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Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to present the history of translation of Polish non-fiction in mainland China from the 1980s to the present. The article divides the translations into three broad categories: anti-fascist literature, exemplified by Tadeusz Borowski and Zofia Nałkowska; reportages, represented by Ryszard Kapuściński; and biographies, diaries and correspondence of renowned Polish artists. The paper includes descriptions of the motives behind the publication of these translations, their reception and information about the translators. It notes that most of the Chinese translations of Polish non-fiction were produced under the influence of significant commemorative events or promotional activities organized by official cultural institutions of both countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

My work is concerned with the topic of xiehouyu, a phenomenon specific to Chinese language, but little known in Poland. I try to present and analyze xiehouyu and its use in literature. The paper consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, I describe xiehouyu in general. The second chapter analyses the use of xiehouyu in Chinese literature. The last chapter offers a summary of the significance of xiehouyu. By means of concrete examples and textual analysis, the article aims to help readers grasp the meaning and value of xiehouyu, and to deepen their understanding of Chinese literary works and Chinese way of thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this introductory survey article is to present the various ways in which Chineseness is dialogued with and exposed in Polish literature of the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Another objective of this exploratory paper is to indicate the forms of presence and the ways and functions of absorbing Chinese themes, as well as to reflect on their functionality in different genres and discourses of that period. Following the findings and diagnoses of Bogdan Mazan (and other scholars focused on the second half of the 19th century), the author tries to indicate and bring closer slightly different areas of meaning than those investigated in research to date. He points to possibilities of interpreting traces of Chineseness in the literature of that period and in other texts determining important, albeit often marginal and not central, messages of the analysed works authored by Polish positivist and modernist writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper critically analyses a report by the Jagiellonian Club, which is an independent expert organisation on preschool care for children up to the age of 3. The report focuses on the profession of a babysitter (childminder) introduced into Polish legislation in 2011. The Polish version of the babysitter profession is based on the French experience. However, it is not becoming more and more popular in Poland. The occupation is performed especially by women. After reading the report, three questions need to be formulated. What kind of public policy for parents of children under 3 years of age is to be introduced in the future? How is the public family policy to be financed? Is public policy to be more family-oriented or focused on non-family care in the future? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the application of scientific definitions of revalidation within the context of revalidation classes currently implemented in Polish mainstream high schools. The author traces the evolution of the term "revalidation" in Polish academic discourse, underscoring the objectives of revalidation interventions. The paper outlines the legal framework governing revalidation classes in Polish education and scrutinises specific recommendations from psychological and pedagogical counselling centres concerning revalidation classes derived from special education needs assessments for students with Asperger's syndrome. The analysis reveals that these revalidation classes primarily focus on enhancing the students' social integration by teaching effective communication skills. This focus reflects the broader scientific aim of revalidation, which is to facilitate the inclusion of individuals with disabilities into society. Additionally, the article discusses the practical challenges and potential improvements in implementing revalidation programmes, emphasising the need for tailored approaches that address the unique needs of students with Asperger's syndrome to maximise their educational and social outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to interpret selected themes from Edward Pasewicz’s novel Pulverkopf. The relations of body, memory and language, as well as the motifs of spatio-temporal disturbances that result in identity crises are the subject of reflection. These crises stem from the main character’s exposure to secret and traumatizing messages concerning his family’s past and the history of the town where he grew up. The author of this article reconstructs the multi-layered plot of Pulverkopf and discusses the different types of disorientation that the protagonist faces. Using methodological tools drawn from psychoanalysis and queer studies (including Sara Ahmed’s concept of disorientation as presented in her book Queer Phenomenology), the author contends that in Pasewicz’s novel contact with spectres of the (other’s) past leads to the constitution of a queer subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Regionalne i Lokalne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prace Filologiczne. Literaturoznawstwo is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The American researcher Lynn Keller introduced the concept of “self-conscious Anthropocene” in relation to the classical concept of ecopoetics, which had been created after two researchers – Eugene F. Stoermer and Paul J. Crutzen – had coined the very concept of “Anthropocene”. In this paper, I would like to show how the book entitled The Overstory, written by Richard Powers, could be analysed based on the criteria introduced by Keller as part of the “self-conscious Anthropocene” concept. Yet the results of such analysis go even further, demonstrating Powers’ clear intention to expose the indissoluble relationship between plants and people over the centuries. Thus, the American writer’s novel may fall within a new category of writing which I intend to propose – writing in the “self-conscious