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As part of an initiative aimed at reducing maternal and child mortality, Senegal implemented a policy of free Cesarean section (C-section) since 2005. Despite the implementation, C-section rates have remained low and significant large disparities in access, particularly in major cities such as Dakar. This paper aims to assess C-section rates and examines socioeconomic inequalities in C-section use in the Dakar region between 2005 and 2019. This study incorporates data from various sources, including the health routine data within District Health Information Software 2 (DHIS2) platform, government statistics on slum areas, and data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). A geospatial analysis was conducted to identify locations of Comprehensive emergency obstetric and Newborn Care (CEmONC) services using the Direction des Travaux Géographiques et Cartographiques (DTGC) databases and satellite imagery from the Google Earth platform. The analytical approach encompassed univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. The C-section rate fluctuated over the years, increasing from 11.1% in 2005 to 16.4% in 2011, declined to 9.8% in 2014, and then raised to 13.3% in 2019. The wealth tertile demonstrated a positive correlation with C-sections in urban areas of the Dakar region. Geospatial analyses revealed that women residing in slum areas were less likely to undergo C-section deliveries. These findings underscore the importance of public health policies extending beyond merely providing free C-section delivery services. Strategies that improve equitable access to C-section delivery services for women across all socioeconomic strata are needed, particularly targeting the poor women and those in urban slums. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the voices of resistance against the Dakar Rally's decade-long operation in South America. Drawing upon the three-prong framework of environmental justice (EJ), the analysis showcases how the less powerful stakeholders in the hosting countries articulated the deleterious consequences caused by the event to the local communities and ecologies. Moreover, by situating the Dakar Rally's expeditions in South America within the global capitalist economy, the paper explains why the most prestigious car rally is an exemplary manifestation of ecological imperialism, as it is not only a showcase of unsustainable industries (represented by fossil-fuel vehicles) with European colonial hubris but also a newer stage of an ongoing centuries-old process of extracting ecological resources from the Global South to benefit the increasingly mobile, vampire-like transnational capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on trans/plurilingual approaches, this paper describes a collaborative action research project between an education researcher and two university instructors of French as a second or other language (L2/Lx) in Quebec, Canada to explore holistic and dynamic ways of L2/Lx education for critical language and cultural awareness. Valuing research as praxis, we examine our three-year interdisciplinary collaboration processes, describing how our various research expertise and theoretical orientations as well as our language learning and professional experiences shaped and facilitated our research partnership. Through vignettes from our professional learning community, we each articulate in our own voice the co-learning processes with one another and with students. Using the lenses of co-stance, co-designs, and co-shifts (Tian and Shepard-Carey 2020. (Re)imagining the future of translanguaging pedagogies in TESOL through teacher–researcher collaboration. Tesol Quarterly 54(4). 1131–1143), we captured moments of our emerging nuanced understanding of what and how trans/plurilingual practices supported more in-depth French learning and critical language awareness. As we translanguaged using a mix of English, French, and other languages, we also found ourselves constantly re/trans-languaging our disciplinary expertise and theoretical framings to negotiate our co-stances and practices. Through these transknowledging processes (Heugh 2021. Southern multilingualisms, translanguaging and transknowledging in inclusive and sustainable education. In Philip Harding-Esch & Hywel Coleman (eds.), Language and the sustainable development goals: Selected proceedings of the 12th Language and Development Conference, 37–47. Dakar, Senegal: British Council), we engaged in translingual reflexivity and expanded each other's fields of vision, supporting more critical reflections and careful listening for transformative change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Senegalese cities have experienced rapid urbanisation, leading to profound landscape changes. Dakar, one of Senegalese's fastest-growing cities, is experiencing rapid urban expansion, significantly reducing green spaces. These green spaces, essential for urban sustainability and resilience, have become increasingly scarce, affecting the city's environment and the quality of life for its residents. This study aims to assess the spatiotemporal changes in Dakar's green spaces from 1990 to 2022. Using satellite imagery, this study produces land use maps to quantify green space coverage over the years. The results show a gradual decline in green spaces in Dakar between 1990 and 2022. In 1990, green spaces covered an estimated 13.36% of Dakar's area, which decreased significantly to 9.54% by 2022. In contrast, other land uses, such as built-up areas, increased significantly over this period, rising from 19.23% in 1990 to 39.34% in 2022. Moreover, built-up areas are not the sole contributor to the reduction of green spaces in Dakar. The study revealed that, between 1990 and 2022, 5.49% of green spaces were converted into bare soil due to excessive tree cutting. This pattern highlights the growing challenge of green space availability as built-up areas expand rapidly, particularly when growth is unplanned. This study underscores the importance of sustainable urban planning that integrates the protection and conservation of Dakar's vegetation to preserve vital ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low‐ and middle‐income countries, significant differences in fertility beliefs between rural and urban areas arise from the differential timing and pace of fertility declines. Demographers have long hypothesized about the diffusion of these beliefs and behaviors from urban to rural areas, potentially via temporary rural–urban labor migration. In this paper, we investigate the association between temporary internal migration from rural Senegal to the capital city, Dakar, and differences in the fertility and contraceptive beliefs and preferences of migrants and nonmigrants. We test socialization, selection, and adaptation hypotheses by comparing the fertility ideation of current and returning migrants with that of nonmigrants and future migrants from their place of origin. Our results support selection effects, explaining half of the differences between nonmigrants and migrants. Once selection effects are removed, significant differences remain between nonmigrants and current or returning migrants. These differences are largely explained by two complementary measures of adaptation: years lived in Dakar and the number of ties to residents of that city. The results indicate that adaptation is as important, if not more so than selection in explaining differences between migrants and nonmigrants. This holds true even for returned migrants five years after their last migration spell. Of the two potential adaptation mechanisms explored, the time spent in Dakar generally explained adaptation better than ties to nonmigrants in Dakar. However, our complementary analyses do not rule out the importance of urban networks on fertility, as they contribute to migrant selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the rich cosmopolitan history of Dakar, Senegal, highlighting its role in the Black Atlantic and ongoing cultural exchanges through mediums like media, music, and sports. It also discusses the visual portrayal of Sufi saints, especially Amadu Bamba, the significance of Pape Diop's graffiti in Dakar's urban landscape, and the role of baraka in shaping the city's social and spiritual life.

