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Background: The most impactful research on pediatric type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains unknown. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the characteristics and impact of the 100 most-cited articles on pediatric T1D. Materials and Methods: Using a predefined bibliometric strategy, the Scopus database was searched for high-cited papers (HCPs) published from 2001 to 2020. Articles were evaluated for data on the publication year, countries, authors, journals, topics, and types. Social network analysis was performed to visualize the interaction among countries, organizations, and authors using VOSviewer software. Results: The top 100 HCPs received 390 to 4634 citations, averaging 773.5 citations per paper (CPP). The funded HCPs (n = 50) had a higher impact (CPP 791.5). The majority of HCPs (n = 83) were collaborative. Classifying by research type, 65 studies were clinical (n = 65), risk factors (n = 27), epidemiology (n = 26), pathophysiology (n = 16), treatment outcome (n = 13), genetics (n = 12), complications (n = 3), quality of life (n = 2), and prognosis (n = 1). The number of authors involved was 1,101, affiliated with 545 organizations in 27 countries; the USA (n = 64) and the UK (n = 24) were the most productive countries, whereas Australia and the UK were the most impactful. D.M. Nathan and J.M. Lawrence were the most prolific authors, while P. Raskin and J.M. Lachin were the most impactful. Conclusions: High-income countries such as the USA, UK, and Australia contribute significantly to high-impact pediatric T1D research. Funding and collaboration improve the impact of citations in publications. Less researched areas such as treatment outcomes, genetics, complications, quality of life, and prognosis should be the focus of future research on pediatric T1D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding biological mechanisms is fundamental for improving animal production and health to meet the growing demand for high-quality protein. As an emerging biotechnology, single-cell transcriptomics has been gradually applied in diverse aspects of animal research, offering an effective method to study the gene expression of high-throughput single cells of different tissues/organs in animals. In an unprecedented manner, researchers have identified cell types/subtypes and their marker genes, inferred cellular fate trajectories, and revealed cell‒cell interactions in animals using single-cell transcriptomics. In this paper, we introduce the development of single-cell technology and review the processes, advancements, and applications of single-cell transcriptomics in animal research. We summarize recent efforts using single-cell transcriptomics to obtain a more profound understanding of animal nutrition and health, reproductive performance, genetics, and disease models in different livestock species. Moreover, the practical experience accumulated based on a large number of cases is highlighted to provide a reference for determining key factors (e.g., sample size, cell clustering, and cell type annotation) in single-cell transcriptomics analysis. We also discuss the limitations and outlook of single-cell transcriptomics in the current stage. This paper describes the comprehensive progress of single-cell transcriptomics in animal research, offering novel insights and sustainable advancements in agricultural productivity and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature cells that expand in the circulation of patients with cancer, sepsis or chronic inflammation, modulate the immune response against cancer (favoring tumor onset and progression) and promote neoangiogenesis. These premises suggest that MDSCs could be involved in the pathogenesis of primary myelofibrosis (PMF) (a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by chronic inflammation and extensive neoangiogenesis in bone marrow and spleen). In this paper, we found that (1) MDSCs are increased both in the circulation and in the spleen of PMF patients and strongly correlate with disease progression; and (2) reduced CXCR4 expression on MDSCs along with increased plasmatic SDF-1α can be involved in their mobilization. These findings suggest that circulating MDSCs can be considered a parameter of disease severity and set MDSCs as potential new targets for cancer therapy. Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by a chronic inflammatory state that plays a relevant role in the disease pathogenesis (as proven by high levels of inflammatory cytokines with prognostic significance and by a persistent oxidative stress) and by extensive neoangiogenesis in bone marrow (BM) and spleen. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are immature cells that expand in patients with cancer, sepsis or chronic inflammation, favoring tumor onset and progression mainly through the decrease in immune surveillance and the promotion of neoangiogenesis. In this paper, we evaluated the presence of circulating MDSCs in PMF patients, the plasmatic factors involved in their mobilization/expansion and the correlations with laboratory, genetic and clinical parameters. The data indicated that MDSCs could have a relevant role in PMF as a new pathogenic mechanism contributing to explaining the phenotypic diversity observed during the clinical course of the disease, or a potential new target for personalized treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Much research has been conducted on the causes of childhood cancer, but many areas of uncertainty remain. We conducted a detailed search of recent studies investigating the causes of childhood cancer. Our findings, based on publications from 2014 to 2021, are summarized by topic in three separate papers: factors acting during childhood (Paper 1), factors relating to the parents and pregnancy (Paper 2), and factors relating to the environment (Paper 3). In this first paper, we summarize convincing evidence from studies that show increased childhood cancer risk associated with genetic cancer predisposition, birth defects, prior cancer, medical ionizing radiation, organ transplantation and exposure to cancer-causing viruses, and a reduced risk associated with some childhood vaccinations. Other factors discussed in this paper include the impact of the child's diet, allergies, medications, and body mass index. This review of factors associated with childhood cancer may help evidence-based efforts to reduce cancer in our pediatric populations. Purpose: To review the childhood risk factors for pediatric cancer (diagnosis before age 20). Methods: We conducted literature searches using Ovid Medline and Scopus to find primary research studies, review articles, and meta-analyses published from 2014 to 3 March 2021. Results: Strong evidence indicates that an array of genetic and epigenetic phenomena, structural birth defects, and chromosomal anomalies are associated with an increased risk of various childhood cancers. Increased risk is also associated with prior cancer, likely due to previous treatment agents and therapeutic ionizing radiation. Convincing evidence supports associations between several pediatric cancers and ionizing radiation, immunosuppression, and carcinogenic virus infection both in healthy children and in association with immune suppression following organ transplantation. Breastfeeding and a childhood diet rich in fruits and vegetables appears to reduce the risk of pediatric leukemia but the evidence is less strong. Childhood vaccination against carcinogenic viruses is associated with a lower risk of several cancers; there is less strong evidence that other childhood vaccinations more broadly may also lower risk. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is associated with increased melanoma risk, although most melanomas following childhood UV exposure occur later, in adulthood. Evidence is weak or conflicting for the role of body mass index, other childhood infections, allergies, and certain treatments, including immunomodulator medications and human growth therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fertility treatment enables involuntary childless people to have genetically related children, something that, for many, is a valuable life project. In this paper, I respond to two sets of objections that have been raised against expanding state‐funded fertility treatment provision for existing treatments, such as in vitro fertilisation (IVF), and against funding new treatments, such as uterine transplantation (UTx). Following McTernan, I refer to the first set of objections as the 'one good among many' objection. It purports that it is unjustifiable for the state to prioritise the funding of the life project of becoming a parent through fertility treatment provision over the funding of other life projects that people might have. Following Lotz, I refer to the second set of objections as the 'norm‐legitimation' objection. It maintains that the provision of costly forms of fertility treatment, such as UTx, would legitimise problematic social norms concerning genetic relatedness, reproduction and parenting, and that states should not engage in such a legitimation. In response to these objections, I defend the view that (reproductive) preferences ought to be taken more seriously when discussing fertility treatment provision and parental projects, and that not doing so can be costly, especially for women. The approach defended in this paper seeks to avoid disregarding and policing preferences and to reconcile their fulfilment with political projects aimed at improving the material and social conditions of sub‐fertile people: people who, for social or biological reasons (or an intersection of the two), are unable to reproduce unassisted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA), a prevalent chronic disease among the elderly, presents a complex pathogenesis and currently lacks effective treatment. Traditional observational studies are time-consuming, labor-intensive, susceptible to confounding factors, and cannot establish causal relationships. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, leveraging genetic variation to assess causal associations between exposures and outcomes, offers a cost-effective and efficient alternative. Over the past decade, large-scale genome-wide association studies have identified numerous genetic variants linked to OA risk factors, facilitating MR study design. In this review, we systematically identified 52 MR studies meeting specific criteria and evaluated their quality, exploring the impact of lifestyle, nutrition, comorbidities, circulating metabolites, plasma proteins, and other health factors on OA risk. We discuss the results and potential mechanisms of MR findings, addressing conflicting evidence based on existing literature and our prior research. With the ongoing expansion of genome-wide association data, we anticipate MR's role in future OA studies to broaden, particularly in drug development research using targeted MR approaches. We thus aim for this paper to offer valuable insights for researchers and clinicians in related fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Azolla is the only plant with a co-evolving nitrogen-fixing (diazotrophic) cyanobacterial symbiont (cyanobiont), Nostoc azollae, resulting from whole-genome duplication (WGD) 80 million years ago in Azolla's ancestor. Additional genes from the WGD resulted in genetic, biochemical, and morphological changes in the plant that enabled the transmission of the cyanobiont to successive generations via its megaspores. The resulting permanent symbiosis and co-evolution led to the loss, downregulation, or conversion of non-essential genes to pseudogenes in the cyanobiont, changing it from a free-living organism to an obligate symbiont. The upregulation of other genes in the cyanobiont increased its atmospheric dinitrogen fixation and the provision of nitrogen-based products to the plant. As a result, Azolla can double its biomass in less than two days free-floating on fresh water and sequester large amounts of atmospheric CO2, giving it the potential to mitigate anthropogenic climate change through carbon capture and storage. Azolla's biomass can also provide local, low-cost food, biofertiliser, feed, and biofuel that are urgently needed as our population increases by a billion every twelve years. This paper integrates data from biology, genetics, geology, and palaeontology to identify the location, timing and mechanism for the acquisition of a co-evolving diazotrophic cyanobiont by Azolla's ancestor in the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of North America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study is on the emerging role of artificial intelligence in the forensic sciences. After clarifying the basic concepts and a brief historical overview, the possibilities of using AI in various forensic fields are discussed: genetics, pattern recognition, chemistry, toxicology, anthropology, forensic medicine, and scene reconstruction. Methodology: The study synthesises several recently published international papers. Findings: The penetration of the application of artificial intelligence into some fields of science is undoubtedly an ongoing process. Most of the varied forensic fields also cannot avoid this development. Analysing large databases unmanageable with traditional methods, pattern recognition, and machine learning can all be important tools for forensic science. However, an important conclusion is that AI is a supporter of human expert work, not a substitute. Value: In the field of forensic sciences, no such detailed summary article has been published in Hungarian so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) goal is to better understand the etiology of diseases and develop preventative and therapeutic approaches by examining the connections between genetic variants and phenotypes while overcoming the limitations of the genome-wide association study (GWAS). It is a valuable complement to GWAS, reducing the negative effects of multiple tests and enabling a more thorough investigation of gene expression patterns in various tissues. A systematic review is presented in this paper to identify articles that utilize TWAS to understand the genetic factors behind complex diseases. A detailed selection process was carried out using standard PRISMA criteria to select relevant articles for the review. Twenty-five articles passed the inclusion criteria and were selected for additional review. The studies cover a diverse range of disorders, including Tourette's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and major depression. Leveraging gene expression data from different tissues and populations, these investigations successfully identified novel genes and pathways associated with the studied conditions. The collective findings highlight the transformative impact of integrative genomics in advancing our understanding of complex diseases, providing insights into potential therapeutic targets, and laying the foundation for precision medicine approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first section of this paper sets the record straight regarding many of Debouwere's (2024, Review of Education, 12, e3445) specific criticisms. The second section discusses the magnitude of the SES‐achievement relationship, specifically Debouwere's (2024) contention that the correlation is strong around 0.5 or 0.6 compared to observed correlations mostly between 0.2 and 0.3. The third section deals with five issues that Debouwere (2024) raises in his paper: (1) the stability of SES vis‐à‐vis cognitive ability; (2) the accuracy of children's reports of parents' socioeconomic characteristics; (3) whether teachers discriminate by students' SES; (4) the importance of cognitive ability for educational