Planthropocene”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rębacz is a short story written by Ivan Franko and published in Polish in 1886 in Przegląd Społeczny journal in Lviv. The work was heavily inspired by Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy, as well as the author’s relationship with a social and political activist Mykhailo Drahomanov, to whom Franko dedicates the Ukrainian translation of the story. The aim of this paper is to present a comparative and genre analysis of Rębacz, with a particular focus on autobiographical themes in the story. The article analyses the influence that Franko’s translation activity had on his literary work and demonstrates that Rębacz was an attempt to modernize Ukrainian literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper argues for a wider presence of evaluation in the training of future teachers. The argumentation relies on an analysis of the evaluation theory and its impact on the quality of teaching. The milestones are presented, along with Donna Merten's division of evaluation theory into four types: postpositivist, constructivist, transformative and pragmatic. Instead of showing a linear vision of evaluation development, the author proposes a heterodox approach, as suggested by Henryk Mizerek. Next, the paper discusses the evaluation status of the trans-discipline. The second part proposes a review of research on the impact of evaluation on the quality of teaching and learning, including a discussion of limitations in available data and reviews. The last section focuses on evaluation at the micro level: schools, teams, and individual teachers. The author concludes that theoretical development and internal differentiation in evaluation, together with the proven influence on the quality of teaching and learning, bring arguments to strengthen the presence of evaluation in teacher education curricula. In particular, self-evaluation, with its ability to improve self-reflexivity, needs more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the human-nature-eschatology relationship from a historiosophical perspective, using as an example the motif of a dog in three different prose works by Władysław Reymont: Chłopi [The Peasants], the short story Dola [The Fate], and the anti-utopian novel Bunt [The Revolt]. The theme/motif/character of the dog constitutes an axis for the analysis of the problem of man’s duty towards weaker beings, which is the foundation of the animal theology formulated by Andrew Linzey. The paper reveals the mechanisms of violence against dogs in various circumstances and historical moments. The author explains the issues of the positive valuation of animal behavior present in Reymont’s prose, as well as the emotions shown by animals and the salvation of non-human beings. Despite blurring the boundaries between species, Reymont does not completely abandon the anthropocentric perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The text discusses the theoretical and political conflict between laissez-faire and interv entionism in economic policy. The dispute centers on which policy fosters economic development and which hinders it, as well as on the socially desirable nature of these policies. The argumentation in this dispute refers to certain facts, with participants asserting that their radical free-market stance are objective economic truths. The paper argues that the theoretical conflict engages psychological and ideological justifications, tying radical individualism to neoliberal market ideology, a prosocial, humanistic individualism to left-democratic economic policy, and nativist collectivism to a welfare state ideology. Despite these ideological conflicts, the author hints at integrative strategies, identifying positive aspects in each position for effective application. Additionally, the article explores two mentalities – collectivist and individualist – tracing their historical development and contemporary manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents conceptualization and construction of a composite Balanced Development Index (BDI). Ranking of European OECD member states by BDI are then compared to rankings by Human Development Index (HDI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Significant influences of all these indices on trust in government are subsequently proved and described. Trust in government is influenced by BDI much stronger than by HDI. Poland shows very low trust in government relative to other analyzed states and relative to the level of development. The necessity to use composite indices of socio-economic development instead of purely economic measures like the national income or the gross domestic product, or in addition to them at least, is proved. The analysis shows particular usefullness of a Balanced Development Index in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Political Science Studies / Studia Politologiczne is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of the article is to present the pedagogical thought of Irena Wojnar, the creator of the theory of aesthetic education, which was a specific pedagogical alternative of the second half of the 20th century. From the 1970s onwards Wojnar started to propose art as an educational tool, and in this way she opposed to the "traditional" approach to education. She claimed that education should be identified with a conscious process of self-development. She believed that apart from acquiring knowledge, it is important to develop such human dispositions as imagination, sensitivity, empathy, creativity, the activation of which contributes to the integrated growth of human personality. Wojnar pointed out that art should be treated as a remedy for the technicalised, conformist and inhuman civilisation, art should be treated as a model of human functioning in the world. Wojnar postulated a new, humanistic dimension of education, in which there is a space for upbringing leading to creative, responsible humanity. The article presents the main assumptions of the theory and ideas of aesthetic self-knowledge in the context of understanding the world and caring for its future. The paper also discusses activities aimed at the application of the theory of aesthetic education in educational practice during long-term courses for teachers. The paper is based on biographical research, analysis of source materials and the author's own memories related to Professor Irena Wojnar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this