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In the 1740s and 1750s, the public scene in Italy was abuzz with a debate weighing the pros and cons of swallowing small pieces of paper with a prayer to the Virgin Immaculate printed on them. Having been introduced to the city of Naples by the Jesuit missionary Francesco Pepe, the practice drew the ire of the Catholic reformer Ludovico Antonio Muratori, whose pointed intervention entailed a flurry of publications from both Jesuits and Franciscans. Responding to Muratori, these authors actively sought to establish the paper pills as part of an embodied and sensual religion superior to the reading of pious texts that Muratori was proposing as an alternative to baroque Catholicism. Leveraging Muratori's elitism, his critics touted the paper pills as an expression of the untainted religion of uneducated men and women uncorrupted by the reading revolution that was converting sections of the elite to enlightened values. In later decades, this populist corporeal, anti-intellectual religion was weaponized against the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Drawing on insights from religious media studies, this article argues that the battle between baroque and reform Catholicism should not be seen exclusively as one of ideas, but rather as embedded in a complex media configuration in which partook both sides of the argument and which accounts for the unlikely survival of baroque Catholicism in the age of mass reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on jurists of Emperor Henry VII in Italy between legal practice and policy advice and planned trials against the Municipality of Bologna and other political actors in Romagna. It mentions intensity in the Roman migration practice of the German Middle Ages presumably unique event. It also mentions possibilities of a trial against Bologna and the legal quality of the arguments and to evaluate classic legal opinions.

This article attempts to highlight the capacity of Catholic culture to engage with certain issues of the radical Enlightenment: the question of the abolition of human trafficking, the emancipation of enslaved people and, finally, the equality of all human beings before God and before the law. To this end, the paper analyses two consultations presented, discussed and voted on within the Congregation of the Holy Inquisition in 1741 and 1795 that dealt with the moral and legal permissibility of slavery. In both cases, the contexts that had led to the two opinions, the sources used by the consultants to reach a decision and the final decisions established for the two cases are presented. The essay begins with an account of the traditional positions of the Holy Office on the question of slavery and analyses the context and sources of the Votum of 1741 which resulted in Benedict XIV's bull "Immensa pastorum". The article then reconstructs the context and sources of the Votum of 1795, which did not produce a final decision. The concise conclusion discusses the limits of Enlightenment in relation to the decisions of the Holy Office and opens the view to the changing nature of the position of the Catholic Church with regard to human trafficking in the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on transatlantic origins of corporate capitalism, according to the argument presented in this paper. Topics include corporations played a pivotal role in shaping its political economy and constitutional development, laying the groundwork for subsequent economic transformations; and contextualized within the shifting dynamics of state sovereignty and private property rights.

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Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Betriebswirt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Applications of artificially intelligent systems have recently enjoyed increasing popularity, as demonstrated in particular by the presentation of the chatbot "ChatGPT" by the AI research company OpenAI. ChatGPT also demonstrates the potential of AI more generally: Such applications can already be used by private individuals, for example to get support in writing exams or theses, and it seems likely that one day similar AI systems, such as chatbots, could also be used in public administration. This does, nevertheless raise some questions in the public administrative sector: predictive decisions, involving the need for careful risk evaluation, are not new to German administrative law, as is apparent from fields like atomic energy law. Still, it is questionable how far the administration should entrust such procedures of probabilistic risk analysis to AI applications and to what extent this could be legally acceptable? The analysis in this paper is devoted to answering this question. Part II begins by clarifying some of the key concepts underpinning the notion of artificial intelligence, including 'digitalisation', 'algorithms', 'big data analytics' and 'machine learning'. The different (supervised and unsupervised) methods of machine learning are considered, as are their modes of operation and selected problems they raise, such as the possibility of bias and lack of transparency and comprehensibility. Part III then examines in detail the European Commission's draft regulation on AI (Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act), COM(2021) 206 final, 2021/0106 (COD)). This legislative initiative pursues in particular the goal of regulating AI applications and harmonising the regulations on them across the Union. The regulatory scope as well as the area of application and the contents of the draft AI regulation are first shown and possible deficits are discussed. A problematic aspect is the systematic relationship of the draft regulation to other existing EU regulatory acts, such as the General Data Protection Regulation and its Art. 22 GDPR. Following on from the discussion of these problematic aspects, Part IV presents the current draft status of the AI Regulation as well as analysing the (critical) reaction, especially of the Federal Republic of Germany, to the same. PartVconcludes by assessing the implications of the above for use of AI systems in the German public administration, and provides a final evaluation of the draft AI regulation in the latter context. A key issue remains how far it is acceptable for AI-predictions, based on the behavior of a class of persons, to be applied to individual citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article focuses on Christian Joerges' concept of "Europas Kollisionsrechtsverfassung," which critiques and expands upon traditional European legal frameworks. Topics include Joerges' rejection of legal formalism in favor of a material constitution rooted in societal and political conflicts; his emphasis on Europe's democratic deficit due to asymmetrical power dynamics among nation-states; and his proposal for a nuanced constitutional approach that embraces diversity over unity.

