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Carpenter et al. [Phys. Rev. E 59, 5655 (1999); 61, 532 (2000)] managed to explain ellipsometric critical adsorption data collected from the liquid-vapor interface of four different critical binary liquid mixtures near their demixing critical temperature using a single model. This was the first time a single universal function had been found which could quantitatively describe the surface critical behavior of many different mixtures. There have also been various attempts to investigate this surface critical behavior using neutron and x-ray reflectometries. Results have been mixed and have often been at variance with Carpenter et al. In this paper, the authors show that neutron reflectometry data collected from a crystalline quartz-critical mixture interface, specifically deuterated water plus 3-methylpyridine, can be quantitatively explained using the model of Carpenter et al. derived from ellipsometric data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the tethered chains in poor solvent conditions in Langmuir diblock copolymers monolayers using dioctylphthalate as the subphase liquid. Form of the segmental concentration profile normal to the surface; Rheological properties; Bimodal molecular weight.

Examines the mass density of polystyrene thin films measured by twin neutron reflectivity. Performance of reflectivity measurements at the free-surface and silicon substrates; Absence of density changes with the film thickness; Reduction of the systematic sample tilt uncertainty effects on thin film density determination.

Two-day and eight-day old seedlings of Asclepias curassavica, Calotropis procera and Leptadenia pyrotechnica were studied. The basipetally differentiating epicotylar vasculature and the root-hypocotyl-cotyledonary vasculature are ontogenetically separate units. The cotyledonary node is unilacunar two-trace and the foliar nodes, unilacunar one trace. The unilacunar two trace cotyledonary nodes in advanced families like Apocyanaceae and Asclepiadaceae seem phylogenetically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to develop and validate a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) system for the simultaneous quantitative determination of berberine and rutin in Tinospora cordifolia extract and their pharmaceutical preparations. Chromatographic development was done using a blend of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, glacial acetic acid and methanol (10:1.1:1.1:2.5, v/v) as the mobile phase. Detection was completed densitometrically at 254 nm. The RF estimation of berberine and rutin was observed to be 0.67 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.02, respectively. The developed HPTLC method was validated according to ICH guidelines; the method was specific, linear and accurate and can be used to determine berberine and rutin in marketed herbal preparations. The Tinospora cordifolia plant extract was further evaluated for antioxidant activity using HPTLC, and berberine was found to be more active than rutin during DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity. The method was found simple, rapid, accurate, specific and robust for the analysis of berberine and rutin in crude drug using the same method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated collision induced transitions in the (0, 0) band of the A2Σ+–X2Π electronic transition of nitric oxide (NO) using two-color polarization spectroscopy (TCPS). Two sets of TCPS spectra for 1% NO, diluted in different buffer gases at 295 K and 1 atm, were obtained with the pump beam tuned to the R11(11.5) and OP12(1.5) transitions. The buffer gases were He, Ar, and N2. The probe was scanned while the pump beam was tuned to the line center. Theoretical TCPS spectra, calculated by solving the density matrix formulation of the time-dependent Schrödinger wave equation, were compared with the experimental spectra. A collision model based on the modified exponential-gap law was used to model the rotational level-to-rotational level collision dynamics. A model for collisional transfer from an initial to a final Zeeman state was developed based on the difference in cosine of the rotational quantum number J projection angle with the z-axis for the two Zeeman states. Rotational energy transfer rates and Zeeman state collisional dynamics were varied to obtain good agreement between theory and experiment for the two different TCPS pump transitions and for the three different buffer gases. One key finding, in agreement with quasi-classical trajectory calculations, is that the spin-rotation changing transition rate in the A2Σ+ level of NO is almost zero for rotational quantum numbers ≥8. It was necessary to set this rate to near zero to obtain agreement with the TCPS spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How to evaluate the accuracy of quantitative trait prediction is crucial to choose the best model among several possible choices in plant breeding. Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC), serving as a metric for quantifying the strength of the linear association between two variables, is widely used to evaluate the accuracy of the quantitative trait prediction models, and generally performs well in most circumstances. However, PCC may not always offer a comprehensive view of predictive accuracy, especially in cases involving nonlinear relationships or complex dependencies in machine learning-based methods. It has been found that many papers on quantitative trait prediction solely use PCC as a single metric to evaluate the accuracy of their models, which is insufficient and limited from a formal perspective. This study addresses this crucial issue by presenting a typical example and conducting a comparative analysis of PCC and nine other evaluation metrics using four traditional methods and four machine learning-based methods, thereby contributing to the improvement of practical applicability and reliability of plant quantitative trait prediction models. It is recommended to employ PCC in conjunction with other evaluation metrics in a targeted manner based on specific application scenarios to reduce the likelihood of drawing misleading conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibiotic residues have been extensively identified in diverse aquatic environments, posing significant health risks to both humans and animals, while also presenting challenges to the environment. Consequently, the imperative need to effectively removal antibiotics from the environment has become a very importance issue. In this study, response surface methodology with central composite design was employed to systematically investigate the effects of key process parameters, on the removal of cefotaxime (CTX) from hospital wastewater using pistachio sells based activated carbon modified with FeCl3. The modified activated carbon was synthesized using a thermochemical method and characterized by analytical techniques including FE-SEM, FTIR, XRD, pHpzc, and BET analysis, which demonstrated its remarkable physicochemical properties. Maximum removal efficiency of 99.1% was obtained via the optimal values of 45 mg L− 1 of initial CTX concentration, solution pH 7, and 200 mg L− 1 of Fe@ACP dosage, 56 min of reaction time through adsorption process. According to the results, the non-linear Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.9931) and non-linear second order kinetic model (R2 = 0.9934) are suitably described the monolayer and chemisorption of CTX adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of Fe@ACP is 651.6 mg g− 1. Consequently, the developed treatment process revealed successful performance for quick and efficient removal of CTX by Fe@ACP. The developed process introduced an economic and green approach for the comprehensive utilization of agricultural waste resources used for environmental pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer (LC) continues to pose the highest mortality and exhibits a common prevalence among all types of cancer. The genetic interaction between human eukaryotes and microbial cells plays a vital role in orchestrating every physiological activity of the host. The dynamic crosstalk between gut and lung microbiomes and the gut–lung axis communication network has been widely accepted as promising factors influencing LC progression. The advent of the 16s rDNA sequencing technique has opened new horizons for elucidating the lung microbiome and its potential pathophysiological role in LC and other infectious lung diseases using a molecular approach. Numerous studies have reported the direct involvement of the host microbiome in lung tumorigenesis processes and their impact on current treatment strategies such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy. The genetic and metabolomic cross‐interaction, microbiome‐dependent host immune modulation, and the close association between microbiota composition and treatment outcomes strongly suggest that designing microbiome‐based treatment strategies and investigating new molecules targeting the common holobiome could offer potential alternatives to develop effective therapeutic principles for LC treatment. This review aims to highlight the interaction between the host and microbiome in LC progression and the possibility of manipulating altered microbiome ecology as therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising approach for gene therapy in cancers, but it requires carriers to protect and deliver therapeutic small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules to cancerous cells. Starch-based carriers, such as quaternized starch (Q-Starch), have been shown to be biocompatible and are able to form nanocomplexes with siRNA, but significant electrostatic interactions between the carrier and siRNA prevent its release at the target site. In this study, we aim to characterize the effects of the degree of substitution (DS) and molecular weight (Mw) of Q-Starch on the gene silencing capabilities of the Q-Starch/siRNA transfection system. We show that reducing the DS reduces the electrostatic interactions between Q-Starch and siRNA, which now decomplex at more physiologically relevant conditions, but also affects additional parameters such as complex size while mostly maintaining cellular uptake capabilities. Notably, reducing the DS renders Q-Starch more susceptible to enzymatic degradation by α-amylase during the initial Q-Starch pretreatment. Enzymatic