added to aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3.9H2O) solution. Then, the surface of AlOOH was modified with (3‐aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES), due to high condensation of hydroxyl groups on its surface. Then, di(pyridin‐2‐yl)methanone (di(PM)) was immobilized on the surface of modified AlOOH toward synthesis of immobilized Schiff‐base on AlOOH (di(PM)@AlOOH) as a heterogeneous Schiff‐base ligand. Finally, a palladium complex was immobilized on its surface (Pd‐di(PM)@AlOOH) as a reusable, practical, and novel nanocatalyst. Pd‐di(PM)@AlOOH was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, wavelength‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (WDX) analysis, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis. After the characterization of Pd‐di(PM)@AlOOH, its performance was used as a highly practical, stable, retrievable, and hybrid organic–inorganic catalyst in the C‐C coupling of the Suzuki reaction. The hot filtration study of Pd‐di(PM)@AlOOH revealed that it acts heterogeneously in the Suzuki reaction. We found that this catalyst can be recycled for five runs without palladium leaching, as studied by hot filtration test and ICP analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bismuth based metal oxides are regarded as potential candidates for fabricating photoelectrodes due to their cost-effectiveness, high stability, and significant light absorbing capability. Hence, our present study focuses on rendering an extensive evaluation of nano-sized bismuth tungstate (Bi2WO6) as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting activity. Bismuth tungstate nanoparticles have been prepared by a facile solvothermal route, and their structural, morphological, elemental composition, and optical properties have been characterized by employing powder X-ray diffraction analysis (PXRD), high-resolution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) technique. For Bi2WO6 sample, the onset potential obtained for OER under dark and light conditions are ηdark = 0.83 V and ηlight = 0.71 V vs. Ag/AgCl respectively. The magnitude of photocurrent density at 1.23 V vs. RHE has been measured as 0.17 µA/cm2. From the Mott–Schottky plot, the flat band potential (Efb) for Bi2WO6 photocatalyst has been obtained as − 0.38 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Nanosized Bi2WO6 exhibited low onset potential, good photocatalytic stability, and suitable band edge potentials facilitating them to act as an efficient photoanode under stimulated solar light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-enzymatic screen-printed chemiresistive interdigitated electrodes (SPCIE) were designed and fabricated using a low-cost screen-printing method for detection of the glucose. The interdigitated electrodes (IDE) pattern was printed using conductive graphene ink on the glossy surface of the photo paper. The proposed glossy photo paper-based SPCIE are functionalized with multi-walled carbon nanotubes-zinc oxide (MWCNTs-ZnO) nanofibers to create the chemiresistive matrix. Further, to bind these nanofibers with the graphene electrode surface, we have used the green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with banana flower stem fluid (BFSF) as a binder solution. AgNPs with BFSF form the conductive porous natural binder layer (CPNBL). It does not allow to increase the resistivity of the deposited material on graphene electrodes and also keeps the nanofibers intact with paper-based SPCIE. The synthesized material of MWCNT-ZnO nanofibers and green synthesized AgNPs with BFSF as a binder were characterized by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), scanning electron microscope (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The amperometric measurements were performed on the proposed SPCIE sensor to detect the glucose sample directly. The innovative paper-based SPCIE glucose sensor exhibits a linear corelation between current measurements and glucose concentration in the range between 45.22 μ m and 20 mm, with a regression coefficient (R 2) of 0.9902 and a lower limit of detection (LoD) of 45.22 μ m (n = 5). The sensitivity of the developed SPCIE sensor was 2178.57 μ AmM−1cm−2, and the sensor's response time determined was approximately equal to 18 s. The proposed sensor was also tested for real blood serum sample, and relative standard deviation (RSD) was found equal to 2.95%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the preparation of AlN and Al2O3, as well as the effect of nano-AlN and nano-Al2O3, on friction and wear properties of copper-steel clad plate immersed in the lubricants. Design/methodology/approach: Nano-AlN or nano-Al2O3 (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 Wt.%) functional fluids were prepared. Their tribological properties were tested by an MRS-10A four-ball friction tester and a ball-on-plate configuration, and scanning electron microscope observed the worn surface of the plate. Findings: An increase in nano-AlN and Al2O3 content enhances the extreme pressure and anti-wear performance of the lubricant. The best performance is achieved at 0.5 Wt.% of nano-AlN and 0.3 Wt.% of nano-Al2O3 with PB of 834 N and 883 N, a coefficient of friction (COF) of approximately 0.07 and 0.06, respectively. Furthermore, the inclusion of nano-AlN and nano-Al2O3 particles in the lubricant enhances its extreme pressure performance and reduces wear, leading to decreased wear spot depth. The lubricating effect of the nano-Al2O3 lubricant on the surface of the copper-steel composite plate is slightly superior to that of the nano-AlN lubricant, with a COF reaching 0.07. Both lubricants effectively fill and lubricate the holes on the surface of the copper-steel composite plate. Originality/value: AlN and Al2O3 as water-based lubricants have excellent lubrication performance and can reduce the COF. It can provide some reference for the practical application of nano-water-based lubricants. Peer review: The peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/ILT-08-2023-0255/ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of antibiotic‐resistant bacterial infections