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The paper presents the course of the discussion of Edmund Krzymuski's essay on crimes against life and health, which took place as part of the Section of Substantive Criminal Law of the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland in June 24-27, 1920. The article focuses on the main threads of the referent's questionnaire and is devoted i.a., to the crimes of murder, bodily harm, incitement to suicide, or the killing of a fetus. The work highlights both Krzymuski's proposals, as well as different concepts supported by other members of the Section, which were included in the draft criminal code of 1932. That discussion was significant because most of these solutions are still in force today in the Polish legal system. The article also attempts to answer whether the circumstances related to the referent's proposals could have influenced his decision to resign from further work within the Substantive Criminal Law Section of the Codification Commission of the Republic of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Materiały Budowlane is the property of Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper concerns the usage of the linguonym mowa chachłacka (Khakhol language) in Galicia, Podolia and Volhynia during the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, it can be considered in the realm of historical sociolinguistics. The source material is comprised of interviews, recorded 1992-2006, with over 100 forced migrants from eastern voivodeships of the interwar Second Polish Republic. After World War 2, the respondents were resettled from their home towns into the new borders of post-war Poland, areas which belonged to Germany until 1945. The research method chosen was partially standardized interviews, which were first recorded and then written down. The paper is focused around the following issues: 1) which linguistic variety was referred to as mowa chachłacka in the interwar period within the researched communities, 2) whether this name contained a value judgement, 3) what was the prestige of mowa chachłacka in these communities. The first chapter of the paper concerns the history of the Russian lexeme /?a, which forms the basis of the linguonym mowa chachłacka, and which has been used since the 17th Century to refer to Ukrainians. The article takes into account ideas concerning researching social attitudes to a language, such as standard language ideology and monoglossic ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the issue of selected tax law institutions that constitute a form of tax credits and other tax incentives relating directly to the immovable property market in a broad sense, which have been implemented into the Polish legal system in recent years. The article includes an analysis of the legal aspects of the functioning of the relevant regulations, the statutory objectives of their introduction, as well as possible disputed issues revealed in the course of their application raised in judicial practice. The authors attempt to answer the research question whether the tax reliefs used in Poland adequately fulfil the tasks set for them by the legislator and how they influence the real estate market in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates residential mobility in Poland. The main focus is placed on determining the level of housing mobility in Poland, as well as finding statistically significant differences between various socio-economic groups. The research was based on microdata from the 2017 wave of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). The findings indicate that residential mobility in Poland was relatively low in comparison to other European Union member states, and there were statistically significant differences in housing mobility based on age, tenure status, income, wealth, level of education and the household's composition. The study concludes that improving housing affordability is crucial for enhancing housing mobility in Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The year 2022 marks 30 years since the passing of Zofia Kozarynowa--a writer, publicist, translator, Polish language instructor at the University of Turin between 1929 and 1939, Polish emigration literature nestor. The paper presents Kozarynowa's biography and her large output, as well as describes this interesting and controversial personality that stimulated her versatile activity. Additionally, it shows the family and social circle from which she originated, and the communities she lived in and worked with first in Poland, then in Italy, and ultimately in Great Britain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is an attempt at researching a description of little known Inter-war poetry devoted to Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn. Crowning of Our Lady's painting took place in 1927 as an act of grace after Poland regained independence, and this fact proved to have religious and patriotic dimension in that it favoured national identity creation. Both aspects of the event became a source of inspiration for the verses in question. Tierling-Śledź juxtaposes pieces derived from various literary registers. Apart from the works by such recognised Inter-war poets as Teodor Bujnicki or Witold Hulewicz, the authoress analyses more poetry (poetic texts) of occasional and confessional character than fine artistic lyric. Minorum gentium poets vividly demonstrate the power of literary clichés as well as national and literary community the identity of which grows from living and experiencing models (also religious ones). These poems and the modes they were made public are interesting sociological documents of the epoch. A separate part of the article is dedicated to research in poetics of the poems with special attention paid to the literary genetic pattern of the litany. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Polish Nursing / Pielegniarstwo Polskie is the property of Poznan University of Medical Sciences Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the circumstances of the foundation and the early stages in the activity of the Commission on Art History of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Cracow – the first institutional body dealing with art-historical research on Polish lands. Its establishment in 1873 was an important step in the process of the institutionalisation of Polish art history, a process that should be understood as one encompassing the foundation of university- -level research entities, formulation of programmes and methods of research as well as a development of the community of scholars. For the following half-century, the Commission had played a key role in this process. The first part of the paper deals with a failed attempt to form a ‘commission on the history of art in Poland’ within the Learned Society of Cracow, a body established in 1815, consisting of local scholars, artists and men of letters. In December 1870, Władysław Łuszczkiewicz, a painter and art historian, proposed to set up a commission whose aim would be to gather materials related to art history in Poland (written and visual records). The commission that was to consist mainly of architects and artists, was supposed to study the hitherto unknown historic objects, draw up a sort of survey, and publish images of artworks. Although Łuszczkiewicz’s initiative had won the favour of the Society’s board, the process of its establishment got stuck by bureaucratic procedures, and after a few months was put on hold interminably. Eventually, the Commission on Art History was formed as a part of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, then a newly-established institution, founded under a charter of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria, using the basic structure of the Learned Society. The circumstances of its foundation have been discussed in the second part of the paper. In the autumn of 1871, in the course of drawing up of the successive versions of the Academy’s statute, the place of art history within the institution’s structures was established. Initially assigned, along with archaeology, to the historical and philosophical department, the discipline (without archaeology) ended up as part of the philological department. As attested by documentary evidence, this assignment resulted from the fact that the compilers of the statute strove to keep an equal number of disciplines within each of the Academy’s departments. Thus, the Commission on Art History was established within the philological department, and its inaugural meeting was held on 11 June 1873. The Commission was headed by the art critic and poet Lucjan Siemieński, and among its members were: the archaeologist Józef Łepkowski, Władysław Łuszczkiewicz, and a few former members of the Learned Society of Cracow; soon they were joined by new membership, including Marian Sokołowski, the future first professor of art history at the Jagiellonian University. Władysław Łuszczkiewicz was the moving force of the Commission in the early stages of its functioning. He, along with Sokołowski, had compiled the Commission’s first scholarly agenda, discussed in the third part of the paper. This programme, publicised in December 1873, was largely based on a similar document drafted for the 1870 ‘commission on the history of art in Poland’, and specified research on Polish art, for instance, by means of making study ‘trips’ intended to examine historic objects in situ, conducting surveys, acquiring visual material, compiling a bibliography of Polish art and publishing the Commission’s own periodical. The programme’s novel element was to include the study of works of foreign art in Polish collections and the work of foreign artists in Poland and Polish artists abroad within the Commission’s remit. The paper’s last subsection presents the Commission’s efforts to establish its own periodical: Sprawozdania Komisji do Badania Historii Sztuki w Polsce [Transactions of the Commission for the Study of Art History in Poland]. The Transactions was the first Polish scholarly art-historical periodical and it played a key role in the development of art-historical research of Polish art. The journal was founded not without difficulties: it took a few years to decide whether the new periodical should be a joint undertaking of the Commission on Art History and the Commission on Archaeology (an option favoured by the Academy’s secretary general, Józef Szujski), or if it were to be published solely by the former body. Eventually, through the efforts of Łuszczkiewicz, the latter conception won, and the first issue of the Transactions, in a luxurious in folio format, with lithographed plates, appeared in the autumn of 1877. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper addresses the issue of the motivation of some phraseologisms which include components homonymous with proper names (e.g., dookoła wojtek, lit. 'Wojtek in circles'; w koło macieju, lit. 'Maciej in circles', both these idioms meaning 'to keep talking or doing the same thing all the time'; bosy antek, lit. 'barefoot Antek', referring to a person from central Poland, historically under Russian occupation; cienki bolek, lit. 'thin Bolek' meaning a person who is weak and incompetent). The aim of the study is to indicate some difficulties in an analysis of the origin of such units, which illustrates more general problems in the description of their motivation. In the discussed expressions, the original source of their nominal components remains unclear, which distinguishes them from such units as Achilles heel, the shirt of Nessus. The problems identified in the analysis relate to the phenomenon of apelativisation of proper nouns, which is part of the broader issue of the relationship between phraseologism and proper nouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper follows the research current on the innovative activity of family firms, and focuses on the family’s attitudes towards innovative activity. The aim of the paper is to empirically identify model attitudes (described in the literature) of family members towards innovative activity in family firms operating in Poland and to check whether there are differences in the adopted attitudes depending on selected variables describing a firm. Empirical research on a sample of 121 family firms shows that all model attitudes of family members towards the innovative activity were present