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Introduction: Informal settlements, as a prominent manifestation of urban poverty, are typically formed within or adjacent to cities. These settlements often lack building permits and official urban development plans. The primary reason for their formation is the inability of people to secure housing in the formal market, compelling them to seek shelter through informal means. This leads to numerous problems. Consequently, various approaches have been proposed globally, particularly in third-world countries, to address the issue of informal settlements. In contemporary discourse, empowerment is considered the most effective strategy. It aims to enhance the capabilities and improve the living standards of residents while upholding the principles of human dignity and social justice. However, neglecting the environmental qualities and the needs of the residents can cause this strategy to fail. Life unfolds within the context of the environment, and livability addresses the connection between housing and human life, along with its needs, by focusing on the quality of the environment in residential spaces. Theoretical Framework This research encompasses two key concepts and variables: viability and empowerment. Researchers have identified various dimensions of the concept of empowerment. Some scholars emphasize the psychological aspects of empowerment, considering elements such as the feeling of competence, the sense of being effective, and the perception of freedom of action as core components of empowerment. In contrast, the social dimension of empowerment has been prominently featured in the theories of many empowerment thinkers, including Sara Longwe (1991), Stromquist (1999), Naila Kabeer (2012), and Hoyt Oliver (2020). These theorists highlight awareness, interaction, and social participation as crucial elements of empowerment. Their theories stress the importance of awareness and the power of connections, interactions, and social partnerships in empowering individuals. Additionally, the presence of elements such as welfare and access (Longwe), income (Sen, 1999), resources and possessions (Kabeer), and economic ability (Stromquist, 1999) among the components related to empowerment underscores the significance of the economic dimension of empowerment. Therefore, the concept of empowerment encompasses three primary dimensions: economic, social, and psychological. However, the most critical aspect of empowerment is gaining the power to control and master the forces that affect human life. By acquiring certain abilities, individuals can influence the determining factors of their lives. Life is one of the most fundamental aspects of human existence, and attention to it and the quality factors of residential space can enhance the quality of the environment and the satisfaction of residents. Based on previous studies and in line with the research’s purpose and its relationship with the dimensions of empowerment, the components of livability are categorized into three dimensions: material (economic, physical, environmental), functional-activity, and perceptual-meaning (cultural and psychological). The relationship between each of the three dimensions of empowerment and the dimensions of viability was examined. Methodology The research method is practical based on its objective. In terms of data collection and analysis, it employs a correlational approach and is founded on the structural equation model. The primary tool for data collection is a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study comprises residents from the following neighborhoods: Seilab in the northern zone, Abuzar in the northwestern zone, Zamzam in the southern zone, and Akhmakiyeh in the southwestern zone. To determine the sample size, a simple random sampling method was utilized. Initially, a pre-test was conducted as a pilot among 35 residents of the aforementioned neighborhoods, and the Cronbach’s alpha value was calculated to be 0.744. For estimating the sample size, the formula proposed by Tabachnick and Fidell (M8 + 50 ≥ N) was applied, resulting in an estimated sample size of 150 individuals. Results and Discussion The research findings are divided into four parts: 1. Structural Model Analysis: • The structural model reveals a positive and significant relationship between the variables of empowerment and viability. 2. Effective Dimensions in Livability: • The most influential dimension in livability is the perceptual-semantic dimension. Within this dimension, the components of sense of belonging to the place and security are the most effective criteria for the livability of residential spaces. Following these are the components of the functional-activity and material dimensions. • The most impactful dimension for empowering residents is the psychological (cognitive) dimension, where the components of meaningfulness and trust are the most significant criteria for empowerment. 3. Interrelation of Viability and Empowerment Dimensions: • Each dimension and criterion of viability affects not just one, but all dimensions of empowerment. However, by comparing their factors, it becomes evident that each dimension and criterion of livability in residential spaces has a more pronounced effect on one or two dimensions of empowerment. 4. Comparative Analysis of Informal Zones in Tabriz City: • The degree of fulfillment of the functional-activity dimension components of livability is consistent across all four informal zones of Tabriz city, with a range of 3.33-3.66. This indicates that in all areas, the access to public transportation, employment services, educational, health, sports, and leisure facilities, as well as the level of participation and sociability of the residents, are similar and face the same challenges. • The differences in the vitality of the zones are attributed to variations in the components of the material and perceptual-semantic dimensions. • The northern zone exhibits the lowest level of empowerment, while the southern zone shows the highest level compared to other zones. By refining the analysis and focusing on the specific dimensions and criteria, the study provides a comprehensive understanding of how various factors contribute to the livability and empowerment of residents in informal zones. This nuanced approach highlights the importance of addressing both perceptual-semantic and material dimensions to enhance the overall quality of life in these areas. Conclusion The research results indicate that any factor enhancing the viability of residential spaces concurrently boosts the empowerment of their residents. The most influential aspect in empowering residents is the perceptual-semantic components of livability. This is because everyone’s living environment contains elements that affect their activities, and a person’s behavior is influenced not only by their inner needs and motivations but also by their living environment. Ignoring the livability capacities, especially the perceptual-semantic components, in planning and intervention measures will pose serious challenges in improving the quality of life and empowering residents. Thus, in all marginalized areas, strategies should be adopted to realize and strengthen the sense of belonging, security, and attention to the residents’ religious beliefs and way of life for their psychological empowerment, which has the most significant impact on their overall empowerment. Among the marginalized areas of Tabriz city, the northern regions exhibit the lowest level of realization of empowerment components due to the lowest level of viability, necessitating special attention. Regarding economic empowerment, the material criteria of livability have the greatest impact. Additionally, the functional-activity measures of livability significantly influence two dimensions of empowerment: economic and social empowerment, respectively. The perceptual-semantic criteria predominantly affect the psychological empowerment of the residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: A medication dashboard could provide executive directors and managers with the ability to manage medication resources in hospitals. This study aimed to design, implement, and evaluate a medication resources management dashboard for general hospitals. Materials and Methods: This study was of the development-applied type conducted in an academic therapeutic community center. Based on scientific sources, the dashboard’s key performance indicators (KPIs) and functional requirements were identified. The data collection tool was a questionnaire comprising demographic information, KPIs, and functional requirements. The dashboard conceptual model was designed using Rational Rose software, and then POWER BI software was used to develop the system. The usability of the dashboard was evaluated using the standard questionnaire for End User Computing Satisfaction by 10 users. The data were analyzed in SPSS software using descriptive statistics. Results: The most important KPIs determined for a medication resources management dashboard in general hospitals were “the ratio of antibiotic consumption to total number of drugs”, “the ratio of the antibiotic prescribed by general practitioners to total number of drugs”, “the ratio of patients for whom antibiotics were prescribed to all patients”, and “the ratio of the number of drug items prescribed by specialists to all physicians”. The most important functional requirements determined were “updating information at specific intervals “, “checking the dashboard at different time intervals”, “defining access levels to view the information”, and “choosing between graphical and tabular displays”. Usability evaluation showed that users’ satisfaction with the dashboard content variable was “very high” and for the other variables was at a “high” level. Conclusion: The KPIs associated with antibiotics and drug costs within the medication dashboard of general hospitals are high priority. Future studies should evaluate the impact of using a medication dashboard on hospital executive directors’ and managers’ decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. This research aimed to optimize the technology policy and reduce the costs of technology growth centers at medical sciences universities. Identifying the effective factors in the expansion of technology units facilitates the development and advancement of innovative entrepreneurs through incubators. Methods. The current qualitative research analyzes data collected through structured interviews with 31 individuals from growth centers, administrators of units located in growth centers, and health entrepreneurship experts. In three stages of categorization, the main and sub-categories have been identified. The relationships between the research components were determined using the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique. Results. Based on the results of the ISM, "modeling of technology units for health technology incubators in poor areas" we identified 213 codes of verbal propositions, 25 components and 8 categories which was classified into three levels. The first level is the growth of technological units; the second level includes the infrastructure and planned growth; and the third level includes the indicators of external infrastructure, internal infrastructure, acceptance plan, growth plan, and exit plan. Conclusion. This study determined the framework and relationships between variables that influence the growth of technology units in health technology development centers at universities in disadvantaged areas. This is the first study to incorporate the internal infrastructure as an independent variable, indicating the effect of compensating for regional infrastructure weaknesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still a global leading public health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Vaccine hesitancy can decelerate the effect of mass vaccination programs. This study aimed to assess the determinants of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and its relationship with the perceived risk of COVID-19 among the Iranian population at the beginning of the vaccination program. Methods. In this cross-sectional survey conducted in June 2021 in Tabriz, Iran, 500 subjects aged 18-64 years were investigated. The collected data included the demographic variables, participants' previous COVID-19 infection, history of the COVID-19 infection and mortality in the participant's family members, perceived risk of COVID-19, and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 16. Independent t-test and logistic regression were also performed. Results. The acceptance, doubt, and rejection of COVID-19 vaccine were reported by 232 (46.4%), 129 (25.8%), and 139 (27.8%) cases, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the age, education level, profession, and perceived risk of COVID-19 were significantly associated with the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. Conclusion. The acceptance rate of the COVID-19 vaccine was not optimal among the studied population at the beginning of vaccination program, and about half of the participants reported the vaccine acceptance. People with low education, low perceived risk level for COVID-19, and younger people may have been considered a high-risk group for doubt or rejection of the COVID-19 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

the purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the direction of causality between financial development, trade liberalization and economic growth in 130 countries including Iran between 2000 and 2017. Cointegration approach, panel‌ vector error correction (PVECM) and Toda-Yamamoto-Dolado-Lutkepohl causality tests (TYDL) are used in this paper to investigate short - term and long-term causal factors. In order to create the Composite Financial Development index, we used the Principal Components method to present a novel approach. The results indicate that there is a long-term and strong bi - directional causality between all variables in high - income countries and there is a long-term causality in financial development and trade liberalization in form of reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers to economic growth in all groups. We also found that in high income countries, there is a short-term and strong causality in financial development to economic growth. As to study findings, the development of capital markets, the enhancement of their depth and efficiency, and the development of trade liberalization policies and stategies to increade economic growth in long run, recommended for middle income and low income countries. As a middle - income country, economic growth has always been an important objective in Iran. Thus, it seems necessary for country to deepen financial markets and institutions and increase the efficiency of financial markets to benefite from positive long- term effects of financial development on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Middle age is an important period of life that is associated with reduced physical fitness and therefore, the participation in regular physical activity in this period of life is of great importance. The purpose of this research is to develop a social marketing model for promoting well-informed and low-income middle-aged people’ participation in regular physical activity. Methods: This study was a qualitative study with a grounded theory approach that was carried out in two stages. The first stage included recognizing the target audience’s view of participation in physical activity, and the second stage included determining the strategies for mixed social marketing and developing the research model. The statistical population of the first stage consisted of healthy individuals aged 45-64, and in the second stage, the statistical population included the relevant experts. Sampling was done purposefully and data were collected through 3 focus groups and 18 semi-structured interviews. For data analysis, three-step coding method was used and data validity was evaluated using standard methods. Results: After identifying the internal and external barriers and facilitators of participating well-informed and low-income middle-aged people in physical activity, mixed social marketing strategies including product, place, promotion, and price strategies were determined and the final model was developed. Conclusion: In order to promote well-informed and low-income middle-aged people participation in regular physical activity, standard, principled, fun, and practicable physical activities with the lowest possible cost, the best access conditions and the most appropriate promotional messages should be provided for the target audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: considered the importance of spirituality and morals, this research has analyzed the requirements of Islamic management and governance in Nahjul Balagheh According to Imam Ali's Letter 53. Methods The current research is “qualitative research” that used the "content analysis" and "MAXQDA" software Results In this research extract 111 codes from Islamic management and governance requirements Imam Ali's Letter 53, which classified into 6 general themes, 9 codes are economy-oriented requirements; 19 codes are political; 19 codes are people-oriented; 20 codes are justice-oriented requirements; 26 codes are excellence-oriented and 18 codes are about ethics Conclusions: The Islamic manager and ruler with considering Alavi governance, emphasizes on the requirements of Islamic management and governance, In the Excellent oriented requirements, spiritual