cleavage leads to a reduction in the Mw of Q-Starch, resulting in a 25% enhancement in its transfection capabilities. This study provides a better understanding of the effects of the DS and Mw on the polysaccharide-based siRNA delivery system and indicates that the polysaccharide Mw may be the key factor in determining the transfection efficacy of this system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In treating the major metabolic disorder diabetes mellitus type-2, the α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors play an effective role due to their vital capability of polysaccharide hydrolyzation. A well-known α-glucosidase inhibitor drug such as acarbose and miglitol can provide in vivo and in vitro efficacy against diabetes. Subsequently, these clinically approved drugs' long-term side effects and metabolic resistance can enhance the search for novel small molecule-based α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitors to cure diabetes mellitus. In this present review, benzothiazole-based α-glucosidase inhibitors have been highlighted with their enriched structure-activity relationships containing the published research from (2013–2023), and we also discussed its in silico molecular docking mode of action. Most of the reported benzothiazole-based hybrids exhibited superior potency in vitro compared to approved drugs due to the vast probabilities of the chemical modifications and ligand-protein interactions with the benzothiazole ring. Moreover, significant hydrophobic target interactions, including π-π stacking, π-sulphur, π-cation, and π-anion, were observed during the entire study, which improved the inhibition target potency. The active target residues of α-glucosidase also developed sufficient binding pocket interaction with benzothiazole molecules and reduced the harmful effects. Hence, this study can provide a better understanding of the structural pattern with the in silico-based modification of benzothiazole scaffolds to improve current medication treatments for type-2 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemical modification of active scaffolds from natural products has gained interest in pharmaceutical industries. Nevertheless, the metabolites extraction is time-consuming while the lead is frequently mismatched with the receptor. Here, the diazo coupling approach was introduced to generate a series of vanillin derivatives featuring halogenated azo dyes (1a-h). The vanillin derivatives showed effective inhibition of S. aureus (7-9 mm) and E. coli (7-8 mm) compared to the parent vanillin, while 1b had the highest inhibition zone (9 mm) against S. aureus comparable to the reference ampicillin. The presence of N = N, C = O, -OH, -OCH3 and halogens established strategic binding interactions with the receptor. The potential vanillin-azo as an antimicrobial drug was supported by in silico docking with penicillin-binding proteins and DFT (using Gaussian 09) with binding affinity −7.5 kcal/mol and energy gap (Egap) 3.77 eV, respectively. This study represents a significant advancement in drug discovery for effective antibiotics with excellent properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the pediatric population, bronchial asthma is one of the most prevalent chronic respiratory system diseases. The number of exacerbations, severity, and duration of symptoms all have a significant impact on children's life quality. In the last decades, the prevention and management strategies of this pathology have focused on maintaining or even increasing the pulmonary function to maximum levels in early childhood, as it has been demonstrated that functional deficits at this level occurring before school age cause pathological manifestations later, in adulthood. The epithelium of the airways and implicitly that of the lung is the first barrier against the lesions caused by pro-oxidative factors. Both oxidative and antioxidative factors can be of endogenous origin (produced by the body) or exogenous (from the environment or diet). Good functioning of antioxidant defense mechanisms from the molecular level to the tissue level, and a balance between pro-oxidative factors and anti- oxidative factors, influence the occurrence of compensatory mechanisms at the level of the respiratory epithelium, causing the delay of local responses to the stress induced by chronic inflammation (bronchial remodeling, thickening of airway smooth muscles, bronchoconstriction, bronchial hyper-reactivity). These mechanisms underlie the pathophysiological changes in asthma. Numerous studies carried out among the pediatric population inclusively have demonstrated the effectiveness of antioxidants in the prophylaxis, slowing down and preventing the progression of this pathology. This review complements the scientific articles, aiming at emphasizing the complexity of oxidative physio-pathological pathways and their importance in the occurrence, development, and therapeutic response in asthma, providing a good understanding of the relationship between oxidative and antioxidative factors, and being a source of future therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tocopherols, potent bioactive compounds with anticancer properties, remain understudied