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This paper addresses the restrictions of Italian relative che 'what' to finite environments and direct case gaps. While the standard analysis takes these restrictions to follow from the C status of che, this paper argues for an alternative approach, according to which che is a DP, on a par with other interrogative and relative elements. Specifically, it is argued that relative che is identical to interrogative che and relative cui 'what.obl' in the narrow syntactic derivation, up to the point of transfer. Realization of relative che is then blocked at ext with oblique case gaps by the more specific cui, along the lines of the Elsewhere Principle. The status of cui as a specialized relative element is also discussed. The restriction to finiteness for relative che is treated as an instance of a more general phenomenon that precludes bare DPs from occurring at the edge of infinitival relatives. Here I adopt and extend (Richards, Norvin. 2010. Uttering trees. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press) Distinctness Theory to account for the facts of Italian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a first step towards a logic of learning from experiments. For this, we investigate formal frameworks for modeling the interaction of causal and (qualitative) epistemic reasoning. Crucial for our approach is the idea that the notion of an intervention can be used as a formal expression of a (real or hypothetical) experiment (Pearl, 2009, Causality. Models, Reasoning, and Inference , 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge; Woodward, 2003, Making Things Happen , vol. 114 of Oxford Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Oxford University Press). In a first step we extend a causal model (Briggs, 2012, Philosophical Studies , 160, 139–166; Galles and Pearl, 1998, An axiomatic characterisation of causal counterfactuals. Foundations of Science , 3, 151–182; Halpern, 2000, Axiomatizing causal reasoning. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research , 12, 317–337; Pearl, 2009, Causality. Models, Reasoning, and Inference , 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge) with a simple Hintikka-style representation of the epistemic state of an agent. In the resulting setting, one can talk about the knowledge of an agent and information update. The resulting logic can model reasoning about thought experiments. However, it is unable to account for learning from experiments, which is clearly brought out by the fact that it validates the principle of no learning for interventions. Therefore, in a second step, we implement a more complex notion of knowledge (Nozick, 1981, Philosophical Explanations. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts) that allows an agent to observe (measure) certain variables when an experiment is carried out. This extended system does allow for learning from experiments. For all the proposed logics, we provide a sound and complete axiomatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mercellis remarks that Baekeland "crossed boundaries between the spheres of science, technology, and industry - to the extent that they were separated" (p. 17), and his analysis reveals some of the divisions that Baekeland was keen to cross, overcome, or wilfully ignore when the occasion merited it. Mercellis dispels some myths, notably that Baekeland earned $750,000 by selling his invention of Velox photographic paper in 1899 to Eastman Kodak. Beyond Bakelite: Leo Baekeland and the Business of Science and Invention: By Joris Mercellis. [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses the digitization of the papers of Charlotte Perkins Gilman, a popular and influential public figure who worked for women's equality, at Schlesinger Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The papers of Gilman include manuscripts, drawings and clippings that document her extensive output as a writer as well as her romantic and family life. It mentions that the digitization of Gilman's papers began in April 2009 until June 2010.

The article explores the life of students at Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts during the 1895-1915 period. Dean Christopher C. Langdell instituted an academic ideology and structure that proliferated throughout the legal and professional education. He faced strong criticisms from students, alumni and faculty until his retirement in 1895. James B. Ames implemented reforms that Langdell introduced during 1870 to 1886. The Paper Chase emerged under Dean Ezra R. Thayer.