The article focuses on the neglected role of emotions in contemporary constitutional legal studies, contrasting rational paradigms with the growing importance of emotions in various social sciences. Topics include the influence of economic theories on law, the underrepresentation of emotions in legal theory despite their significance in human behavior, and the potential for a more comprehensive understanding of law through integrating emotional dimensions into legal analysis.

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Copyright of Verwaltung is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Betriebswirt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents the discussion on recurring criticism regarding the effectiveness and legitimacy of international law. Topics include function of law in ordering social relations is a widely acknowledged concept, attributed not only to domestic legal systems; and great powers have instrumentalized international law as a tool to discipline smaller states, casting doubt on its efficacy and impartiality.

The article presents the discussion on combat climate change have largely centered on financially supporting renewable energy and new technologies. Topics include urging people to reduce their carbon footprint through voluntary consumption changes, are unlikely to yield significant results; and temptation to prioritize personal benefits often outweighs the perceived benefits of cooperation.

The article "New EASA requirements for ground handling service providers – opportunities and risks for the various air transport system partners" identifies opportunities and risks arising from new requirements of the European Union Aviation Agency (EASA) for Ground Handling Service Providers (GHSP) from Rulemaking Task 0728. After summarizing these new requirements, an evaluation of expert interviews with representatives of ground handling service providers, airlines, airport operators, EASA and consulting firms is carried out using Mayring's qualitative content analysis. The categorization is based on the distinction between opportunities and risks as well as the so-called PEST criteria (political, economic, social, technological). All stakeholders see both opportunities and risks associated with the new regulation, with the opportunities outweighing the risks only from the perspective of the aerodrome operators. Overall, the improvement in flight operational safety is identified as the greatest opportunity, while the potentially higher workload is identified as the main risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

German constitutional law calls for a reasonable justification of state measures that infringe upon fundamental rights, such as the right to property or the freedom to conduct a business. To comply with these requirements, any such measure must serve the common good (“Allgemeinwohl”), meaning it must be characterized by a social net benefit of its effects. In short, takings and other publicly induced infringements are constitutionally legal if and only if the state can demonstrate that the benefits of the project outweigh its costs in a collective and holistic perspective. By using lenient standards of review, courts of justice grant the state considerable discretion when determining whether this can be verified under judicial scrutiny. However, the use of numerical decision-making procedures such as cost benefit analysis and similar approaches arguably helps making such decisions more rational and more transparent. The paper tries to make a case for the more widespread use of such tools in public decision making even considering the possible and/ or considerable downsides of their practical deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Betriebswirt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Medieval physical mobility is a field of research of persistent relevance. The sources, however, often lack information allowing to approach questions related to day-to-day exchanges among social groups not belonging to the ruling elites and the high clergy. The Paston-letters represent the most extensive medieval collection of English private letters comprising over one thousand epistles written by the Norfolk family Paston and their environment. They contain a wealth of information related to everyday mobility. In just two generations, the Pastons had risen from small landowners to one of the most influential families in East Anglia. The administration of the family's increasingly disparate country estates in Norfolk required regular presence in different locations. In addition to the duties in Norfolk, the Pastons had obligations in London and to the Duke of Norfolk, which involved increasing mobility from the family. During the absence of their husbands or sons, the Paston women took over the administrative tasks arising on the estates. This mobility and the resulting spatial distance between the individual family members resulted in a lively correspondence that still bears witness to the family'smobility and that of their close surroundings. This study is the first to use the Paston- letters to survey the various facets of this mobility related to the English gentry and to assess the role and significance of these exchanges within this social group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the 70th anniversary of the Federal Constitutional Court (BVerfG) and its renewed attention, exploring the court's role, history, and the impact of its jurisprudence on the constitution and legal culture. Topics include an analysis of the court's potential conservatism, examining its historical grounding, and evaluating its role in shaping constitutional principles.

The article focuses on the unclear transition of the German towns Ostheim, Sondheim, Stetten, and Urspringen from Thuringian to Bavarian administration in 1945 and questions the legal basis for this transition. Topics include the historical context of the towns' status, the role of the American occupation in reshaping administrative boundaries, and the legal implications of the occupation's actions in light of international law and existing German legal structures.