in herbal medicinal plants, presenting a significant knowledge gap in the field of natural anticancer agents. This review evaluates tocopherol-containing plants for their anticancer potential, analyzing Scopus publications from 2016 to 2024. Fifteen herbal medicinal plants were identified as promising candidates, including Bulbine anguistifolia Poelln, Punica granatum L., Moringa oleifera, Kigelia pinnata, and Typhonium flagelliforme Lodd. The review explores tocopherols' anticancer mechanisms, including apoptosis induction and cell cycle arrest. Factors influencing tocopherols' anticancer effects are examined, such as their forms (α, β, γ, δ), concentrations, plant parts utilized, and their stability in various plants. Additionally, emerging research on semi-synthetic tocopherol derivatives is analyzed, highlighting their potential as adjuvants in chemotherapy and their role in enhancing drug delivery and reducing side effects. This comprehensive analysis aims to advance the development of plant-based anticancer pharmaceuticals and improve cancer treatment strategies. By elucidating the mechanisms and potential of tocopherol-containing plants, this review provides a foundation for future research in plant-based anticancer therapies. It emphasizes the need for further investigation into these plants' anticancer properties, potentially leading to novel, more effective, and less toxic cancer therapies. The findings presented here contribute to a nuanced understanding of how tocopherol-containing plants can be leveraged in the development of future anticancer drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the study of millisecond-resolved polymer brush swelling dynamics using infrared spectroscopy with a home-built quantum cascade laser-based infrared spectrometer at a 1 kHz sampling rate after averaging. By cycling the humidity of the environment of the polymer brush, we are able to measure the swelling dynamics sequentially at different wavenumbers. The high sampling rate provides us with information on the reconformation of the brush at a higher temporal resolution than previously reported. Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we study the brush swelling dynamics as a reference experiment and to correct artefacts of the infrared measurement approach. This technique informs on the changes in the brush thickness and refractive index. Our results indicate that the swelling dynamics of the polymer brush are poorly described by Fickian diffusion, pointing toward more complicated underlying transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of the shoot apex in Sesamum indicum Linn, and Eruca sativa Mill, was followed from the mature embryo to early reproductive stages. The shoot apex shows an age-related increase in size until the reproductive phase sets in. In both species, the epicotyl apex is flat with a single tunica layer covering a homogeneous corpus. In Sesamum the 3-day old seedling apex shows the early stages in the establishment of cytohistological zonation in the corpus leading to well-established zonation in the dome-shaped 4-day old seedling apex. In Eruca the maximal stage of the 3-day old seedling apex is a low dome and zonation in the corpus is well established in the 4-day old apex. Establishment of zonation seems to be related to the size of the apex in the first place and probably to the shape also as applied to particular species. The sequence of establishment of zones is, the peripheral zone first followed by the corpus mother cells and pith meristem zones almost simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the relationship between dietary flavonoids and bronchitis, emphysema and asthma. Method: A total of 11743 United States adults were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 2007–2008, 2009–2010 and 2017–2018. Of these, 47.7% were male and 52.3% female. Dietary flavonoid intake assessed using FDNNS and 24-hour dietary recall data. Inclusion of demographics (gender, age, education, family income), behavioral factors (BMI, smoking, drinking status, diet), chronic disease information (diabetes, hypertension) as covariates to eliminate confounding. Stepwise logistic regression was used to analyze the association between total dietary flavonoid intake and the risk of chronic respiratory disease. Weighted quantile sum regression (WQS) was used to analyze the association between 29 dietary flavonoids and the risk of chronic respiratory disease. Restricted cubic spline was used to analyze the dose-response relationship between dietary flavonoid intake and risk of chronic respiratory disease. Results: Stepwise logistic regression results showed that higher flavonoid intake in men was associated with a lower risk of CB and asthma (OR of CB: 0.55(0.31–0.97); OR of asthma: 0.72(0.52–0.99)), and WQS results showed a mixed health effect for total flavonoids and chronic respiratory tract in response to the 29 flavonoid fractions (OR of asthma: 0.97(0.94–0.99); OR of emphysema: 0.95(0.90–0.99)). Glycitein had the highest health contribution of 26.2% for emphysema; Eriodictyol had the highest health contribution of 32.13% for asthma, respectively. The RCS showed a dose-response relationship between flavonoids and respiratory tract health. The maximum dose for ingesting flavonoids to gain respiratory health benefits is 1500 mg/d. Conclusion: Higher dietary flavonoid intake was associated with lower chronic respiratory risk in adult U.S. men. Also 29 dietary flavonoid components have an overall health effect on respiratory health. Glycitein and Eriodictyol may have potential health effects on the respiratory system. 