in the family firms studied, although to a very different extent. The dominant attitude is that of an active initiator and doer, and less frequent the one of an active doer and an active initiator, while a passive attitude is the least common. The statistical analysis of the relationship between the attitudes of family members towards innovative activities and the size, age, innovativeness and industry did not reveal any significant statistical differences between the entities studied [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Muzealnictwo is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Muzealnictwo is the property of Index Copernicus International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the article is to assess to what extent decarbonisation poses an issue for companies operating in Poland. The paper begins with a description of the regulatory frame of ESG reporting which specifies regulatory requirements for companies. This is followed by an assessment of the pace of decarbonisation of companies based on available secondary data and identification of factors that determine the pace of adaptation of Polish companies to EU decarbonisation plans. The analysis shows that companies operating in Poland are not fully prepared for the ESG regulatory frame. Polish conditions may put companies in need of financial, infrastructural and educational support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a contribution to the study of the relationship between literature and sociology at the end of the 19th century in partitioned Poland. In particular, it explores the theoretical potential of Ludwik Krzywicki's concept of "migration of ideas" for comparative literature studies. It explains the context of the interplay of literary criticism and sociology among the Warsaw intelligentsia and examines how the work of foreign anthropologists and sociologists of literature (Hutcheson Macaulay Posnett, Charles Letourneau) was received in these circles. Even in the earliest sociologically based studies in the field of comparative literature, one can discern a postulate of functional connection between literature and what sociologists call "the social bond" (and what in the debate of the time often figures as "social sympathy"). The article reconstructs this line of reasoning and discusses the factors that led to it, disappearance in the subsequent history of the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to analyze the legitimacy and legal admissibility of the adoption of the Act of 29 September 2022 on the extension of the term of office of local government units. In the act, the legislator extended the term of office of local government bodies by half a year, in order to avoid the overlapping of two election processes in 2023 (local and parliamentary elections). The paper analyzes the arguments in favor of separating the two electoral processes and those which, from the constitutional and legal point of view, contradict the legislative actions taken In particular, the aim will be to verify whether the measure adopted by the legislator was appropriate. In order to implement the above-mentioned assumptions, the work uses the formal and legal method and analyzes the achievements of jurisprudence and doctrine. To the extent necessary, the empirical method was also used (in particular in terms of identifying threats that could result from the overlapping of local government and parliamentary elections in 2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Generation Z is a generation that is entering the job market in increasing numbers, and its members are becoming both doers and organisers of remote work for themselves and the teams they lead. It is important to know the most important advantages of remote work for Generation Z in order to better organise the principles of its implementation. The purpose of the article is to determine the importance of the advantages of remote work for the surveyed representatives of Generation Z. The paper attempts to answer the research question of how young employees representing Generation Z in Poland perceive the advantages of implementing remote work, which is important in the process of organising it. The survey shows that the most important advantages of remote work that are considered by representatives of Generation Z include: the ability to work at different places and times (flexible working hours), greater freedom in performing tasks, and the possibility for people who find it difficult to perform their work in a stationary form. It has been shown that only for 10 out of 19 analysed advantages of remote work there are statistically significant differences between the responses of men and women. According to the surveyed representatives of Generation Z, the advantages of remote work can be grouped into areas related to: the ability to maintain work-life balance, professional development, work-related cost savings, factors that can contribute to increased productivity, such as virtualisation of teamwork, multiculturalism of teams and the ability to use business equipment, and those related to flexible and balanced use of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the paper is to recognise implementation level of the project strategic controlling (PSC) among companies operated in Poland. The questionnaire survey covers two periods 2013–2017 and 2018–2022 and describes: use of supporting tools and project management methodologies, reasons of PSC application, frequency of strategic monitoring and control activities, and strengths and weaknesses of PSC. Research shows that low self-assessment of organisation project maturity does not influence the wide application of tools supporting strategic project controlling, mainly related to cost and time. Process of strategic monitoring and controlling is conducted regularly at various stages of project life cycle. Comparing the two selected periods no significant changes in application of PSC or its supporting methods and techniques have been identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first part of a series entitled „Masters, partners and successors of the university management school in Łódź”, whose purpose is to present