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Process of conveying liquid substance via the pipeline is the most common practice of transferring the liquid from one point to another point. Composite pipeline is becoming an option for liquid conveying purposed (instead of PVC, acrylic or metal) for its durability, longer lifetime and non-corrosive material in comparison with current pipeline. In order to ensure, the conveying process has a smooth flow rate without particle or bubble disturbance that could hinder good process flow, non-invasive monitoring system is always required. The ultrasonic measuring system is one of the monitoring options that could be applied. With proper designed for transmitting and conditioning circuitry, 300kHz ultrasonic frequencies are found as the optimal frequency needed to penetrate across the composite pipeline with full of liquid. The ultrasonic sensor response is being successfully differentiated between full flow (no material blockage) and with bulk material blockage (dry and wet sand). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript presents a new method to monitor and localize the moisture distribution in a rice silo based on tomography images. Because the rice grain is naturally hygroscopic, the stored grains' quality depends on their level of moisture content. Higher moisture content leads to fibre degradation, making the grains too frail and possibly milled. If the moisture is too low, the grains become brittle and are susceptible to higher breakage. At present, the single-point measurement method is unreliable because the moisture build-up inside the silo might be distributed unevenly. In addition, this method mostly applies gravimetric analysis, which is destructive. Thus, we proposed a radio tomographic imaging (RTI) system to address these problems. Four simulated phantom profiles at different percentages of moisture content were reconstructed using Newton's One-Step Error Reconstruction and Tikhonov Regularization algorithms. This simulation study utilized the relationship between the maximum voxel weighting of the reconstructed RTI image and the percentage of moisture content. The outcomes demonstrated promising results, in which the weighting voxel linearly increased with the percentage of moisture content, with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.95 was obtained. Therefore, the results support the possibility of using the RTI approach for monitoring and localizing the moisture distribution inside the rice silo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]