Search

This paper concerns the usage of the linguonym mowa chachłacka (Khakhol language) in Galicia, Podolia and Volhynia during the first half of the 20th Century. Therefore, it can be considered in the realm of historical sociolinguistics. The source material is comprised of interviews, recorded 1992-2006, with over 100 forced migrants from eastern voivodeships of the interwar Second Polish Republic. After World War 2, the respondents were resettled from their home towns into the new borders of post-war Poland, areas which belonged to Germany until 1945. The research method chosen was partially standardized interviews, which were first recorded and then written down. The paper is focused around the following issues: 1) which linguistic variety was referred to as mowa chachłacka in the interwar period within the researched communities, 2) whether this name contained a value judgement, 3) what was the prestige of mowa chachłacka in these communities. The first chapter of the paper concerns the history of the Russian lexeme /?a, which forms the basis of the linguonym mowa chachłacka, and which has been used since the 17th Century to refer to Ukrainians. The article takes into account ideas concerning researching social attitudes to a language, such as standard language ideology and monoglossic ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on direct verbal borrowings from Latin into Old Polish. It attempts to determine the exact number of these borrowings and to describe the possible reasons for it being rather small in comparison with nominal borrowings. In the initial parts, some introductory remarks are made on verbal borrowings in general and Polish-Latin language contact in Middle Ages. The main part of the paper discusses the etymology of four Old Polish verbs: koronować ~ korunować, obligować się, ufundować and sylabizować. The final part contains general remarks and conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a functional approach to phraseology from former colloquial Polish speech based on the lexicalized unit jak Boga kocham and its selected variant forms. The author used the elements of the socio-pragmatic method (assuming parallel analysis of the material at the sociological and pragmatic levels) to research the use of these lexicalized constructions. The bases of the material were constructed dialogues from the Korpus dawnych polskich tekstów dramatycznych (1772-1939). During the analysis, it was observed in which way the phraseological unit might realize itself in various variants and contexts. Furthermore, attention was paid to the 'from sender to the receiver's perspective, applying the assumptions of Wojciech Chlebda's phrasematic conception to historical linguistics. This approach gave an opportunity to observe in which variants and socio-pragmatic contexts idioms are most often invoked in the statements of representatives of both sexes. The obtained results were interpreted on the basis of selected non-linguistic factors, primarily historical and cultural ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of ethnolinguistics is, among other things, the history of the evolution of the idea of integrating hitherto isolated levels of research and types of data that are used in analyses. This paper discusses four views important for ethnolinguistics: on the unity of language and culture; about the importance of the cognitive function of language; about the need to use a broad material base in research; about recognizing that the ultimate goal of ethnolinguistic research is to reach the way of conceptualization of the world by the speaker, his mentality and the world of values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the dialectological topics and problems related to sociolinguistics, ethnolinguistics and psycholinguistics. It gives us insight into Cieszyn Silesia's linguistic situation, especially in the Czech part of Zaolzie. It presents four social and individual activities, which aim to promote, support, and even revive Cieszyn dialect. The authors describe respectively:1) testing knowledge of the dialect in form of quizzes, 2) promotion of the dialect across musical texts, 3) encouraging children and young people to use the dialect in a dialect contest, and 4) recording amateur vlogs, which are to enhance internet users' language and national awareness. Internet and authors' own remarks related to the official and unofficial social events are the sources of the language materials used in this analy-sis. Language and cultural development in society - as it is well known - heads toward unification that is increasingly difficult to resist effectively. The subjects responsible for promoting the dialect are eager to maintain the territorial dialect of the national language for future generations. Although they sometimes do it unprofessionally, linguists should be interested respectively in their efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports the most important phonetic changes which took place in the contemporary Polish language. The aim of the chapter is to answer the questions that arise when learning phonetics and phonology, especially in regard to phonemes /k/ and /g/. In this paper the author presents various opinions on the phonological distinctiveness of the two sounds. The author focuses on the phenomenon associated with depalatalisation of consonants [k] and [g] and presents solutions adopted in academic textbooks. Finally, the author presents suggestions for the phonological interpretation of selected consonants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the issue of the motivation of some phraseologisms which include components homonymous with proper names (e.g., dookoła wojtek, lit. 'Wojtek in circles'; w koło macieju, lit. 'Maciej in circles', both these idioms meaning 'to keep talking or doing the same thing all the time'; bosy antek, lit. 'barefoot Antek', referring to a person from central Poland, historically under Russian occupation; cienki bolek, lit. 