In Africa, entrepreneurship remains predominantly informal, but the rapid spread of mobile phone and Internet use is often viewed as an opportunity to boost the productivity and output of informal firms. Yet little is known on how informal entrepreneurs use these technologies for their business. The purpose of this paper is to open the black box of 'mobile usage' and investigate its effects on the performance of informal micro and small enterprises. To do so, we develop an original conceptual framework of mobile usage and apply a three‐step empirical approach based on a unique dataset of informal firms in Dakar. The first step allows us to identify rich 'mobile usage' measures that examine the different economic functions supported by mobile phones (coordination, finance and management) and the multiple dimensions of use (range and intensity). The second step identifies four user profiles with specific forms of appropriation: disconnected entrepreneurs, networkers, Internet explorers and digital entrepreneurs. The third step uses a stochastic frontier approach to investigate whether these profiles increase the economic efficiency of informal firms. Our findings suggest that while the most advanced uses of mobile phones have an incremental impact on sales efficiency, the potential for improvement remains limited. Only networkers' coordination uses show a significant impact on value added and profit, while the ways in which Internet explorers and digital entrepreneurs use a mobile phone have only a limited impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Among the impacts of climate change in West Africa, coastal erosion is the most threatening disaster apart from floods and the increase in temperatures. The southern coast of the Dakar region, as part of the most threatened coastal zones in West Africa, records the most current coastal damages in Dakar due to its coastline dynamics and low-lying area. This paper investigates the influences of the topography and slope of the beach on shoreline dynamics using remote sensing, cartographic tools and statistical methods such as linear regression. It also states the important role of geomorphologic structures in shoreline dynamics. It was conducted in three littoral cells (Mbao, Bargny and Toubab Dialaw) along the southern coast of Dakar. It helps to understand better the role that topography, slope and geomorphology play in coastal dynamics. The Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) was employed to delineate the coastlines before computing the dynamic rate of the coastline using Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) software. After that, the topography and slope were determined using a digital elevation model (DEM). Then, the correlation between the coastline dynamic, topography and slope was analyzed using the coefficient of correlation and linear regression model. In the Mbao and Bargny littoral cells where the geomorphology is mostly dominated by soils little or not evolved in situ, there is a significant relationship between the coast line dynamic, topography and slope with a coefficient of correlation of about 0.63 and 0.87, respectively. The relationship is not significant in Toubab Dialaw, where the topography and slope are high, and the geomorphology is mainly characterized by a category of sandstone, with a coefficient of 0.15. We conclude that topography, slope and geomorphology play an important role in the shoreline dynamics in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, the exploitation of Wireless Underground Sensor Networks (WUSNs) remains challenging because of the attenuation of wireless underground communications. This issue widely affects the reliability of communications in such network since the quality of links depends on changing soil conditions. To address this problem, several path loss models have been proposed to predict the attenuation of an electromagnetic wave in soil. However, this prediction has to be done in-situ by the sensor nodes themselves so that they can avoid wasting energy when transmissions are not possible due to bad soil conditions. In this paper, we propose a link channel optimization for reliable communications in WUSNs based on Sugeno Fuzzy Inference System (FIS). The proposed approach enables a transmitting node to check whether its environment allows it to reliably send data to a receiver. The proposed FIS consists of 4 inputs, one output and 36 inference rules. The inputs give information on the node's environment, the output gives the probability that data to be sent by a transmitter will be get or not by the receiver. To evaluate the proposed approach, we consider the dataset composed of 140 measurements in dry and moist soil configurations performed at the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar in Senegal. For the validation, we compared our proposal with a recent path loss model called WUSN-PLM according to performance metrics. The results show that our proposal outperforms the WUSN-PLM with higher balanced accuracy (88.21% against 81.061%) and higher Matthews Correlation Coefficient (0.798 against 0.643). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Differences/Disorders of sex development (DSDs) are conditions in which the development of chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical sexes is atypical. DSDs are relatively rare, but their incidence is becoming alarmingly common in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Their etiologies and mechanisms are poorly understood. Therefore, we have investigated cytogenetic profiles, including telomere dysfunction, in a retrospective cohort of Senegalese DSD patients. Materials and methods: Peripheral blood lymphocytes were sampled from 35 DSD patients (mean age: 3.3 years; range 0–18 years) admitted to two hospital centers in Dakar. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 150 healthy donors were used as a control. Conventional cytogenetics, telomere, and centromere staining followed by multiplex FISH, as well as FISH with SRY-specific probes, were employed. Results: Cytogenetic analysis identified 19 male and 13 female patients with apparently normal karyotypes, two patients with Turner syndrome, and one patient with Klinefelter syndrome. Additional structural chromosome aberrations were detected in 22% of the patients (8/35). Telomere analysis revealed a reduction in mean telomere lengths of DSD patients compared to those of healthy donors of similar age. This reduction in telomere length was associated with an increased rate of telomere aberrations (telomere loss and the formation of telomere doublets) and the presence of additional chromosomal aberrations. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate a correlation between telomere dysfunction and DSDs. Further studies may reveal the link between telomere dysfunction and possible mechanisms involved in the disease itself, such as DNA repair deficiency or specific gene mutations. The present study demonstrates the relevance of implementing telomere analysis in prenatal tests as well as in diagnosed genetic DSD disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents new empirical evidence on the structure of income of African workers in the Port of Dakar between 1911 and 1940. It provides a systematic series of public wages earned by the African and European workforce in a colonial seaport. This series includes income structure by skill tier of public employees and labourers employed at the port. Did wage structure evolve according to relative increases in human capital accumulation in this major colonial seaport? In this investigation, I use data collected from the annual budgets of the port to seek explanations for the structural differences in income in three consecutive decades between 1911 and 1940. I found that the skill premium between highly skilled and unskilled African workers was 3.8 on average during the period analysed. Moreover, the skill premium between mid-skilled and unskilled workers is estimated to be 2.7. Furthermore, top and senior European staff (less than 10% of the staff) accounted for 36% of the overall income. I provide quantitative evidence on how colonial allowances were the key element that contributed to the increasing income gap between European and African workers in similar job categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reviews the art exhibition "Éthérée" by Mame-Diarra Niang at a private home in Dakar, Senegal on May 11, 2014.