differentiation (i.e., tracking and streaming); and (5) SES effects on student achievement, controlling for prior achievement. The fourth section discusses the role of genetics in student achievement. Meta‐analyses and other studies indicate that about 50%–70% of the variance in student achievement is attributable to genetics (i.e., the heritability). The high heritability of student achievement accounts for its high stability, its strong correlations with cognitive ability and the weak effects of SES, net of prior achievement or cognitive ability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the post-genomic era, epigenetics brings about an opportunity to better understand how the molecular machinery works and is led by a complex dynamic set of mechanisms, often intricate and complementary in many aspects. In particular, epigenetics links developmental biology and genetics, as well as many other areas of knowledge. The present work highlights substantial scopes and relevant discoveries related to the development of the term from its first notions. To our understanding, the concept of epigenetics needs to be revisited, as it is one of the most relevant and multifaceted terms in human knowledge. To redirect future novel experimental or theoretical efforts, it is crucial to compile all significant issues that could impact human and ecological benefit in the most precise and accurate manner. In this paper, the reader can find one of the widest compilations of the landmarks and epistemic considerations of the knowledge of epigenetics across the history of biology from the earliest epigenetic formulation to genetic determinism until the present. In the present work, we link the current body of knowledge and earlier pre-genomic concepts in order to propose a new definition of epigenetics that is faithful to its regulatory nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The incidence of gastric cancer (GC) is increasing. Many people receive an advanced diagnosis of GC. Furthermore, a large number of patients are surgically inoperable and are unresponsive to preoperative chemotherapy. Patients with GC do not currently have an immunotherapy option. Our study's objective was to provide insight into extracellular vesicles (EVs) and GC. EVs in GC can be studied, as this article explains. EVs screening, which is available for all patients, is an option for combatting GC. Extracellular vesicles, or EVs, are membrane-bound nanocompartments produced by tumor cells. EVs carry proteins and nucleic acids from host cells to target cells, where they can transfer lipids, proteomes, and genetic material to change the function of target cells. EVs serve as reservoirs for mobile cellular signals. The collection of EVs using less invasive processes has piqued the interest of many researchers. Exosomes carry substances that can suppress the immune system. If the results of exosome screening are negative, immunotherapy will be beneficial for GC patients. In this study, we provide an update on EVs and GC based on ongoing review papers and clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is growing interest in identifying genetic predispositions to dental caries using non-invasive tools. Dermatoglyphics, examining dermal ridge patterns on the hands and feet, is linked to genetic foundations. Galton’s theory asserts fingerprint constancy. In dentistry, dermatoglyphics gains attention for its correlation with students pathologies. This study evaluates the association of dental caries in students with dermatoglyphics. Materials and Methods: The research at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dharmsinh Desai University, involved 50 subjects (28 females and 22 males) with normal fingerprints. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institute’s Ethics Committee. Fingerprints were recorded using the conventional method, employing ink, paper, roller, glass slab and sponging pad. The prints were examined, classified and analysed through the Cummins method, categorising them into whorls, loops and arches. The dental caries were assessed through the decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) scores of the participants. The DMFT score was tested for association and difference according to the type of fingerprint pattern. Results: Females commonly exhibit loop patterns, while males show an equal distribution between loops and whorls. The connection between fingerprint patterns and DMFT scores is notable. A Chi-square test for left-side patterns (Chi-square = 27.74, P = 0.002) reveals a strong association, linking specific patterns to distinct DMFT scores. Similarly, for right-side patterns (Chi-square = 11.349, P = 0.045), there is significance, emphasising the relationship between fingerprint types and dental caries. Conclusion: The study examined the connection between fingerprint patterns and dental caries in children, discovering a positive correlation. Specific patterns such as arch, loop and whorl were linked to caries presence or absence, suggesting their potential as an early detection tool, although accuracy might vary based on genetic factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment option for patients with dopaminergic complications of Parkinson's disease (PD) and drug-refractory PD tremor. However, DBS and its indications can be challenging, and they are not often debated in the medical community. Through a critical narrative review, the objective of this paper is to improve the comprehension of DBS indications and help to solve the puzzle that this process can be. Proper patient selection is the first step for a good surgical outcome. In this review, then, relevant considerations are discussed, involving PD genes, PD phenotypes, indications of early stages, non-motor symptoms, neuroimaging predictors, comorbidities, and age. Individualized approaches are encouraged, including clinical and radiological factors. Social support during the whole follow-up and expectations alignment are necessary through this process and are also debated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex disease that develops through a sequence of molecular events that are still poorly defined. This process is driven by a multitude of context-dependent genes that play different roles based on their environment. The complexity and multi-faceted nature of these genes make it difficult to study the genetic basis of IBD. The goal of this article is to review the key genes in the pathophysiology of IBD and highlight new technology that can be used in further research. This paper examines Nanostring RNA probe technology, which uses tissue analyzed without the use of enzymes, transcription, or amplification. Nanostring offers several panels of genes to test, including an inflammation panel of 234 genes. This article analyzes this panel and reviews the literature for each gene's effect in IBD for use as a framework to review the pathophysiology of the disease. The panel was narrowed to 26 genes with significant evidence of mechanistic potential in IBD, which were then categorized into specific areas of pathogenesis. These include gut barrier breakdown, inappropriate recognition of commensal bacteria, immune cell activation, proinflammatory cytokine release, and subsequent impairment of the anti-inflammatory response. The eventual goal of this paper is the creation of a customized panel of IBD genes that can be used to better understand the genetic mechanism of IBD and aid in the development of future therapies in IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The liver is a crucial organ in the regulation of metabolism, signaling, and homeostasis. Using recent advanced sequencing technologies, several mutations of genes in major metabolic and signaling pathways have been discovered in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These gene signatures alter expression and ultimately affect biochemical pathways by