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In the past decade, financial inclusion has emerged as a leading international development paradigm to tackle poverty. It seeks to integrate all unbanked (adults) into the global financial system through credit and other financial services. From a political economy perspective, the rhetoric of financial inclusion has been criticised, among other things, for masking the financialisation of social reproduction in which (a) the unbanked become a new market segment for international capital and (b) households with low and insecure incomes must increasingly organise their precarious living conditions through debt. This paper builds on the critique of neoliberal development policy and supplements it with a materialist-postcolonial lens that examines the historical interconnectedness of the indebtedness of subaltern classes, colonial rule, and capitalist development in the context of India. It shows that financial inclusion/exclusion from the 19th century onwards was the response to a structural subsistence crisis that was decisively shaped by both British colonial rule and capitalist (class) relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years, vegetable grafting has emerged as a rapid tool in tailoring plants to adapt to climate resilient growing conditions. Utilization of grafting technique is increasing mainly in commercial cucurbitaceous vegetables viz., watermelon, cucumber, bitter gourd and muskmelon. These vegetables are preferably grafted with interspecific hybrid rootstocks for their seedling vigor, high degree of resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses. Moreover, the hybrid rootstock increases the yield of respective scions. To harness the potentiality of rootstocks, an attempt has been made to develop interspecific hybrid rootstocks by using 48 Cucurbita moschata and four Cucurbita maxima lines and hybridization was attempted through Line x Tester mating design. These 52 genotypes were collected from various diverse agro climatic regions of India and World Vegetable Centre, Taiwan, raised by following proper isolation distance and selfed to maintain the genetic purity. Using 48 Cucurbita moschata genotypes as lines and four Cucurbita maxima genotypes as testers, 192 interspecific hybrids were developed, out of which only 16 hybrids were fertile and in rest of the hybrids, cross incompatibility was observed. Among the lines, CMo 28, CMo 43 and CMo 44 were highly cross compatible with different Cucurbita maxima testers. Among the testers, CMa 49 and CMa 52 were highly cross compatible with different Cucurbita moschata lines. Among the fertile hybrid rootstocks, CMo 44 × CMa 52, CMo 28 × CMa 52 and CMo 43 × CMa 51 were identified as promising ones and used for graftingstudies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opium was a major cash-crop in nineteenth-century India. Over a million peasants cultivated poppy for the British-Indian government, which held a monopoly over the production of the drug and could thus keep the prices paid to the cultivators at an extremely low level. The major question this paper seeks to answer is why so many peasants cultivated this laborious crop despite a clear lack of financial incentives. This problem is tackled by applying two approaches from development economics, i. e. interlinked transactions and Kaushi Basu’s triadic relations model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Despite the fact that the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is considered to be one of the most widely signed and ratified international human rights treaties, it seems that its implementation is confronted with significant problems. In particular, tensions arise between the endorsement of women's rights and the culture and tradition of each Member State. This may lead to different interpretations of women's rights according to each cultural background (cultural relativism), at the expense of universality of human rights. This tension is illustrated by the considerable number of reservations to the Convention, which impede its actual implementation. In this framework the article focuses on India. Being a relatively early signatory of CEDAW, with a great variety of religions and languages, different traditions and long cultural history, India offers a great example of the dimensions that the implementation of the Convention may have. The article, after examining first the cultural and constitutional background in India, seeks to clarify how the international protection of women's rights and Cultural Relativism interact here. For this purpose the paper discusses the reservations of India to CEDAW and its legal nature. Finally, it outlines the newest developments in India and makes explicit how the culture and legal regimes may determine one another. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The German indophilia between 1790 and 1820 is an impressive example for the contemporary project of an encompassing and relational historiography of mankind. India became an important reference point within the process of German cultural self-assurance and positioning. Here, especially pictures, drawings and poetic forms of expression played a crucial role and they clarify a pictorial style of early German ethnography itself. This article's detailed analysis of ethnographic pictures of India illuminates a figurative and relational entanglement between Indian and European contexts. The visual practices of cutting, pasting and transferring shed light on colonial structures, political exchange and identity politics. Within these tense figurations the ethnographic picture composes a particular knowledge, which centrally relies on visualized categories that have to be ‚typical‘, ‚ideal‘, and ‚characteristic‘. Hence, early ethnography has to be understood as both a text-picturegenre and a research activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article criticizes the book "Die versunkenen Schätze der 'Bom Jesus'," written by Dieter Noli and Wolfgang Knabe about the 2008 archaeological excavation of the wreck of the Portuguese trade ship Bom Jesus off the coast of Namibia. The author discusses the portrayals of 16th-century international trade in the book, offers additional information and corrections pertaining to the trade relations between Portugal, Germany, and India in that time, and examines the economic history of the international trade in spices and precious metals.

The article discusses the usefulness of the concept of cultural translation by analyzing the cross-cultural exchanges and communication of two missionaries, the German Benjamin Schultze and the Tamil Daniel Pullei, in 18th-century Tranquebar, India. After providing a brief overview of Christian missionary work in India since the 16th century, it describes Schultze's and Pullei's activities as dubashi, or translators and interpreters. It particularly emphasizes how the position of translator between cultures equipped both with agency and a certain degree of power.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Rechtssoziologie is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)