Gridshell structures are characterized by an impressive strength-to-weight ratio, allowing their application in large-span roofing structures. However, their complex construction process and maintenance limited their widespread application. In recent years, the development of parametric and computational design tools has rekindled interest in this type of structure. Among these techniques, the Multibody Rope Approach (MRA) is a form-finding method based on the dynamic equilibrium of a system of masses (nodes) connected by ropes, which allows optimizing the structural shape starting from the dual geometry of the funicular network. To optimize the construction process, an improved version of the MRA, i-MRA, has been recently developed by the authors with the goal of uniforming the size of the structural components. To investigate the impact of the i-MRA method on the structural behavior of gridshell structures, the practical case of the design of a mosque roof is here analyzed. The comparison is carried out in terms of structural performance with respect to permanent and equivalent quasi-static loads. In addition, free-vibration natural-frequency shift is obtained by performing linear modal analysis. Finally, the global behavior with respect to buckling and elastic instability is assessed solving the relevant eigenvalue problem. The results demonstrate that for the roofing of the Dakar mosque, the structural configuration obtained through i-MRA is superior in terms of both construction efficiency and structural performance. The achieved shape exhibits a more uniform distribution of stresses induced by the applied loads together with very limited structural element typologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with recurrent events' (REs') impacts on foF2's diurnal variations at Dakar station (lat: 14.8° N, long: 342.6° E, Senegal) during solar cycles 21 and 22. Data were analyzed by taking in account solar phases and seasons influence. REs generate positive storms in all seasons and on all solar phases and also weak negative storms in all seasons and at minimum and maximum solar phases. The results suggest on the one hand that vertical drift E × B due to strong electrojet currents cannot be considered an important mechanism of positive storms and on the other hand that prereversal enhancement (PRE) phenomenon (with a delay due to Dakar station position) and equatorward thermospheric neutral winds circulation (TNWC) contribute mainly to their generation. The intense positive storms, which appear mostly at night, are observed in decreasing phase and in spring which correspond, respectively, to the solar phase and the season of maximum REs occurrence. Then, positive storms' strength presents seasonal and solar cycle dependence and it is related to REs days occurrence. REs' negative storms strength are linked directly with REs days' occurrence on solar phase scale, while they are not on seasonal scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the nonlinear effects in price transmission from international markets to the local rice market of Dakar (Senegal) focusing on asymmetries through threshold effects. We use recent machine learning methods (model-based recursive partitioning trees) to detect asymmetries in the price transmission mechanism. Using a model based recursive partitioning algorithm, we identify a threshold and confirm the asymmetry in the price transmission. Local retail prices are more sensitive to world price increases than to declines. Only 11.80% of positive deviations (international prices go down) are eliminated at the end of the subsequent month, while 39.50% of negative deviations (world prices go up) are eliminated after one month. These results highlight the role of transaction costs and the market power of commercial intermediaries in price transmission in the sense that margins are corrected more rapidly when they are squeezed relative to their long run level than when they are stretched. Our results are confirmed by the traditional Threshold Autoregressive (TAR) model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bartonellae are bacteria associated with mammals and their ectoparasites. Rodents often host different species of Bartonella. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Bartonella spp. in African giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus) and their ectoparasites in Dakar, Senegal. In 2012, 20 rats were caught, and their fleas were identified. DNA was extracted from 170 selected fleas and qPCR was carried out to detect Bartonella spp. Subsequently, a Bartonella culture was performed from the rat blood samples and the isolated strains (16S rRNA, rpoB, ftsZ and ITS3) were genotyped. A total of 1117 fleas were collected from 19 rats and identified as Xenopsylla cheopis, the tropical rat flea. Bartonella DNA was detected in 148 of 170 selected fleas (87.1%). In addition, Bartonella strains were isolated from the blood of 17 rats (85%). According to Bartonella gene-sequence-based criteria for species definition, the isolated strains were identified as B. massiliensis (four strains) and two potential new species related to the zoonotic B. elizabethae. In this paper, these potentially new species are provisionally called Candidatus Bartonella militaris (11 strains) and Candidatus Bartonella affinis (two strains) until their description has been completed. Cricetomys gambianus and its fleas could constitute a public health risk in Dakar due to the high prevalence of Bartonella infection reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flash flooding from intense rainfall frequently results in major damage and loss of life across Africa. In the Sahel, automatic prediction and warning systems for these events, driven by Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCSs), are limited, and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) forecasts continue to have little skill. The ground observation network is also sparse, and very few operational meteorological radars exist to facilitate conventional nowcasting approaches. Focusing on the western Sahel, we present a novel approach for producing probabilistic nowcasts of convective activity out to six hours ahead, using the current location of observed convection. Convective parts of the MCS, associated with extreme and heavy precipitation, are identified from 16 years of Meteosat Second Generation thermal–infrared cloud‐top temperature data, and an offline database of location‐conditioned probabilities calculated. From this database, real‐time nowcasts can be quickly produced with minimal calculation. The nowcasts give the probability of convection occurring within a square neighbourhood surrounding each grid point, accounting for the inherent unpredictability of convection at small scales. Compared to a climatological reference, formal verification approaches show the nowcasts to be skilful at predicting convective activity over the study region, for all times of day and out to the six‐hour lead time considered. The nowcasts are also skilful at capturing extreme 24‐hour rain gauge accumulations over Dakar, Senegal. The nowcast skill peaks in the afternoon, with a minimum in the evening. We find that the optimum neighbourhood size varies with lead time, from 10 km at the nowcast origin to around 100 km at a six‐hour lead time. This simple and skilful nowcasting method could be highly valuable for operational warnings across West Africa and other regions with long‐lived thunderstorms, and help to reduce the impacts from heavy rainfall and flooding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pouye, I.; Adjoussi, D.P.; Ndione, J.A., and Sall, A., 2024. Evaluation of the economic impact of coastal erosion in