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Copyright of Die Anaesthesiologie is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Die externe Begutachtung ist ein wesentliches Element des Berufungsverfahrens, das bei der Beurteilung der Legitimität der von der Berufungskommission erstellten Listenreihung der Bewerber:innen von kommissionsexternen Akteur:innen herangezogen wird. Mittels eines explorativen Forschungsprozesses wird die Frage beantwortet, wie die Kommission diese Legitimation herzustellen versucht. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Kommission unterschiedlichen Maßstäben der Legitimität unterliegt. Die Einhaltung des rechtlichen Rahmens dient der formalen Legitimation der Entscheidung; die inhaltliche Legitimation wird über die Einholung und Berücksichtigung der Fachexpertise hergestellt. Ferner wird gezeigt, wie diese Anforderungen über Praktiken der Kommission im Umgang mit dem Bewertungsprozess erfüllt werden. Die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden unter Einbeziehung bewertungssoziologischer Überlegungen diskutiert. External reviews are an essential element of the professorial appointment procedure, which is intended to support the decision-making process of the appointment committee. However, external reviews are also used by university bodies external to the committee to assess the legitimacy of the appointment committee's shortlist of candidates. Based on an exploratory research process, this paper examines how the appointment committee attempts to establish this legitimacy. It is shown that the committee is subject to different measures of legitimacy. On the one hand, the appointment committee must comply with the legal framework in order to formally legitimize the decision. On the other hand, the decision must be substantively legitimized by obtaining and considering the external reviews. The paper then reveals how these requirements are met through practices of the appointment committee in handling the valuation process. The findings are discussed in the light of sociology of valuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Geomechanik und Tunnelbau is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The news of the ill-starred military encounter at Vezekény on 26 August 1652 had unusually strong reverberations in Hungary and Europe. Judged by the contemporaries, those killed in the clash – including four members of the aristocratic Esterházy family – set an inspiring example of moral courage in the teeth of Turkish superiority in numbers: in a hopeless battle they chose perseverance to the end, that is, heroic self-sacrifice instead of surrendering. In addition to numerous quondam utterances including some quality works of literature, testifying to the intrepidity and fighting value of the Hungarian estates, two works of the applied arts – the subject matter of the paper – were also created with the aim of perpetuating the glorious memory of the fallen heroes. In the years after the accession of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor (1658–1705) and King of Hungary (1657–1705) the politically active Hungarian estates had to acknowledge to their dismay that in the top echelon of the Viennese court the plan of an anti-Ottoman campaign – or any action to retaliate the incessant plundering and captive taking raids causing great casualties – was not on the agenda. A group of the politically active Hungarian estates had to draw the very severe conclusion which was hard to face up to. In order to prevent the slow but sure dissipation of “royal Hungary” they were forced to do something. And since they had no other chance, they were reduced to take the step which was tantamount to the renunciation of the earlier generations’ and their own political credo. Consequently, in their opinion, they were obliged to offer cooperation with the Porte, even if it entailed the degradation of the remains of the country to the status of a vassal state. Obviously, such a step – the ultima ratio – if it were to come about, would entail (would have entailed) serious consequences for the foreign, West European attitude toward the country, the Kingdom of Hungary. In this situation the intention or plan of the malcontens Hungarian lords had to incorporate some response to the prospective and understandable antipathy – and to the intrigues of the Viennese court. They would have to issue manifestos, statements with convincing arguments and forward them to West European towns and courts, first of all to Rome, to the decision-makers of the papal curia from where the greatest influence on public opinion could be expected. The essential message of these manifestos, which are not known among completed documents but survive in fragments in diverse aristocratic archives, was a firm and irrevocable determination: the vow and pledge that the population would keep their faith, their religion during vassalage as well and – in