1500 mg/day may be the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of dietary flavonoids for respiratory health in U.S. adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for delivery systems based on biopolymers led this study to the synthesis of a new type of polysaccharide film. Thus, two distinct types of films were obtained in which amide-type anesthetics were incorporated. In the composition of type A films, κ-carrageenan and glycerol are found, while in the composition of type B films, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) is also included. The addition of the second polysaccharide (HEC) to the base composition makes the B-type films exhibit parafilm-like elasticity. FTIR study indicates successful incorporation of anesthetics without affecting the integrity of the polysaccharide matrix. Through TG/DTG and DSC studies, it is highlighted that the active substances are stable in the range of 37–100 °C, as well as the polysaccharides that have been chosen as a film base. Thus, all the data obtained from this study indicate that these films can be used as a local anesthetic carrier for possible transdermal drug delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, Echium amoenum (known as borage) petals, popular as a medicinal herb, was used for producing copper nanoparticles (CuO NPs) for the first time. Since borage metabolites are bioactive, they were used as bioreductive agents for synthesizing CuO NPs. For this, phytochemical compositions of EA extract were analyzed qualitatively before fabricating CuO NPs. Various measurements were conducted to characterize the CuO NPs, including UV–vis, FTIR, SEM–EDS, TEM, XRD, DLS, and the zeta potential. Additionally, EA-CuO NPs were examined for antimicrobial, free radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities. The surface plasmon resonance peak of the EA-CuO NPs was identified as 346.6 nm based on UV–visible spectroscopy. FTIR spectra proposed possible functional groups associated with EA-CuO NP formation. According to the SEM and TEM images, the EA-CuO NPs were spherical and ranged from 30 to 40 nm. The crystallites were estimated to be particulate at 28.5 nm in size, with the copper-to-oxygen ratio of 60.16:24.96 determined by XRD and EDX. There was an approximate IC50 value of 35.46 µg/ml for the DPPH and 70.11 µg/ml for the H2O2 scavenging activity of EA-CuO NPs. A MIC value of 80 µg/ml was obtained for EA-CuO NPs against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophytic, and Klebsiella pneumonia. However, MIC values for EA-CuO NPs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida species were 160 and 600 µg/ml, respectively. Based on the findings, EA-CuO nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an alternative to antibiotics to treat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Given this, it would be prudent to conduct detailed studies into the mechanism of action and side effects of EA-CuO NPs before they are applied as antimicrobial agents for therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compounds of natural origin found in varying quantities in plant-based products constitute a highly significant category, possessing structural significance as well as the capacity to regulate oxidative processes. The activity of these compounds may be modulated by the composition of the biological environment in which they operate, the pH of the environment, or the presence of metal cations in plants or plant extracts. A successful complexation reaction was mainly confirmed by FT-IR, observing the shift from the original transmittance of catechin bonds, especially O-H ones. This work shows the synthetic methodology and the optimization process that took place to synthesize a catechin–copper complex, which demonstrated antioxidant activity. It was tested for iron chelation ability, hydroxyl radicals, and the inhibition of lipoxygenase (15-LOX). An antidiabetic assay was performed by determining the inhibition of alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase, finding that the synthesized complex had similar inhibitory potential as pure catechin. The antibacterial tests showed results against Staphylococcus aureus and the antifungal properties of the complex against Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional antibiotic and multidrug treatments are becoming less and less effective and the discovery of new effective and safe antibacterial agents is becoming a global priority. Returning to a natural antibacterial product is a relatively new current trend. Terrestrial biota is a rich source of biologically active substances whose antibacterial potential has not been fully utilized. The aim of this review is to present the current state-of-the-art terrestrial biota-derived antibacterial agents inspired by natural treatments. It