Dakar region. Journal of Coastal Research, 40(1), 193–209. Charlotte (North Carolina), ISSN 0749-0208. Besides the environmental impacts, climate change negatively affects the economic value of coastal zones. Coastal erosion, which is one of its impacts, causes damage to people living along the coast. The narrowing of the beach due to erosion leads to socio-economic damage by reducing the areas where economic activities are carried out. As a result, livelihoods, human settlements, and economic activities such as fishing, tourism, and industry are disrupted. The evaluation of the economic impacts of coastal erosion is timely and relevant. This study aims to economically investigate the most affected coastal areas in Dakar region in 2030 and 2040. It also allows for the identification of localities that need protective infrastructure to prevent economic losses from coastal erosion. The assessment is done by estimating the economic value of the beach using multilinear regression, an econometric forecasting model. Software such as R, Excel, ArcGIS, and Digital Shoreline Analysis System were used in this study. The results show that, due to coastal erosion, the district municipalities along the coast of Dakar will record a loss estimated at 38,507,856,000 FCFA in 2030 and 57,822,698,000 FCFA in 2040. The results of this study suggest that the parameters such as Beach Width, Lost Areas, Coastal Length, Dynamic Rate, Littoral Areas, Built Areas, Proximity to Town, Coastal Vulnerability Index, Number of Buildings, Number of Hotels, Number of Industries, Number of Fishing Points, and Road Length play an important role on littoral value. Coastal erosion will be among the most threatening disasters in the Dakar region if the "do nothing" option is adopted as an adaptation measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The majority of economic actors in the developing world participate in the informal sector, and yet little is known about the political implications of this constituency. I argue that, particularly in weak‐state democracies, economic informality constrains the rise of programmatic politics. An uncertain, undocumented, and irregular economic relationship with the state conveys signals about the state that affect citizens' demand for and ability to coordinate on programmatic policy. Novel survey evidence from urban Senegal illustrates that greater irregularity is associated with weaker perceptions of tax compliance, lower expectations of government, and weaker coordination capacity and that informality is associated with weaker programmatic demands. Experimentally providing information about a salutary fiscal policy causes some informal sector members to positively update expectations about government performance and electoral coordination capacity. Field experiments in two other African democracies increase confidence in the proposition that informality inhibits the formation of a constituency for programmatic politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article conveys the critical elements of the keynote address delivered by the author at the opening session of the Third African Conference on Debt and Development in Dakar, Senegal. It attempts to answer the question of African Debt sustainability through the lenses of dependency and underdevelopment theories based on the Centre-Periphery theory and hypothesis that unless Africa exits the dependency and underdevelopment mode in which it has been trapped since colonialism, it will remain in perpetual debt crises. Thus, delinking from institutions and processes that trap Africa in this mode is inevitable for debt sustainability and long-term broad-based development in Africa. The responsibility for generating countervailing power for transformation lies totally in the hands of Africans as our historical experience to date must suggest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal bonds are a financial instrument once largely limited to North America. Today, they are appearing in international development reports as a novel best‐practice for closing the world's infrastructure funding gap and for promoting democracy. Critics of financialization have argued that municipal bonds have had the opposite effect: they have deepened austerity, ceded control of democratic municipalities to the global financial industry, and depoliticized public decision‐making. Yet in this article, I observe a relationship between democracy, politics and finance which contrasts with the now common uses of 'financialization' popularized by critical scholars in Euro‐American universities. I argue that, elsewhere in the world, capital markets have come to be understood as an important element of democratization. To make this argument, I develop the concept of 'financial publics'—a group of strangers participating in a reflexive and reciprocal style of address through which they negotiate their financial relationships with one another. Using this concept, I analyze data drawn from over two years of ethnographic research on one of the most noteworthy experiments in municipal finance in the global South: the City of Dakar's failed attempt to issue the first ever municipal bond on the Regional Stock Exchange of West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is a monogenic disease with a highly variable clinical course. We aimed to investigate associations between microvascular function, haemolysis markers, blood viscosity and various types of SCA‐related organ damage in a multicentric sub‐Saharan African cohort of patients with SCA. In a cross‐sectional study, we selected seven groups of adult patients with SS phenotype in Dakar and Bamako based on the following complications: leg ulcer, priapism, osteonecrosis, retinopathy, high tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity (TRV), macro‐albuminuria or none. Clinical assessment, echocardiography, peripheral arterial tonometry, laboratory tests and blood viscosity measurement were performed. We explored statistical associations between the biological parameters and the six studied complications. Among 235 patients, 58 had high TRV, 46 osteonecrosis, 43 priapism, 33 leg ulcers, 31 retinopathy and 22 macroalbuminuria, whereas 36 had none of these complications. Multiple correspondence analysis revealed no cluster of complications. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were associated with high TRV, and blood viscosity was associated with retinopathy and the absence of macroalbuminuria. Despite extensive phenotyping of patients, no specific pattern of SCA‐related complications was identified. New biomarkers are needed to predict SCA clinical expression to adapt patient management, especially in Africa, where healthcare resources are scarce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2010, the City of Dakar published its new master plan for a clean, competitive, modern city. This plan entailed the relocation of thousands of walking street vendors to free up traffic circulation and reduce the economic costs of congestion. Unlike previous relocations, this program required the political participation of vendor associations in the planning and design of a new commercial center. It also required the vendors to pay user charges: monthly payments for the use of the center and its utilities. Yet most Dakar's street vendors unequivocally refused to relocate, citing the building's poor location, bad design, and high price. Such user charges have become a contentious device with which governments across the world are financing the provision of public services. In this article, I analyze the politics of this device by tracing the linkages from Dakar's relocation program back to the political philosophies of prominent intellectuals commonly associated with "neoliberalism." In doing so, I reveal how popular refusal is not beyond or opposed to a depoliticizing neoliberalism, but instead forms an integral part of neoliberal reflections on popular politics. I conclude by analyzing the political effects of this neoliberal device in Dakar: it introduced a new style of political engagement—consumption—through which individual vendors could dispute their relocation. And this individualized