this sense – would continue to be the stronghold of respublica christiana, the Christian community. The promotion and stressing of this pledge as well as the demonstration of a peculiar interpretation of the past with the tools of visual art was the original and basic function of the unsigned engraving from the second half of the 1660s discussed in detail in the paper. Oddly enough, it was made at a time – without notable, well known iconographic antecedents – when the Kingdom of Hungary in her helpless situation was getting ever farther away from becoming (one of) the bulwark(s) or safeguard(s) of the Christian community. The client for whom the engraving was made must have been Count Ferenc (Franz) Nádasdy, the mastermind of the failed initiative and head of the anti-Habsburg conspiracy of the aristocracy – himself a sincere advocate and vigorous supporter of reviving Catholicism. The historic military events of the last one and a half decades in the seventeenth century – the triumphant termination of the Ottoman wars in Hungary, the expulsion of the Turks – overruled the original meaning of the time-honoured adage known all over Europe, the idea that Hungary was one of the safeguards/bulwarks of the western Christian community. Although it might have lost its topicality, it did not fall out of public remembrance. It underwent some modification, some shift of tone, the militant slogan of mobilization giving way to reference to the heroic deeds of the forefathers, to the glorious past, the historical merits of the kingdom, of Hungaria. Added to this – by way of a conclusion – is the profound conviction rooted in historical experience that it was not in vain to persevere above their strength against the pagan world power in calamitous times. To the contrary, the nation owed her well-nigh miraculous survival to it. After all, the fact that her disintegration and perdition could be avoided must have been by the will of divine providence. This idea is conveyed in a visual language by an extremely effective composition, an engraving made in Augsburg in the first decade of the eighteenth century undoubtedly upon a Hungarian commission. What were the Abbot of Pannonhalma P. Aegidius Karner’s ideas or intentions to have this engraving made? In the closing section of the paper an attempt is made to answer this question. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Angewandte Linguistik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Papal schisms were moments of decision-making in which the whole of Christianity was called upon to choose one contender for the papacy over the other. The Tractatus de scismaticis, composed in Salzburg around 1165, discusses the different choices available to contemporaries during the Alexandrine schism (1159-1177). In his treatise the anonymous author attempts to examine the conflict on a conceptual level and make sense of the current organisational crisis; in his endeavours he comes across a previously unobserved phenomenon which he refers to as neutralitas. The Tractatus' reference to the behavioural pattern is the first (and until the Late Middle Ages only) use of the term in the context of church politics. As yet both the term and the phenomenon it describes have received little attention from medievalists. The aim of the present paper is to closely investigate and define the concept in question and to discuss whether neutralitas was a valid course of action, equal to choosing one or the other (anti-)pope. First, taking into consideration the Tractatus as well as other treatises composed during the Alexandrine schism neutralitas is defined as a temporary state of indecision during a prolonged process of decisionmaking. Therefore, neutralitas has to be strictly distinguished from our modern understanding of neutrality. Secondly, the analysis of the phenomenon's treatment within contemporary sources shows that neutralitas was perceived as a form of deviant behaviour. It was determined to be a disruptive factor on both a conceptual and an operational level, as the concept not only contradicted established patterns of thought but was also perceived as an obstacle in the process of resolving the schism. Ultimately, the present paper argues that neutralitas did not amount to a viable form of decision-making. Neutralitas was a mere act of evasion. Maintaining a 'neutral' stance was impossible during a (high medieval) papal schism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on the challenges surrounding the termination of international treaties and participation in soft law processes, examining the roles of various organs in decision-making and addressing the constitutional issue of the "external power" in German constitutional discourse. It explores recent examples of treaty withdrawals and emphasizes the importance of a comparative legal perspective in understanding and validating parliamentary involvement in the international agreements.