values have priority over material values, and in the ethics-based requirements, emphasis on middle path and controlling or Avoiding anger, pride, and egocentrism. Equal treatment with people and lack of nepotism is one of the Consequences of justice-oriented requirements, and always considering benevolence and kindness towards people and reforming the people's affairs, in economy-oriented requirements should be given special attention, the economic conditions of the Low-Income people and in political requirements the Islamic manager as a policy maker should consult with a faithful and competent political advisor in vital matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic has imposed considerable harm on economies globally. This situation has prompted researchers to thoroughly examine the issue from different perspectives and view bolstering the resilience of countries as the most effective strategy to address the vulnerabilities. Such efforts can mitigate the harmful effects and negative outcomes of the disease. The susceptibility of economic systems to the shock of the COVID-19 pandemic varies, with some being significantly more vulnerable to its effects. In this context, the greater a country's ability to mobilize its resources against such risks, the more resilient it becomes. Hence, economic resilience is regarded as a comprehensive approach to enhancing the existing capacities and reducing economic vulnerability in the face of various crises and environmental threats. Moreover, economic resilience is shaped by the implementation of economic policies and has an accumulative nature. Individuals and different schools of thought have focused on the concept of resilience within the economic realm, structuring their studies accordingly. Economic resilience emerges as a pervasive criterion in the literature on economic stabilization. In the economic discourse, particular emphasis is placed on assessing the composite index of economic resilience against external shocks, aiming to quantify this notion. This study sets out to investigate how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the economic resilience of countries across high, medium and low levels of income. Addressing 150 nations, this research employs the PSTR model over the timeframe spanning 2020 to 2021. The Economic Resilience Index is computed utilizing the Bruegel method for this inquiry Methodology: The PSTAR (Panel Smooth Transition Autoregressive) model is a powerful tool utilized to analyze nonlinearities and regime shifts in panel data. It extends traditional autoregressive models by allowing for smooth transitions between different states or regimes, thereby capturing complex dynamics in economic time series data. The PSTAR model assumes that the relationship between variables evolves smoothly over time and across different regimes. It is particularly useful in capturing threshold effects, where the impacts of one or more variables on the dependent variable change abruptly beyond a certain threshold level. This is achieved through the specification of transition functions, which determine how the model transitions occur between different regimes based on the values of certain threshold variables. The PSTAR model estimation involves several steps, including the specification of transition functions, estimation of model parameters using maximum likelihood or other suitable methods, and diagnostic checks to assess the model's goodness-of-fit and validity of assumptions. Additionally, we conduct robustness checks and sensitivity analyses to ensure the reliability of our findings. Findings and Discussion: This study reveals a significant negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economic resilience of countries across different income levels. Employing a two-regime model, the analysis demonstrates a nonlinear correlation among the variables, suggesting varied adjustment speeds among economic regimes. Specifically, countries with high incomes experience a moderate pace of adjustment, those with moderate incomes adjust slowly, and low-income countries adjust rapidly. This suggests that economic changes in response to the pandemic occur at different speeds across income groups. The COVID-19 pandemic has induced structural and performance alterations in economies worldwide, including increased unemployment, reduced growth, and shifts in consumption and investment patterns. These changes, coupled with challenges such as quarantine restrictions and decreased incomes, have led to considerable adjustments in economic dynamics, varying in speed from one state to another. Overall, economic changes during the pandemic are of significant diversity across countries, affecting consumption and production behaviors, policy frameworks, and international relations. Threshold values, representing critical points of pandemic severity, determine whether economic variables behave linearly or nonlinearly. When the pandemic's impact surpasses these thresholds, economic variables begin shifting to nonlinear regimes. Estimations from the smooth panel regression approach indicate a notable negative effect of the pandemic on economic vulnerability, affecting countries with high, medium, and low incomes alike. Per capita GDP, remittances, and foreign direct investment emerge as key influencers of economic resilience. While per capita GDP decreases during the pandemic for high and medium-income countries, it increases in the second threshold regime and boosts economic resilience. Remittances positively impact economic resilience in high-income countries but negatively affect medium and low-income ones initially, transitioning to positive effects after crossing the threshold. Foreign direct investment initially reduces economic resilience across all income levels but becomes positive and significant in high-income countries after crossing the threshold. In summary, the study underscores the complex interplay between the COVID-19 pandemic and economic resilience, emphasizing the need for tailored policy responses to mitigate its adverse effects across different income groups. Conclusions and Policy Implications: Although the public health system is evolving, the world remains susceptible to shocks caused by contagious diseases that present fundamental challenges to economies. The vulnerability resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic has spurred countries to allocate more funds to ensure economic security and global health. Nations across the globe are working to reduce the economic impact of the COVID-19 crisis through well-balanced policies, seeking to mitigate risks to the society as much as possible. To tackle the COVID-19 crisis, extensive actions are being taken, including sharing knowledge and experiences regarding strategies, policies and improvement plans, examining common responses, and coordinating actions to enhance resilience and effective recovery preparedness. Strengthening communication among policymakers, development planners, and relevant stakeholders, establishing strong multilateral institutions with political support for global health shock coordination, creating fast financial procurement mechanisms for essential goods, increasing investment in disease surveillance at global and regional levels, developing regional production capacities for vaccines, tests and medicines, sharing medical technology and knowledge, and transferring medical technologies are the measures being taken. Additionally, strategic approaches to national improvement, including economic and financial measures, effective financial procurement design, and financial resource mobilization efforts to mitigate the effects of COVID-19, are being pursued. These measures aim to enhance the resilience and sustainability of public health systems and foster systematic research and development for the preparation of effective and safe vaccines against any virus. Therefore, based on the findings of this research and similar studies, policymakers need to focus on strengthening the economic resilience of countries, in addition to implementing other policies aimed at reducing the spread of and preventing the COVID-19 disease. These actions may include policies to strengthen healthcare infrastructure, develop economic and social crisis response plans, and encourage the development of human resources needed to combat the disease and its economic impacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dispersed growth of the metropolis has led to the surrounding towns being exposed to development and integrated into the cities. As towns and cities merge, spatial relationships have become intricate, resulting in significant changes in physical, economic, sociocultural, and environmental aspects. The metropolis of Tabriz is no exception to this phenomenon. Therefore, the primary aim of the study is to identify and analyze the factors influencing the integration of neighboring towns into the metropolis of Tabriz. In this research, a descriptive-exploratory method and questionnaire survey were employed. The research's statistical population, consisting of urban and rural experts and specialists, was comprised of 30 individuals. Data analysis was conducted using the structural equations method with the SPSS and Amos software. The findings revealed three latent exogenous constructs: "internal factors, " "proximity to the metropolis, " and "external factors, " which highlight the key aspects of village integration into the metropolis. Notably, proximity factors to the metropolis exhibited the highest loading at 0.89. The study concluded that economic factors, physical characteristics, and sociocultural parameters have a significant impact on the integration of villages into the metropolis, while internal factors within the villages have a lesser influence. According to experts, economic factors play a crucial role in the annexation of towns to the city, prompting low-income individuals from various city areas to migrate to these parts and merge them into the city. Therefore, it is evident that organizing the integration of towns into the city can positively impact the expansion and development of the metropolis of Tabriz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: One of the policies adopted at the national level to provide housing for low-income groups was The Mehr Housing. this article attempts to investigate the social and economic characteristics of the primary and present inhabitants of mehr residential complexes in two cities of ardabil and qom, to identify the causes and factors that caused the displacement of the first residents of mehr housing in these two cities . Method: to achieve the objectives of the study, 378 households were selected from mehr residential complexes in two cities of ardabil and qom and completion of questionnaires was carried out by households living in these complexes and also in deep interviews with 14 experts and experts related to mehr housing projects . Results: the results of this study show that most of the primary households of mehr housing belong to low-income brackets of the society, but these households have been forced to dispose of their mehr housing for several reasons and transferred it to households with more income (decile 6 in ardabil city and decile in qom city) including the added value added, housing prices, various factors (political, economic and government change), the impossibility of repayment of mortgage payments, lack of infrastructure in some mehr housing projects, and the length of project completion time. Also, the current residents of Mehr housing express their satisfaction with the process of receiving loans, the loan amount and the amount of installments of Mehr housing loans. Conclusions: It can be concluded that most of the current households in mehr housing projects in ardabil and qom are not the low-income people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research seeks to identify the meanings, concepts, implications and indicators of measuring educational efficiency to describe, analyse, compare and evaluate the ruling policies and ideologies among schools, especially government and non-government high schools, and the consequences and solutions faced accordingly. It considers the policy of privatization of schools. This qualitative research is a descriptive meta-analysis and a systematic review. The statistical population of the research includes 72 selected articles in the field of factors related to educational efficiency and educational justice between government and non-government high schools, after review, 25 of them were described, analyzed and compared. The data of the research was collected by referring to the quarterly journal of the fields of education and training, the comprehensive portal of humanities, the scientific information base of academic Jihad, Iran Dog. They showed that the concept of educational justice in nongovernment high schools compared to government high schools means equal enjoyment in terms of educational access, educational facilities, and the functioning of the educational system, although it has worked well in the fields of education, management, and social opportunities, but education as an economic commodity in other cultural and social fields has led to the emergence and continuation of class and social gap between people. If the background and capabilities of low-income people are not paid attention to and these people do not have equal opportunities to participate in government positions for policymaking in the social and cultural fields, in the future we can witness the occurrence of damages and social issues to compensate for the lost opportunities. It was from this group of people in the society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Various surveys show that the economic and social statuses of the family affect the nutrition and growth of children. One of the vulnerable groups during the COVID-19 are children and adolescents. The identification of the amount and severity of their injuries can minimize the extent of their vulnerability to various factors during this pandemic. Materials and Methods: The data of this survey were collected through a questionnaire, and simple random sampling was used to select the participants. The statistical population consisted of sufficient number of cases between the ages of 10 and 20 years and living in Mashhad (the samples were from high-, medium-, and low-income classes based on the division of income areas by Mashhad Municipality). Data analysis was done using Probit Regression Models. Results: With an increase in the number of family members, it was observed that the consumption of protein substances, as well as fruits and vegetables decreased. Renters, low-income individuals, and girls have also been more affected by Corona and have experienced a greater reduction in consumption than owners, individuals with other income classes, and boys, respectively. In both regressions, the variable of "how to occupy the place of residence" has a larger coefficient in terms of absolute value than other variables, and it can be claimed that being a tenant or owner has the greatest impact on consumption. Conclusion: The losses caused by Corona can be reduced by supporting tenants, households with a large population, and low-income groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The currency jump in early 2018 and the increase in prices during the following years caused the Iranian government to adopt a policy of preferential currency allocation (42000 Rials per US$) for the import of basic goods from August 2018. The main goal of this policy was to control the fluctuations of the domestic market and the decrease in the welfare of the society. However, the available evidence showed that, after a few years of the implementing this policy, due to the increase in the price of most targeted basic goods and the lack of profit of the lower-income deciles in an optimal way and the emergence of problems such as spread of rent and corruption and the diversion of allocated resources in the form of official re-export of inputs or final goods or smuggling, hoarding, overselling to the final consumer, etc., the policy of assigning preferential currency to essential goods was declared to be unsuccessful. Following the ineffectiveness of this policy, the Iranian government implemented the policy of removing preferential currency from basic goods in May 2022. The evidence shows that, although this policy has increased the price of major food groups (chicken meat, eggs, milk, red meat and edible oil), it has led to a continuous decrease in inflation of major food groups. However, the basic question is that ‘if the policy was implemented gradually, wouldn't it have better results?’ Also, ‘what type of support compensation for households (cash or goods) and what level of support coverage for income deciles would lead to better results?’ Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of determining the optimal scenario to reduce the effects of the shock of removing the preferential currency on the major food groups. Methodology: In order to determine the optimal scenario of reducing the effects of the shock of removing the preferred currency on major food groups (chicken meat, eggs, milk, red meat and edible oil) 18 scenarios designed in the form of the type of removal of preferred currency from basic goods (at once, during 3-years and during 5-years period), the type of support compensation (cash or goods) and the level of coverage of income deciles (all income deciles, low and middle income deciles and only low income deciles) were discussed. For this purpose, the required data were collected from the social accounting matrix of the Islamic Parliament Research Center, Central Bank's input-output table, and Iran's Statistics Center. In addition, in order to analyze the data, the recursive dynamic calculable general equilibrium (RDCGE) model (which is based on the assumption of adaptive expectations) and Matlab software were used. Discussion and Results: According to the results, the best scenario for reduct the negative effects of preferred currency removing shocks on major food groups is the scenario of removing the preferred currency from basic goods during a 5-years period, providing support in cash and providing support to the low and middle deciles of income, which has a positive effect on production, consumption, income of the factors of production (labor and capital), welfare of consumers, welfare of producers, and total welfare. In the sense that if the government gradually removes the preferential currency for basic goods over a 5 years period and supports the low- and middleincome deciles in cash, the negative effects caused by the shock of implementing preferred currency from basic goods in the society is neutralized and then becomes positive. Conclusions and policy implications: Based on the results of the research, the best scenario is the elimination of the preferential currency during a 5-years period, cash compensation and the level of covering the low and middle-income deciles), it is suggested for the government officials to make the policy of removing the preferential currency from basic goods as close as possible to the proposed scenario and to support the consumers of basic goods in cash. This is because, in the method of compensation in the form of goods, some of the resources planned for the project can be ensured to be spent on buying basic goods and provide the minimum calories needed by the household, but the method leads to increased demand for basic goods, disruption of relative prices, and creation of a black market for commodity coupons. On the other hand, if the electronic coupons can only be cashed in certain distribution centers, it will create a kind of rent for selected distribution centers compared to micro distribution centers. In the cash method, however, the right of choice of the households is recognized from the beginning; since households can receive the subsidy payment in cash or purchase basic goods, it leads to the freedom of choice for them. As a result, the purchasing power of consumers' increases, which will subsequently lead to an increase in the production of goods including food. In addition, some believe that the cash support compensation will lead to an increase in inflation. If its resources are precisely determined and secured and the Central Bank's resources are not used for this purpose, it will not cause inflation. Also, the cash support compensation should not be such that in creates the impression of being permanent or long-term. Rather, it should be stated from the beginning that this subsidy is only to pass the transition and it temporarily supports the households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: This study investigates the ecological, economic, and social factors contributing to rangeland degradation in the Namin region of Ardabil, Iran. The research aims to identify key factors affecting rangeland degradation from the perspective of pastoralists, providing insights for targeted interventions and sustainable management practices. Methodology: The study focused on the rural areas of the Namin region in Ardabil province, with a specific focus on ranchers. The research population included rural ranchers with prior experience in utilizing rangelands. A total of 21 villages were selected as the sample for data collection, which took place during the spring of 2021 through field visits and interviews. The researchers used a questionnaire to collect information, covering general characteristics of the community under study as well as 33 ecological, social, and economic indicators. After identifying villages with a history of using rangelands, the researchers determined a sample size of about 5% of households in each village, based on the number of households in each village. The questionnaires were then completed through face-to-face visits, observations, and interviews in the target villages, using stratified random sampling. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data and identify general characteristics of the statistical communities. The Friedman test was used to rank the indicators, and exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the factors influencing rangeland degradation. Data analysis was performed using SPSSVer.22 software. Results: The results of the Friedman test revealed that the indicators "the role of rangeland survey" had an average ranking of 23.57. In addition, "the effect of using stubble pasture" had an average ranking of 23.17, and "the impact of the government's actions against violators" had an average ranking of 23.13. These indicators, as per user opinions, played a crucial role in mitigating rangeland degradation in the region. The results of the factor analysis revealed that 10 factors had an eigenvalue greater than 1, explaining 71.96% of the data variance. Additionally, the results of the principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that a combination of indicators, based on factor coefficients, contributed to the identification of ten factors influencing socio-economic security, livestock fodder availability, differences in rangeland utilization among ranchers, participation in rangeland improvement and management projects, communal exploitation practices, land use changes, interest in livestock farming within rangelands, awareness and utilization levels, education and advertising efforts, as well as promotion and facilities. These factors were found to significantly impact the degradation of rangelands in the region. The lack of investment opportunities, entrepreneurship, and employment creation, as well as low income and the absence of suitable jobs, administrative corruption, non-compliance with legal regulations, and inadequate control over the stocking rate (including animals included in the grazing permit), were identified as the primary factors contributing to the degradation of rangelands in the Namin region. These factors were deemed to be of utmost importance in exacerbating the issue. Additionally, other contributing components with a smaller percentage have also played a role in the degradation of rangelands in the region. Conclusion: The study highlights the multifaceted nature of factors contributing to rangeland degradation, emphasizing the importance of addressing ecological, economic, and social dimensions. Pastoralist perspectives play a crucial role in identifying indicators for mitigating degradation, and targeted interventions should focus on comprehensive studies to reinforce these factors. Key recommendations include addressing investment opportunities, employment creation, income enhancement, regulatory compliance, and effective control over stocking rates to promote sustainable rangeland management in the Namin region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: With the growth of new information technologies, educational systems have also undergone changes in terms of using new technologies in teaching and learning. New educational technologies have the potential to provide free education around the world and to achieve educational justice. But in developing and underdeveloped countries, due to their many challenges, a digital divide has been created between the rich and the poor cities which, in itself, has led to educational injustice. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to explain the challenges of the digital divide on the implementation of educational justice in order to solve the problems leading to the realization of educational justice in the country. Methods: The present study is a descriptive-analytical study. Therefore, it is a qualitative research and philosophical analysis. The research approach is analytical and critical. The method of data collection is library- documentary. The research population includes all the studies that had examined the digital divide and educational justice and by investigating the background, 30 research studies directly related to this context were found. The data analysis method was researcher-oriented. The validity of the data was obtained based on the analysis of experts' views. The reliability of the study was in line with the findings of other studies. Findings: The findings of the study indicate that various challenges have affected the digital divide and educational injustice. The challenges that have caused the digital divide in the country's education systems are as follows: governance-infrastructure challenges, educational, cultural and economic challenges. The governance-infrastructure challenge has been analyzed based on the Communication and Information Technology Development Index and shows inequality in the sub-indicators of access, usage and skills among the provinces of the country. Thus, the central provinces are in the top rank and the deprived and border provinces are in the last rank in all three sub-indicators. The educational challenge is also based on components such as the low level of digital literacy of teachers and families, centralized educational management, educational policy-making and reliance on traditional teaching methods. The cultural challenge is also based on components such as gender, race and language. Economic challenge is also based on components such as: low income of families, poverty, priority of earning a living on learning and expensive educational technology tools. Solutions to overcome each of these challenges can be listed as follows: raising the level of digital literacy in students and parents, strengthening the motivation to compete and strive, emphasizing e-learning methods and using new technology in teaching. Also, some other solutions such as upgrading the bandwidth of using the Internet, investing in human resources and developing the internal Internet such as providing Internet access points in every school and library, providing low-interest loans for public equipment in rural areas and urban slums, measures to reduce equipment prices (tax exemption, subsidies provision) and low-interest loans for low-income families, free web education sessions for the deprived, providing free Internet address for all students. Conclusion: The findings show that the digital divide can be examined at three levels: local, national and global. At all three levels, four elements are involved in the digital divide, namely education, economy, governance, and culture. Therefore, in order to get out of the digital divide and achieve educational justice in the country's educational system, we must first identify the gaps, and then take action to eliminate them. Therefore, the country's education system can achieve its ultimate goal, which is a fair society, when it can eliminate the problems facing justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the new media have been playing a central role in shaping the actions of teenagers, so that they have become an effective factor in maintaining social order or creating criminal behaviors. In the meantime, along with the increase in the use of new media, the discussion of media literacy has also gained special importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study the relationship between media literacy and tendency to delinquent behaviors among high school students. So, 390 students of Tabriz city were selected multistage cluster sampling method. The data was collected taking surveying method and using a researcher-made questionnaire. The findings indicated that there is no significant difference between tendency to delinquent behaviors and gender and type of school. However, there is a significant difference between tendency to delinquent behaviors among students and their location or area of residence. Tendency to delinquent behaviors among respondents living in low-income areas is more than those living in semi-privileged and privileged areas. There is a significant negative correlation between the socioeconomic status of students' families and students' media literacy with tendency to delinquent behaviors (-0.27) and (-0.33), respectively. Through applying structural equation modeling using Amos software, it was found that socio-economic status of families (-0.30) and media literacy (-0.33) affect students' tendency toward delinquent behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: health system reform is one of the basic and pioneering strategies and policies in different countries, according to the two main principles of structural reform and decentralization and reform of financial systems. Based on this, the financial system is considered the second most effective feature of the reform, in addition to the feature of self-organization and decentralization, as the first fundamental basis for the reform of the health system, which acts as the driving force and backbone of the reform. The financial function is one of the main functions of the health system (management, resource generation, health financing, and service provision). In most middle-income countries, more than 5% of GDP and 5-10% of total government spending are allocated to the health sector. Without a suitable infrastructure for the effective deployment of resources, especially financial resources, it will not be possible to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of these resources, and even the permanent increase in financial credits of this sector will not be useful in solving the problems of the system. Therefore, the effort to reform financial management and accountability in the public sector started in 2000 in Australia by changing the accounting method from cash to accrual as the most fundamental step resulting from the reform of financial management in the public sector. While in Iran, several major problems in health and pharmaceutical affairs as one of the government sectors prevent the emergence of reforms. By mentioning a few cases, these problems can be listed: problems of cash registration and financial records of receipts and payments, as well as recording the purchase of assets and real estate, weakness in preparing financial reports and preparing financial sheets, and ambiguity. In the actual performance of the budget. Among the most important priorities of the health sector to achieve an optimal financial management system, the following can be mentioned: allocating credit at the time of creating or approving expenses, implementing effective internal controls, integrating and standardizing processes, budgeting Basis of activity, budget control and project deviation analysis, organizational structure modification and data homogenization and people's awareness of managers' thinking style level. As mentioned, people's awareness of the thinking style level of CEOs is considered important and effective in reducing the financial burden of health and disease control audits. One of the important factors to explain the difference in people's behavior is the difference in their attitude toward different subjects, which is referred to as thinking style in psychological texts. Thinking style is defined as a part of rational methods in using individual abilities and preferred methods of people to use their abilities in doing cognitive tasks. Ability refers to how well a person can do something, but style refers to how things are done. Therefore, people may be similar in abilities, but different in styles. It is expected that the identification of factors affecting human behavior and the examination of relationships and the scope of their influence and influence will make human action and reaction predictable to a large extent, thus providing a possibility to improve the financial burden process. Based on this, the main problem of this article is to investigate the impact of managers' thinking styles on financial health. Methods: The statistical population of the present study included the employees of the financial affairs of the health system of Tehran, who were working in health centers and hospitals from 2018-2019. The number of the statistical population was over 100,000 people according to the inquiry from the Medical Sciences University Unit of Tehran. The sample size of 384 people was selected by a simple random sampling method through the Morgan Krejci table. The financial health questionnaire made by the researcher and the thinking style of Sternberg and Wagner (1992) was used to collect data. The method of structural equations has been used to investigate the relationship between variables. Results: The results showed that managers' thinking style has a 0.905 effect on financial health (P<0.05). Considering that the desired level of the GOF index is higher than 0.36, it can be said that the level of this index in the research variables is in a favorable condition. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present research, it can be said that one of the ways to develop financial health is to improve the thinking style of managers in the direction of the financial development of the medical system organization. Although financial health deals with access to minimum income and financial resources; at the same time, it focuses on "skill enhancement, training and empowerment of individuals and community organizations in the field of financial management to create a sense of confidence and control over financial affairs". On the other hand, financial inclusion seeks to provide the necessary infrastructure and tools for the use of financial skills and capabilities by individuals and organizations. As a result, we should note that financial health and financial inclusion do not focus only on poverty alleviation of the society and the low-income deciles, but seek to "empower all people, businesses, and organizations of the society in the field of financial management to increase the quality of life of the whole society". Naturally, in order to have the ability to use financial skills and capabilities, individuals and organizations must have access to the necessary financial tools. According to the above explanations, it can be said that the requirement of financial health is to increase financial inclusion and to increase the quality of life in society, we need both factors. That is, we must provide the ground for all members of society to have access to jobs and minimum income, and then empower them in terms of thinking and financial literacy skills. It is also necessary to provide the necessary tools for effective administration and continuous improvement of the quality of financial life at the disposal of people and organizations of society. Financial institutions can play a role in all these three areas, i.e., job creation, community empowerment, and the development of life financial management tools. Also, thinking styles are among the variables related to individual differences that can be affected by visual abilities. People learn through their experiences, and there are many ways in which learned facts are described, and there are many ways of understanding and thinking about what is. For example, some people learn reality better by drawing. If some way of searching, pattern means that people may use different ways to learn which is called thinking style. Thinking styles are the preferred ways for people in using their abilities; therefore, thinking style is not an ability in itself but refers to how to use abilities. The basic characteristic of a human being is the ability to think. With the help of their thoughts, humans have been able to master the complex and changing environment and continue their lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mixed cultivation is part of the crop rotation program and a suitable solution for weed control, especially in low-income agricultural systems. The usefulness of intercropping compared to sole cultivation in weed control is due to the deprivation of weeds in the use of resources and higher yield usefulness. By creating diversity through intercropping, the stability of cropping systems increases. In such systems, optimal conditions are created for pest management, nutrient rotation, resource utilization, and increased yield. Therefore, the need to use ecological principles such as intercropping to increase the productivity of arable land seems necessary. After cereals, legumes are the second most important source of human food and have a special place among crops. These plants have an effective role in increasing soil fertility and reducing greenhouse gases due to their coexistence with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. They are one of the most important grain legumes in the world. In 2017, the global area under bean cultivation (Vicia faba L.) is estimated at 2.463 million hectares and its global production is estimated at 4.840 million tons. The area under cultivation and its production in Iran in 2017 has also been reported to be 217.28 thousand hectares with a production of 17.882 thousand tons. The present study aimed to compare single cultivation and incremental bean mixture in a mixed bean cultivation system (barley-bean) concerning the yield of each plant and the rate of weed suppression. Materials and Methods: This research is carried out at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Shushtar Branch, with a geographical location of 32 degrees and 3 minutes north and 48 degrees and 50 minutes east and an arid and semi-arid climate, with an average rainfall of 321.4 mm and an average temperature. The annual minimum and maximum were 9.5 and 46.3 °C, respectively. Treatments included sole and mixed cultivation of barley (Valfajr cultivar) and beans (Barakat cultivar). In sole cultivation, barley density of 400 plants per square meter and bean density of 20 plants per square meter were considered based on the recommended seed amount. Treatments included sole and mixed cultivation of barley (Valfajr cultivar) and beans (Barakat cultivar). In sole cultivation, barley density of 400 plants per square meter and bean density of 20 plants per square meter were considered based on the recommended seed amount. In mixed cultivation, barley density was fixed (400 plants per square meter) and bean density was determined as a percentage of net cultivation including (12.5, 25, 37.5, 50, and 62.5%). The research was conducted based on randomized complete blocks with four replications based on the incremental method in the mixed system in the 2009-2010 crop years. Results and Discussion: The net crop yield of each plant was higher compared to its mixed crop. The highest barley yield 2496 kg/ha was observed in sole cultivation. By increasing the ratio of beans in intercropping from 12.5 to 62.5%, barley grain yield decreased from 93 to 73% compared to its sole crop. The highest yield of beans was obtained in its net cultivation with 2621 kg/ha. A comparison of cultivation mixing treatments showed that by increasing the ratio of beans in mixed cultivation from 12.5 to 62.5%, bean seed yield increased from 12 to 48%. Although the grain yield of crops in the mixture was lower compared to their net cultivation, the total productivity of the land in mixed cultivation improved as a result of the higher parity ratio of the whole land. The average values of land parity ratio were obtained from 1.05 to 1.23 in different ratios of barley and bean intercropping. This means that the net cultivation of each plant requires 5 to 23% more land to produce the same yield compared to mixed cultivation, which indicates that the efficiency of land use in mixed cultivation is higher than in sole cultivation. The effect of different crop ratios on dry weight and weed density was significant compared to sole barley at the 1% probability level. The highest and lowest dry weight of weeds with 71 and 47 g/m2, respectively, were related to sole barley and the ratio of 62.5: 100 (beans: barley). However, the comparison of weed dry weight in different proportions of intercropping showed no significant difference. Conclusion: Mixed barley and bean farming can be economically and environmentally promising in most parts of Iran, with high population density, small farms and limited income. In this study, despite the decrease in barley yield due to the increase in the ratio of the associated crop (beans) to barley, intercropping was more productive according to the results of total grain yield and land parity ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1- INTRODUCTION Todays, encouraging the growth of small businesses has been a matter of concern and interest in most developed economies. It is often argued that entrepreneur and small businesses play a major role as an engine of economic growth and they contribute to social wealth through the creation of new businesses and jobs. For these reasons, governments have recently paid more attention to the role of entrepreneur and small businesses. In particular, innovative entrepreneur and small businesses with growth potential are seen as pioneers to develop new business fields in stagnated economies. The issue of business sustainability is important not only in big cities but also in medium and small cities and even informal settlements. In Iran, the phenomenon of informal settlements is one of the most important problems in big and small cities. Meanwhile, East Azerbaijan province, especially the metropolis of Tabriz, is not exempt from the phenomenon of informal settlements. Khalilabad of Tabriz city is one of the informal settlements, which according to the obtained estimates, has a population of 21 thousand and 373 people and is approximately 1.5% of the population of Tabriz city. Surveys have shown that in informal settlements, despite the high capacities in the field of entrepreneurship, the use of these potentials for the development of employment and the labor market has been neglected, and the continuation and stabilization of these types of jobs and businesses is always a problem for entrepreneurs. 2- THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Sustainability comes from sustainable development, which simply means development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Scholars have defined sustainability differently, with complicated meanings and interpretations. Some researchers, defines sustainability as the balancing of the environment, social and economic aspects. Meanwhile, the stabilization of small businesses and entrepreneurs plays an important role in the economic growth and development of countries. Entrepreneur and Small Businesses are becoming increasingly important for the creation and development of a modern, dynamic and knowledge-based economy. This is because of their capacity to promote entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial skills, and because of their ability to be flexible and adapt quickly to a changing market, and to generate new jobs. Entrepreneur and Small Businesses is the backbone of the economy. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development reports These enterprises make a major contribution in the field of innovation and support regional development and social cohesion. Also, Entrepreneur and Small Businesses in most low-income countries give significant contribution to GDP growth and the creation of new jobs. For this reason, the identification of external and internal factors affecting the development of Entrepreneur and Small Businesses in informal in informal settlements is very important. Researchers divide the causes of instability into two categories: external and internal factors. The external factors of business instability are: 1- Features of the economic system, 2- Competition, 3- Rapid changes in technology, 4- Commercial fluctuations. The internal factors of business instability are: 1- Inefficiency of management, 2- Insufficient sales, 3- Pricing Mistakes, 3- Legal-financial issues, 4- Social-value barriers 3- METHODOLOGY In this study, Questionnaire was used for information collection. The questionnaire was validated after some revisions following consulting with professionals and experts. An interpretative equation (ISM) is used to analyze the results of the findings. Interpretive Structural Modeling ISM or Interpretive Structural Modeling is a method for designing the pattern of complex and multiple relationships between the variables of a phenomenon. This method is a type of structural analysis based on the interpretation paradigm. Designing an Interpretive Structural Model (ISM) is a method to investigate the effect of each variable on other variables; In this method, the effective and essential factors are first identified, and then, using the method that has been presented, the relationships between these factors and the way to achieve progress by these factors have been presented. 4- RESULTS & DISCUSSION Based on the findings and affecting factors on development of small businesses and entrepreneurs (Financial-Economical, social-psychological, environmental, legal-political, communication-information, technical-technological, marketing, infrastructure-institutional, personality-individual and physical-spatial factors), variables were classified in 5 different levels. After analyzing the MICMAC, the variables were divided into three groups: influence, independent and dependent variables. Since, according to the results, Financial-economical, institutional- infrastructural, and technical-technological factors are one of the most basic factors in the sustainable development of small businesses and entrepreneurs (Khalilabad of Tabriz). 5- CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS The results of the research show that financial-Economical, social-psychological, physical-spatial, infrastructural-institutional, marketing, communication-informational, technical-technological and personality-individual factors influence on the sustainability of small businesses and entrepreneurs. Also, because of the importance of the market in the field of small businesses, it is necessary for the government to increase its support in the field of providing suitable platforms (economical, legal, infrastructural, technical factors, etc.), by using the facilities and equipment of other executive bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction During the past few decades, there has been widespread immigration to urban centers of wealth for utilization of opportunities and better conditions in prospect due to the dominance of the city-oriented capitalist economy, shortcomings, and failures of governments and official markets, and inequality in southern countries. Along with the inefficiency of governments and urban planning systems in satisfying needs, particularly those for dwelling and employment, this trend has led to spontaneous urban settlements. Therefore, it is essential to provide low-income groups with dwellings and present solutions in accordance with the residents’ financial capability. David Gouverneur presented a novel approach in 2015, which came to be known as informal armatures (IA). He believes that spontaneous urban settlements involve numerous physical and social complexities, and to simplify, the environment, morphology, and administrative aspects need to be balanced. He states that the problems with these settlements can be solved by the people, local governments, and central governments. This research has investigated the informal armatures approach in Sanandaj, Iran. Theoretical framework Beyond the theoretical controversies in this regard, the IA approach presents a framework for spontaneous neighborhoods before the occupation of land with a preventive, futuristic attitude. This approach approves of spontaneous urban settlements’ innovative, innate socio-spatial features and adopts this as a point to begin improvement. The conditions that need to be met for a successful IA approach include pre-emptive and transformative nature (political acceptance of the informality, presentation of appropriate public land with participation from the public and private sectors, and instruction of staff capable of implementing the approach), consideration of physical and performative components, hybrid and multi-scalar operations, environment-friendly nature, consideration of flexible planning components, and adaptability to different site conditions. Moreover, corridors, patches, and custodians are major components in planning and design based on the IA approach. Methodology The paradigm governing this research is pragmatism, which some contemporary methodologists have considered the foundation of research methodology with hybrid methods. In accordance with this worldview, the conceptual framework of the research has first been extracted besides an examination of the theoretical views on the topic based on Gouverneur’s perspectives in order to provide the background. Then, it was investigated how the approach could be adapted to Sanandaj in line with the research purpose. The statistics required to apply the approach to Sanandaj were extracted from the censuses of individuals and dwellings and the village lexicons, and satellite images and location data on the current state of Sanandaj in ArcGIS were used for the analysis of the spatial conditions of the city. Results and discussion Sanandaj is a city with particular topographic features and looks as if located in a space cup due to the highs around the city and the variety of hills inside it. It can be extended mainly on the eastern side. Moreover, three spatial layers of spontaneous urban settlements have taken shape in Sanandaj so far. The first layer is the fixed layer inside the city; the origination dates back to the period between the 1960s and 1980s and is regarded today as the distressed middle area of the city. The second layer involves settlements with backgrounds as villages located within the limits of Sanandaj, which are known today as unconnected urban areas and have been excluded from the informal settlement. A third layer is also taking shape around the city, given the barren lands inside it, including villages with growing populations. The investigations demonstrated that Sanandaj could be considered for pilot research on the application of the IA approach, given its features. Conclusion Inspired by the international policies, different approaches have been adopted so far in Iran with respect to spontaneous urban settlements. However, these approaches have failed to stop the extension process of these settlements, and about twelve million of the country’s urban population thus resides in these settlements today. Moreover, all the previous approaches have mainly disregarded the important idea of future development of these settlements and the combination of the planning, morphological, and administrative components, while the IA approach has successfully filled the gap. The informal armatures approach can prevent fundamental problems, particularly in terms of infrastructure, in future spontaneous urban settlements through mutual government-people management and consideration