'thin Bolek' meaning a person who is weak and incompetent). The aim of the study is to indicate some difficulties in an analysis of the origin of such units, which illustrates more general problems in the description of their motivation. In the discussed expressions, the original source of their nominal components remains unclear, which distinguishes them from such units as Achilles heel, the shirt of Nessus. The problems identified in the analysis relate to the phenomenon of apelativisation of proper nouns, which is part of the broader issue of the relationship between phraseologism and proper nouns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present the concept of linguistic memory studies, developed by Wojciech Chlebda, as a research program of modern linguistics. Wojciech Chlebda assumes that memory, both individual and collective, is strongly linked to language, that is, it participates both in the forming of memory content and in its material expression: its externalizing in verbal narrations (and, more broadly, semiotic narrations). In this context, he identifies the following challenges facing linguistic memory studies: description and classification of linguistic exponents of memory, description of the process of mapping collective memories, and research on collective oblivion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zenon Klemensiewicz is the creator of the theoretical and practical discipline of teaching Polish. Inspired by the 90th anniversary of the publication of his fundamental work Dydaktyka nauki o języku ojczystym (‘Teaching the science of the native tongue’), these considerations pose, from the point of view of a contemporary teacher, the question about the timeliness and longevity of Klemensiewicz’s views on linguistic education in schools. To answer them, we attempted to recover the tracks he left as a researcher and as a teacher. They proved to be many, and durable. They are listed here, and their existence is taken as proof that through the vehicle of his works referred to in this paper, Prof. Z. Klemensiewicz inscribed himself on the plane that does not become obsolete, the plane of “long duration” of language teaching. They mark a path that is worth following, because it clearly shows both the sense of continuation, and the need for change as guarantors and operators of progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an answer to M. Stachowski's article The terms "suffix" and "desinence" among Polish grammatical terms; it presents a different point of view. It points out that the terms mentioned in the title are not only used separately within the sub-disciplines of morphology, i. e. in research concerning inflection and word-formation, but also, due to their functions, make possible the distinction between lexicon and syntax, as well as the structuring of the lexicon. They also play a role in glottodidactics. An analysis of some derivatives, coupled with an interpretation of the terms extracted from linguistic compendia concerning Polish and French, shows that the distinction between a suffix and a desinence is both simple and useful. The attributes of a suffix are: 1) changing the meaning of the base; 2) absence of changes during inflection; 3) position before the ending (desinence). The second of the analysed terms does not possess these properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2021, the Electronic Dictionary of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries (e-SXVII) was given the 4th edition Award of the Linguistics Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences for outstanding scientific achievements in the field of linguistics. The award was granted in the category of team work carried out by Prof. Włodzimierz Gruszczyński PhD together with the Studio of the History of Polish Language of the 17th and 18th Centuries IJP PAN under his management, where e-SXVII is being created. The dictionary has been recognized as "an achievement in producing linguistic resources or tools". The article reports on the history of the studio and introduces the evolution of conceptual works, especially after the decision to suspend further publication of SXVII in paper form (2004) and transform it into the first Polish dictionary created initially in the electronic form. It also deals with detailed issues regarding the canon of sources, structure and content (shape) of individual elements of the entry and media structure, and relations with other digital collections (especially the Electronic Corpus of Polish Texts from the 17th and 18th Centuries). The authors of the article also describe an important IT tool created for the needs of this dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on the grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The authors discuss the necessity to use unusual grammatical category values: 0 and X. It occurs when any of the values is impossible to determine (e.g. due to damage to the manuscript or insufficient syntactic/semantic context) or a word takes no value in a given category (e.g. an unstated adjective). The article presents factors influencing the choice of 0 and X values. It shows those grammatical classes and categories in whose annotation the use of these values has been highly significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses selected aspects of the theory of linguistic change in grammar. The main assumption is the claim that the development of the categorial functions of natural languages throughout the time (phylogenesis) mostly coincides with the stadiums of the acquisition of the same categories by an individual (ontogenesis). Using the examples of the development and acquisition of strong and weak verb forms in Germanic languages and the categorial links between aspectuality, temporality and modality of the verb, different stages that characterise the linguistic changes in question are analysed in comparison with the stages of their acquisition in the process of language acquisition among children between 2 and 14 years of age. The analysis proves that the connections between ontogenesis and phylogenesis are complex, so they cannot be always explained in a simple and definite manner. The change in either sphere has its own specific features and runs mutatis mutandis in both spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on Greek and Latin loanwords in Old Polish language. It attempts to show what has already been done and what still needs to be done in this important issue. Three main aspects are discussed: (1) definitions of the terms loanword, Latinism, Hellenism, and the problem of direct and indirect borrowing; (2) the