refusal to consume incited their representative associations to extend a popular mode of valuation—negotiation—into the calculation of the building's price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas the field of International Political Economy (IPE) included a diversity of voices at its outset, histories of the field tend to marginalize certain contributions - particularly those from the Global South. The endeavor to decolonize IPE offers an opportunity to look back at IPE's history, re-discover the marginalized voices, and imagine new possible futures. This article engages with contemporary calls to decolonize IPE and proposes an alternative route to do so by recovering dependency theory. We argue that dependency theory can be conceptualized as a peripheral IPE perspective that was committed to thinking from the Global South and to producing politically engaged scholarship just as the field was being formed. The article elaborates on the key tenets of dependency theory, contrasting it with mainstream IPE, and putting it in dialogue with decolonial approaches. To demonstrate the simultaneous non-Eurocentric, anti-colonial, and policy-oriented potential of dependency theory, we recover a foundational moment that disciplinary histories of IPE have forgotten: the 1972 Dakar conference, organized by Samir Amin, with the participation of leading Latin American and African dependency scholars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although organic farming is increasingly perceived as a viable alternative to conventional agriculture in the face of deteriorating environmental ecosystems, little is known about consumers' preferences for organic products in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper bridges this gap in research and investigates the extent to which consumers value organic food in Dakar, Senegal. The double-bound contingent valuation approach was used on primary data from urban individuals. The results indicate that consumers do indeed significantly value organic vegetables, with a premium averaging 53% and varying across food items. The results also indicate that the current market structure of organic farming tends to undervalue organic products, as the actual price is 25.7% below the average consumers' reservation price. Consumers who attach a higher value to organic products are found to be young, female, well-educated, wealthy, and fairly concerned about the health and environmental impacts associated with food production. All of these results contribute to laying the foundations to promote sustainable farming practices that make use of local solutions to address global environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marburg virus disease (MVD) is a zoonotic viral hemorrhagic illness, caused by a negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus which has an envelope. The Marburg virus belongs to the genus Marburgvirus of the family Filoviridae. Due to the similarities in clinical signs and symptoms seen in other viral hemorrhagic diseases, arboviral infections, and malaria, MVD is difficult to diagnose. On February 8, 2023, Equatorial Guinea declared the first case of the MVD, which was confirmed by the Institute Pasteur Laboratory, Dakar, Senegal. MVD had a fatality rate of up to 88% during this outbreak. About eight individuals who had suspected infections, as well as the individuals with the confirmed infection, passed away. This letter addresses the current and previous Marburg virus outbreaks in African nations and whether or not they may result in an epidemic. It also discusses the significance of effective biosecurity and quarantine in limiting the spread of a highly contagious illness like MVD in African population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I examine how the emergence of chronic conditions such as diabetes, hypertension and heart disease reshapes perceptions of time, embodiment, ageing and the life course in the West African city of Dakar. Focusing on the complex, discontinuous and cyclical nature of chronic disease in this context, I argue that experiences of chronicity in Dakar can be analysed using a 'biocircular' lens. Biocircular approaches draw attention to new forms of embodied temporality that emerge in the wake of 'new diseases'. I identify three new forms of embodied time produced and engaged by ailing and ageing people in Dakar. First, chronic symptoms emerge out of time, at unexpected junctures in the life course. Second, chronic diseases are understood to speed up or accelerate body pace. Finally, food can be implicated not just in harmful and risky consumption, but in healing and metabolic repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Migraciones is the property of Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of American Anthropologist is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The eradication of neonatal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections, considered as a major public health priority, necessarily requires a mastery of the data on vaginal carriage in pregnant women. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of vaginal carriage of GBS in pregnant women, antibiotic susceptibility, and associated risk factors. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted over a period of 9 months (July 2020 to March 2021) in pregnant women between 34 and 38 weeks of gestation (WG) followed at the Nabil Choucair health center in Dakar. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of GBS isolates were performed on the Vitek 2 from vaginal swabs cultured on Granada medium. Demographic and obstetric interview data were collected and analyzed on SPSS (version 25). The level of significance for all statistical tests was set at P <.05. The search of GBS vaginal carriage had involved 279 women aged 16 to 46 years, with a median pregnancy age of 34 (34-37) weeks' gestation. GBS was found in 43 women, for a vaginal carriage rate of 15.4%. In 27.9% (12/43) of volunteers screened, this carriage was monomicrobial, while in 72.1% (31/43) of women, GBS was associated with other pathogens such as Candida spp. (60.5%), Trichomonas vaginalis (2.3%), Gardnerella vaginalis (34.9%) and/or Mobiluncus spp. (11.6%). The level of resistance was 27.9% (12/43) for penicillin G, 53.5% (23/43) for erythromycin, 25.6% (11/43) for clindamycin and 100% for tetracycline. However, the strains had retained fully susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The main risk factor associated with maternal GBS carriage were ectocervical inflammation associated with contact bleeding (OR = 3.55; P =.005). The high rate of maternal vaginal GBS carriage and the levels of resistance to the various antibiotics tested confirm the importance of continuous GBS surveillance in our resource-limited countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By accounting for surface-based light source emissions and top-of-atmosphere (TOA) downward lunar fluxes, we adapted the spherical harmonics discrete ordinate method (SHDOM) 3-dimensional (3-D) radiative transfer model (RTM) to simulate nighttime 3-D TOA radiances as observed from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) on board the Suomi-NPP satellite platform. Used previously for daytime 3-D applications, these new SHDOM enhancements allow for the study of the impacts of various observing conditions and aerosol properties on simulated VIIRS-DNB TOA radiances. Observations over Dakar, Senegal, selected for its bright city lights and a large range of aerosol optical depth (AOD), were investigated for potential applications and opportunities for using observed radiances containing VIIRS-DNB "bright pixels" from artificial light sources to conduct aerosol retrievals. We found that using the standard deviation (SD) of such bright pixels provided a more stable quantity for nighttime AOD retrievals than direct retrievals from TOA radiances. Further, both the mean TOA radiance and SD of TOA radiances over artificial sources are significantly impacted by satellite viewing angles. Light domes, the enhanced radiances adjacent to artificial light sources, are strong functions of aerosol properties and