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The article discusses several federalist papers which tackle various issues in the U.S. These issues include the dangers from foreign force and influence for the independent journal, the dangers from dissensions between the states for the independent journal and the consequences of hostilities between the states from the New York packet. The union as a safeguard against domestic faction for the independent journal and the utility of the union in respect to commercial relations are discussed.

Provides information on several documents about the history of the U.S. compiled by the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration in 2004. Views of writer John Gardner on history; Establishment of federal courts in 1789; Background on the Treaty of Paris in 1783.

The article focuses on legal issues concerning trans and gender-expansive (T/GE) individuals in the United States. Topics include the evolving legal landscape, diverse challenges based on socioeconomic status, race, age, disability, religion, and gender, as well as the importance of understanding the legal system to empower the T/GE community in legal battles.

Chapter 2 of the book "Dead on Arrival: The Politics of Health Care in Twentieth-Century America" is presented. This chapter discusses the issue of extending health care benefits to employees through private health insurance and public policy in the U.S. The challenges of welfare capitalism is addressed within the conditions of private health insurance from before the New Deal to the 1990s. Also tackled is the proliferation of health maintenance organizations and other innovations.

Chapter 7 of the book "Dead on Arrival: The Politics of Health Care in Twentieth-Century America" is presented. It traces the history of health care reform in the U.S. Particular focus is given to the relationship of various reform interests with the Democratic Party and the labor movement. The reform efforts of the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL), the Committee for the Nation's Health (CNH), and the National Medical Association (NMA) are discussed in turn.

Delinquent behaviour by young people is a long-standing subject of public and governmental concern. Although 'delinquency' is hard to define, widespread understanding of its core characteristics, main causes, and effects exists. The concept of 'social exclusion' is new and is not widely understood, but the problems it refers to are extensive. This paper provides an overview of both delinquency and social exclusion, and discusses how they relate to one another. The paper focuses on neighbourhoods in order to explain how delinquency can both follow from and add to social exclusion at the local level. Drawing on the author's research in Britain and America, the paper details how attending to the local links between delinquency and social exclusion can be central to addressing both problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 1 of the book "Dead on Arrival: The Politics of Health Care in Twentieth-Century America" is presented. This chapter offers an overview of the political economy of health care in the U.S. between 1910 and 2000. A model state bill for employment-based sickness insurance promoted by the American Association for Labor Legislation (AALL) from 1914 to 1920 is discussed. Other issues discussed are concerned with the idea of national health insurance, Medicare and the impact of economic decline on health care.

Douglass began his life in bondage working the fields on Maryland's Eastern Shore. At age 18, he was sent to Baltimore where he learned to caulk ships. He worked in the local shipyards earning a wage that was not given to him but to his master. His first step to freedom was to borrow the identity papers of a freed slave and in this essay he discusses this process.

A summary is presented of the Civil Rights Act of 1960, an act in the U.S. to enforce constitutional rights, and for other purposes.

Chapter 6 of the book "Dead on Arrival: The Politics of Health Care in Twentieth-Century America" is presented. This chapter discusses the relationship between private corporate interests and public policy and its implications for the U.S. health care system throughout the 20th-century. Varies interest in supporting different kinds of insurance such as employment-based insurance are discussed. The role of health advocacy unions are also mentioned.

A bibliography on the subject of unequal democracy is presented which includes "Macroeconomics and Politics," by Alberto Alesina, "Economic Behavior in Political Context," by Larry M. Bartels and Henry E. Brady, and "Macroeconomics, Income Distribution and Poverty," by Rebecca Blank and Alan Blinder.

This paper defines a hypothetical Law of capital accumulation that includes a growth rate of supply of labor force as a non-linear function of capital intensity. The main state variables are the labor productivity, unit value of labor force, employment ratio, and capital-output ratio. An application of an extended Kalman filtering to the U.S. macroeconomic data 1969–2002 and computer simulation runs demonstrate that long wave has been a viable pattern of capital accumulation. The characteristic of the inertia scenario is a strengthening of the secular tendency of the general profit rate to fall. This is not accepted by the U.S. state and business leadership. The terrorist attack of the September 11, 2001 has served as a new powerful catalyst for a mobilizing policy that aims at a fast overcoming of the structural crisis and safeguarding the global dominance based on technological leadership. The mobilizing policy enables, probably, overcoming the structural crisis, accelerating productivity growth, raising the general profit rate, reducing unemployment ratio in 2001–2010. The main leverage is freezing real wage under the conditions of the present war. This paper touches briefly the question whether the USA tend to participate in wars late in long boom and beginning of structural crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter 3 of the book "Dead on Arrival: The Politics of Health Care in Twentieth-Century America" is presented. This chapter discusses the dilemma posed by health care due to the emergence of social insurance in the U.S. The treatment of social insurance as social policy during the 20th century is addressed. Other issues discussed include national health insurance, Medicare and Medicaid, and the distinction between social insurance and welfare medicine.