paper is to determine and distinguish, in a sparing and, by necessity, brief manner, the ideas and statements of theatre education, and present facts and experiences (conceived as a change) providing grounds for building up the concept of theatre pedagogy. The paper is divided into three parts, presenting the synthetic assumptions of Professor Irena Wojnar's Theory of Aesthetic Education by its field-determined specification, i.e. the concept of theatre education and proposal of a difficult synthesis of pedagogy and theatre, its sources and foundations, as well as cultural and pedagogical premises for its legitimacy. The issues addressed are grounded in the pedagogy of culture, yet at the same time stem from Professor Irena Wojnar's Theory of Aesthetic Education, offering a clearly outlined general concept of education that focuses on the problem of value and its connections with human enrichment processes. Theatre education is construed here as the refinement of the imagination with regard to values carried by the art of theatre, through the educational situations it creates, and treating it as a specific form of self-education, self-creation or simply making it real. The analysis of multiple relationships and dependencies between values carried by theatre and human education (considering the context of contemporary culture) identifies the main points of interest for theatre pedagogy, at the same time setting the direction for research work. Although it would be hard to treat it as a separate sub-discipline at this stage of its development (perhaps only as an intellectual short-cut), it may undoubtedly serve as a certain interpretation guideline, an observation point, if not as much as a perspective for discussing theatre-related issues. In any case, while addressing the issue of the human being and theatre, in its educational context, and enhancing one's personal potential, it covers an area of reflection not covered by other fields of theatre studies and research, as well as phenomena affecting and related to theatre. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The postulate of teaching critical thinking is becoming increasingly popular in Polish schools. Those trying to implement it face two types of challenges. First, there is a lack of methodological programmes that allow for a change in teaching philosophy. The existing ones, which invite a repository of techniques that foster deep thinking, are not embedded in a long-term reflection on what conditions must be met for the real development to occur. The second major issue is the lack of preparation of teaching staff, who have not experienced effective learning in this area during their education, both as students and teachers. The paper focuses on the lesson study method and its practical implementation in education using the example of the "Critical Reading with the School of Education" project. The project was based on the premise that every teaching method should be subjected to detailed evaluation. Evaluation should be present at various stages of the programme, from conceptualisation relating to the educational context, through teacher training, to in-depth analysis of student performance. Each stage of evaluation has been carefully planned to correspond to the project's research plan and is discussed in the article along with a presentation of the evaluation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The educational portfolio is not an obvious and often chosen tool for teacher education in Poland. It is perceived as difficult to implement, time-consuming and often with disappointing results. In the presented study, conducted by Grażyna Czetwertyńska and Kinga Białek, the portfolios collected (in paper and electronic form) in the School of Education (SE) of the Polish-American Freedom Foundation and the University of Warsaw, and the results of annual evaluations on portfolio work were analysed. The study focuses on the use of the portfolio in further work with students. The assumptions adopted in SE were compared with other portfolio models in teacher education in Poland. The portfolio in the SE changed along with the development of the institution, so the causes and effects of these changes were examined as well. Additionally, the compliance of the goals and effects achieved through working with the portfolio with the goals of education in the SE was examined, particularly with regard to the Teacher's Development Standards used in the SE. A description of the methodology of teaching self-reflection skills in the teacher's workshop and, consequently, the professionalisation of his/her work is described. The research allowed for a detailed description of a specific didactic model and the development of recommendations regarding the conditions for the use of the portfolio for those interested in implementing it in teacher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the idea of initiation in Hanna Krzemieniecka’s novel Fatum. Studium psychologiczne [Fate. A Psychological Study], this paper aims to show how the Polish modernist writer uses this topos. I try to highlight the role of the occult in Polish literary modernism, noting that Krzemieniecka attempts to outline a scenario of difficult initiation characteristic of the modern world by using theosophical concepts and other esoteric tropes in an original way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the question of how Lucjan Siemieński perceived St. Teresa of Ávila, a Spanish mystic, and her works. Siemieński’s interest in mysticism developed in the 1870s, i.e., in the last stage of his life, which the poet spent in Cracow. It reflects both his fascination with the European tradition, which, as a translator, he assimilated into the Polish culture since adolescence, and the conviction (shared with conservatives from Cracow) about the important role of the Catholic Church in history. Familiarizing the Polish reader with the life and work of the Spanish saint, Siemieński emphasizes the practical and intellectual aspects of her apostolic mission. In his essay, the gender of the protagonist in no way determines her social or religious position. The critic does not address the emancipatory dimension of her activities. By presenting her image to the readers and translating her poetry into Polish, he supports the tradition of Catholic literature and Catholicism, hoping that they will contribute to the revival of the nation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]