current state of investigation of Greek and Latin loanwords in Old Polish; (3) the Old Polish Christian terminology - the problem of chronology and borrowing channels of Greek and Latin Christian words to Old Polish. The final part of the paper contains a brief research history i . e . it describes the most important works in chronological order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The topic of this paper is transition to first-name basis (przejście na ty) in Polish, which one of the most important research topics in the field of Polish linguistic politeness. The transition to first-name basis can be seen as a phenomenon of democratization in language, because, as some of the Polish linguists describe, it creates a sense of equality, which is one of the basic elements of democracy. The results of a multi-stage survey proved that, in general, Polish people positively evaluate the contemporary tendency of faster transition to first-name basis. The analysis of the comments from the questionnaire survey showed that many people consider this tendency as a positive phenomenon in linguistic communication and treat it as an effective way of reducing the unnecessary distance which exists between interlocutors. However, it is worth keeping in mind that there are also negative effects of an inconsiderate decision to move to first-name basis, as mentioned by some of the survey respondents. This study has shown that the combination of several methods allows researchers to take a fresh perspective on the dynamic process of democratization in language and its perception among the users of a given language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to assess the linguistic accuracy of texts generated by ChatGPT, based on queries that mirror the instructions found in the 2023 secondary school final exam in Polish language and literature. The analysis focused on identifying and classifying language errors and evaluating their frequency. The results of the analysis revealed a varied level of accuracy in AI-generated texts. Most errors occurred in texts containing more complex constructions, where correct formulation required a comprehensive understanding of grammatical rules. The conclusions drawn from the analysis offer insights into the limitations of AI, which users should be mindful of when editing texts using chatbots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collocations is a term for a linguistic phenomenon that can be and is variously understood and defined. The aim of this article is to give an overview of the narrow concept of collocations suggested by Hausmann. The author of the article describes the semantic (phraseological) approach to the term, which stands in opposition to the syntactic, or corpus-based one. Collocations, according to Hausmann, take into account the process of thinking and language production of language learners. The hierarchical structure of collocations consisting of the collocation base and the collocator, which was suggested for the first time, is presented, and the individual elements of this phraseme are characterised in the article. Also, the author of the article attempts to transfer the concept of collocations according to Hausmann to the Polish language, and indicates a possible classification of Polish collocations in the semantic approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the criteria applied in the sociolinguistic annotation in the Corpus of old Polish dramatic texts (1772-1939) (KorTeDa). This level of annotation was about assigning the three basic sociolinguistic variables: age, sex and social status to all the utterances of drama characters (except for collective statements). Six values were selected for determining age (underage, young adult, middle-aged adult, older adult (senior), indeterminate adult, indeterminate); three for sex (female, male, indeterminate); and four for social status (low, medium, high, indeterminate). The article shows the interdependence between those factors and the historical, social and cultural context. Additionally, the authors illustrated substantial and technical problems they faced during the process of this type of annotation. KorTeDa may become an important tool for analysing the history of the Polish language taking into account the methods of corpus linguistics and sociopragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author considers the problems of syntactic analysis of language expressions with higher-order and first-order predicates. In the first part it is shown that there are some discrepancies in the treatment of these categories: on the one hand, in semantic syntax, and, on the other hand, in predicate logic and in categorial grammar. In the following chapters, the author analyses the disputed phenomena that can be treated in two ways, depending on whether the verb is considered a first-order or higher-order predicate. At the same time, it is stated that the valence properties of a verb depend on its lexical meaning, and, on the other hand, the definition of meaning should take into account the nature of the syntactic structure. The notion of precedent representations is suggested, i. e. constructions with a clausal actant that indicate the propositional status of the appropriate complements of the predicate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Krystyna Pisarkowa’s rich output is characterised by a variety of forms and a wide range of topics, as well as an innovative interpretation of linguistic phenomena. The following paper can be described as biographical and substantive. The text contains certain facts from Pisarkowa’s life that are connected with certain spheres of her scientific activity in which she succeeded, references to people who played a significant role in her life, as well as development of her research interests. The publications which are mentioned in the paper have been selected according to Pisarkowa’s attitude to language, its essence, pragmatic-functional-stylistic variety, as well as potential context and purpose which lies beyond its typical usage. Moreover, an attempt has been made at reconstructing Pisarkowa’s views on the range, shape and place of linguistics among humanistic disciplines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the history of Slavonic/Polish Studies