especially aerosol vertical distribution, which may be further utilized for retrieving aerosol layer height in future studies. Through inter-comparison with both day- and nighttime Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data, the feasibility of retrieving nighttime AODs using 3-D RTM SHDOM over artificial light sources was demonstrated. Our study shows strong potential for using artificial light sources for nighttime AOD retrievals, while also highlighting larger uncertainties in quantifying surface light source emissions. This study underscores the need for surface light emission source characterizations as a key boundary condition, which is a complex task that requires enhanced input data and further research. We demonstrate how quality-controlled nighttime light data from the NASA's Black Marble product suite could serve as a primary input into estimations of surface light source emissions for nighttime aerosol retrievals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scope of this study was to assess the prevalence, severity of extension, and risk factors of gingivitis among pregnant women. In this cross-sectional study, 220 nulliparous women at 3 months of pregnancy were recruited in 2022 at the first obstetrical visit in Dakar, Senegal. Demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits, prenatal clinical status, and oral clinical parameters were recorded. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to assess relationships between gingivitis and risk factors. Eighty-eight percent of women had gingivitis, 15% were classified as moderate and 73% as severe. A total of 66.7% (95% CI [28.8–92.1]) of the sites had bleeding on interdental brushing. The odds for gingivitis decreased significantly for women consuming more than five portions of fruits and vegetables per day (OR = 0.15; 95% CI [0.03–0.66]) and increased in women who had a professional activity (OR = 6.75; 95% CI [1.27–35.87]) and high education. Concomitantly, the percentage of dental plaque (OR = 131.6; 95% CI [10.80–1619.71] and the severity of clinical attachment loss (OR = 7.70; 95% CI [3.16–18.92]) were important risk factors. Inverse associations were observed with increasing body mass index (OR = 0.76; 95% CI [0.63–0.93]). Our results underline that gingivitis cases and bleeding were particularly high among 3-month pregnant women. Literacy and adequate oral hygiene actions to modify behaviors and to achieve meticulous biofilm disorganization could make a favorable change in the gingival health outcome. Additionally, further research is necessary to precisely determine the role of biofilm-induced gingivitis and systemic-induced gingivitis in improving gingival conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following population growth and rapid urbanization, West African cities have become major sources of anthropogenic pollution. Additionally, Saharan dust has had a significant impact, representing a potentially toxic mix of sources for the population. This study characterizes the atmospheric composition and its sources in two African capitals, Bamako, Mali and Dakar, Senegal. TSP, PM10 and PM2.5 samples were collected during the dry season in 2009 when pollution levels were high: chemical analysis included organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), ions, and metals. PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were 5–10 times and 3–8 times higher, respectively, than the 2005 WHO 24 h standards. Using PCA and PMF methodologies, five sources were identified in each city. In Bamako, traffic (motor vehicles and resuspended road dust) was the prevailing source of PM2.5 and PM10, accounting for 47% and 45%, respectively. Crustal dust was the second most important source (24–30%), followed by solid fuel combustion (16–13%) and secondary aerosols (10–16%). In Dakar, the following sources of PM2.5 and PM10 are identified: traffic (49%), mineral dust (16–25%), sea salts (15–20%) and industries (10–11%). Our study provides crucial information about the historical change in source characteristics in these two African cities, which can help for future mitigation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat waves can be one of the most dangerous climatic hazards affecting the planet, having dramatic impacts on the health of humans and natural ecosystems as well as on anthropogenic activities, infrastructures and economy. Based on climatic conditions in West Africa, the urban centres of the region appear to be vulnerable to heat waves. The goals of this work are firstly to assess the potential uncertainties encountered in heat wave detection and secondly to analyse their recent trend in West Africa cities during the period 1993–2020. This is done using two state-of-the-art reanalysis products, namely the fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5) and Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), as well as two local station datasets, namely Dakar–Yoff in Senegal and Aéroport Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, in Côte d'Ivoire. An estimate of station data from reanalyses is processed using an interpolation technique: the nearest neighbour to the station with a land sea mask ≥0.5. The interpolated temperatures from local stations in Dakar and Abidjan show slightly better correlation with ERA5 than with MERRA. Three types of uncertainty are discussed: the first type of uncertainty is related to the reanalyses themselves, the second is related to the sensitivity of heat wave frequency and duration to the threshold values used to monitor them, and the last one is linked to the choice of indicators and the methodology used to define heat waves. Three sorts of heat wave have been analysed, namely those occurring during daytime, nighttime, and both daytime and nighttime concomitantly. Four indicators have been used to analyse heat waves based on 2 m temperature, humidity, 10 m wind or a combination of these. We found that humidity plays an important role in nighttime events; concomitant events detected with wet-bulb temperature are more frequent and located over the northern Sahel. Strong and more persistent heat waves are found in the continental (CONT) region. For all indicators, we identified 6 years with a significantly higher frequency of events (1998, 2005, 2010, 2016, 2019 and 2020), possibly due to higher sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean corresponding to El Niño events for some years. A significant increase in the frequency, duration and intensity of heat waves in the cities has been observed during the last decade (2012–2020); this is thought to be a consequence of climate change acting on extreme events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In low‐income urban areas of major cities in Africa, sanitation provision derives primarily from onsite systems often comprising septic tanks and pit latrines. Such systems rely upon the ability of the surrounding soil and substratum to attenuate contaminants like nitrate and pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater. Here, we assess soil–water and solute dynamics in Quaternary aeolian sands underlying a densely populated suburb (Keur Massar) of Dakar (Senegal) using high‐frequency monitoring and vadose zone modeling (Hydrus‐1D). Observations of rainfall intensity, soil moisture content, and shallow groundwater‐level fluctuations and nitrate concentrations were carried out at an experimental site adjacent to a septic tank supplied by toilets used by a primary school. Rapid rises in soil moisture content and episodic recharge contributions observed in groundwater levels caused by heavy (>10 mm h−1) and extreme (>20 mm h−1) rainfall are well modeled (R2 =.79–.83; RMSE = 0.012–0.019) by pore‐matrix flow in the unsaturated zone by the Darcy–Richards equation. Spot sampling around the most intense rainfall of 2020 (45 mm h−1) reveals a fivefold rise and fall in the concentration of nitrate in soil moisture (∼500 to ∼2,500 mg L−1). These measurements provide new insight into the hydrological dynamics by which shallow groundwater is grossly contaminated (>500 mg L−1) by nitrate through episodic flushing by heavy rainfall of wastewater from