Chapter 4 of the book "Dead on Arrival: The Politics of Health Care in Twentieth-Century America" is presented. This chapter discusses the involvement of social policies and other cultural and ideological issues in the health care debate in the U.S. Subjects on health care reform and wartime health care discussed include politicized medicine, state-managed medicine and socialized medicine. Also discussed are arguments on the health care system in Great Britain and Canada.

The article offers information on the database of Woods & Poole Economics, Inc. that data related to measure of the number of full- and part-time jobs, during 1969-2018, are from the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. It reports that the comprehensive database includes detailed population data by age, sex, and race; employment and earnings by major industry; personal income by source of income; retail sales by kind of business; and data on the number of households.

The article focuses on the concept of "coming out" and how it may be used to combat stigma and promote societal change. It explores how LGBTQ people in the United States have adapted the concept of "coming out" over time, as well as how various social movements, such as the fat acceptance movement, the undocumented immigrant youth movement, and the plural-marriage family movement among Mormon fundamentalist polygamists, have used "coming out" to advance their respective causes.

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of participating in the 1993 March on Washington political rally of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) in Washington, D.C. during his last year as an English teacher at Riverside High School in Alabama.

The article profiles Nuyorican writer and community activist Tato Laviera who is known for writing in Spanglish. Topics discussed include his role in the University of Streets youth program and the Association of Community Service Centers, his experience of teaching creative writing at Rutgers University and in the foundation of the Nuyorican Poets Café, and his emphasis on multiculturalism in his work.

Chapter 8 of the book "Socializing Capital: The Rise of the Large Industrial Corporation in America," by William G. Roy is presented. It investigates why capitalized corporation, which did not existed in 1890, came to dominate U.S. economy by 1905. It explores how the experience of several key industries paved the way for the development of corporate system in the country.

Chapter 7 of the book "Everyday Life: The Frontier" is presented. It focuses on the amusements of the early pioneers at the U.S. frontier. House-raisings and barn-raisings, along with various kinds of bees, provided amusement for people throughout the frontier period. Weddings provided frontier people with yet another form of entertainment, as every attempt was made to embarrass the happy couple. The toys enjoyed by children such as tops and dolls were all homemade.

The article focuses on Veterans and Military-Connected Programs and Services (VMCPS) in universities and colleges. It mentions VMCPS provide support for student veterans, military personnel, military family members, and family members receiving veterans' benefits through the GI Bill that are affiliated with an institution of higher education. It also mentions VMCPS often serve as a bridge between military and higher education communities.

The article lists notes for the book "Knocking on the Door: The Federal Government's Attempt to Desegregate the Suburbs" which includes "Brown at 50: King's Dream of Plessy's Nightmare?" by Gary Orfield and Chungmei Lee, Letter of Richard Van Dusen to the National Council of Churches and the speech of Romney to the National Association of Home Builders.

This paper presents an overview U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) structure and current major research interests, with special emphasis on crosscutting research programs and the Office of International Science and Engineering (OISE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the broader implications of research in the social and behavioral sciences funded by the United States National Science Foundation. A history of the establishment of the Directorate for Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences is presented and the role of basic and applied research at the National Science Foundation is discussed. Contributions to the Nation from economics, sociology, geography, political science and other disciplines are presented. The argument is made that the National Science Foundation has enabled the social and behavioral sciences to flourish and they have provided society with scientific knowledge and expertise of relevance to policy makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As awareness of deep-sea corals increases, global efforts to conserve them are increasing as well. Oceana, a non-governmental conservation organization that merged with the American Oceans Campaign in 2002, is focusing significant attention and resources on the conservation of deep-sea coral communities in United States’ waters. Oceana is carrying out a number of activities as part of its deep-sea coral campaign. These include: • Working to pass legislation that would ban the use of particularly destructive bottom trawls in all U.S. waters in collaboration with the Marine Conservation Biology Institute;• Working to pass legislation that would specifically protect known deep-sea coral and sponge areas and establish a process for future protections;• Working to protect deep-sea coral and sponge habitats in the U.S. through the regional fishery management councils;• Developing educational materials for decision-makers, the media, and the general public;• Developing a petition to achieve threatened or endangered species status for Oculina varicosa. The goal of Oceana’s deep-sea coral protection activities is to ban bottom trawling in all U.S. waters containing significant amounts of deep-sea corals and sponges by the end of 2006. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the activities that Oceana is engaged in to achieve this goal. As Oceana’s capacity develops in other parts of the world, its efforts to protect coral in other regions (especially Europe and South America) will increase as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents news related to space issues and problems. In the 1930s some radio telescopes are being used to search for messages from intelligent life that might exist elsewhere in the galaxy. In 1971 the Soviet Union launched Salyut, the first space station. The United States followed with Skylab in 1973. Scientists living on Skylab conducted experiments about the effects of weightlessness on growing crystals and manufacturing medicines and they also carried out detailed studies of the sun.