modifying enzyme/protein levels, resulting in numerous clinical outcomes related to HCC. It comes with varying forms of genetic and biochemical alterations, associated with carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, and amino acid metabolism, as well as signaling pathways linked to tumorigenesis. Here, we aim to summarize the main components and mechanisms involved in the progression of HCC with a special focus on the metabolic regulation of key effectors of tumorigenesis, through the crosstalk between genetics and biochemistry. This paper provides an overview of hepatocellular carcinoma, underlying the fundamental effect of gene variations on metabolic and signaling pathways. Since there is still an unmet need for biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets, some of these signature genes or proteins can be used as novel biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) stands as a leading cause of irreversible blindness, particularly affecting central vision and impeding daily tasks. This paper provides a thorough exploration of AMD, distinguishing between its two main subtypes—Wet and Dry AMD—while shedding light on the prevalence and risk factors, including age, genetics, and smoking. The focus shifts to the current and future treatment landscape, examining both Dry and Wet AMD. Regarding Dry AMD, interventions such as antioxidant supplementation and ongoing clinical trials offer hope. Notable among these is Pegcetacoplan which is the only Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medication, displaying promising results in reducing geographic atrophy lesions. For Wet AMD, anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor therapies like Ranibizumab (Lucentis®) have been instrumental, and newer drugs like Faricimab and OPT-302 show comparable efficacy with extended dosing intervals. Additionally, gene therapies such as RGX-314 present a potential paradigm shift, reducing or eliminating the need for frequent injections. Biosimilars offer cost-effective alternatives. The paper also delves into the integration of technology and artificial intelligence in AMD management, highlighting the role of smartphone apps for patient monitoring and artificial intelligence algorithms for diagnosis and surveillance. Furthermore, patient perspectives on artificial intelligence demonstrate a positive correlation between understanding and trust. The narrative concludes with a glimpse into ground-breaking technologies, including retinal implants and bionic chips, offering hope for vision restoration. Overall, this paper underscores the multifaceted approach in addressing AMD, combining traditional and innovative strategies, paving the way for a more promising future in AMD treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a severe psychiatric illness known to be highly complex due to its difficulty in identifying genetic factors and its polygenic nature. While genetic studies and research into epigenetic changes have advanced our understanding of MDD, the precise role of genetics in MDD's manifestation remains elusive. This paper reviews the current state of research on MDD genetics, encompassing findings on MDD's biological blueprint and investigations into epigenetic modifications associated with MDD development. Furthermore, this paper explores the interplay between depression and the immune system and the impact of inflammation on the disorder. Neuroimaging studies have also impacted comprehension of MDD, revealing alterations in brain size and chemistry. These insights shed light on the biological underpinnings of MDD and hold promise for developing more effective treatments and therapies for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With similarities in heritability, neurobiology and symptomatology, the question has been raised whether schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are truly distinctive disorders or belong to a continuum. This narrative review summarizes common and distinctive findings from genetics, neuroimaging, cognition and clinical course that may help to solve this ethiopathogenetic puzzle. Methods: The authors conducted a literature search for papers listed in PubMed and Google Scholar, using the search terms "schizophrenia" and "bipolar disorder" combined with different terms such as "genes", "neuroimaging studies", "phenomenology differences", "cognition", "epidemiology". Articles were considered for inclusion if they were written in English or Spanish, published as full articles, if they compared subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, or subjects with either disorder with healthy controls, addressing differences between groups. Results: Several findings support the hypothesis that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are discrete disorders, yet some overlapping of findings exists. The evidence for heritability of both SZ and BD is obvious, as well as the environmental impact on individual manifestations of both disorders. Neuroimaging studies support subtle differences between disorders, it appears to be rather a pattern of irregularities than an unequivocally unique finding distinguishing schizophrenia from bipolar disorder. The cognitive profile displays differences between disorders in certain domains, such as premorbid intellectual functioning and executive functions. Finally, the timing and trajectory of cognitive impairment in both disorders also differs. Conclusion: The question whether SZ and BD belong to a continuum or are separate disorders remains a challenge for further research. Currently, our research tools may be not precise enough to carve out distinctive, unique and undisputable differences between SZ and BD, but current evidence favors separate disorders. Given that differences are subtle, a way to overcome diagnostic uncertainties in the future could be the application of artificial intelligence based on BigData. Limitations: Despite the detailed search, this article is not a full and complete review of all available studies on the topic. The search and selection of papers was also limited to articles in English and Spanish. Selection of papers and conclusions may be biased by the personal view and clinical experience of the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to analyze the nesting success and nest building behavior of myna, Acridotheres tristis, using paper/plastic Myna in artificial nest. The boxes were placed at different sites, including University Town, Rahat Abad and Qadir Abad in Peshawar City, Pakistan. The artificial nests were designed 56 × 22 cm and 21 × 16 cm in dimension with respective opening of 8 cm and 7 cm. Total number of artificial nests were 55, therein, number of successful next recorded 42 and unsuccessful 13. Artificial nests were installed in breeding season of common myna. Total nesting success was 85.71 in March-April; 68.18 in May-June and 78.94 in July-August 2022. Nest losses were recorded during six months (March to August). Total success rate (%) was 76.36% and the mean (± SD) number of plastic collected as nesting material per day was 18.8 ± 3.12. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of common and rare variants in COVID-19 host genetics has been widely studied. In particular, in Fallerini et al. (Human genetics, 2022, 141, 147-173), common and rare variants were used to define an interpretable machine learning model for predicting COVID-19 severity. First, variants were converted into sets of Boolean features, depending on the absence or the presence of variants in each gene. An ensemble of LASSO logistic regression models was used to identify the most informative Boolean features with respect to the genetic bases of severity. After that, the Boolean features, selected by these logistic models, were combined into an Integrated PolyGenic Score (IPGS), which offers a very simple description of the contribution of host genetics in COVID-19 severity. IPGS leads to an accuracy of 55%-60% on different cohorts, and, after a logistic regression with both IPGS and age as inputs, it leads to an accuracy of 75%. The goal of this paper is to improve the previous results, using not only the most informative Boolean features with respect to the genetic bases of severity but also the information on host organs involved in the disease. In this study, we generalize the IPGS adding a statistical weight for each organ, through the transformation of Boolean features into "Boolean quantum features," inspired by quantum mechanics. The organ coefficients were set via the application of the genetic algorithm PyGAD, and, after that, we defined two new integrated polygenic scores (IPGS¹ph and IPGS²ph). By applying a logistic regression with both IPGS, (IPGS²ph (or indifferently IPGS¹ph) and age as inputs, we reached an accuracy of 84%-86%, thus improving the results previously shown in Fallerini et al. (Human genetics, 2022, 141, 147-173) by a factor of 10%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper explores the potential influence of a single nucleotide variant in the ANK-2 gene on COVID-19 myocarditis-related ventricular tachycardia. Case Description: A 53-year-old female with a history of Crohn's disease and asthma developed COVID-19. Shortly after infection, she experienced symptoms of chest pressure, palpitations, and shortness of breath, leading to the eventual diagnosis of myocarditis complicated by recurrent ventricular tachycardia. Treatment with mechanistically driven anti-arrhythmic therapy and beta-blockers suppressed this highly symptomatic ventricular tachycardia. Genetic testing to further risk stratify and influence long term care identified a single nucleotide variant in the ANK-2 gene, which is known to be associated with arrhythmic risk. Discussion: This case study highlights the use of rationally selected anti-arrhythmic therapy, mexiletine, in the management of ventricular tachycardia associated with COVID-19 myocarditis and the presence of a single nucleotide variant in ANK-2, raising the possibility of its contribution to VT susceptibility and severity. Our patient demonstrated significant improvement with administered therapeutics, including the resolution of myocarditis and ventricular tachycardia. The normalization of the QT interval during the resolution phase further supports the potential influence of the genetic variant in ANK-2 on potassium channel activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents one of the first marketing applications of molecular genetics. We report evidence that salespeople's genetic variants linked to educational attainment predict sales performance. Both genetics and selling effort contribute to sales performance, whereas genetics contribute more than personality traits. We further show that adaptive learning, as captured in salespeople's customer orientation and opportunity recognition skills, may explain the gene-sales relationship. We discuss the implications of these findings for sales management and the value of genetic research for the marketing field. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing. Funding: S. Gong acknowledges financial support from the NSFC [Grant 71972040] and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2022NTSS43]. Q. Li acknowledges financial support from the NSFC [Grant 72072014] and Young Talent Program of Beijing Foreign Studies University. S. Su acknowledges financial support from the NSFC [Grant 71872016]. Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4879. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The delivery of genetic services in developing countries is faced with significant challenges, despite medical and technological advances globally. The Philippines, being an archipelago, faces even more challenges, with significant disparities in access to healthcare, and tertiary medical centers and specialists being concentrated in the major cities. The utilization of different networks for the integration of genetic services in the existing public health delivery system has been valuable. Using the well-established network of the national newborn screening program, genetic services have been successfully integrated into the delivery of healthcare, even at the grassroot level. Equitable access to healthcare, including genetic services, was highlighted and supported by the enactment of the Rare Disease Law in 2016. The support of the academe to assure the sustainability of services was evident in the establishment of a genetic counseling program to augment the work of a handful of clinical geneticists. Professional societies and support groups have been instrumental in identifying genetic conditions to be prioritized and lobbying for increased public awareness, leading to national programs and policies. This paper primarily discusses the value of networks in the delivery of genetic services, specifically newborn screening, programs for rare diseases, birth defects, and genetic counseling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Few studies have been conducted on the association between gut microbes and gastric ulcers. This paper aims to investigate the causal relationship between gut flora and gastric ulcer development using a two-sample Mendelian randomization method. Methods: Relevant single nucleotide polymorphisms were screened as instrumental genetic variables (SNPs) from the genetic variation database of the gut microbiota (MiBioGen), and the weighted median estimator of random effects (WME), inverse variance weighting (IVW) and MR-Egger regression three Mendelian randomization methods were used to study the causal association between gut microbes and gastric ulcer development. Results and Discussion: Family Lachnospiraceae, genus Eubacterium ventriosum group, genus Olsenella were risk factors for gastric ulcer, while genus Butyrivibrio, genus Odoribacter, genus Sutterella had a suggestive protective effect on gastric ulcer, but the mechanism of intestinal flora and gastric ulcer needs to be further verified, but this study still provides some theoretical basis for future studies between gastric ulcer and intestinal flora. Conclusions: In this study, a potentially positive and negative causal relationship between intestinal flora and the gastric ulcer was derived by a two-sample Mendelian analysis, from which it was known that the family Lachnospiraceae, genus Eubacterium ventricose group, genus Olsenella are risk factors for gastric ulcer. In contrast, the genus Butyrivibrio, genus Odoribacter, and genus Sutterella had suggestive protective effects against gastric ulcers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that encompasses a range of symptoms including difficulties in verbal communication, social interaction, limited interests, and repetitive behaviors. Neuroplasticity refers to the structural and functional changes that occur in the nervous system to adapt and respond to changes in the external environment. In simpler terms, it is the brain's ability to learn and adapt to new environments. However, individuals with ASD exhibit abnormal neuroplasticity, which impacts information processing, sensory processing, and social cognition, leading to the manifestation of corresponding symptoms. This paper aims to review the current research progress on ASD neuroplasticity, focusing on genetics, environment, neural pathways, neuroinflammation, and immunity. The findings will provide a theoretical foundation and insights for intervention and treatment in pediatric fields related to ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and objective: The purpose of this paper is a systematic review of articles and research in the context of the relationship between genetic determinants of migraine and thyroid dysfunction. Materials and methods: A non-systematic review of the scientific literature was carried out according to the following keywords: PubMed was searched and 76 articles published up to 2023 were analyzed. Description of the state of knowledge: Epidemiological studies confirm the co-occurrence of migraine and thyroid dysfunction, especially hypothyroidism, which are considered to be diseases with a strong genetic background. Thyroid function parameters such as TSH and fT4 are susceptible to genetic influences. However, there is a lack of consistent interpretation of the observational results, which highlights the need for further research. Analysis of gene overlaps and links between headache and thyroid function, based on GWAS data, could shed light on the complex genetic interactions underlying this association. Summary: The genetic associations revealed in the study enhance our comprehension of the intricate relationship between migraine and thyroid dysfunction. These findings not only offer the prospect of developing biomarkers for identifying migraine patients who might benefit from thyroid hormone therapy but also underscore the promising potential of future genetic studies in providing biological insights to advance clinical decision-making in understanding and addressing these interconnected phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Cytogenetic abnormalities are predictors of poor prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM). This paper aims to build and validate a multiparametric conventional and functional whole-body MRI-based prediction model for cytogenetic risk classification in newly diagnosed MM. Methods: Patients with newly diagnosed MM who underwent multiparametric conventional whole-body MRI, spinal dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE-)MRI, spinal diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) and had genetic analysis were retrospectively included (2011–2020/Ghent University Hospital/Belgium). Patients were stratified into standard versus intermediate/high cytogenetic risk groups. After segmentation, 303 MRI features were extracted. Univariate and model-based methods were evaluated for feature and model selection. Testing was performed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and precision-recall curves. Models comparing the performance for genetic risk classification of the entire MRI protocol and of all MRI sequences separately were evaluated, including all features. Four final models, including only the top three most predictive features, were evaluated. Results: Thirty-one patients were enrolled (mean age 66 ± 7 years, 15 men, 13 intermediate-/high-risk genetics). None of the univariate models and none of the models with all features included achieved good performance. The best performing model with only the three most predictive features and including all MRI sequences reached a ROC-area-under-the-curve of 0.80 and precision-recall-area-under-the-curve of 0.79. The highest statistical performance was reached when all three MRI sequences were combined (conventional whole-body MRI + DCE-MRI + DWI). Conventional MRI always outperformed the other sequences. DCE-MRI always outperformed DWI, except for specificity. Conclusions: A multiparametric MRI-based model has a better performance in the noninvasive prediction of high-risk cytogenetics in newly diagnosed MM than conventional MRI alone. Critical relevance statement: An elaborate multiparametric MRI-based model performs better than conventional MRI alone for the noninvasive prediction of high-risk cytogenetics in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma; this opens opportunities to assess genetic heterogeneity thus overcoming sampling bias. Key points: • Standard genetic techniques in multiple myeloma patients suffer from sampling bias due to tumoral heterogeneity. • Multiparametric MRI noninvasively predicts genetic risk in multiple myeloma. • Combined conventional anatomical MRI, DCE-MRI, and DWI had the highest statistical performance to predict genetic risk. • Conventional MRI alone always outperformed DCE-MRI and DWI separately to predict genetic risk. DCE-MRI alone always outperformed DWI separately, except for the parameter specificity to predict genetic risk. • This multiparametric MRI-based genetic risk prediction model opens opportunities to noninvasively assess genetic heterogeneity thereby overcoming sampling bias in predicting genetic risk in multiple myeloma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microtia is a congenital ear malformation that can occur as isolated microtia or as part of a syndrome. The etiology is currently poorly understood, although there is strong evidence that genetics has a role in the occurrence of microtia. This systematic review aimed to determine the genes involved and the abnormalities in microtia patients' head and neck regions. Methods: We used seven search engines to search all known literature on the genetic and phenotypic variables associated with the development or outcome of microtia. The identified publications were screened and selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and assessed for methodological quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. We found 40 papers in this systematic review with phenotypic data in microtia involving 1459 patients and 30 articles containing genetic data involved in microtia. Result: The most common accompanying phenotype of all microtia patients was external ear canal atresia, while the most common head and neck abnormalities were the auricular, mental, and oral regions. The most common syndrome found was craniofacial microsomia syndrome. In the syndromic microtia group, the most common genes were TCOF1 (43.75%), SIX2 (4.69%), and HSPA9 (4.69%), while in the non-syndromic microtia group, the most frequently found gene was GSC exon 2 (25%), FANCB (16.67%), HOXA2 (8.33%), GSC exon 3 (8.33%), MARS1 (8.33%), and CDT1 (8.33%). Conclusions: Our systematic review shows some genes involved in the microtia development, including TCOF1, SIX2, HSPA9, GSC exon 2, FANCB, HOXA2, GSC exon 3, MARS1, and CDT1 genes. We also reveal a genotype-phenotype association in microtia. In addition, further studies with more complete and comprehensive data are needed, including patients with complete data on syndromes, phenotypes, and genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The first half of the two-part study is on the emerging role of artificial intelligence in the forensic sciences. After clarifying the basic concepts and a brief historical overview, the possibilities of using AI in various forensic fields are discussed: genetics, pattern recognition, chemistry, toxicology, anthropology, forensic medicine, and scene reconstruction. Methodology: The study synthesises several recently published international papers. Findings: The penetration of the application of artificial intelligence into some fields of science is undoubtedly an ongoing process. Most of the varied forensic fields also cannot avoid this development. Analysing large databases unmanageable with traditional methods, pattern recognition, and machine learning can all be important tools for forensic science. However, an important conclusion is that AI is a supporter of human expert work, not a substitute. Value: In the field of forensic sciences, no such detailed summary article has been published in Hungarian so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Genetic relatedness figures heavily in contemporary ethical debates on egg freezing, although the arguments lack empirical‐based evidence. Rather than adding another theoretical view on the moral relevance of genetic connections, this paper instead proposes an empirically grounded perspective based on two independent qualitative interview‐based studies conducted in Belgium and France. Three themes emerge from our empirical data: (1) prioritizing family building; (2) centering the gestational experience of motherhood; and (3) identifying the complexities and limitations of adoption. These themes