The LibGuides platform is a ubiquitous tool in academic libraries and is commonly used by librarians to compile and share lists of recommended social science numerical data resources with users. This study leverages the machine-accessible nature of the LibGuides platform to collect links to data and statistical resources from over 10,000 LibGuide pages at 123 R1 research institutions in the United States. After substantial data cleaning and normalization, an analysis of the most common resources on those guides provides a unique window into the data repositories, libraries, archives, statistical data platforms, and other machine-readable data sources that are most popular on academic library guides. Results show that freely available resources from U.S. government agencies are among the most common to be included on data and statistical resources guides across institutions. Resources requiring paid licenses or memberships for full access, such as Statistical Insight (ProQuest), Social Explorer, and ICPSR are linked to most frequently overall, regardless of the percentage of institutions that include them. Findings also suggest that libraries are more likely to share traditional licensed statistical resources (e.g., Cambridge's Historical Statistics of the United States) and collections of simple charts and graphs (e.g., Statista) than more robust and complex microdata resources (e.g., IPUMS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we explore the degree to which patents are representative of the magnitude, direction, and impact of the knowledge spilling out of the university by focusing on the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and in particular, on the Departments of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative data, we show that patenting is a minority activity: a majority of the faculty in our sample never patent,and publication rates far outstrip patenting rates. Most faculty members estimate that patents account for less than 10% of the knowledge that transfers from their labs. Our results also suggest that in two important ways patenting is not representative of the patterns of knowledge generation and transfer from MIT: patent volume does not predict publication volume, and those firms that cite MIT papers are in general not the same firms as those that cite MIT patents. However, patent volume is positively correlated with paper citations, suggesting that patent counts may be reasonable measures of research impact. We close by speculating on the implications of our results for the difficult but important question of whether, in this setting, patenting acts as a substitute or a complement to the process of fundamental research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public housing benefits are rationed through wait lists. Theoretical work on public housing allocation has debated how much choice applicants should have over units, identifying a possible trade-off between efficiency and redistribution. This paper empirically establishes the existence and economic importance of this trade-off using wait list data from Cambridge, Massachusetts. I estimate a model of public housing preferences in a setting where heterogeneous apartments are rationed through waiting time. Eliminating choice would improve targeting but reduce tenant welfare by more than 30 percent. Such a change is only justified on targeting grounds by a strong social preference for redistribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents titles and abstracts of papers submitted at a meeting held in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1938. The paper "The Sequent Occupance of a Boston Suburban Community," presented by Edward A. Ackerman focuses on areas surrounding the Boston metropolitan district. The proximity of a large city market, plots of level land and fertile soil determine the existence of these suburban fanning communities. The article "The Recession of Victoria Falls," by Wallace W. Atwood. The world famous falls on the Zainbesi have had a strange and remarkable history in recession. The gorge is serpentine with many curious off-shoots, and located on the floor of a broad and much older flat-bottomed valley. Today the water tumbles over a ledge, fully a mile in length, and into a very narrow chasm 350 ft. deep.

The Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America in Cambridge, Massachusetts was founded in 1943 when Radcliffe College, Cambridge, accepted the Woman's Rights Collection (WRC) . The WRC documents several woman's suffrage organizations and includes the papers of Maud Wood Park and other women active in the women rights movement. But it does not end with 1920, the year the federal suffrage amendment was ratified, and it includes the library's first labor collection, papers of Frances Perkins, U.S. Secretary of Labor, 1933-45, and the first woman in the Cabinet. Thus despite the emphasis on suffrage and women's political and legal rights, labor issues, from the beginning have been an integral part of the Schlesinger Library. At about the time the WRC arrived at Radcliffe, president Wilbur K. Jordan and Professor Arthur M. Schlesinger, of the Harvard University's history department decided to make it the centerpiece of a growing research library on women, rather than a static memorial to the suffrage movement. Soon after, in December 1945, another major labor collection arrived, the papers of Leonora O'Reilly. O'Reilly's papers make up one major series in the micropublication, "The Papers of the Women's Trade Union League and Its Principal Leaders," a project sponsored by the Schlesinger Library, edited by Edward T. James, and published by Research Publications Inc. in 1981.

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author examines some of the spiritual implications of the commitment of the scientist on his program of dealing with the universe and considers some of the consequences of the new insights which have been acquired in carrying out the program thus far.

The article presents one of the papers discussed at the convocation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, on the impact of science on human activity held on April 1, 1949. It is said that because of science, the western world no longer possesses the sense of common values which gave coherence to human activities in earlier ages. In this paper, the author discusses the relationship of science with morality and religion. The author states that though there is a sense that science's body of knowledge is neutral and its results can be used for evil purposes, there is also a sense in which it is neither evil nor neutral but an expression of spiritual idealism.