This paper discusses GIS and disaster preparedness and management by a public safety agency at the scale of a small metropolitan area or jurisdiction within a larger metropolitan area. After briefly reviewing the local, South Florida, context, the paper focuses first on the agencies experiences with mostly Federal GIS programs — ALOHA, CATS/JACE and HAZUS-MH — geared to managing natural and man-made disasters. The next portion of the paper focuses on an evolving enterprise GIS within the public safety agency that has included projects related to: use of GIS technology for critical incident response; homeland security; and incorporating and anticipating wireless technology in data collection, and distribution. The paper concludes with lessons learned and recommendations in terms of both technology and organizational imperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Office of Science of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is focused using the vantage point of space to improve our knowledge of the Earth system, space systems, and exploration. NASA spaceborne satellites provide measurements that are used in science research associated with the water and energy cycle, the carbon cycle, weather and climate, atmospheric chemistry, and the solid Earth and natural hazards. The NASA science mission has a focus on improving the prediction capacity in the areas of weather, climate, and natural and technological hazards. The data and knowledge resulting from the Sun-Earth observing systems and science models of the Sun and the Earth are available for assimilation into decision support systems to serve society. Through partnerships with national and international agencies and organizations, NASA contributes to benchmarking practical uses of observations from remote sensing systems and predictions from Sun-Earth science research. This objective is to establish innovative solutions using Sun-Earth science information to provide decision support that can be adapted in applications of national and international priority. A common modeling framework is followed as well as utilization of an enterprise architecture. Space-based data acquired by NASA contribute to Sun-Earth science models that enable understanding and forecasting of weather, climate, and to disaster management to serve in primary applications including the related applications in wildfire management, food security, aviation safety, homeland security, tropical weather, human health, invasive species management, and water and air quality management. Common systems engineering approaches are employed, including dependence on geospatial standards and interoperability, verification and validation, benchmarking, visualization, and workforce development. This paper describes the Sun-Earth observing missions, the science models, and the decision support systems in the context of a systems engineering approach to enhancing decision support systems for disaster management relevant to decision makers. The architecture for systematically delivering results from research to operations is described. Recent results and solutions are highlighted specific to disaster management as related to U. S. National and International efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographical Information Systems applications are used daily within the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS-NET) to provide relevant meteorological and climatic information to support weather-related natural disaster management efforts (Love, 2004). It is through the use of GIS technologies that a more user friendly, value-enhanced, and distinctly directed set of information may be created and disseminated to the end user. However; the data flow cycle does not end there. Users will ingest this information and modify it for their own purposes, resulting in a new product possibly benefiting the original institution. It is the purpose of this paper to inform the disaster management community of our experience with weather and climate related GIS technology in order to gain critical feedback in the direction of improving the data and services we provide and to add to the common pool of GIS knowledge. Within this document, examples of manual and automated Climate Prediction Center’s FEWS-NET products will form the base of the discussion. History of GIS use within FEWS-NET will provide background information, while a discussion of our experience determining user requirements will give a view into the task at hand. A summary of possible future directions will culminate the report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter six of the book "Essays on the Great Depression" is presented. It introduces a model of the labor market which builds on elements of economist Robert Lucas in order to study the efficiency of business cycles on the market. It presents an empirical analysis of eight manufacturing industries and their balance of employment, hours and salary during the Depression era.

Chapter five of the book "Essays on the Great Depression" is presented. It compares the cyclical behavior of a number of industrial labor markets of the pre-World War II (WWII) and post-WWII eras. It discusses previous empirical work on the cyclical behavior of labor market variables. It analyzes the behavior of key variables over the business cycle by frequency domain methods as well as by a time domain approach.

Communities of practice (CoPs) are an emerging, unstructured organizational form that many believe will help companies to truly leverage what they know. CoPs appear to have the potential to galvanize knowledge sharing, learning, and change thereby improving a company's performance and making it more competitive. However, a major problem with them is that their organic and informal nature makes them highly resistant to management supervision and interference in their activities. CoPs are therefore controversial because there is no clear role for management in them. In fact, if management does get involved, the community often dissipates. Yet paradoxically, CoPs require specific managerial efforts to develop and support them so that their full power can be leveraged. To discuss CoPs and their role in organizations, the authors convened a focus group of knowledge managers from a variety of industries. To help them prepare for the session, participants were given a series of questions to consider in advance on how management can and should develop and facilitate CoPs. This paper discusses the challenges and successes they have had in implementing CoPs and makes recommendations for practising knowledge managers who wish to encourage and support the development of CoPs in their organizations. It concludes that communities of practice have the potential to dramatically change how enterprises operate and compete because they are the mechanism through which knowledge gets both created and turned into action. While they are made possible by technologies that enable people to share insights and ideas around the world, they are first and foremost a social mechanism. Over the next few years, we can expect to see CoPs evolve and new management techniques develop as we learn new ways to leverage knowledge to create value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on several historical records of the U.S. which are being preserved by the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Reasons of the agency for preserving the records; Comparison of an archive with a family attic; Concerns of Kenneth Thibodeau, head of the Electronic Records Archive program, regarding the electronic records.