the achievements, relations and development prospects of a group of key representatives of the management school at the University of Lodz, Poland. The paper presents the genesis and retrospective insights into the history of the university management school in Lodz. In addition, nine key areas of scientific research directly related to the organisational structure of the Faculty of Management have been identified. The relationships between masters, partners and successors, as well as the most important scientific achievements of this school in the areas of theory and methods of organisation and management, corporate strategy and finance as well as accounting are discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to characterize the phenomenon of a scientific progress in jurisprudence on the example of the evolution of the ideas on the conditions and scope of the allowable constitutional amendments of the 1997 Constitution of Poland. Explaining the notions of formal and material limits of amending a constitution, we show that those limits are constituted not only by the explicit constitutional regulations but also by the practical context of constitution’s functioning and doctrinal assumptions being the fundaments of a political or social system that it realizes. In the final part of the paper the identified elements of the progress in constitutional law are seen in the light of the theories of scientific progress formulated in the literature, with the conclusion that the described change of the ideas on material amendments of the Polish Constitution bears the marks of a scientific progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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The aim of the paper is to determine the level of process maturity of producers and distributors of system heat and electricity in Poland, and then to formulate conclusions for the aforementioned sectors resulting from the study. The growing dynamics of market changes, digitalization, growing expectations and mobility of customers, all aforementioned factors challenge the businesses to unstiffen their structures and provide their customers with the highest quality of products and services. Thus, more and more businesses decide to implement some elements of process management, which is characterised by flexibility and a focus on delivering the highest quality to customers. Given the circumstances, that process approach to management is becoming more and more common and the interest in this concept is still growing. The author begins with validating the given choice of the dissertation’s topic and then presents the subject area of process maturity in the light of the source literature. This is followed by a discussion of the applied research method, including the choice of a research sample and the applied variety of tests used in the statistical analysis. Next, the results of the research were presented in detail, allowing to formulate concussions regarding the process maturity of producers and distributors of system heat and electricity in Poland and the correlation between the chosen features of organisations and the level of process maturity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of the paper is to address the question of whether Mikołaj of Błonie (before 1400 -- ca. 1448), a Polish doctor of canon law, was a supporter of the conciliarist movement. In the first half of the 15th century, the most prominent representatives of Poland's intellectual elite were conciliarists. Initially, the Polish elite were moderately sympathetic towards conciliarism, but with the development of the situation during the Council of Basel (1431--1449), radical solutions started to be favoured. This article analyzes selected fragments from two works by Mikołaj of Błonie in the broader context of the conciliarist discussion in order to determine to what extent the contemporary situation and the preacher's personal opinion could be reflected in the preaching and pastoral texts. These texts are Tractatus sacerdotalis de sacramentis (known as Sacramentale), a pastoral manual written around 1430, prepared for the lower clergy, and two collections of sermons -- de tempore and de sanctis -- also intended for use by lower clergy and uneducated audiences, written probably around 1438. Mikołaj of Błonie strongly postulated the need for reforms of the Church in membris while maintaining great caution in formulating conclusions regarding the reform in capite. His approach to power in the Church places him more on the side of the papists, although in his texts one can see a distant echo of the writings of Jean Gerson, Stanisław of Skarbimierz, and the discussions by Polish theologians and decreeists. Mikołaj's conservativeness can be explained in many ways: the preacher's personal views, the specific purpose of the texts, which did not provide space for ecclesiological discussion, and the context of polemics with the Hussites as well as the need to strengthen papal authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Human Resource Management / Zarzadzanie Zasobami Ludzkimi is the property of Institute of Labour & Social / Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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This article aims to present the rarely examined process of rural gentrification in Poland via the example of the vineyard sector, which is a new and dynamically growing segment in the local agriculture. This paper uses quantitative data collected from public statistics, a spatial analysis conducted by GIS, and an authorial survey conducted among vineyard owners. The research findings have revealed that 'vineyard gentrification' does not match the classic rent gap theory; furthermore, being a non-socially severe preliminary rural gentrification performed mostly by high-class representatives, it differs significantly from the traditional pattern in Polish farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Studia Migracyjne Przegląd Polonijny is the property of Wydzial Studiow Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych UJ oraz Polska Akademia Umiejetnosci and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to analyze contemporary symbols