A material potentially exhibiting multiple crystalline phases with distinct optoelectronic properties can serve as a phase-change memory material. The sensitivity and kinetics can be enhanced when the two competing phases have large electronic structure contrast and the phase change process is diffusionless and martensitic. In this work, we theoretically and computationally illustrate that such a phase transition could occur in the group-IV monochalcogenide SnSe compound, which can exist in the quantum topologically trivial Pnma-SnSe and nontrivial F m 3 ¯ m -SnSe phases. Furthermore, owing to the electronic band structure differences of these phases, a large contrast in the optical responses in the THz region is revealed. According to the thermodynamic theory for a driven dielectric medium, optomechanical control to trigger a topological phase transition using a linearly polarized laser with selected frequency, power and pulse duration is proposed. We further estimate the critical optical electric field to drive a barrierless transition that can occur on the picosecond timescale. This light actuation strategy does not require fabrication of mechanical contacts or electrical leads and only requires transparency. We predict that an optically driven phase transition accompanied by a large entropy difference can be used in an "optocaloric" cooling device. Topological Phase-change materials: A bright proposal for cooler crystals Researchers now theorize that memory devices which normally use temperature effects to store or retrieve information can be improved using laser-sensitive materials. Often found in rewritable optical disks, phase-change memory materials use heat variations to flip between glassy and crystal states. However, such changes can damage sensitive electronics. Jian Zhou from Xi'an Jiaotong University in China, Ju Li at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, United States, and colleagues propose that phase transformations in metal compounds such as tin–selenium (SnSe) may be initiated with lasers. Using quantum theory calculations, the team identified a SnSe phase transition that can be performed in just picoseconds. This topological phase transition between two quantum phases could lead to high-performance electronics. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the rapid changes between the phases might also make SnSe materials effective refrigerants. Topologically electronic state receives great attention during the past decades, owing to their topologically protected metallic edge states. Topological phase transition between nontrivial and trivial states is thus intriguing for not only information storage but also for dissipationless information transport, which is usually driven by pressure or gate voltage. Triggering topological phase transition without physical contact fascinates the scientific community. Due to contrast band topology, the trivial and nontrivial topological materials possess different optical responses. Based on this, a novel non-contacting optical illumination scheme is predicted by first-principles calculations to drive topological phase transition in IV–VI semiconductors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The d’Arbeloff Interactive Mathematics Project or d’AIMP is an initiative that seeks to enhance and ultimately transform the teaching and learning of introductory mathematics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A result of this project is a suite of “mathlets,” a carefully developed set of dynamic computer applets for use in the university’s ordinary differential equations course. In this paper, we present the rationale for such computer innovations, the philosophy behind their design, as well as a discussion of their careful development and implementation. Survey results are reported which yielded positive student feedback and suggestions for improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the genesis of the MIT OpenCourseWare project from its initial strategic precursors in 1999 and 2000, through its launch in 2001 and its subsequent evolution. The story told here illuminates the interplay among institutional leadership, and strategic planning, and with university culture in launching major educational technology enterprises. It also shows how initiatives can evolve in unexpected ways, and can even surpass their initial goals. The paper concludes with an overview of challenges facing OpenCourseWare in moving from the end of its production ramp-up and towards sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Editorial. Introduces the experimental psychology-related articles discussed at the 1994 International Conference on Working Memory held in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Evidence on control and coordination in working memory; Short-term memory for object location in visual arrays.

Profiles professor John D. C. Little of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Educational attainment; Current affiliations; Contributions made for the development of the journal "International Transactions in operational Research."

The publication of Schumpeter's "lost" seventh chapter—with the holistic and Faustian title "The economy as a whole", so typical of the German economic tradition—again raises the question of the ''duality'' in Schumpeter's economic thinking: On the one hand Schumpeter's typical ''Germanic'' approach, emphasizing dynamics, technical change and the entrepreneur, on the other hand his admiration for the mechanical economics of Walras. This paper attempts to explain Schumpeter's duality—his "schizophrenia"—by placing his work in the context of two different canons of economic thought, the standard mainstream canon (the ordnende and passivist-materialist tradition in Werner Sombart's terms) and what we have labelled "The Other Canon" (the verstehende and activist-idealist tradition in Sombart's terminology). The paper attempts to show that in the light of the now almost extinct Other Canon of economics, Schumpeter appears far less original than what he does to today's mainstream. It is argued that while the Harvard Economics Department during Schumpeter's tenure there moved away from the Other Canon type economics, Schumpeter found ample support and research activity in this alternative canon of economics at Harvard Business School. The paper explores the possible influences and similarities of thought on Schumpeter from three economists associated with Harvard Business School: Herbert Somerton Foxwell, Edwin Gay and Fritz Redlich. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An interview with Matthew S. Meselson, geneticist and Thomas Dudley Cabot Professor of the Natural Sciences at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts is presented. Meselson states that the end of biological weapons program in 1969 by the federal government was due to the 1925 Geneva Protocol. He believes that lack of transparency in U.S. biodefense work would foster perception to other nation regarding the development of threat agents.