summarizes the most important sources and newly identified or modified antibacterial agents and treatments from the last five years. It focuses on the significance of plant- animal- and bacteria-derived biologically active agents as powerful alternatives to antibiotics, as well as the advantages of utilizing natural antibacterial molecules alone or in combination with antibiotics. The main conclusion is that terrestrial biota-derived antibacterial products and substances open a variety of new ways for modern improved therapeutic strategies. New terrestrial sources of known antibacterial agents and new antibacterial agents from terrestrial biota were discovered during the last 5 years, which are under investigation together with some long-ago known but now experiencing their renaissance for the development of new medical treatments. The use of natural antibacterial peptides as well as combinational therapy by commercial antibiotics and natural products is outlined as the most promising method for treating bacterial infections. In vivo testing and clinical trials are necessary to reach clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread adoption of encrypted communication protocols has significantly enhanced network security and user privacy, simultaneously elevating the importance of encrypted traffic analysis across various domains, including network anomaly detection. The Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3 protocol, introduced in 2018, has gained rapid popularity due to its enhanced security features and improved performance. However, TLS 1.3's security enhancements, such as encrypting more of the handshake process, present unprecedented challenges for encrypted traffic analysis, rendering traditional methods designed for TLS 1.2 and earlier versions ineffective and necessitating the development of novel analytical techniques. This comprehensive survey provides a thorough review of the latest advancements in TLS 1.3 traffic analysis. First, we examine the impact of TLS 1.3's new features, including Encrypted ClientHello (ECH), 0-RTT session resumption, and Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS), on existing traffic analysis techniques. We then present a systematic overview of state-of-the-art methods for analyzing TLS 1.3 traffic, encompassing middlebox-based interception, searchable encryption, and machine learning-based approaches. For each method, we provide a critical analysis of its advantages, limitations, and applicable scenarios. Furthermore, we compile and review key datasets utilized in machine learning-based TLS 1.3 traffic analysis research. Finally, we discuss the main challenges and potential future research directions for TLS 1.3 traffic analysis. Given that TLS 1.3 is still in the early stages of widespread deployment, research in this field remains nascent. This survey aims to provide researchers and practitioners with a comprehensive reference, facilitating the development of more effective TLS 1.3 traffic analysis techniques that balance network security requirements with user privacy protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A variety of medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine in Lubumbashi for the management of hemorrhoidal diseases. However, no investigation has been conducted to gather the knowledge required for this type of management in the region. The present study was conducted to inventory the plants used in Lubumbashi to treat hemorrhoidal diseases and to relate their ethnomedical characteristics. Methods: This study was conducted between March 2022 and February 2023 by interviews using semi-structured questionnaire with households (n = 1520), herbalists (n = 25), and traditional healers: THs (n = 59). Results: The 1,604 respondents (sex ratio M/F = 0.9; mean age: 56 ± 3 years; experience: 12 ± 3 years) provided information on 100 taxa, 84 of which are used against internal hemorrhoids, Phyllanthus amarus being the most cited (Citation Index, CI: 0.76). Most of them are trees (38%) or shrubs (32%), belonging to 90 genera and 45 families dominated by the Fabaceae (10%) and Asteraceae (9%). They are indicated in 76 other pathologies, dominated by gastrointestinal disorders (GID), wounds and sexually transmitted infections (CI > 0.57). From these 100 taxa, 117 anti-hemorrhoidal formulations were derived, 11 of which combined more than one plant. In all these recipes, the leaf is the most commonly used part (> 60%) and the liniment (> 45%) is the most popular form of application. For the first time, this study reports 14 taxa as plants used in the treatment of hemorrhoids. Among these taxa, Ficus stuhlmannii, Ficus laurifolia, and Ocimum centraliafricanum are listed as medicinal plants for the first time. Khaya nyasica, and Syzygium cordatum, each with 11 uses, have the highest traditional medicinal value. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that a significant number of medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine in Lubumbashi for the treatment of hemorrhoidal diseases. Some of these plants are endemic to the biodiversity area, while others are shared with other cultures and regions. A series of pharmacological studies is currently underway with the objective of validating the anti-hemorrhoidal properties of these plants and in order to identify phytochemical compounds responsible of this activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fields of statistical physics and single-cell genomics have traditionally evolved independently, each contributing unique insights to their respective domains. However, recent advances have unveiled intriguing parallels between these seemingly disparate disciplines. This paper delves into the remarkable similarities underlying the fundamental principles governing both systems, shedding light on their shared mathematical frameworks, information processing dynamics and emergent behaviours. We explore how energy landscapes in statistical physics correspond to gene expression landscapes, and how the study of disordered phenomena may shed light on the cellular heterogeneity observed in gene expression profiles. Some parallels between phase transitions and critical transitions in cellular differentiation processes are discussed. Emergent behaviours and collective phenomena, central to both fields, offer opportunities for cross-disciplinary insights. By examining these similarities, we can potentially transfer analytical tools and methodologies between these domains. In summary, this paper underscores some unexpected yet profound parallels between statistical physics and single-cell genomics. By embracing the shared mathematical and conceptual frameworks, researchers can unlock new avenues for discovery, enriching our understanding of complex systems ranging from the microscopic world of molecules to the intricate processes governing cellular behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocular drug delivery has been major challenge to pharmacologist and drug delivery scientist due to its unique anatomy and physiology. Nanosuspension by their inherent ability to improve the saturation solubility of the drug, represent an ideal for ocular delivery of hydrophobic drugs and nanoparticulate nature of drug allows prolong residence time in cul-de-sac, giving sustained release of drug. In this study Polymeric nanoparticles of azelastine hydrochloride were developed by stabilizer HPMC E5 (1%), Brij 35 (0.5%) and Poloxamer 188 (2%) polymer to prolong retention time of formulation. In order to optimize particle size, zeta potential and drug release of nanoparticles, different concentration of stabilizer and polymer was used in the formulation development. From all prepared nanosuspension formulations, significant drug release was observed compared to pure drug. Physicochemical characterization of the selected samples using differential scanning calorimetry, Brookfield viscometer, FT-IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction shows polymorphic transition of azelastine hydrochloride nanoparticles. This polymorphic transition can be one of the factors responsible for improving of residence in cul-de-sac, giving sustained release of drug. The optimized formulation was found to be stable and clear with mean particle size 164.4 nm, PDI 0.471, zeta potential -15.1 and pH 4.5 that is non-irritant to ocular cavity. The in-vitro drug release study showed that the optimized nanosuspension released 99.24% of the drug within 9 hours. The formulated nanosuspension was exhibited stable over period of 3 month and non-irritant with a sustain release action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People who experience symptoms of autoimmune diseases often have to struggle for illness recognition. Women experiencing such symptoms face additional challenges as their accounts of pain are frequently treated with skepticism. This study examines experiences of people living with Sjögren's Syndrome, an autoimmune disease which is primarily diagnosed in women, by conducting an analysis of individual vlogs posted on YouTube using the themes of gender, chronic illness and neoliberal governmentality. Sjögren's Syndrome is the second most common rheumatic disease after rheumatoid arthritis and affects nearly 4 million people in the United States alone. An analysis of 70 vlogs posted by people living with the disease revealed the challenges faced by them including diagnostic delays and perceived attitudinal biases amongst medical professionals, especially in the context of the gender of the patients. Apart from highlighting the impact of the disease on their gendered roles, the vloggers urged viewers to conduct their own research on the disease and advocate for themselves during interactions with physicians. The study illuminates how dissatisfaction with healthcare services reinforces neoliberal rationalities such as individual advocacy, resilience and self-labor. The findings of the study delineate the role of neoliberal governmentality in making self-management of chronic illnesses such as Sjögren's Syndrome an internalized ideal for women living with the disease. Additionally, the study provides empirical evidence of the need for addressing the medical and socio-cultural factors that contribute to delays in the diagnosis and management of Sjögren's Syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Berberine, a phytochemical, possesses remarkable potential for multitargeted drug