is a principal threat to global health. Functionalization of nanomaterial with antibiotics is known as a useful method for increasing the effectiveness of existing antibiotics. In this study, vancomycin‐functionalized ZnFe2O4 nanocomposite (ZnFe2O4@Cell@APTES@Van) was synthesized, and its functional groups and particle size were characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope, and transmission electron microscopy. The antibacteria activity of the synthesized nanocomposite was evaluated using minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Cytotoxicity assay was done by 2,3‐bis‐(2‐methoxy‐4‐nitro‐5‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium‐5‐carboxanilide method. Characterization analyses of synthesized nanocomposite confirmed the binding of vancomysin on the surface of ZnFe2O4@Cell@APTES. Nanocomposite exhibited an aggregated semi‐spherical structure with hydrodynamic radii of ∼382 nm. In vitro antibacterial activity test showed that vancomycin and vancomycin functionalized ZnFe2O4 have no antibacterial effect against E. coli. S. aureus was sensitive to vancomycin and ZnFe2O4@Cell@APTES@Van NPs and ZnFe2O4 NPs did not improve vancomycin antibacterial activity against these bacteria. MRSA is resistant to vancomycin while ZnFe2O4@Cell@APTES@Van NPs was efficient in inhibiting MRSA growth. In summary, this study showed that attachment of vancomycin to ZnFe2O4 NPs was increased its antibacterial activity against MRSA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The present study evaluated the production of galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) from lactose in both batch and continuous modes using nano‐immobilised β‐galactosidase. Mesoporous silicon dioxide nanoparticles were used to immobilise β‐galactosidase to enhance the stability and production of GOSs. The change in enzyme‐characteristics was assessed using Fourier‐transform infrared and scanning electron microscope analysis. The nano‐immobilisation increased the enzyme's substrate affinity, but decreased its hydrolytic activity. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in stability was observed across a wide range of temperature (30 °C–70 °C) and pH (5.0–8.0). Both forms of enzymes (free and nano‐immobilised enzymes) followed the zero‐order reaction in all temperatures, while the nano‐immobilised enzyme had the highest activation energy. The free and nano‐immobilised enzymes retained 64.65% and 77.82% of their initial activity after 90 days of storage, respectively. In a batch mode, the nano‐immobilised enzyme produced 2.35 times more GOSs than the free enzyme. The GOSs production remained consistent while the enzyme activity decreased by 12.7% after 5 cycles of operation. The continuous mode of production in a packed bed reactor achieved a GOSs yield of 16.92%. Overall, the nano‐immobilised enzyme showed better GOSs production under batch and continuous mode of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant‐based nanoparticles (NPs) have found great interest among various scientist in the present era and used in various sector including medicine, agriculture, and food industry. The various chemical constituents of plants aid in the bioreduction of metal ions to a nanoscale. Among the various NPs synthesized, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs hold a premier position. ZnO NPs have use in textile, cosmetic, diagnostics, optoelectronics, photocatalysis, diodes, and many other areas. NPs synthesized through green synthesis have a potentially greater role in treating clinical pathogens. Present investigations show a simple eco‐friendly method for the synthesis of ZnO NPs from the husk of sunflower seeds. Sunflower is an economically important crop, for the formation of edible oil. The husk is considered to be a waste, product in oil industry, however, the biomolecules present in sunflower husk can be used to produce ZnO NPs. Present investigations reveal formation of ZnO NPs and investigations of their structure through scanning electron microscope (SEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Their optical properties have been studied by ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer (UV–Vis) and fluorophotometer. ZnO NPs have also been investigated for their potential phytoremedial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticles of zinc selenide (ZnSe) were produced by an innovative, uncomplicated, and extremely rapid process that took no longer than a few seconds. For the production of zinc ions, zinc chloride was utilized, and selenium was used for the production of selenium ions. The effect of Zn to Se ions ratio on optical properties has been examined. The prepared nanoparticles were tested and characterized by using transmission electron microscope TEM, scanning electron microscope SEM and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The morphological results revealed that the ZnSe has a spherical shape with mean diameter around 15 nm and the band gap of the ZnSe increases with increasing the Zn content in the sample. The prepared materials were tested as antibacterial agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents the preparation and characterization of a new composite containing Prussian blue analogues nanoparticles and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (PVP). Nanoparticles of nickel hexacyanoferrate (NiHCFe) and nickel hexacyanochromate (NiHCCr) were synthesized by the citrate-assisted co-precipitation method. Basic characterization revealed uniform cubic particles with an average size of 238 nm (NiHCFe) and 80 nm (NiHCCr). In the next step, these nanocubes were incorporated into composite fibres using electrospinning technique. The resulting fibres exhibited distinctive colours, and scanning electron microscope imaging showed differences in fibre morphology between NiHCFe/PVP and NiHCCr/PVP composites. The obtained results indicate the successful synthesis and characterization of Prussian blue analogue nanoparticles, as well as their integration into composite fibres, opening up possibilities for diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]