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to examine progress made in the structure and surgical approaches of dental alloys and dental amalgams is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the Harriet Newell Lowell Society for Dental Research held at the Harvard University Dental School in Cambridge, Massachusetts on December 9, 1920.

SDD-1, A System for Distributed Databases, is a distributed database system being developed by Computer Corporation of America (CCA), Cambridge, MA. SDD-1 permits data to be stored redundantly at several database sites in order to enhance the reliability and responsiveness of the system and to facilitate upward scaling of system capacity. This paper describes the method used by SDD-1 for updating data that are stored redundantly. Redundant updating can be costly because it may potentially involve extensive intercomputer communication overhead in order to lock all copies of data being updated. The method described here avoids this overhead by identifying cases in which it is not necessary to perform this global database locking. The identification of transactions that do not require global locking is based on a predefinition of transaction classes performed by the database administrator using an analysis technique described herein. The classes defined are used at run time to decide what level of synchronization is needed for a given transaction. It is important to note that this predefinition activity in no way limits the transactions that the system can accept; it merely permits more efficient execution of those types of transactions that were anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the early development of the Human Relations School at the Harvard Business School under the leadership of Elton Mayo and Wallace Donham. It shows how both achieved early success by positioning themselves as solutions to pressing social, economic, and political issues of the period between World War I and the New Deal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the life and works of Roland Clark Davis, former chairman of the organizing board of the Society for Psychophysiological Research (SPR). He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts by educators William Chalmers Davis and Effie Estelle Clark. He studied at Columbia University and his doctoral dissertation tackled the factors that affect the galvanic reflex. He founded a psychophysiology laboratory in Bloomington, Indiana and helped to form the basis of psychophysiology.

This paper investigates whether rent control affects community socioeconomic composition. In particular, do rent controls increase the presence of poor and minority residents in a locale? Theoretically, the effect of rent control on community composition is ambiguous, as it depends upon several factors including willingness to occupy controlled apartments, landlord imposed rationing mechanisms, and spillover effects of rent controlled housing on uncontrolled units. Using census data on how Cambridge, Massachusetts and nearby communities responded to the state imposed end of rent control, I find evidence that rent control increased the presence of minority residents but also decreased the proportion of poor residents. This evidence is robust to alternate control areas and several specification checks. I also find that despite its positive impact on minority membership, rent control is associated with an increase in traditional measures of residential segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A conference paper that discusses the results of a research study conducted to compare the efficacy and abrasiveness of five brands of toothpaste dentifrices is presented. The paper was read at a meeting of the Harriet Newell Lowell Society for Dental Research held at the Harvard University Dental School in Cambridge, Massachusetts on May 19, 1921.

The article examines the unprecedented interaction between scientists and the public that took place in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from August 1976 to January 1977. The controversy started when anxiety developed over the renovation of a biological laboratory at Harvard University. Scientists were planning recombinant DNA molecule experiments that required a special containment facility based on the newly issued guidelines of the National Institute of Health. Local citizens convened a citizen court to advise the city council on whether the guidelines offered were sufficient protection to the community.

The article highlights the report by the Cambridge Experimentation Review Board on the use of the recombinant DNA technology in the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts. The board shall consider whether research on recombinant DNA, which is proposed to be conducted at the P3 level of physical containment in Cambridge, may have any adverse effect on public health within the city. Conditions that need to be considered in undertaking the research with strict adherence to the National Institute of Health guidelines are presented. Moreover, several facets to the Board's information gathering and self-education strategies are presented.