therapy in microbial infections, wound healing and anti-inflammatory applications. However, its clinical utility in skin and other diseases is constrained due to its high aqueous solubility and inadequate dermal and intestinal absorption, resulting in low absolute bioavailability. Objectives: The current investigation endeavors to develop a microemulsion loaded with berberine to enhance its solubility and therapeutic effects specifically for skin diseases, while comparing its efficacy with a simple emulsion. Materials and Methods: In this study, an optimized oil-in- water (o/w) type of emulsion and microemulsion were formulated utilizing berberine isolated from Berberis aristata roots, along with soy lecithin, oleic acid, Tween 80, and ethanol. The microemulsion and emulsion were subjected to characterization employing parameters such as FTIR, particle size, zeta potential, transmittance, viscosity, and stability. The formulations were assessed for their therapeutic effects through in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti, microbial assays, encompassing six strains of micro, organisms comprising bacteria and fungi. Results: The investigation successfully generated a thermodynamically stable o/w type of microemulsion, which exhibited improved transparency and formed a clear solution. Characterization results, including particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, and conductivity measurements, fell within the acceptable range. The therapeutic evaluation demonstrated a substantial enhancement in the in vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti, microbial activity of berberine microemulsion compared to the plain berberine solution. Conclusion: This study concludes that berberine can be effectively incorporated into a microemulsion system. When topically applied, the microemulsion form exhibits significantly higher therapeutic efficacy against skin diseases compared to the conventional emulsion of berberine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous cellular, humoral, and molecular processes are involved in the intricate process of wound healing. Pharmacological relevance: Numerous bioactive substances, such as ß-sitosterol, tannic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, quercetin, ellagic acid, and pyrogallol, along with their pharmacokinetics and bioavailability, have been reviewed. These phytochemicals work together to promote angiogenesis, granulation, collagen synthesis, oxidative balance, extracellular matrix (ECM) formation, cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and re-epithelialization during wound healing. Findings and novelty: To improve wound contraction, this review delves into how the application of each bioactive molecule mediates with the inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling phases of wound healing to speed up the process. This review also reveals the underlying mechanisms of the phytochemicals against different stages of wound healing along with the differentiation of the in vitro evidence from the in vivo evidence There is growing interest in phytochemicals, or plant-derived compounds, due their potential health benefits. This calls for more scientific analysis and mechanistic research. The various pathways that these phytochemicals control/modulate to improve skin regeneration and wound healing are also briefly reviewed. The current review also elaborates the immunomodulatory modes of action of different phytochemicals during wound repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM) and tuberculosis (TB) presents a significant global burden, with DM being recognized as a major risk factor for TB. This review comprehensively analyzes the immunological aspects of DM‐TB comorbidity, shedding light on the impact of DM on TB pathogenesis and immune responses. It reveals that high blood glucose levels in TB patients contribute to reduced innate immune cell count, compromised phagocytic function, and delayed antigen presentation. These factors ultimately impair the clearance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and delay adaptive immune responses. With the interaction between TB and DM, there is an increase in inflammation and elevated secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by immune cells. This exacerbates the inflammatory response and contributes to poor treatment outcomes in TB. Moreover, the review explores the effects of DM on TB prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. It highlights how poor glycemic control, insulin resistance (IR), DM complications, and genetic factors increase the risk of MTB infection in individuals with DM. Additionally, DM‐related immune suppression adversely affects the sensitivity of traditional diagnostic tests for TB, potentially resulting in underdiagnosis and delayed intervention. To mitigate the burden of TB in DM patients, the review emphasizes the need for further research on the mechanisms underlying DM reactivation in latent TB infection (LTBI). It shows how important it is to find and treat LTBI in DM patients as soon as possible and suggests looking into biomarkers that are specific to DM to make diagnosis more accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]