A bibliography on the subject of the Constitution in the U.S. is presented which includes the books "Bush v. Gore: The Question of Legitimacy," by Bruce Ackerman, "The Constitution in Conflict," by Robert A. Burt, and the article "A Congress Divided," by Richard E. Cohen.

This paper provides a review of the past 30 years of research on the relationships between migration or residential mobility and the quality of life broadly construed, mainly in Canada and the United States. In the final section a check-list of critical issues in quality-of-life research is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chapter five of the book "The Barbed-Wire College: Reeducating German POWs in the United States During World War II," by Ron Robin is presented. It explores the criticisms against the newspaper "Der Ruf," which disregarded the thirst for information on Germany and the prisoners of war (POWs) craving for light entertainment. It highlights the comments of Captain Walter Schoenstedt on the literary style of the journal that avoids comic strips, light humor and extensive sports section.

Chapter 9 of the book "Everyday Life: Inventions, 1999" is presented. It discusses the inventions that improved the quality of life of people in the U.S. John Wesley Hyatt invented the plastic in 1868. Details of how Clarence Birdseye, an inventor and industrialist, developed a fast-freezing method for foods, are outlined. Information on how aluminum foil was developed is presented. Cellophane was developed in 1908 by a Swiss chemist named Jacques Edwin Brandenberger.

The article explores how U.S. readers and critics perceived the novel "Anna Karenina" by Russian author Leo Tolstoy at the time of its publication in English in the 19th century. It recalls the reception received by a 1886 translation of the novel by U.S. scholar Nathan Haskell Dole. The growing fascination with the novel in the U.S. in 1887 is discussed, as well as the perception that it was Tolstoy's best work.

Chapter XXX of the book "A Brief History of the United States," by John Bach McMaster is presented. It explores the naval war declaring the coast blockade from Virginia to Texas. It highlights the impacts of blockade such as the destruction of the commerce of confederacy. It also mentions the participation of Union navy in captivating forts, cities and water ways.

Chapter XLVIII of the book "Bricks Without Straw," by Albion W. Tourgee is presented. It deals with the conflict between the two sections of the U.S. It focuses on the life of the main character, a New-England girl who became a voluntary teacher, and details how she handled every challenges life has to offer. It focuses on issues with regards in bringing the sections of the country together, which was long sundered by a wide difference of political sentiment and of local institutions.

Chapter 3 of the book "The Thunders of Silence," by Irvin Shrewsbury Cobb is presented. It details the mass media's response to Congressman Jason Mallard's political exploits. It also features the character Drayton, the Washington correspondent for the "New York Epoch," and Quinlan, an frustrated journalist and alcoholic, and their conspiracy against Congressman Jason Mallard.

A biography of American poet Philip Freneau, is presented. Freneau was born on 1752 in Frankfort street in New York. He was set to the Latin school at Penolopen at the age of thirteen to prepare for college. He entered Princeton and commanded a facile pen in the field of heroic verse. Details regarding the organization of an undergraduate fraternity called the American Whig Society by Freneau and William Bradford in the shadow of tyranny and oppression of Great Britain are discussed.

Chapter four of the book "Political Foundations of Judicial Supremacy: The Presidency, the Supreme Court, and Constitutional Leadership in U.S. History," by Keith E. Whittington is presented. It discusses the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution within the politics of opposition and the relationship and equal authority between the president and the court to interpret the constitution It explains the presidential veto in the nineteenth century and the judicial appointment politics.

Chapter 12 of the book "Using Science Notebooks in Elementary Classrooms" by Michael P. Klentschy is presented. It discusses how classroom teachers in the U.S. who know about the best practices in English Language Development (ELD) can provide English Language Learners with the opportunity to learn. It also mentions that teachers are facing the challenge of developing English language fluency in students in the context of science content.

Chapter 8 of the book "Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage," by Kenneth S. Deffeyes is presented. The article discusses the similarities between of population growth and future oil predictions in the U.S. It also mentions the connections on the works of Thomas Malthus, Charles Darwin, and M. King Hubbert.