of residents’ financial capability and planning tools such as the interconnection of corridors around the city, provision of patches, and protection of valuable land. Moreover, this approach can contribute significantly as one of the most effective futuristic, collaborative approaches (top-down and bottom-up), as it provides widespread coverage of informal urban settlement in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, rural youth are fewer tendencies to settle in rural areas and engage in agricultural activities, while the future of agricultural development in any country depends on rural youth. Considering the importance of the employment of rural youth in agriculture, this qualitative research was conducted with the aim of Analysis of reasons for the decrease tendency of rural youth to agricultural occupation. The population of the study included the rural youth in Cheleh District of Gilan-e-Gharb Township. The main data collection tool was in-depth interviews with rural youth who were studied through purposive sampling and snowball method. Analysis of data collected by content analysis method using MAX-QDA12 software led to the identification of 32 concepts related to the most important reasons for the decrease tendency of rural youth to agricultural occupation, which in the form of 5 main categories including 1) high risk for agricultural occupation, 2) low income and difficulty of agricultural profession, 3) negative attitude towards the village, 4) lack of health and welfare facilities in the village and 5) lack of enough credit in the agricultural sector. The findings of this study indicate the fact that rural youth prefer non-agricultural occupations to agriculture, which may be due to the high profitability and convenience of those occupations. Therefore, the need seems to help with coherent and appropriate planning to increase utility in rural areas, which can create a sense of belonging, participation, capital, entrepreneurship development, vitality to the village and the rural environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Housing is among the basic needs of human beings. In different countries, governments make comprehensive planning and measures to provide different classes, especially low-income ones, with housing. Over recent years, the government of Iran has established the policy of Mehr Housing Construction to satisfy the legal and common expectations of low-income classes regarding housing. The execution of this policy deals with a broad range of subjects, especially from the environmental aspect. Accordingly, this study aimed exploring the location of Mehr Housing in Izeh, Iran, focusing on the environmental aspect. For doing the descriptive-analytical study, the data were collected using library and documentary studies. A total of eight criteria, including the distance from the ground slope, land use, distance from ground shape, distance from the fault, distance from the river, soil erosion, and effective geomorphology were explored. The data were analyzed using AHP FUZZY technique based on a survey of experts. The weights of criteria were determined within the range of 0-1 in ARC GIS using the FUZZY OVERLAY and GAMMA operators. The results indicated that from the environmental perspective, the location of Mehr Housing in Izeh has a medium status. Moreover, the project could be located in a much better place than its current location, regarding environmental indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Tea is one of strategic products in north of Iran with a history of 120 years. However, Per capita consumption of tea in Iran from 1977 to 2016 reached from 2.1 kg to 5.1 kg. Increasing consumption lead to accurate estimation of tea demand and supply and would help to adopt effective policies. Materials and Methods: annual prices and demand data is used for estimation Threshold regression model. The supply elasticities are calculated by original Nerlovian partial adjustment framework. Findings: The Hansen test showed that per capita income had two regimes (one threshold) in this study. The level of income threshold is about 20 million Rials. This study, with the estimation of nonlinear structure in tea demand, showed that, income elasticity for both high and low income level is positive and significant Conclusion: For low-income groups, tea is an inelastic and essential commodity that tends to become more elastic as income increases. Income elasticity of demand is positive and significant for both high and low income groups. The results showed that the possibility of increasing production by increasing the cultivation area is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: One of the most important goals of the countries, especially developing countries, is economic growth and development. Foreign direct investment along with human capital and financial development are important factors that can have a significant impact on economic growth. Human capital can be used as a facilitator for the transfer of technology related to foreign direct investment. In addition, evidences show that human capital plays a complementary role to the impact of foreign direct investment on economic growth. Technology overflow into domestic companies is also more efficient when financial markets in the host economy are more developed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the short-run and long-run effects of foreign direct investment, human capital and financial development on the economic growth of various income groups in developing countries. METHODOLOGY: The model used for unsustainable economies (developing countries) is designed to be appropriate for the current study. In this model, the effect of population growth rate and technology, physical capital, human capital, financial development, foreign direct investment, foreign direct investment interaction and financial development and the interaction of foreign direct investment and human capital on economic growth is examined. The statistical population is developing countries in the period 2000-2019. For the study, developing countries were divided into four categories: low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income, which included a total of 27 countries (9 Asian countries, 9 African countries, and 9 South American countries). In this study, first, the significance of variables for developing countries by income groups was investigated. Then, based on the Kao test, the existence of long-run equilibrium relationships among the variables related to the income groups of developing countries was confirmed. FMOLS and DOLS methods were used to investigate the integration. FINDINGS: The results of long-run estimates show that foreign direct investment alone is 0.27 effective on the economic growth of high-income countries, and when combined with human capital and financial development, its impact on economic growth is 0.42 and It will be 0.104. Thus, the effect of the interaction of foreign direct investment and human capital is greater than the effect of foreign direct investment alone on the economic growth of highincome countries. But in other income groups of developing countries, the interaction of foreign direct investment with human capital and financial development has not had a positive effect on economic growth. Also, the results of short-run estimates showed that foreign direct investment alone does not affect the economic growth of high-income countries, but the interaction of foreign direct investment and financial development and the interaction of foreign direct investment and human capital by 0.48 and respectively. 2.13 affects economic growth. This result shows that in the short run, foreign direct investment alone has no effect on economic growth, but along with human capital and financial development have a positive effect on economic growth in these countries. In other income groups of developing countries, the interaction of foreign direct investment with human capital and financial development has not had a positive effect on economic growth. Also, the correct component of the error of foreign direct investment interaction with financial development and human capital shows that in each period, 78% and 95% of the imbalances in the system are eliminated to achieve long-run equilibrium, respectively. But in other income groups, the speed of adjustment is very low or non-existent. CONCLUSION: These results show that high-income countries have realized that it is possible to increase productivity due to the high level of human capital and skilled labor through the transfer of new technologies and technology overflows, and this is a positive factor in Economic growth works. Also in high-income developing countries, due to the high institutional capacity in the economic structure that has led to comprehensive efficiency in the mechanism of credit allocation of these countries, the interactive effect of foreign direct investment and financial development on economic growth in the short-run and long -run is positive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Brain drain is one of the most critical challenges facing developing countries. Educated and skilled people migrate from these countries to more economically stable ones. Brain drain can reduce the capabilities and economic growth in developing countries. Human capital is significant in the theories of economic growth; as a result, less developed countries, as a source of brain drain, mainly face problems such as a low economic growth rate and a high unemployment rate. Another consequence that the countries of brain drain origin are faced with is the reduction of the economic well-being of the society. This is because productivity decreases with the removal of human capital and the government is forced to increase the cost of education. One of the ways to reduce the problem of brain drain is to raise the level of life expectancy and increase people's satisfaction and self-confidence. For this purpose, it is necessary to improve living conditions and create suitable job opportunities in countries with a low level of human development. In addition, raising education and knowledge can increase people's capabilities and improve working conditions in countries. Political instability is one of the most severe obstacles to a country's economic growth and development. The lack of political stability can lead to decreased investment, increased inflation, and economic and social problems. A low level of political stability has a negative effect on economic and financial development. This is because political instability causes an increase in risk and uncertainty in economic contracts, the structure of property rights, and tax policies for entrepreneurs. Improving the political stability of a country is an essential step toward achieving economic growth and development; countries with higher political stability have more power to create wealth. Nowadays, Brain drain is a critical issue in developing countries. Low income, high unemployment, discrimination, and lack of social justice are the main reasons for brain drain. Developing countries face political, economic and financial instability; as a result, skilled and talented individuals seek better welfare and job opportunities in developed countries. This study aims to investigate the impacts of country risk and human development on brain drain in 106 countries. To achieve the goal of the study, the countries in question are divided into three groups including countries with a low political risk (44 countries), a medium political risk (48), and a high political risk (14 countries) from 2007 to 2020. The research is conducted through the fixed panel method, the standard generalized method of moments, and two-stage generalized method of moments. The results of the research show that country risk and its sub-indices in all the three groups of countries have a positive effect on increasing brain drain. This effect is greater in countries with medium and high political risk levels. Also, the human development index negatively and significantly affects the brain drain in the studied countries. To reduce the level of brain drain, it is suggested for policymakers to give priority to providing suitable conditions for business and investment in the country so as to increase job opportunities and improve economic conditions. Methodology: In this research, both one- and two-step methods have been used to prevent single effects. Two tests are proposed to ensure the appropriateness of using this method for estimating the model. Initially, the Sargan test is used to demonstrate the validity of the instrumental variables. The second test includes a) the first-order correlation test AR and b) the second-order AR. According to Arellano and Bond (1992), in GMM estimation, the disruptive terms should have first-order serial correlation, not second-order one (Arellano & Bover, 1995). Findings and Discussion: The results indicate that country risk and its sub-indices positively affect brain drain in countries with low, medium, and high political risks. However, this effect is more potent in medium- and high-political-risk countries. The human development index also negatively and significantly impacts brain drain in all countries. As an important finding, the effect of country risk and its sub-indices on brain drain in countries with low political risk levels is less than that in countries with medium and high political risks. In fact, in countries with low risk levels, the effect of uncertainty and the risk of brain drain is less; in these countries, investment security is high, and investment laws and regulations are usually substantial. Moreover, Human development can be considered as one of the factors to reduce brain drain. Poverty and unemployment will decrease by increasing education, improving health, and increasing access to economic opportunities, job opportunities, and entrepreneurship. Also, human development can improve living conditions and social security, reducing brain drain. As a comprehensive and inclusive solution, it can help to reduce brain drain in different countries. Conclusion and Policy Implications: Brain drain has become a critical issue in poor and less developed countries. This issue in developing countries is primarily due to political, economic, and financial instability. For this reason, skilled and talented people migrate to advanced countries for better welfare conditions and job opportunities. This issue causes a decrease in human capital and, as a result, a reduction in the economic growth and development of the countries of origin. In addition, brain drain causes discrimination and social injustice in developing countries because people with high abilities migrate to developed countries, while people with fewer abilities and without particular expertise remain in their country of origin. The results indicate that country risk and its sub-indices positively affect brain drain in countries with low, medium and high levels of political risk. However, this effect is greater in countries with medium and high political risk levels. Also, the human development index negatively and significantly impacts brain drain in all the studied countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Women heads of households face psychological and social difficulties and challenges to achieve psychological well-being. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to compare the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy and existential therapy on the psychological well-being and hope of female heads of households in Rasht city. Materials and Methods: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up plan with two experimental groups and a control group. The statistical population includes all female heads of households in the city of Rasht and the sample size includes 60 people who were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (20 people in the existential therapy group and 20 people in the cognitive behavioral therapy group) and a control group (20 people). were given. Then, eight 90-minute group sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy and existential therapy were presented to each of the two experimental groups. The data collection tools included the psychological well-being questionnaire of Carol Reif (1989) and the hope questionnaire of Schneider and colleagues (2002). Analysis of variance with repeated measurements was used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the main effect of time is statistically significant in the variables of psychological well-being and hope, which means that between the three stages of pre-test, post-test and follow-up in the variables of psychological well-being and hope of women heads of households in the two experimental groups (cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy) there was a significant difference, which indicated the significant effect of both treatment methods on the dependent variables of the research. This is even though the effect of group and time was not significant, that there was no significant difference between the effect of two methods of cognitive-behavioral therapy and existential therapy on the variables of psychological well-being and hope. Conclusion: Both treatment methods have been able to increase the psychological well-being and hope of female heads of the household to the same extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the level of satisfaction with dental services at Ahvaz Jundishapur School of Dentistry and measure the related aspects of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with the level of fear of dentistry. Subjects and Methods Across-sectional study was conducted between late 2020 and early 2021 involving 460 patients at Ahvaz Jundishapur School of Dentistry. The Dental Fear Scale (DFS) and Dental Satisfaction Questionnaire (DSQ) were administered to participants. Results The mean level of satisfaction in the present study was 62.77%, and the pain level was reported to be 9.86%. Men and women were significantly different in terms of their level of fear. There were significant differences in mean scores for quality and overall satisfaction between individuals with high school diploma and those holding a university degree. The results demonstrated that fear was significantly associated with quality and overall satisfaction. Conclusion There was a significant difference in the level of fear, the mean quality score, and overall satisfaction between the two diploma and university education groups. Also, fear was significantly associated with quality and overall satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In today's world, policies play a decisive role in various fields and are not only known as a process for solving social problems; Rather, they are considered a useful tool to create legitimacy and survival of the society. The planning of health. financing policies is a political and complex process; therefore, the present study was carried out with the aim of presenting an entrepreneurial policy model for sustainable financing of Iran's health system. Method: The present research "In terms of the research philosophy" is of the pragmatist type, in terms of the purpose is practical, is a survey study " in terms of the nature", and in terms of the mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative), it is of the exploratory type. According to the purpose and nature, this research is a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and exploratory research. The tool for collecting information in this research is a semi-structured interview and a questionnaire. The approach of the qualitative part was thematic analysis, which was done by reviewing texts and interviewing experts and doing coding. The combined method of ISMDEMATEL was used to level and rank the factors and determine the dimensions, components, and types of variables, as well as examine the relationships between the variables of the model, determine the intensity of the relationships, and identify the influence and effectiveness of the criteria. In order to determine the current state of policy entrepreneurship in terms of model components, a questionnaire was used in the quantitative section. Results: The results of this study identified 12 factors influencing the design of an entrepreneurial policy model for sustainable financing of Iran's health system in 9 levels and 4 categories, including 1. Linked factors (intelligence, responsibility, effectiveness), 2. Independent factors (transparency, macroeconomic insight, entrepreneurial culture, strategic vision), 3. Autonomous factors (governance and entrepreneurial performance) and 4. Dependent factors (accountability, learning and ethics). Conclusion: The results of the research show that there is a significant difference between the current and desired conditions in all the examined variables, and in some indicators such as inclusiveness, governance, accountability, efficiency and effectiveness, this gap is greater. Therefore, it is suggested to use entrepreneurial policy components for sustainable financing of the health system. Also, in the current research, based on the findings, the linked variables (intelligence, responsibility, efficiency and effectiveness) have a high power of influence and dependence, therefore, the influence and effectiveness of these parameters is very high and any small change on these variables causes fundamental changes. It is in the system. Also, independent variables (including: transparency, macroeconomic insight, entrepreneurial culture, strategic vision) have high influence power and low dependence, so high influence and low influence are their characteristics. Therefore, it can be concluded that by focusing more on these variables, which are the key variables of the present research, it is possible to achieve positive and productive effects faster in the entrepreneurial policy system for sustainable financing of Iran's health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the widespread phenomenon of moonlighting in the uncertain and complex environment of the labor market, there is still no definite theoretical consensus on its antecedents and consequences. In this sense, the aim of the present research is to provide a model for moonlighting in the form of identifying the precedents and their consequences. The researchers first employed the meta-synthesis strategy, which is based on Sindlovsky and Barroso's seven-step process, to locate and examine scientific articles pertaining to the moonlighting phenomenon in order to determine its causes and effects. The Glynn standard check list was used to confirm the selected articles' reliability, and the holistic method was employed to assess their validity. Subsequently, in the second phase, 28 multiple job-holder were chosen using a targeted continuous sampling method in conjunction with the opportunity and snowball methods. Following a semi-structured interview, the data were coded using extensive, organizing, and basic codes utilizing MAXQDA software and the thematic analysis approach. The findings from both stages of the research resulted in the provision of a model for the moonlighting phenomenon with individual, work related, and environmental antecedents, each with different sub-components as well as individual, work-related, and socio-economic consequences with two layers. This model provides a deeper insight into the discrepancy between the antecedents and the moonlighting consequences that can guide managers and decision-makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living poverty of citizens is one of the biggest challenges facing many governments around the world. Because its severity and continuity can endanger the political, social and economic life of countries. Many researches about poverty have been done in scientific and research circles, but so far no comprehensive research has been done to conceptualize policies, strategies and programs to reduce poverty in Iran. The final goal of this research was to outline the policies, strategies and programs of poverty alleviation in Iran based on a kind of qualitative research and in the light of qualitative data content analysis method in Iran. The time domain of the research is related to (the end of the war) 1368 and the geographical area of Iran. The research findings show that three main policies (regulation, support and promotion) and six strategies and 21 programs can be used to eliminate poverty in Iran. The results of this research will be useful for policy makers and executive managers as well as other researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to recognize of causes of the non-participation of ranchers in the transformation of low-yielding arid lands into hand-planted rangelands in Golestan Province in Iran. The research was descriptive and survey-type. The statistical population includes 132 non-participating ranchers in the project in 17 range allotments in the Northern rangelands of Gonbad-e-kavus County using random sampling, 98 of which were selected as the research samples. Data were gathered through a questionnaire, and its face validity was confirmed by experts of extension and rangeland. The reliability analysis was conducted with Cronbach's alpha method, and the coefficient value for the questions of reasons for non-participation was 0.926. Data were analyzed using SPSS23 software. The results showed that the most important reasons for the non-participation of ranchers in the project were as follows: the tendency to use rangeland to cultivate agricultural products due to the need for agricultural income, the low-profit percentage from rangeland seed sales, lack of trust in rangeland crop insurance, low-income rangeland management compared to crop cultivation with the transformation of low-yielding arid lands into hand-planted pastures and not having enough capital to the transformation of lowyielding arid lands into hand-planted rangelands. Using the factor analysis method, the reasons for the non-participation of pastoralists were summarized in 20 factors of individual, economic, social, organizational, legal, and technical nature. These factors explain more than 76% of the variance of the reasons for the nonparticipation of rangers in the project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aim: Compliance with health behaviors during pregnancy plays an important role in the health of mothers and their neonates. The aim of the study was to determine factors predicting adherence to COVID-19 health protocols among pregnant women in Zanjan province in 2020. Methods & Materials: A cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted on 2336 pregnant women referred to comprehensive health centers in Zanjan province in 2020. The samples were selected by the multi-stage sampling method. Data were collected by telephone using a researcher-designed questionnaire on health practices and overall perception of COVID-19 disease. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression model were used at the confidence level of 95% through the SPSS software version 16. Results: Most women were in the second trimester of pregnancy and living in the urban areas. Considering the median score as a cutting point, the participants’ adherence level was 46.5% over the median score and at a desirable level. The handwashing adherence was 84.7% and mask use was 76.6%. Location, age, education, occupation, household income, and family history of COVID-19 disease were the most important predictors of compliance with COVID-19 health protocols (P<0.001). Conclusion: Adherence to health protocols was at a relatively desirable level in almost half of the participants. It is suggested that education and support programs be designed and implemented for young and low-income groups living in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: One of the prominent technologies that has played an important role in COVID-19 crisis is mobile learning. Mobile learning has emerged as a powerful tool in teaching and learning which is considered as one of the beneficial and practical solutions to prevent the closure of the universities. Despite the significance of mobile learning as a tool that has changed the learning strategies by helping the learners to manage their learning with a flexible approach and to provide new horizons in the field of education system, it has its own challenges. Therefore, identifying these challenges can help provide solutions and make the most of technology in the teaching-learning process. Accordingly, the present study has identified the challenges of mobile learning from the perspective of students. Methods: The present study is applied in terms of purpose and phenomenological in terms of qualitative approach. The target population were undergraduate, graduate and doctoral students of Al-Zahra University who had some experiences in using cell phones for e-learning. Accordingly, after utilizing purposive sampling, 32 students were interviewed until the theoretical saturation was reached. To analyze the interviews, the Colaizzi content analysis method was used. To validate the data, peer review method was applied and the reliability was checked through using the two-coder agreement which was equal to 86 between two codes. Findings: The findings showed that out of 315 extracted codes, 68 codes were dedicated to physical challenges, 35 codes to psychological challenges, 31 codes to quality learning challenges, 63 codes to hardware challenges, 52 codes to infrastructure challenges, 39 codes to skill challenges, and 27 codes to supportive challenges. Physical challenges include: headache and dizziness, extreme eye fatigue, exacerbation of neurological diseases and sleep disturbance. Psychological challenges include: stress and anxiety, depression and hopelessness, and lack of concentration and distraction. Hardware challenges include: keyboard problems, battery and charging problems, microphone and audio problems, file download problems, IC problems, and low mobile memory problems. Infrastructure challenges include: poor internet and facilities and equipment. Skills challenges include individual skills. Learning quality challenges include: quality of teaching and research. Supportive challenges included: organizational support, family support, and faculty support. Conclusion: The Corona pandemic crisis has once again displayed educational and distributional injustices, and that many students in disadvantaged areas have encountered serious challenges in attending virtual classes and conducting educational and research work. Since for most students using a mobile phone is the only option for attending virtual classes, it is recommended to eliminate or reduce physical challenges through scheduling classes at regular intervals, using brightly colored slides, combining text, videos, and using a combination of online and offline techniques. To meet the infrastructure challenges, it is recommended to use free high-speed Internet and also to purchase or rent powerful servers to provide e-learning services. University funding and the purchase of appropriate facilities including computers and mobile phones can help address many of the hardware challenges. To address skill challenges, training skills in working with educational software and academic messengers and holding various introductory and advanced workshops are essential for students. Moreover, to address supportive challenges, it is suggested that the universities seek financial resources from various organizations and charitable support and allocation of appropriate budget; after identifying low-income and underprivileged students, low-interest loans or grants should be allocated to these students for buying computers and mobile phones and by providing underprivileged students with free loans the supportive challenges can be overcome more than before. Also, instructors should understand the students' conditions by identifying the mentioned students in their classes and deal with them with more flexibility and educational aids. The families’ understanding of the educational conditions and providing a convenient environment and facilities to the best of their abilies can minimize psychological challenges to the least. Despite the fact that paying attention to infrastructure and hardware challenges as a prerequisite for the quality of learning is crucial, to meet the challenges of quality learning, solutions such as allocating useful activities to increase students' learning, doing teamwork with a fair division of tasks to avoid the pressure of work on students, appropriate and timely feedback from instructors, and a variety of written and oral assignments are highly recommended. Finally, it can be noted that by overcoming these challenges, the psychological challenges of stress and frustration in students will also be alleviated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: With the advent of the Internet as the main channel for the supply of products and services in recent years, customers' experience of online shopping has become vital. The purpose of this research was segmenting customer's experience of online retail stores. Methodology: This study was an applied research in terms of purpose, and a descriptive-survey one in terms of method. The statistical population included all the people, who had an experience of buying from online retailers. The required sample size was calculated by using Cochran's formula for infinite communities. From among them, 384 people were selected through the available nonprobability sampling method. The data collection tool was a standard questionnaire, the validity and reliability of which were confirmed by content validity and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. To analyze the data and segment the customers, the approach of Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) was taken based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) by using ViscoverySOMine software. Results and Discussion: According to the findings, the customers, who had an experience with online retailers, were divided into 3 segments with different demographic characteristics and components of online experience. The three categories of customers were apathetic, utilitarian, and visual customers. The first segment (apathetic customers) included those who were least affected by the components of the experience. The ability to communicate with the seller was most important to this group. The second group (utilitarian customers) consisted of the young and low-income women, who had the least online shopping in the short time. Benefit and trust were more important to the customers of this group. The young to middle-aged middle-income women constituted the third group (visual customers). These women often had online shopping for a long time. These people attached great importance to the product availability and paid more attention to store familiarity compared to other two clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change has had a significant impact on agriculture, especially in the low-income segment of society. Effective adaptation can increase the resilience of the agricultural sector and the level of food security in the face of climate change. The present study investigated the perceptions of farmers and government experts regarding climate change in the agricultural sector of Rostam City, Fars Province, its effect on agriculture, and adaptation to the observed trends. The adaptation strategy index (ASI) was used to prioritize strategies adapted to climate change, and the Krejcie and Morgan sampling method was used to collect responses from farmers (370 people) and experts (15 people). The validity of the answers was confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The findings showed that the experts understood the main evidence and effects of climate change in the region. However, for farmers, hydro-climatic changes in water resources and precipitation were more tangible. They believed that this had a direct impact on income. Therefore, a large part of the studied community chose an adaptive strategy to save irrigation through modernization. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that there was a significant difference between the views of the local community and government experts. This issue can be an obstacle to the implementation of climate change adaptation strategies in the region. In addition to prioritizing and creating awareness, the optimal performance of adaptive policies requires coordination, preferably through a collaborative approach, and overcoming conflicts between local communities and government authorities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Planning for the development of low-income villages, on the other hand, technology simplicity, the need for less capital, a shorter period of return on investment and other benefits of small industries, the scale of the agricultural sector, the need to launch such industries has made it more visible than before. However, the path of launching these industries is not always simple and faces various obstacles. Hence, the purpose of this study was to identify and determine the barriers to the establishment of small-scale industries in the agricultural sector. To identify the barriers, 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with provincial experts. Analysis of data collected from interviews led to the identification of 41 concepts in the form of 7 macro-categories of barriers. Then, the two-stage Delphi-fuzzy technique was used to reach a group agreement between the experts and to rank the inhibitory factors. According to the results of the Delphi-fuzzy technique, barriers to establishment of the small-scale industries in the agricultural sector in Kakavand district of Delfan city were classified into 5 categories. Financial-credit barriers with an average of 0.442, were the first priority barriers. Also, administrative-political barriers with an average of 0.426, lack of trained manpower and local entrepreneurs with an average of 0.417, lack of participatory, individual, and social spirit of the local community to invest with a total average of 0.407 and weak domestic and foreign investment with the average of 0.397 were in the next ranks. Providing credit, reducing administrative bureaucracy and political barriers, providing education to villagers and strengthening their participation, as well as attracting domestic and foreign investors to set up small-scale agricultural industries are the main research proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, diabetic patients need psychological support, in addition to physical care. In this regard, the present study aimed to assess the quality of life and psychological distress of diabetic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, a query on Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct was carried out for the titles and abstracts of articles published between 2020 (February) and 2021 (July) using the following keywords: Coronavirus 2019, Quality of Life, Diabetes, Depression, Stress, Anxiety, Mental Health, Pandemic, and Psychology. The abstracts of the published articles were reviewed, and in several stages, duplicate and unrelated items were removed from the study. Finally, 23 articles were selected for comprehensive review and data extraction. In this study, the PRISMA Systematic Review Study Guide was used. Results: Studies have demonstrated that during the COVID-19 pandemic, patients with diabetes experienced poor quality of life due to insufficient access to insulin and physicians, social isolation, distance from friends, loneliness, and lack of physical activity. Moreover, a weak immune system and fear of developing COVID-19 caused many diabetic patients to suffer from stress, depression, anxiety, and poor sleep quality. Furthermore, such factors as female gender, low income and education, loneliness, history of mental disorder, physical inactivity, smoking, fear of COVID-19, and lack of social support led to the aggravation of psychological distress and reduced quality of life in diabetic patients. Conclusion: It is acknowledged that during the Covid-19 pandemic, diabetic patients are among the high-risk groups and their mental health plays a crucial role in the severity of disease and their blood sugar levels. Therefore, virtual and remote psychological care is required during this period to increase the quality of life and mental health of diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This article aims to develop an integrated production-inventory-vehicle routing model for deteriorating products in a green supply chain considering environmental impacts. The objective is to maximize the profit of selling products considering the costs of production, setup, inventory holding, distribution, vehicle routing, transportation, fuel, and environmental pollutants. Design/methodology/approach: Intending to integrate the supply chain policies, the developed model aims to maximize the total profit of producers and wholesalers in a horizontal collaboration. The model is formulated to mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). A set of deteriorating products with a shelf life is assumed. The quality of the products decreases over time, and therefore, there is a fixed deterioration rate in each period. A discounting policy is considered for producers and wholesalers. The model is coded using IBM ILOG CPLEX. Three examples with different dimensions are solved in two centralized and decentralized versions. The sensitivity of demand and holding cost parameters are analyzed. Findings: The solving results of the model in both centralized and decentralized cases underlined increasing profits by integrating the supply chain decisions. By comparing the model's solving results in both centralized and decentralized cases, the sales revenue of the wholesalers in the decentralized case increased by more than 30% in all three samples when a price discount was possible. However, the revenue from the wholesalers' regular sales was more concentrated than those of decentralized case. Compared to the decentralized case, the manufacturers' revenues from discounted and regular sales in the centralized case also increased by more than 10% and 70%, respectively. Research limitations/implications: Although the demand and many other parameters such as cost and production rate are affected by many exogenous factors, and hence, are not deterministic in reality, demand was assumed deterministic. The problem was solved for small and medium-size samples. In real cases, the development of appropriate algorithms for solving large size samples is recommended. Practical implications: The basis of the proposed model is a study on a group of agricultural products from production to distribution, which can be applied for a real case study. This research influences business and the economy. It also proposes a model to build an effective collaboration between manufacturers and wholesalers to increase profitability. Social implications: This research tries to integrate decision-making in a supply chain and improve profitability. As a result, business improves and customer satisfaction increases. The model considers the waste of the deteriorating products, i.e. the destructive waste effects on the environment. Fuel consumption as a factor that harms the environment and depletes nonrenewable resources is also recognized. Moreover, possible price discounting can lead to profit increase, waste decrease, and satisfaction of economic or low-income customers. Considering the mentioned factors are substantial in a sustainable supply chain. Originality/value: This paper presents a mathematical model (MILP) for a supply chain of deteriorating items such as agricultural products. Due to the existing unequal and disproportionate volume of deteriorating products transporting between producers and wholesalers, the transportation fleet is considered heterogeneous. The possibility of a price discount policy is assumed to increase the demand level and total profit and decrease overall waste. Environmental considerations in the form of a reduction in fuel consumption and pollutants in routing are also recognized. The centralized and decentralized cases were also compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Statement of the Problem: Currently, the rural community of Iran faces many problems such as poverty, unemployment, low income, migration, low access to infrastructure and welfare services, and a high level of food insecurity. The main root of these problems lies in the weakness of the economic base of the villagers. The development and promotion of entrepreneurship among them are referred to as the engine of economic development. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate entrepreneurship indicators among villagers and identify the factors affecting them in the Owramanat region (Kermanshah province). Method: This quantitative and applied research was survey and descriptive-analytical in terms of type and methodology. The main research tool for data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire. Its validity and reliability were confirmed using the formal method and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The statistical population of the study included all heads of rural households living in the Owramanat region (N= 23344). Then, 209 of them (head of household) were selected using Bartlett et al.’s table (2001) and the stratified method with a proportional assignment of samples. Results: The research results show that the region is located on the lower level status of entrepreneurship indicators with an average of 2.453. The results of the structural analysis on determinants of entrepreneurship in rural areas show two factors of economic protection policies and environmental-regional factors with a total effect of 0.613 and 0.461, respectively, which are key factors affecting the development of entrepreneurship in rural areas. Innovation: Localization of entrepreneurship indicators provided by the Global Institute for Entrepreneurship Development in the study area could be considered the innovation of the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Many of the world's prestigious scientific researches that have been conducted in the field of housing planning show that housing provision and related policies in developing countries, especially for low)income urban groups, have become one of the most important urban challenges and have numerous economic consequences. It has also had its negative social and political consequences. The increasing growth of published researches and articles in this field makes a comprehensive and systematic review of studies in this field necessary, transparency and justice. Data and Method: In this regard, the aim of this article is to portray the prevailing situation in the study of the field of housing planning and policy through descriptive and comparative analysis of English articles published in the period from 2000 to 2022 in this field, including international and Iranian authors who adapt it portrays world studies and Iran. For this purpose, first, frequently used keywords related to housing planning were searched in Web of Science and Science Direct databases and retrieved as research data. The analysis of these articles was done using scientometric methods as well as micro and macro indicators of social network analysis and using VOSviewer software. Results: In this research, while introducing authors and universities that had a relatively high degree of centrality, it was found that the most emphasis of these articles was on themes such as Poverty, Facility, Price, Income, Market, Housing Affordability, Quantity and Quality. In Iran, in addition to these 10 fields, researchers have also been widely active in other fields such as physical resilience, natural resilience, housing policy, etc. Conclusion: In addition to helping to better understand the specialized literature of housing planning, the finding of this research help to identify the existing research gaps in Iraninan and World studies in this field and can also open the way for the future study and research paths of researches in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Improving the welfare of citizens is important for governments that are attributed to the welfare state. The Islamic Republic of Iran is no exception to this rule. The first and second paragraphs of Article 43, the twelfth paragraph of Article 3, and Articles 29-31 of the Constitution and all economic development programs fully reflect of this claim. Thus, in order to achieve this, a high percentage of the country's total revenue sources have been allocated to subsidies for basic goods for many years. However, the inappropriate implementation of support policies has acted in violation of its purpose, i.e. empowerment of the low-income groups. Achieving unexpected results from the implementation of support policies made the country's officials to decide to pass a law on targeted subsidies. Research conducted on consequences of the implementation of the law on targeted subsidies shows the welfare costs resulting from rising prices, weakening of national production and the spread of unemployment in society. In addition, successive shocks resulting from exchange rate, financial and trade sanctions, and rising liquidity in the years following the implementation of the law on targeted subsidies have prompted researchers to examine the welfare losses incurred by the various income deciles, evaluate the results for proper planning and provide timely information to the country's officials and planners. Much research has been conducted in this field so far, but there have been few studies that show the difference in the cost of living in different parts of Iran, as influenced by cultural, economic and geographical factors. In addition, the success of economic development programs in providing welfare to the low-income groups has not been studied yet. Failure of planners to attend to the welfare status of citizens by geographical areas of the country will lead to the failure of welfare programs despite spending time and exorbitant costs. The present study examines the welfare losses of commodity inflation for urban households in the western and northwestern provinces of Iran in the fourth and fifth development plans to take a step to address this shortcoming. Methodology: In the present study, the data on price, total household expenditures and expenditures spent on the following 7 commodity groups are used: food, beverages and tobacco, housing and fuel, clothing and footwear, transportation and communications, miscellaneous goods and services, home appliances and furniture, entertainment and cultural affairs and education. These data have been extracted from the statistics on expenses and income of urban households during 2004-2015 in the Statistics Center of Iran and the price index chapter of statistical yearbooks of the whole country. The collected data are based on the linear expenditure system/model using the seemingly unrelated regression method. In this model, which consists of several equations, despite the distinction between independent and dependent variables of these equations, using the same data in them violates one of the classical assumptions (zero covariance of random error sentences) and leads to uncertainty in the estimators' results. In order to solve this problem, sur method is a suitable method for estimating the system of equations. Findings: Findings from poverty line calculations in the first year of the Fourth Development Plan show the highest and lowest monthly poverty lines for the provinces of Kurdistan and East Azerbaijan, respectively. At the end of the plan, this situation was for Lorestan and Zanjan provinces, respectively. At the end of the Fifth Development Plan, urban households in East Azerbaijan faced the highest cost to meet essential needs, while Ilam province was in the opposite point. At the beginning of the Fifth Development Plan, however, the situation for the two provinces was quite the opposite. The ranking study shows that the compensatory changes of a few percent of the income of urban households in different provinces on average in development programs indicate the first ranks in both development programs for Kurdistan province compared to other provinces. The increase in the prices of three commodity groups of food, beverages and tobacco, housing and fuel, and health and treatment has had the greatest welfare losses in the fourth and fifth development plans for the urban areas of Ilam and West Azerbaijan provinces, respectively. Results: In the present study, the highest welfare losses were due to rising prices of food, beverages and tobacco, housing and fuel, and health