a vast estimated network of over 250,000 septic tanks underlying this suburb of Dakar. Core Ideas: Soil‐water and solute dynamics were assessed by high‐frequency monitoring and vadose‐zone modelling.High‐frequency monitoring was conducted at an experimental site adjacent to a septic tank.Heavy rainfall events (>10 mm hr−1) cause the leaching of wastewater from the septic tank to groundwater.Observations show the contribution of septic systems and rainfall to groundwater contamination by nitrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aims to valorize an aromatic and medicinal plant of Eucalyptus globulus found in the region of Dakar, Senegal. To do so, we first extracted the essential oil contained in the leaves of the plant harvested in October 2020. We obtained the essential oil by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger type extractor with a yield of 1.70% of the dry plant mass. This value is quite appreciable compared to the different values in the literature. The essential oil extracted from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus was tested as a green inhibitor on carbon steel type XC38 in 1M HCl acid medium by the mass loss method. The results obtained led to a maximum inhibitory efficiency of 89.03% for a concentration of 1.6 g/L of essential oil at room temperature of 298 K. The effect of temperature on the inhibitory behavior of the essential oil was also studied over a range of 298 K to 338 K. In this temperature range, a loss of efficiency was observed with increasing temperature, reaching a value of 15.33% at 338 K. Thermodynamic quantities were then determined. The plot of the different isotherms showed that the adsorption of the essential oil obeys the Langmuir isotherm. The results obtained showed a physical character of adsorption of this essential oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The eradication of neonatal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) infections, considered as a major public health priority, necessarily requires a mastery of the data on vaginal carriage in pregnant women. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of vaginal carriage of GBS in pregnant women, antibiotic susceptibility, and associated risk factors. This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study conducted over a period of 9 months (July 2020 to March 2021) in pregnant women between 34 and 38 weeks of gestation (WG) followed at the Nabil Choucair health center in Dakar. Identification and antibiotic susceptibility of GBS isolates were performed on the Vitek 2 from vaginal swabs cultured on Granada medium. Demographic and obstetric interview data were collected and analyzed on SPSS (version 25). The level of significance for all statistical tests was set at P < .05. The search of GBS vaginal carriage had involved 279 women aged 16 to 46 years, with a median pregnancy age of 34 (34-37) weeks' gestation. GBS was found in 43 women, for a vaginal carriage rate of 15.4%. In 27.9% (12/43) of volunteers screened, this carriage was monomicrobial, while in 72.1% (31/43) of women, GBS was associated with other pathogens such as Candida spp. (60.5%), Trichomonas vaginalis (2.3%), Gardnerella vaginalis (34.9%) and/or Mobiluncus spp. (11.6%). The level of resistance was 27.9% (12/43) for penicillin G, 53.5% (23/43) for erythromycin, 25.6% (11/43) for clindamycin and 100% for tetracycline. However, the strains had retained fully susceptible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. The main risk factor associated with maternal GBS carriage were ectocervical inflammation associated with contact bleeding (OR = 3.55; P = .005). The high rate of maternal vaginal GBS carriage and the levels of resistance to the various antibiotics tested confirm the importance of continuous GBS surveillance in our resource-limited countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease presents an increasing health burden to low- and middle-income countries. Although ample therapeutic options and care improvement frameworks exist to address its prime risk factor, hypertension, blood pressure control rates remain poor. We describe the results of an effectiveness study of a multisector urban population health initiative that targets hypertension in a real-world implementation setting in cities across three continents. The initiative followed the "CARDIO4Cities" approach (quality of Care, early Access, policy Reform, Data and digital technology, Intersectoral collaboration, and local Ownership). Method: The approach was applied in Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, Dakar in Senegal, and São Paulo in Brazil. In each city, a portfolio of evidence-based practices was implemented, tailored to local priorities and available data. Outcomes were measured by extracting hypertension diagnosis, treatment and control rates from primary health records. Data from 18,997 patients with hypertension in primary health facilities were analyzed. Results: Over one to two years of implementation, blood pressure control rates among enrolled patients receiving medication tripled in São Paulo (from 12·3% to 31·2%) and Dakar (from 6·7% to 19·4%) and increased six-fold in Ulaanbaatar (from 3·1% to 19·7%). Conclusions: This study provides first evidence that a multisectoral population health approach to implement known best-practices, supported by data and digital technologies, and relying on local buy-in and ownership, can improve hypertension control in high-burden urban primary care settings in low-and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cardiovascular disease presents an increasing health burden to low- and middle-income countries. Although ample therapeutic options and care improvement frameworks exist to address its prime risk factor, hypertension, blood pressure control rates remain poor. We describe the results of an effectiveness study of a multisector urban population health initiative that targets hypertension in a real-world implementation setting in cities across three continents. The initiative followed the "CARDIO4Cities" approach (quality of Care, early Access, policy Reform, Data and digital technology, Intersectoral collaboration, and local Ownership). Method: The approach was applied in Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia, Dakar in Senegal, and São Paulo in Brazil. In each city, a portfolio of evidence-based practices was implemented, tailored to local priorities and available data. Outcomes were measured by extracting hypertension diagnosis, treatment and control rates from primary health records. Data from 18,997 patients with hypertension in primary health facilities were analyzed. Results: Over one to two years of implementation, blood pressure control rates among enrolled patients receiving medication tripled in São Paulo (from 12·3% to 31·2%) and Dakar (from 6·7% to 19·4%) and increased six-fold in Ulaanbaatar (from 3·1% to 19·7%). Conclusions: This study provides first evidence that a multisectoral population health approach to implement known best-practices, supported by data and digital technologies, and relying on local buy-in and ownership, can improve hypertension control in high-burden urban primary care settings in low-and middle-income countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men who have sex with men living with HIV in majority Muslim communities face discrimination based on multiple forms of stigma at socio-cultural and legislative levels. This study aimed to explore qualitatively the experiences of men who have sex with men living with HIV in Dakar, Senegal. In-depth individual interviews were conducted with 30 Senegalese men aged 18 to 55 years, who self-reported as same-sex practising, Muslim, and receiving HIV treatment at health centres in Dakar. Interview data were analysed using an ethnographic phenomenological approach to explore their life experiences. Primary themes included: the self-discovery process; the social, religious and health ramifications of being same-sex practising; and stigma. Within the theme of stigma issues described included shame, blame (of self and others), and violence resulting from being a man who has sex with other