at the University of Berlin from 1841 until today. The most important scientific achievements of the successive heads of departments are briefly discussed, with particular emphasis on Polish linguistic research at the Humboldt University. Moreover, attention is paid to the changing statistics of students and various courses of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main issue of the paper is the analysis of the key factors which affect the development of the Polish language in China. Each of these factors has been discussed in this article against the background of language policy and power of Polish language in mainland China. The author, starting with a review of important concepts on this subject, tries to indicate the factors determining the creation of new Polish studies faculties and Polish studies centres in mainland China. Political and economic factors, the task-oriented approach of Chinese institutions in combination with a far-reaching profit planning strategy, factors related to regional cooperation between Poland and China, as well as sentimental and historical ones are considered to be the most significant aspects. The author tries to find a common denominator for the actions of Polish public diplomacy and often arbitrary decisions of the Chinese authorities in promoting Polish language in China. He points out some challenges and threats related to the dynamic development of Polish in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on grammatical annotation of Old Polish texts. The authors discuss the problems faced by the annotator in creating an annotation tool suitable for the analysis of texts written during the period of intensive changes in the Polish language. The article presents the main assumptions of grammatical annotation developed under the grant: The origins of Polish language and religious culture in the light of the medieval apocrypha of the New Testament. A universal tool for the study of Polish apocryphal texts, as well as the system of classes and categories developed in the course of the research on Old Polish apocrypha. The functionalities of the tool for the linguistic research are also presented: a grammatical and lexical search engine and a grammatical commentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the beginnings of Polish and Slavic linguistics at the Univertsity of Wroclaw directly after World War II. It was created by young scholars, linguists, Slavicists and Polonists, who gained their education and academic degrees at the Jagiellonian University and the John Casimir University in Lviv. This group included primarily S. Rospond, L. Ossowski, W. Kuraszkiewicz, S. Bąk, all educated before the war, as well as A. Furdal, much younger than the others and educated already after the war. These scholars received their education under the guidance of the best Polish linguists, Slavicists, Polonists, and Indo-Europeanists. In addition, the paper presents basic information about preparations made in Cracow during the war, to create Polish and Slavic studies at the University of Wroclaw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author explains his reason for taking up the topic by recalling his discussions with prof. Mirosław Skarżyński and encouraging him to prepare a publication in which he would present his conception of the history of Polish linguistics. Prof. Skarżyński will not write this paper any more, so this author decided to present his own reflections on the matter. He begins with the first grammar of Polish, Polonicae grammatices institutio, published in 1568 by a Frenchman Piotr Statorius-Stojeński, for foreigners who wish to learn the language. He presents the work against the European background, and shows that it belongs to the great European movement of the 16th century, of preparing descriptions of contemporary languages. This author proposes that the publication of Statorius' grammar, and of Jan Mączyński's Latin-Polish dictionary (1564), can be considered the actual beginnings of Polish linguistics. In relation to S. Urbańczyk who tied those beginnings to year 1751, this author moves the date nearly 200 years back. He also refers to the opinions of historians of science. The paper concludes with remarks on the place of applied linguistics and glottodidactics in Polish linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the way and the extent to which language policies have affected the development of the Polish language. However, the purpose of the present paper is to highlight the change in attitude towards the increasing impact of English on Polish. The influence of English became more prominent in Poland after the change in the political system in 1989, and has for the most part been in the area of lexical borrowings. However, the influence of English is not only restricted to the inflow of English loanwords, but also extends to their relatively high frequency of usage. In addition, there is evidence of other types of influence that are non-lexical. However, the impact of English on Polish has not been as extensive as is claimed by some Polish linguists who since the early 1990s have lamented over the decline of the Polish language caused by the "flood" of British and American English borrowings. Indeed, the status of English as a lingua franca was considered itself to be a threat to Polish, with even the possibility of the extinction of the tongue. This concern about language purity led to the creation of the Polish Language Council in 1996, whose aim has been to advise on and describe (rather than prescribe) linguistic behaviours among Polish language users. This legislative body was behind the Polish Language Act passed in 1999. Its purpose, however, has been to protect Polish rather than to purify it and to minimize the foreign influences (which mainly refer to English) rather than to eradicate them. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the Polish linguists' attitude towards the "Anglicization" of the Polish language has changed dramatically and it is now believed that the influence of English makes Polish richer and more globalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines "talking after somebody", i.e. the phenomenon of echolalia which is especially characteristic for low-functioning people with autism. The paper shows that such speech is unintentional and uncommunicative. The language of autistic persons also does not fulfill the causative or persuasive role. It does, however, perform the function of uncoscious self-stimulation for those people. According to therapists, this type of behaviour should be eliminated at all cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the scope of understanding of the notion of conceptualization, a notion that belongs to the elementary toolbox of R. Langacker's cognitive grammar. The author shows the different perspectives of viewing conceptualization, and discusses ways of defining the term. By contrasting it with other terms from the paradigm of cognitive semantics (among others, categorization, construal, profiling, conceptualizer, spekaer, addressee, usage event), which Langacker refers to while describing the processes of conceptualization, the paper reveals the placement and status of conceptualization in cognitive grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the question of the substitution of the stem suffix *-ъv- for the suffix *-ъka, which converts words from the *-(j)ū- to the *-a-declension, as well as the problem of identification of original *-(j)ū-stems. An analysis of Polish and Slavic material leads to the conclusion that a part of nouns that are commonly regarded as *-(j)ū-stems have in fact a different origin: some can be derived from collective nouns in *-va (still productive in East Slavic), e.g. *kuropъtva, *plotva, *ǫtva, and a part have probably been extended with an unmotivated labial element -v- which has the appearance of a relic of a *-ū-stem, but appears most commonly after roots that end in a velar consonant or a spirant-stop sequence. The paper argues against the hypothesis about late (Proto-)Slavic activization of *-ū-stems and proposes instead that a part of this class had been eliminated at a prehistoric stage, depending on the quality of the stem consonant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to perform a semantic analysis of the expression nieszczęsny 'luckless', which functions at the non-denotational level of language description. As a metatextual adjective, it is different both from the old expression of the same shape, and from contemporary adjectives which are often wrongly equated with it semantically, e.g. pechowy 'unlucky', żałosny 'pitiful', niefortunny 'unfortunate'. The paper contains a survey of dictionary definitions of both homonymous units (i.e. the old and the contemporary adjective nieszczęsny), a characterization of the collocation of the expression nieszczęsny, as well as of words that are semantically associated with it (including the adjective nieszczęśliwy 'unhappy'). Moreover, the article discusses problems which directly affect the findings regarding the semantic specificity of nieszczęsny (the issue of the subject of predication, the question of reference). It concludes with a proposal of explication of the meaning of the analysed unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article contributes to the knowledge on the sources of lexical borrowings from German into Polish dialects. The subject of the analysis includes selected names of persons that are Germanisms, characterized by expressiveness, and documented in the Kuyavian dialect. The vocabulary of this region has never been studied in this aspect. The material was taken from the 1st Volume of The Dialect and Culture Dictionary of Kuyavia, and from its file. The term “Germanism” is understood broadly in this paper. Germanisms are considered not only as proper borrowings from the German language and dialects, but also as derivatives which were created in the native Kuyavian land on the basis of German original forms, using various nominative techniques. Four ways of penetrating the German influence into the Polish language were indicated. Various criteria were used in the analysis of these German loans: formal, etymological, semantic and geographical ones. A typology of expressivisms, developed by Stanisław Grabias, was utilised. The article presents seventeen Germanisms in the Kuyavian dialect that define a man in terms of his physicalness, psyche and material status, in the context of the comparison with the semantically similar vocabulary in other regions of Poland and with non-general varieties of Polish. These are names that mostly reflect negative valuation (e.g. gałgan, fagas, huncwot, rojber, ekensztyjer, lofer, lump), and that are already present in the meanings and expressiveness of the German basic forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the function of catchwords and slogans, as well as the role that these forms play in political communication. Not only are they short and catchy sayings, but they also carry important meanings – from the point of view of both the government and the society. Political slogans and catchwords are a significant part of political campaigns, politicians’ presentations and election programs, as well as social movements and protests. As multimodal carries, they can be examined with the use of systemic functional linguistics methods. The analysis and conclusions are based on the collection of more than 3100 items: political catchwords from Polish political discourse, excerpted from written (ephemera, press) and oral texts (protests, demonstrations, live presentations) published in 1918–2018. The collection is the part of the project which aims at publishing A Dictionary of Political Catchwords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper, the status and features of aesthetic speech acts are discussed. They are a research phenomenon at the junction of two disciplines: pragmatics and stylistics. The authors treat aesthetic speech acts as these kinds of speech acts that are produced by the sender with an intention to make the receiver have an aesthetic experience, however, they are not limited solely to the field of literature. No performative verbs can be ascribed to them, therefore they may be categorized as indirect stimulating acts. Moreover, the aesthetic function performed by such speech acts is frequently accompanied by other linguistic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents part of the results of a field study carried out in Masuria in Summer 2018, in the framework of the international Beethoven 2 project: "Generational language differentiation: morpho-syntactic changes resulting from Polish-German language contact in the speech of bilingual persons" financed by Narodowe Centrum Nauki (National Science Centre), project no. 2016/23/G/HS2/04369, affiliated with the Institute of Slavic Studies, Polish Academy of Science. The author focuses on two different linguistic situations connected with acquisition of German language by new speakers, or adults who learn a language during organized educational classes, in relation to old speakers, or those who learnt the language in their childhood, in the context of their homes or families. The members of both groups were born in Masuria, which was part of East Prussia before World War II, and was incorporated into Poland after 1945. The language change in that territory has had an important effect on the acquisition process of the Polish and the German languages, and on the language biographies of the speakers However, the notion of generation included in the title of this paper does not necessarily have to refer to changes in the diachronic approach, but can also address synchronically occurring conditions, as both old and new speakers can be representatives of various generations of the same family or members of the same community and of similar age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a pilot publication of a project on language contacts in a poorly studied area of the Baltic-Slavic border. The author presents the specifics of the egodocuments of Vandalin Shukevich (1852-1919), an autodidact scientist from the Nacha of the Lida district. The egodocuments were identified in the national historical archive of the Republic of Lithuania in 2021. The author presents their research potential in the study of linguistic contacts in the peripheral dialectal area of the Balto-Slavic border. She proves that the analysis of the dialectal material extracted from the manuscripts will introduce new knowledge about historical multilingualism, the Balto-Slavic language contacts, the development of local dialects, the state of the north-eastern Polish language at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and about the history of the Polish science. The results of the analysis will also be relevant for the present, introducing novel data on geolects and the dynamics of the development of cross-border language contacts in the poorly studied area of the Balto-Slavic borderland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the activity and achievements of Professor Zenon Klemensiewicz as the editor of the “Język Polski” journal (‘The Polish Language’), the official publication of The Society of Friends of the Polish Language (Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego). Klemensiewicz became the editor in the end of 1958, and performed his duties until his death in a plane crash, on April 2, 1969. The author identifies the most important of Klemensiewicz’s achievements at the position of the editor: the extension of the editorial board of the journal, the introduction of new authors and numerous papers representing the most recent (in the 1960s) linguistic trends, such as structural and generative linguistics, text linguistics, press discourse analysis, as well as the increase of the circulation of the journal and its importance for the Polish linguistic community as well as for other groups of its readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper summarizes the first stage of development of a new subfield of linguistics known as linguistic memory research, and poses three questions which are important for its further development: what are the mutual relations and tangents between language and memory (both individual and collective), what are the mutual relations between linguistic memory research and the related field of cognitive ethnolinguistics (as well as such disciplines in humanities as historiography and theoretical archaeology), and lastly, in what areas can linguistic memory research and ethnolinguistics support each other most effectively. A greater part of the paper is devoted to a brief overview of the ten problem areas in memory research, and a presentation of specific tasks posed before linguists by questions concentrated in those areas: from the determination of the role of memory in the processes of lexicalization and phraseologization, through the classification of verbal (phonic, lexical, phraseological, syntactic, genre-related, etc.) exponents of memory, and the determination of their role in the learning of aspects of individual and collective memory, up to an analysis of the role of the given ethnic language in the building of large mental constructs interepreting the reality, such as collective memory, linguistic image of the world, and community knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is an analysis of Tadeusz Borowski’s short story Odwiedziny (‘The visit’). It focuses on linguistic and narrative devices through which the speaker influences the recipient’s perception, and so shapes the reading of his work. The first part is introductory, it presents the goals of the paper. The next part recalls the most important existing interpretations, both of Borowski’s literary output as a whole, and of the text at hand. They form the starting point to an analysis of the position of the character-narrator with regard to the events he is describing, and to the relation between the author, the narrator, and the main character of the story. These considerations constitute the third part of the present paper. It begins with a citation of the full text of the story, and is followed by the main argument announced in the title which refers to Ronald Langacker’s cognitive grammar and takes into special consideration such notions as scene, current discourse space, and vantage point. The closing part of the paper contains conclusions, contrasted with the theses put forward in the context of Borowski’s work, as well as suggestions of possible directions of further analysis of the story within the framework of cognitive linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the paper is to reconstruct and analyse Z. Klemensiewicz’s views on the place that socalled ‘relative meaning’ occupied in his conception of syntax. Klemensiewicz distinguished 21 types of relative