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Educational decisions represent an investment in the future. Various aspirations and goals are linked to the decision to attend a specific university. Thus, the educational decision provides information on how the present and possibilities of the future are individually evaluated. This article focuses on the decision to study at the German Jordanian University, which includes a year abroad in Germany. What goals and expectations are attached to the choice? What role does student mobility play in the decision-making process? And last but not least, to what extent is it a collective decision that is influenced by the family? The trajectories of nine students are used to shed light on their educational decisions and the associated visions of the future. Jordan, a country located in a conflict-ridden region with a young population, provides an exciting context. It becomes clear that educational decisions are multidimensional and are accompanied by an interaction between educational and migration aspirations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Der Beitrag bezieht über zwei Narrative zu einer Vision Stellung, die hoffentlich in greifbarer Nähe ist. Die Aussichten beziehen sich auf die Selbstorganisation und den neu zu gestaltenden Kreislauf des Wissens, wofür sich Bibliotheken zuständig fühlen. The article takes a position on two narratives on a vision that is hopefully within reach. The two outlooks refer to the self-organization of libraries and the new cycle of knowledge to be designed, for which information institutions feel responsible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article focuses on applied ethical considerations for dealing with "dead capital" in the Saldern crypt. It mentions local or national (art) historical value of such buildings and their inventory and cost-benefit analyzes are carried out to undertake, which not only relate to monetary matters. It also mentions aid to reflection and self-assurance in an ethical demanding and mostly complex decision-making situation.

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Copyright of Der Moderne Staat is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bibliothek Forschung und Praxis is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sozialer Fortschritt is the property of Duncker & Humblot GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Moderne Staat is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Der Moderne Staat is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From Augustus' principate onward, the Roman emperor was heavily involved in religious matters – as priest and as monarch. He was on the one hand responsible for the pax deorum and on the other hand used religion for his self-representation. It is mainly within these fields that the emperor encountered the diverse forms of divination. The interpretation of prodigies had always been an essential part both of government action and of private decision making, and it is important to keep the two areas separate when considering the emperor's involvement with divination and its practitioners. This paper concentrates on how the policies of the Christian emperors concerning these matters developed during the 4th century. It further asks whether their legislation should be exclusively understood as part of an effort of depaganisation, or whether it was to some extent a continuation of the policies of their pagan predecessors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Der Moderne Staat is the property of Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Automatisierungstechnik is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The following article details the solution of a 400-year old cipher that was probably invented by Emperor Ferdinand III. and was used exclusively between him and brother Archduke Wilhelm in their private correspondence, during the final years of the Thirty-Years-War. In its phonetic assignments of cipher letters, as well as in its insertion between plaintext, the cipher, like Ferdinand, is polyglot: Austrian, Italian, Spanish, and Latin sometimes appear in one sentence. – The contents of the enciphered passages vary: they detail the Emperor's decision making processes regarding military operations and personnel of the time, such as Ottavio Piccolomini. At the same time, the enciphered passages provide a sort of society column, with the latest gossip about the haute société and their personal and political entanglements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, so called monarchical orders were founded at many European courts. These orders cultivated a splendid knightly culture, although the great age of chivalry seemed long to be over. By comparing two of these orders, the Order of the Golden Fleece and the Order of the Crescent, this paper examines the role of their founders, Philipp of Burgundy and René of Anjou, and their relationship towards the other members based on the statutes of both institutions. Therefore this paper focusses on the constitutional shaping of the orders as well as on different processes of decision-making and symbolic semantics, which played an essential role at different events. It is argued that while René of Anjou emphasized the aspect of equality by different means, Philipp of Burgundy presented himself as a primus inter pares, being both a brother and a lord. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Der Unfallchirurg is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The frame of reference for this article on Kafka's translations into various European languages is the author's conception of translation studies as a three-stage ('three-storey') structure: translation technique ('ground floor'); translation strategy ('bel étage' or 'main floor'); and translation business, i. e. translation as an organized institution ('top floor'). The 'ground floor' deals with the purely linguistic particularities of Kafka's texts and the difficulties they present to translators of different target languages. The 'bel étage' or 'main floor' deals with the genuinely translational decisions made within the framework of what is linguistically possible in order to make the typical 'kafkaesque' kind of writing recognizable in other languages. Finally, the 'top floor' shows how translations into various languages have helped to make Kafka one of the world's great writers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of GMS Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie is the property of German Medical Science Publishing House gGmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)