men and/or being HIV seropositive. Those with undetectable viral load reported how HIV related stigma and burden diminished as their health improved. Disclosure of being men who have sex with men and/or HIV status, whether voluntary or not, affected experiences of violence and/or isolation. Addressing stigma at healthcare institutions and improving access to HIV treatment can help mitigate the burden of stigma affecting such men. Interventions to address their physical and psychosocial wellbeing require the engagement of multiple stakeholders, including religious and political leaders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1914, an epidemic of bubonic plague ravaged colonial Dakar. The panicked French colonial administration blamed the native population and evicted indigenous Africans from the city center before burning their homes. The Dakarois fought back through a general strike, political maneuvering, and, finally, by taking to the streets. Out of this year of disease, politics, racism, and resistance came the new, segregated neighborhood of Médina, which was created to house the displaced African population of Dakar. Over the twentieth century, as Dakar swelled into a metropolis around it, Médina was a unique space in the Senegalese capital—a hotbed of cultural creativity, a crossroads for waves of migrants, and a potent and enduring contrast with the nearby downtown, known as the Plateau. This article explores the ways in which the plague of 1914 reshaped Dakar and left a lasting impression on a century of Senegalese cultural production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In rapidly growing cities in the tropics, unregulated urban development presents a major risk to groundwater quality. Here, we assess the vulnerability of an unconfined aquifer of Quaternary sands in the Thiaroye area of Dakar (Senegal) to contamination using four GIS-based indices (DRASTIC, DRASTIC_N, SINTACS, SI). Our correlation of assessed vulnerability to observed impact is semi-quantitative, relating observed groundwater quality, based on nitrate concentrations and tryptophan-like fluorescence to vulnerability degrees (i.e. coincidence rates). We show that considerably more of the Thiaroye area has a "very high vulnerability" according to SI (36%) relative to DRASTIC (5%) and SINTACS (9%); "high vulnerability" is estimated using DRASTIC_N (100%), DRASTIC (66%) and SINTACS (69%). Single-parameter sensitivity tests show that groundwater depth, soil, topography, land use and redox parameters strongly influence assessments of groundwater vulnerability. Correlation with observed nitrate concentrations reveals aquifer vulnerability is better represented by SI (coincidence rates of 56%) relative to DRASTIC_N (43%), SINTACS (38%) and DRASTIC (34%). The underestimation of groundwater vulnerability in Dakar using DRASTIC, DRASTIC_N and SINTACS is attributed to their reliance on an assumed capacity of the unsaturated zone to attenuate surface or near-surface contaminant loading, which in the low-income (Thiaroye) area of Dakar is thin and affords limited protection. The inclusion of a land-use parameter in SI improves the characterization of groundwater vulnerability in this low-income, rapidly urbanizing area of Dakar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The preventive and curative strategies of malaria are based on promoting the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and treating confirmed cases with artemisinin-based combination therapy. These strategies have led to a sharp decline in the burden of malaria, which remains a significant public health problem in sub-Saharan countries. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the residual efficacy of LLINs recommended by the World Health Organization. Methods: The study was conducted in six villages in two sites in Senegal located in the Sahelo-Sudanian area of the Thiès region, 70 km from Dakar and in Mbagame, a semi-urban zone in the Senegal River Valley. A census was conducted of all sleeping places in each household to be covered by LLINs. Five brands of LLIN were distributed, and every six months, retention rates, net use, maintenance, physical integrity, insecticide chemical content, and biological efficacy were examined for each type of LLIN. Results: A total of 3012 LLINs were distributed in 1249 households in both sites, with an average coverage rate of 94% (95% CI 92.68–95.3). After 36 months, the average retention rate was 12.5% and this rate was respectively 20.5%, 15.1%, 10%, 7%, and 3% for Olyset Net®, Dawa Plus® 2.0, PermaNet® 2.0, NetProtect® and Life Net®, respectively. The proportion of LLINs with holes and the average number of holes per mosquito net increased significantly during each follow-up, with a large predominance of size 1 (small) holes for all types of LLINs distributed. During the three-year follow-up, bioassay mortality rates of a susceptible strain of insectary reared Anopheles coluzzii decreased in the following net types: in Dawa Plus® 2.0 (100% to 51.7%), PermaNet® 2.0 (96.6% to 83%), and Olyset Net® (96.6% to 33.3%). Mortality rates remained at 100% in Life Net® over the same time period. After 36 months, the average insecticide content per brand of LLIN decreased by 40.9% for Dawa Plus® 2.0, 31% for PermaNet® 2.0, 39.6% for NetProtect® and 51.9% for Olyset Net® and 40.1% for Life Net. Conclusions: Although some net types retained sufficient insecticidal activity, based on all durability parameters measured, none of the net types survived longer than 2 years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Senegal face a challenging socio-legal context, marked by homophobia and the illegality of homosexuality. In addition, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence among MSM is 27.6%, 46 times greater than the one in the general population (0.5%). Nevertheless, access to healthcare by MSM may be hampered by stigmatizing attitudes from health facility staff (medical and non-medical). This article describes the health facility staff/MSM relationship and analyses its effects on access to healthcare by MSM. The data used were collected through a field survey based on observations and qualitative interviews conducted in 2019 and 2020 with 16 MSM, 1 non-governmental organization (NGO) staff and 9 healthcare providers in Dakar (the capital city) and Mbour (secondary city on the West Coast) hospitals. The data were subject to a thematic analysis assisted by the ATLAS software. The relationship between MSM and healthcare providers is ambiguous. On the one hand, healthcare providers are torn between their professional duty to treat MSM and the cost of being stigmatized by other colleagues. Therefore, they often limit their empathy with MSM within the hospital context. On the other hand, MSM, trusting in the confidentiality of healthcare providers, feel safe in the care pathway. However, we identify the following stigmatizing factors limiting access to care include (1) fear of meeting a relative, (2) difficult relationships with non-medical support staff (mainly security guards), (3) HIV status disclosure and (4) potential conflicts with other MSM. This study is unique as it includes non-medical staff in its respondents. It shows that hospitals are divided into several areas, based on the stigma perceived by MSM. It is important to map out MSM's care trajectories and spaces and to identify all types of staff working within them, including non-medical staff, and enrol them in stigma reduction interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ethnography examines the links between race and language at a private French‐English school in Dakar, Senegal. Drawing on theories of de/coloniality, anthropology of white supremacy, and raciolinguistics, this article examines the ways in which racial and linguistic ideologies circulated within the school, in particular around discussions of global citizenship. This study contributes a decolonial, raciolinguistic analysis to anthropological discussions of education, language, and race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Urban Studies (Sage Publications, Ltd.) is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)