meanings and gave examples of their grammatical and lexical markers. His works, reminded in this paper after nearly half a century from their publication, are treated as documents of historical value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper consists of two parts, and presents the spoken Polish of the North-Eastern Borderland, as well as borrowings from Polish which function in the dialects of the Pskov province. Three regions with different histories have been included. The southern lands of the Pskov province (the area which belonged to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772) were described in the first part of the article. The sociolinguistic situation and loanwords borrowed from Polish (or via Polish) were analysed basing on two sources: the author’s materials collected during dialectological field research, and material from The Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data. The Pytalovo region (which belonged to Latvia in the interwar period) and the historical Pskov region (where there were no Polish settlements) were described in the second part of the paper. Two sources were used: The Pskov Regional Dictionary with Historical Data, and The Dialectological Dictionary of One Family (Pytalovo Region of the Pskov Province). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses Witold Mańczak’s hypothesis concerning a Finnic (particularly Balto-Finnic) substrate in the Baltic languages (Mańczak 1990: 29–38, 1993: 151, 2008: 149–152), as well as Jan Henrik Holst’s critical evaluation of the problem (Holst 2015: 151–173). Mańczak lists ten arguments in support of the substrate theory: According to Meillet (1925: 100–101), the disappearance of the neuter gender in Lithuanian and Latvian occurred under the influence of Balto-Finnic languages, since the category of gender is absent from Finno-Ugric. Old Lithuanian displays secondary local cases (i.e. illative, allative, adessive, inessive) formed using postpositions, following the Finno-Ugric pattern (Meillet 1925: 101). Lithuanian constructions expressing evidentiality (e.g. Lith. nešęs velnias akmenį ‘a devil is said to have brought a stone’) – as well as their Latvian counterparts – appeared due to substrate influence, according to Pisani (1959: 217). Lithuanian numerals 11–19 ending in -lika (e.g. Lith. vienúolika ‘eleven’, dvýlika ‘twelve’, etc.) are of substrate origin (ibid.: 217). Lithuanian imperative particle -ki or -k (e.g. OLith. dúoki ‘give’) reproduces a similar particle known from Finnish, according to some scholars (Toporov, Trubačev 1962: 249–250). The alternation of voiced and voiceless consonants, as in blekai/plekai ‘tripe’ (Kiparsky 1968: 76–90 lists 200 such doublets in Latvian and 50 in Lithuanian), may be caused by the influence of a Finno-Ugric substrate, since the Finno-Ugric languages used to lack voiced consonants. There are Common Baltic terms of Finno-Ugric origin, e.g. the name for ‘amber’: OPrus. gentars, Lith. giñtaras, Latv. dzĩtars m. ‘amber’ (Bednarczuk 1976: 47–48). The use of the genitive instead of an adjective in East Baltic (e.g. Lith. lietuvių kalba ‘Lithuanian language’, Latv. latviešu valoda ‘Latvian language’), unknown to other Indo-European languages, arose through Balto-Finnic influence – cf. Finnish suomen kieli ‘Finnish language’, Est. eesti keel ‘Estonian language’ (Bednarczuk 1968). The territory of Latvia abounds in hydronyms of Finnic provenance, while in Lithuania we may identify the name Nemunas (the main river in the area) as well as ca. 30 other river names of potential Finno-Ugric origin (Zinkevičius 1984: 155). The non-distinction of grammatical number in third-person finite verb forms in Lithuanian, Latvian and Old Prussian was, according to some researchers (e.g. Thomason, Kaufman 1988: 243), caused by Balto-Finnic influence. Besides, the present author reviews Holst’s critical paper on the hypothesis about Uralic substrate in Common Baltic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes K. Nitsch's road to dialectology and linguistic geography. It begins with a presentation of some events from Nitsch's youth. In those times, he was inspired by Baudouin de Courtenay's phonological methods and Gillieron's linguistic geography Having completed his genius description of Polish dialects, Nitsch began work on the atlas and dictionary of Polish dialects. After World War II, he organized the work on Mały atlas gwar polskich ('A small atlas of Polish dialects') which was planned to precede a large one. This work, commenced by an editorial team under the direction of Nitsch in a special department of the Polish Academy of Sciences, was continued and completed under the supervision of Nitsch's student, M. Karaś. The work discussed in the present paper comprises 13 volumes, 601 maps, 116 main and about 200 supplementary localities. Linguistic phenomena have been shown on maps using geometric figures, coloured areas, and isoglosses. Labels were rarely used. The atlas focuses on phonetic and morphological phenomena. It also contains multiple lexical maps. Mały atlas gwar polskich is the single largest work in the field of Polish linguistic geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the history of Polish and Slavic linguistics in Poland in the 20th century, with a special regard to dialectology In the centre of its attention lies the Cracow (Cracow-Lviv) linguistic school of Professor Kazimierz Nitsch. The author describes it primarily on the basis of personal scientific contact (in the middle of the 20th century) with the father of Polish dialectology, Professor K. Nitsch, and a team of researchers from his Department of Atlas and Dictionary of Polish Dialects of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Cracow, Mikołajska street). She looks back at the seminar Nitsch held for researchers, which she attended as a Master's student at the Jagiellonian University. She presents Professor as a researcher, organizer of team research, academic teacher, as well as a scientific guide, a scholar, and author of linguistic publications in various periods of the 20th century She draws particular attention to Nitsch's pioneering works on Kashubian and other Pomeranian dialects The paper also talks about the long-term radiation of Professor Nitsch's scientific school, and how his students from