and treatment, and the result was contrary to the goals pursued in the Constitution and, in parallel, economic development plans. Thus, it is necessary to reduce the cost of food production by using new technologies with less energy consumption, which are the main input of agricultural production, but, in contrast, have faced a large increase in price after the targeted subsidies. In addition, officials need to be more sensitive to the consequences of policies that increase housing prices. On the other hand, allocating a larger share of government resources to free education and health services with a proper distribution throughout the country will promote human capital and, consequently, improve the welfare of households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION The present study investigates the effect of economy openness on financial development in a sample of 152 countries from 1995 to 2015emphasizing on countries income level. METHODOLOGY After reviewing indexes used as proxies to financial development, we used liquid liabilities, the proportion of bank assets and the proportion of credits granted to private sector as proxies to financial development and after specifying different models, the effect of economy openness on each index was separately investigated. FINDINGS Results show that economy openness has a positive and significant effect on financial development. Despite resistance of these results to different financial development indexes, its impact is sensitive to the kind of index and the selected sample. When liquid liabilities and granted credits to private sector are considered proxies to financial development, moving from the sample including low-income countries with incomes below average to the sample including high-income ones with incomes above average, the impact of economy openness on financial development increases. Moreover, if the proportion of banks assets is used as the proxy to financial development, moving from the sample including low-income countries with incomes below average to the sample including high-income ones with incomes above average, the impact of economy openness on financial development decreases. Accordingly, although the impact of economy openness on financial development is positive, the level of this impact is sensitive to the selected index and consequently the kind of selected index is important in conclusion. In this study, the impact of variables i.e. logarithm of GPD per capita, inflation and the degree of economy openness on financial development has been studied. The results indicate the positive impact of GDP per capita on financial development. This result is resistant to the sample and selected index for financial development. However, due to different indexes and samples, definite results have not been obtained regarding the impact of inflation and the degree of economy openness on financial development. The impact of these variables is sensitive to the selected sample and indexes. CONCLUSION Based on results, although economy openness has a positive impact on financial development, the level of this impact is sensitive to the selected index for financial development. Therefore, the selected index is of high importance for financial development. Furthermore, results show that GDP per capita logarithm has a positive impact on financial development. This result is resistant to the kind of sample and selected index. However, definite results regarding the impact of inflation and the degree of economy openness on financial development have not been obtained and their impact is sensitive to selected samples and the kind of financial development index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is one of the most important public health issues, and the evaluation and improvement of COVID-19 health literacy and self-care can be effective in preventing its spread. This study was conducted to investigate the health literacy of COVID-19 and its relationship with self-care among the health ambassadors of Urmia in 2021. Methods. In this descriptive-analytical study, 400 health ambassadors of Urmia were selected using the cluster random sampling method. The data-gathering tool was a questionnaire, including questions about self-care, COVID-19 health literacy, and demographic information. The data were analyzed by SPSS 19 using analysis of variance and regression tests. Results. COVID-19-related health literacy was reported to be at a good level (63.5%) in most health ambassadors. In addition, it had a statistically significant relationship with the level of education and economic status. Similarly, there was a significant relationship between self-care and demographic characteristics such as age, gender, level of education, occupation, and economic status (P>0.05). On the other hand, according to data analysis results, with an increase in health literacy related to COVID-19, regression modeling could predict 22% of self-care behaviors in the participants of the present study. Conclusion. Overall, there is a need for interventions by healthcare professionals for training to increase health literacy related to COVID-19 that results in self-care and adoption of health behaviors in health ambassadors, given the significance of COVID)19-related health literacy and its effects on self-care in these ambassadors. Practical Implications. The findings of this study can be presented to the Deputy of Health and healthcare providers so that actions can be taken to promote health literacy and self-care and prevent similar epidemics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parenting is one of the most challenging tasks for parents post-divorce, which affects the mental health of children. However, few researchers have investigated parents' lived experiences of parenting post-divorce with a phenomenological approach, based on the impact of parents' ignorance and ineffective strategies of parents. Aims: The present study aimed to understand the parents' lived experience of the challenges of Parenting post divorce. Methods: This study employed a qualitative research approach, specifically utilizing the descriptive phenomenology method. The target population for this investigation comprised parents who underwent post-divorce parenting experiences in 2022. A total of 16 individuals actively engaged in parenting following divorce were selected as research participants. These participants were recruited through purposeful sampling, ensuring maximum diversity, and were drawn from individuals referred to Family Court Complex 1 in Tehran. The data collection method employed semi-structured interviews to glean insights from the participants. Subsequently, data analysis was conducted using the Colaizzi method, comprising seven distinct stages, facilitated by MAXQDA. Results: The analysis of the data resulted in the identification of 7 main themes and 46 sub-themes. These main themes encompass crucial aspects of the post-divorce parenting experience, namely: children's difficulties in adapting after divorce, parental psychological challenges, inter-parental conflicts, parental challenges in relating to their children, parental unfamiliarity with post-divorce parenting, and alterations in family structure following divorce, and the adoption of maladaptive parenting strategies by parents. Conclusion: Parents acknowledge that parenting after divorce poses significant challenges. The inter-parental relationship, the psychological well-being of parents post-divorce, their familiarity with effective parenting techniques, and the utilization of efficient parenting approaches in the context of changing family dynamics can profoundly influence children's adaptation to new circumstances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A delicate balance between energy security and public health within the framework of international investment law, with a focus on the nuclear energy industry, is desirable. Nuclear energy plays a significant role in meeting the world's energy needs. However, the environmental and health hazards associated with this industry, including the risk of radioactive leaks and the production of nuclear waste, have raised serious global concerns. In this context, substantial investments in the nuclear industry have created conflicts between the interests of investors and the requirements of environmental protection and human health. One of the fundamental characteristics of law is the regulation of economic and social relations in various fields. Energy is one of the most important and influential components in social, political, and economic relations. The importance of energy is undeniable. Energy problems have always been a fundamental issue for all countries. The exploitation of energy resources is in the hands of governments, but developments in the international community and international law have led to limitations on governments in exploiting energy resources. Excessive use of energy has confronted the world with two simultaneous threats: one, the lack of access to secure and sufficient energy at affordable prices, and the other, the threat to human health resulting from excessive energy consumption. This article seeks to understand how these two needs can be addressed in a balanced manner, ensuring both the attraction of investment for energy resources and the avoidance of the impact that energy resources can have on public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livability emphasizes an urban system in which the social, economic, physical and mental health of its residents is given comprehensive attention. Among these dimensions, the economic dimension is significantly effective in understanding this concept for residents and increasing their quality of life. The purpose of this research is to investigate the economic factors affecting the liveability of Saravan city. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, in terms of the nature of the data (combination (quantitative-qualitative) and in terms of descriptive-analytical methodology. In this research, 2 types of statistical population were used. A) Citizens of Saravan city as a sample population, and the sample size was determined using Cochran's formula to be 322 people. b) The statistical population, experts and specialists who were selected as the sample population based on the purposeful sampling of 20 people. Analysis of information and data has been done using SPSS software and Delphi and F-ARAS methods. After identifying the mentioned factors, the experts announced their level of agreement in the field of economic factors using the Delphi method in two stages. Next, the results of the Pearson test showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between the mentioned economic factors and the liveability of Saravan city at a significance level of less than 0.05. Finally, the results of F-ARAS model showed that among 17 economic factors; the factor of job security with a value of 0.480 and the factor of the share of entertainment and travel expenses in the household basket with a value of 0.400 have the highest and lowest importance in the liveability of Saravan city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Mathematics is one of the main subjects of the primary school and requires special attention; so, to improve the progress of mathematics, the role of motivational factors, especially attitudes towards mathematics, should be considered, and teaching methods should create interest in this lesson. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of examining the impact of game-based education on the attitude and learning of mathematics among primary school female students. Methods: The research method in this study was a quasi-experiment of the pretest-posttest design with the experimental-control groups. The statistical papulation included all female students of the first-grade of primary school in the academic year 1401-1402 in Mallard. The research sample was selected by using the available sampling method. Thus, from among the primary schools of Mallard, the girls' primary school of Iran2 was selected, and from among four classes in the first-grade of this school, two classes were selected; then, the students of these two classes (62 students) were sorted by the average math score from low to high, then from above two people were selected and one person was randomly assigned to the experimental group and one person was assigned to the control group. The research tool consisted of five non-digital games that designed and implemented by the researchers. First, the pretest of learning math and the test of attitudes to math lessons were given to both groups; then the topics (familiarity with numbers, addition of numbers, and familiarity with the single-decimal table) were taught in the classroom by the researcher in five sessions of forty five minutes (with the pretest and posttest session, a total of 7 sessions) in the experimental group via games. At the same time, these topics were taught in the control group in five sessions of forty-five minutes (with a pre-test and post-test session of 7 sessions) in a traditional and common way implemented by the class teacher; then, posttest was administered. The data collection tool in the research included the Aiken math attitude questionnaire, which covered three sub-scales (enjoying math lessons, fear of math and valuing and caring about math lessons). Reliability of the questionnaires were 0.887, 0.841, 0.912, respectively. Second tool was the researcher-made mathematics learning test. The validity of this test was confirmed by the first-grade teachers and reliability was obtained as 0.81 with Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used to analyze data and covariance analysis was used in the inferential statistics section. Findings: The data analysis indicated that the use of the game would influence the attitude and mathematical learning of the first-grade female students, and therefore, the main hypothesis of the research as “game-based education would have an effect on improving the attitude and mathematical learning of the first-grade female students” was confirmed. Other research hypotheses were confirmed at a meaningful level of 0.001. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that students learn and remember lessons better via applying games and they enjoy this way of learning more and become more active and dynamic, and the learning process would accelerate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, with the inefficiency of traditional models of urban management, new models have shifted from a centralized approach to local management. In the meantime, social capital is very important as a background for people's participation and companionship in neighborhood management. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the role of the performance of management and the new neighborhood order in the new city of Fouladshahr. The research method is applied in terms of nature and analytical and the survey in terms of implementation, and a researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect data. The statistical population of the research included residents of 18 years. The sample size of the research was determined through Cochran's formula of 384 people who were selected by cluster sampling method. The findings showed that the status of social capital indicators in Fouladshahr city is favorable from the point of view of the citizens. Also, there is a significant relationship between the indicators of contingent capital and the efficiency of neighborhood management,,and the variable of social trust and social awareness, respectively, have the greatest effect on the performance of neighborhood management. The results show that by Involving people in decision-making and decision-making and delegation of authority to neighborhood institutions, the optimal and sustainable management of urban neighborhoods will be realized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: The use of pesticides poses serious risks to the health of living organisms. Knowing the type and amount of pesticide use can provide a good information base for managing potential risks from pesticide consumption. This study was carried out with the main objective of determining the types and amounts of pesticides used on agricultural land in East Azarbaijan Province in 2021. Materials and Methods: Information about the pesticides have been gathered and analyzed by referring to the Agricultural Jihad Organization and other relevant authorities. Calculations related to the amount of pesticides used per unit area were made using the total area of agricultural lands in the province. Results: Considering the frequency, 403 kinds of pesticides are used in the following order: Herbicides > Insecticides > Fungicides > Acaricides > Others > Disinfectants. Consdidering total consumption of 2873730 kg pesticides, the order based on the amount is: Insecticides > Herbicide > Fungicides > Miscellaneous > Acaricides and Disinfectants based on the amount. The total ratio of pesticides used to pesticides distributed through the official (government) channel is 2.51. The minimum, maximum, and mean consumption values in counties are 0.4, 21.4, and 4.21 ± 5.33 kg/ha, respectively, and for province is 2.38 kg/ha. There is a correlation between the amount of pesticide applied and the number of farmers and traders. Conclusion: The consumption of pesticides in the province is higher than the world average. Appropriate management of pesticides is required from the viewpoints of environment and health protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]