suggest that the relationship between egg freezing, genetics, biological motherhood, and adoption is highly complex and less straightforward than what is often assumed in the egg freezing debate. Our study provides more detailed insights into women's ambivalent experiences regarding those reproductive options. We discuss the ethical implications of our empirical findings and hold that pursuing genetic desire is not necessarily the main moral reason why women freeze their eggs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experience of adopted college/university students and young adults, and their unique challenges in understanding the development of their personal identities, is an important topic for research and clinical practice with adopted people. This paper examines college and university students' understanding of how their life experiences of being born Asian but being raised in a non-Asian adoptive family have influenced their personal racial identity formation and how this may have affected their choices of study and career. In addition to subjects' responses to a questionnaire, participants completed five peer-reviewed scales that revealed information about how they perceive their racial identities and their efforts to distinguish genetics from environmental influences on their personal identities. This article reports on the key findings that have significance for psychotherapists treating these students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) represent a large group of hereditary degenerative diseases of the nervous system, in particular the cerebellum, and other systems that manifest with a variety of progressive motor, cognitive, and behavioral deficits with the leading symptom of cerebellar ataxia. SCAs often lead to severe impairments of the patient's functioning, quality of life, and life expectancy. For SCAs, there are no proven effective pharmacotherapies that improve the symptoms or substantially delay disease progress, i.e., disease-modifying therapies. To study SCA pathogenesis and potential therapies, animal models have been widely used and are an essential part of pre-clinical research. They mainly include mice, but also other vertebrates and invertebrates. Each animal model has its strengths and weaknesses arising from model animal species, type of genetic manipulation, and similarity to human diseases. The types of murine and non-murine models of SCAs, their contribution to the investigation of SCA pathogenesis, pathological phenotype, and therapeutic approaches including their advantages and disadvantages are reviewed in this paper. There is a consensus among the panel of experts that (1) animal models represent valuable tools to improve our understanding of SCAs and discover and assess novel therapies for this group of neurological disorders characterized by diverse mechanisms and differential degenerative progressions, (2) thorough phenotypic assessment of individual animal models is required for studies addressing therapeutic approaches, (3) comparative studies are needed to bring pre-clinical research closer to clinical trials, and (4) mouse models complement cellular and invertebrate models which remain limited in terms of clinical translation for complex neurological disorders such as SCAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-shared environmental influences are non-genetic influences that are uncorrelated in family members. Monozygotic twins have the same genes and shared environment. Any differences in the behaviour of monozygotic twins can be attributed to non-shared environmental influences. Qualitative methods can help study in depth the non-shared environmental influences causing discordance among monozygotic twins. I conducted a literature review, as part of my KURF Project, evaluating how qualitative methods can be utilised to study non-shared environmental influences causing discordance among monozygotic twins. This essay summarises and reflects on the journey of taking on a research project, the challenges of working in an independent environment and the skills acquired by the end of the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, multilayer networks have served as effective models for addressing and analyzing real-world systems with multiple relationships. Among these scenarios, the community detection (CD) problem is one of the most prominent research hotspots. Although some research on multilayer network CD (MCD) has been proposed to address this problem, most studies focus only on topological structures. Therefore, their algorithms cannot extract the most out of complementary network information, such as node similarities and low-rank features, which may lead to unsatisfactory accuracy. To tackle this problem, this paper proposes a novel multi-objective evolutionary algorithm based on consensus prior information (MOEA-CPI). The proposed algorithm takes full advantage of prior information to guide the MOEA with respect to topological structures, initializations, and the optimization process. More specifically, this paper first extracts two kinds of prior information, i.e., graph-level and node-level information, based on Node2vec and Jaccard similarity, respectively. Then, the prior layer and a high-quality initial population are constructed on the basis of the graph-level information. During the optimization process, the genetic operator, which integrates the weighting strategy and node-level information, is applied to guide the algorithm to distribute similar nodes into the same community. Extensive experiments are implemented to prove the superior performance of MOEA-CPI over the state-of-the-art methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Plant Science discusses recent advancements in genomics and genetics of horticultural crops and their contribution to breeding efforts. The editorial highlights various research studies on topics such as selenium accumulation in tea cultivars, fern gametophytes' response to light, proteomics and metabolomics analysis of kale cultivars, genome-wide identification of gene families in mangrove species and pineapple, and the development of a single primer enrichment technology panel for lettuce. The text also mentions a study on genome editing in cabbage and a review paper on breeding for secondary metabolites content in horticultural crops. The editorial provides information on the progress made in breeding for higher accumulation of phenolic acids and flavonoids in popular vegetables such as pepper, tomato, and eggplant, using genetic and genomic technologies to discover enzymes, genes, and QTLs involved in the biosynthesis and accumulation of these compounds. The text also discusses the assembly and annotation of non-nuclear genomes, specifically the mitochondrial and chloroplastic genomes of the wax apple and three wild perennial Hordeum species, respectively. These genome studies provide insights into plant biology, phylogenetic evolution, and genetic diversity, and offer valuable information for molecular breeding and genetic improvement. [Extracted from the article]