A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) turbocharger has been designed, fabricated, and tested as part of a Massachusetts Institute of Technology program aimed at producing a microfabricated gas turbine engine for portable power applications. A gas turbine engine requires high-speed high-efficiency turbomachinery operating at tip speeds of several hundred meters per second. This MEMS turbocharger serves to demonstrate these requirements. The turbocharger's silicon rotor, which is supported on hydrostatic gas thrust and journal bearings in a silicon stator housing, was spun to 480 000 rpm, corresponding to a tip speed of 200 m/s. This paper discusses critical fabrication processes that enabled the capabilities of this device. Operational issues and test results are also presented. The turbocharger's compressor demonstrated a pressure ratio of 1.21 at a mass flow rate of 0.13 g/s, with a combined compressor-turbine spool efficiency of 0.24. Under these conditions, the turbine produced about S W of power. Results from the simultaneous operation of a spinning rotor and burning combustor within the microscale turbocharger are also presented. Experimental results compare well with analytical models and computations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will outline answers to the two central questions regarding improving engineering education: (1) What is the full set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that engineering students should possess as they leave the university, and at what level of proficiency? (2) How can we do better at ensuring that students learn these skills? The suggested answers lie within an innovative educational framework, the CDIO (conceive–design–implement–operate) Initiative. This initiative will be described along with the needs it meets, its goals, context, vision and pedagogical foundation. The first question is answered by the CDIO Syllabus and the process for reaching stakeholder consensus on the level of proficiency that students should attain in a given program. The second question is addressed through a best practice framework, which discusses curriculum design, design-implement experiences, teaching and learning, student assessment, program evaluation and faculty competence. Examples are provided of the implementation of best practices within the CDIO program in Aeronautics and Astronautics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a descriptive case study of Terrascope, an innovative, year-long, project-based learning community at MIT. Each year, Terrascope students study a particular environmental or Earth-system problem from a multidisciplinary perspective. Terrascope includes both academic and non-academic components; this paper focuses on the academic components. The objectives of the academic subjects, and of the program as a whole, involve helping students develop their team-building, communication, problem-solving, and self-regulatory learning skills. This study focuses on cohorts of students from the first and second years of the program (2002–2003 and 2003–2004); it is based on end-of-semester surveys and focus groups, and on additional focus groups conducted when these students were upperclassmen. Students felt Terrascope helped them make significant improvements in their ability to work in teams and to take on complex, multidisciplinary problems. They felt that the program’s two-semester structure gave them an opportunity to develop and nurture these skills, and that the program prepared them well for their later work at MIT. They also felt that being engaged, as freshmen, in a distinct learning community, significantly eased their transition into MIT. We describe lessons learned in the development of Terrascope and offer suggestions for other institutions planning to develop similar programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the controversies arising from the "strike" research campaign of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts, launched on March 4, 1969 and subsequently discussed in a panel on March 8 of the same year. According to the organizers, the controversies did not affect the campaign since the primary objective of the organization is to inaugurate a movement. Questions raised by different social groups includes the type of movement to create and the source of fundings for the established movement. It has been an obvious knowledge in the American society that government-sponsored research in scientific fields accounts to 75% of the funds of university research projects, much of the money came directly from the country's Defense Department.

This paper summarizes the design of passive automatic flushing systems installed in the City of Cambridge's storm and sanitary sewer system tributary to the Alewife Brook as part of a $75 million sewer separation program. Grit and debris deposition is severe in the existing combined sewers, storm drains, and sanitary trunk sewers due to the flat topography of the area. This condition is exacerbated by hydraulic constraints imposed on the system's outlet by the Alewife Brook (shallow stream) and downstream sanitary siphons (again because of the Alewife Brook). The use of pumps to lift flows from sewers and drains to permit self-scouring velocities is prohibitively expensive. To overcome this problem, five automated flushing systems using quick opening (hydraulic operated) gates discharging collected stormwater were constructed in conjunction with downstream collector grit pits covering a distance of 1,604 m for storm drain pipes ranging from 1.4 m circular to 1.2 m by 1.8 m rectangular. New 450 and 600 mm sanitary trunk sewers, 561 m long, will be flushed daily by two flushing systems using spent filtrate water from Cambridge's water treatment plant recently constructed nearby. The flushing systems are sized to achieve wave velocity of 1 m/s at the end of the flushing segment. The flush vault volumes range from 11 to 40 m[SUP3] for the storm drain systems and 6 m[SUP3] for the sanitary system. Construction was completed in May 2002 and functional testing of the flushing systems is in progress. Partial test results are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]