and signs associated with radical and extremist systems, political movements and paramilitary organizations in Ukraine, especially in the context of the events in Cracow in 2021, when the monument to Józef Piłsudski and the Legion Quartet were vandalized. The letter „N” was painted on the pedestal of the monument to Józef Piłsudski and Four legionnaires were painted yellow and blue – colors of the Ukrainian flag in reverse order. There was also a piece of cardboard left with the inscription “Poland – not only for the gentry” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An article is devoted to what is a crucial problem for every historian of the 19th and 20th centuries - historical rules of archival appraisal, that is, the determination as to which records that were created for practical reasons and current activities of state institutions in the past, should be protected permanently because of their historical value. The author focuses on criminal court records in light of the Polish interwar rules enacted by the Justice Minister in 1937. The mentioned regulation was the first on an analyzed matter in Polish legal tradition. It set the essential criteria and mechanisms for court records archival appraisal, also adopted in later rules on this topic from 1975, 1989, and 2004 (the latest remains in force to the present). Beyond this the author tries to explain why, in 1937, the Polish Ministry established rules that intended to permanently protect only a few groups of criminal court records as being historically valuable. He mainly analyzes the primary regulation draft from January of 1937, which intended to cover more groups of criminal court records for permanent archival protection. The paper tries to establish the reasons as to why those propositions were rejected. In the end, the author purposes to set in motion a discussion of the consequences that resulted from rules adopted in 1937 for current legal-historical or historical-criminological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this paper is to identify and unpack ideological strategies manifested through translation criticism in the Rocznik Literacki, a Polish literary review published in the 1930s, in the context of the notion of World Literature. With the help of the toolbox from comparative literary studies, translation studies, and cultural studies, the article traces the dynamics of socio-political tensions in Poland in the 1930s. It also presents an overview of the reception of foreign literatures in the Polish periodical. The sections of the annual devoted to works translated from various languages reflected the reviewers’ urge to establish norms for translation and literary market that were apparently solely linguistic in nature. In fact, they reflected the discussions on the role which particular cultures (should) play in the multilingual and divided state shortly after it regained independence. The paper discusses the particularly complex representation of ancient (Latin) and Jewish (Yiddish) tradition in Rocznik Literacki. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on various examples of Polish literary reportage which draw upon parable, that is, a didactic story aimed at conveying moral, religious, philosophical, or existential principles by means of allegory, symbolism, and metaphor. The main purpose of the research is to examine the way in which contemporary reporters make use of contrast and analogy as tools for transferring documented facts to a universal level. In the article, the mechanism of parabolization shaped by both these devices is considered first in terms of content of reportage publication, and then with reference to the structure of journalistic narrative. The initial study includes parabolic parallels and antithesis in non-fiction books by Wojciech Jagielski and Katarzyna Surmiak-Domańska. The latter part discusses selected works by Mariusz Szczygieł and Witold Szabłowski regarding transcending literal meanings through the specific segmentation of body text. This dual analysis conducted in the paper is preceded by an introduction, in which the authoress argues the symbiotic relation between the notion of parable, the poetics of contrast, and the principle of analogy. She also presents the origins and development of parabolic reportage in twentieth-century Poland. A special emphasis is placed here on the so-called Aesopian language, which enabled reporters to pass the Communist censorship thanks to hidden political allusions and other features typical of parable. In the conclusion, the parabolic tendency is recognized as still valid in today's Polish reportage, though different in significance and strictly associated with literary techniques of contrast and analogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Polish Journal of Allergology / Alergologia Polska is the property of Termedia Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Finance & Financial Law / Finanse i Prawo Finansowe is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Finance & Financial Law / Finanse i Prawo Finansowe is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper discusses the situation of trilingualism of students at Lviv schools with Polish as the language of instruction. Earlier linguistic studies paid no attention to the individuals of non-Polish descent who attended such schools. Part one of this paper presents the profile of the examined group, which comprised, apart from persons of Polish descent, individuals of non-Polish descent, for whom Polish is a foreign language. The next part discusses the results of sociolinguistic surveys concerning the motivation for learning Polish and the level of command of the languages used by the respondents. It also presents preferences as regards the use of media and non-verbal communication. The final part describes the interviewees' attitude to the languages as well as to Poland and Ukraine. The studies were conducted using earlier research concepts regarding Polish-foreign language bilingualism by Ewa Lipińska, Władysław Miodunka, Marzena Błasiak, and Pavel Levchuk. In the description of the private-sphere language choice, William Mackey's method was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)