Gambling Disorder (GD) is an impactful behavioural addiction for which there appear to be under-pinning genetic contributors. Twin studies show significant GD heritability results and intergenerational transmission show high rates of transmission. Recent developments in polygenic and multifactorial risk prediction modelling provide promising opportunities to enable early identification and intervention for at risk individuals. People with GD often have significant delays in diagnosis and subsequent help-seeking that can compromise their recovery. In this paper we advocate for more research into the utility of polygenic and multifactorial risk modelling in GD research and treatment programs and rigorous evaluation of its costs and benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) due to early depletion of ovarian follicles leads to primary amenorrhea or premature menopause. The causes can be genetic or secondary to infection, metabolic disease, autoimmune disorders, radiation, chemotherapy or physical damage to the ovary. Here in this paper we discuss the genetic causes of POI. The causes could be chromosomal disorders such as Turner syndrome (45, X) or structural X chromosomal abnormalities such as deletions/duplications/ring chromosome/X:autosome translocations. The causes could be single gene disorders with various inheritance patterns being possible such as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant or X linked recessive We describe a panel of 157 genes which can be analysed on next generation sequencing panel and FMR1 gene which can be analysed on triple primer polymerase chain reaction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the neuroendocrine syndromes in women of reproductive age. In the pathogenesis of its development a great importance is paid to the hormonal disbalance, metabolic changes, overweight and obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, genetic factors, etc. Very often, PCOS is accompanied by infertility, cardiovascular risks, diabetes mellitus. The article is devoted to a review of modern scientific literature about the last researches devoted to the mechanisms of metabolic disorders which are connected with insulin resistance, overweight and obesity, also, with psychological disturbance and stress. The article describes the specific of psychological conditions in PCOS patients. On the basis of the analyzed scientific publications the connection between hormonal disbalance, psychological disorders, overweight, obesity and lipidogram parameters is presented. Also, the researches about gut and vaginal microbiota are described in this paper. The last studies demonstrate the significant changes of human microbiome in the development and course of polycystic ovary syndrome. The article presents the concepts of the difference in the composition of the gut and vagina microbiota in women with this neuroendocrine syndrome. The pathogenetic mechanisms of the role of the microbiota in the processes of PCOS pathogenesis, namely, the regulation of the immune response and inflammation processes in this pathology, are described. It has been shown that in women with PCOS there are differences in the microflora composition of the intestines, manifested by a decreased concentration of Lactobacillus and the presence of a variety of other microorganisms compared to the healthy women. Thus, the main pathogenetic links of PCOS development are closely connected with each other. That is why multimodal approaches for study of PCOS and for management of the patients with PCOS are extremely important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heart and brain are important organs of human body, which are closely related in genetic, structural and functional aspects. It is of great significance to elucidate the correlation between heart and brain and its mechanism for prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. This paper reviews the genetic, structural and functional correlations between heart and brain, and discusses mechanisms of correlations from the perspective of common clinical heart diseases and brain diseases, so as to provide theoretical basis for the research and treatment of brain and heart comorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Königsberg bridge problem has played a central role in recent philosophical discussions of mathematical explanation. In this paper I look at it from a novel perspective, which is independent of explanatory concerns. Instead of restricting attention to the solved Königsberg bridge problem, I consider Euler's construction of a solution method for the problem and discuss two later integrations of Euler's approach into a more structured methodology, arisen in operations research and genetics respectively. By examining Euler's work and its later developments, I achieve two main goals. First, I offer an analysis of the role played by mathematics as a problem-solving instrument within scientific enquiry. Second, I shed light on the broader significance of well known contributions to the debate on mathematical explanation. I suggest that these contributions, which are tied to a localised explanatory context, achieve a greater relevance and attain a sharper formulation when they are referred to scientific enquiry at large, as opposed to its possible explanatory outcomes alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Omics technologies accumulated an enormous amount of data that advanced knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus and identified a number of fundamental problems focused on the transition to personalized diabetology in the future. Among them, the most significant are the following: (1) clinical and genetic heterogeneity of type 1 diabetes mellitus; (2) the prognostic significance of DNA markers beyond the HLA genes; (3) assessment of the contribution of a large number of DNA markers to the polygenic risk of disease progress; (4) the existence of ethnic population differences in the distribution of frequencies of risk alleles and genotypes; (5) the infancy of epigenetic research into type 1 diabetes mellitus. Disclosure of these issues is one of the priorities of fundamental diabetology and practical healthcare. The purpose of this review is the systemization of the results of modern molecular genetic, transcriptomic, and epigenetic investigations of type 1 diabetes mellitus in general, as well as its individual forms. The paper summarizes data on the role of risk HLA haplotypes and a number of other candidate genes and loci, identified through genome-wide association studies, in the development of this disease and in alterations in T cell signaling. In addition, this review assesses the contribution of differential DNA methylation and the role of microRNAs in the formation of the molecular pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus, as well as discusses the most currently central trends in the context of early diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In May 2015, my mother was diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer and passed away three months later at the age of 78. Two years later, my older brother, only 53 at the time, was also diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He passed away 15 months later. With this news, we engaged in the genetic retelling of family histories and connections, drawing genealogical maps on pieces of paper that reminded me of teaching Anthro 101 and starkly reimagined which relatives 'mattered' in our lives. As an anthropologist interested in subject formation and spatiality informed by a Foucauldian analytic, I have been propelled into exploring what it means to become 'high risk' (as a biologically related daughter and sister), subject to new regimes of surveillance and self‐management espoused by the field of precision medicine. This paper addresses this experience and thus contributes to questions of subject formation within the already‐existing truth‐making practices of genetic probability and personalized risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the interplay between genetics and family investments in the process of skill formation. We model and estimate the joint evolution of skills and parental investments throughout early childhood. We document three genetic mechanisms: the direct effect of child genes on skills, the indirect effect of child genes via parental investments, and family genetic influences captured by parental genes. We show that genetic effects are dynamic, increase over time, and operate via environmental channels. Our paper highlights the value of integrating biological and social perspectives into a single unified framework. (JEL I24, I26, J12, J13, J24) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]