various generations - such as Zdzisław Stieber, Nitsch's student from 1920s, his colleague, and later a creator of a linguistic school himself - as well as students of his students greatly contributed to the advancement of Polish linguistics in the 20th and early 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is an attempt to create the definitions of and delimitations between the terms calque, semi-calque, and phraseological hybrid, based on the material collected among the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. Many scientfic papers have been written on calques, semi-calques, and phraseological hybrids, contributing to a better understanding of those linguistic phenomena, and deepening the possibilities of their interpretation. Calques, semi-calques, and lexical hybrids have been described in a quite satisfactory way; with reference to phraseology, however, theoretical and methodological discussions are still lacking. Their correct interpretation is key for an analysis of the phraseological store of the bilingual community of Old Believers in Poland. For more than half a century, their Russian dialect has been subjected to an incessant, strong influence of Polish, resulting in the appearance of an increasingly large number of elements borrowed from Polish, especially in the lexical system: borrowings, lexical calques, as well as phraseological calques and semi-calques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the paper is the nobility of the Grodno region at the beginning of the 21st century. Basing on archival queries and field explorations, the author identifies three clusters of gentry areas near Grodno, Belarus, that survived till our time. She draws attention to the fact that their inhabitants still speak Polish, and are acutely aware of their belonging to the nobility, which awareness is passed from one generation to the next. Further, she emphasizes that the language of the inhabitants of the various clusters is not identical, and also differs significantly from the language of Polish residents of rural areas. The author postulates the value of research into the language and identity of Grodno nobility as an important element of the unique culture of Polish-Belarusian borderland. The paper has been prepared within the Thesaurus Poloniae scholarship program of the Minister of Culture and National Heritage of the Republic of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses selected problems of the language of football fanatics who constitute the so-called szalikowcy subculture ('hooligans; lit. scarfers'). The author pays most attention to two (pejorative) personal expressions: żyd 'Jew' and pies 'dog' which, in the hate-saturated conflict between the fans of two clubs from Cracow, Cracovia and Wisła, are used as heavy insults and invectives serving to humiliate and depreciate the opponent The paper analyses the sphere of negative semantic connotations of both words, their origin and fluctuations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the author presents the linguistic layer of Tomasz Raczek's feuilletons published in the "Wprost" weekly. Analysed are the various linguistic means, phraseologisms, and lexemes occurring in Raczek's texts, which showcase masculine and non-masculine social attitudes, and thereby the subjective value system represented by the author of the "Ekran osobisty" ('Personal screen') series of feuilletons. Moreover, the paper presents the narrative strategies of Raczek's feuilletons, revealing the linguistic and cultural image of masculinity in Raczek's texts: the culture of intertextuality and conceptual metaphors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the history of research into the urban spoken Polish of Cracow. Its most intensive period fell between 1976 and 1991. The research project was initiated by Professor M. Karaś. After his untimely death in 1977, the work was directed by Professor B. Dunaj. It was twin-track; both collective and individual studies were carried out. Under the supervision of B. Dunaj, five doctoral theses have been written; in total, nine books have been published: four collective and five individual ones. Some collective works have not been published, i.a. Słownik frekwencyjny nieoficjalnej odmiany polszczyzny mówionej ('A frequency dictionary of an unofficial variety of spoken Polish'). Also other projects grew out of the research into the language spoken in Cracow, e. g. Słownik współczesnego języka polskiego (1996; 'A dictionary of contemporary Polish'). In the first decade of the 21st century, B. Dunaj and M. Mycawka conducted research into regional vocabulary, focusing primarily on theoretical problems. Under the supervision of B. Dunaj, 28 unpublished monographies have been prepared on the subject of regional words in the speech of inhabitants of selected towns (mainly in Lesser Poland). In 2018, the dictionary Powiedziane po krakowsku. Słownik regionalizmów krakowskich ('Said like in Cracow. A dictionary of Cracow regional words', ed. by D. Ochmann and R. Przybylska) has been published, growing out of and referring to previous research. The present paper presents the controversial methodological problems related to research into regional vocabulary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the ways in which sender-recipient strategy is realized in old treatises on pond economy. It focuses on the indices of textual relations between the master of the pond art and the student. The analysis has shown that in both treatises, the recipient is that communicative instance which plays a much more significant role than the sender. The organization and arrangement of the textual space serves the good of the recipient. The sender employs for this purpose desiderative constructions, lexical indices of cohesion of the utterance, and semantic-syntactic parallelism of elements. The authors of the treatises skilfully include an iconographic component in their lecture; Strumieński even refers to specific objects in the extra-linguistic reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper describes sixty years of the development of studies on synchronic word formation in Poland. The period is divided into two stages: 1959-1999, and 1999-2019. The first part recalls the comprehensive, profound characterization of the forty-year period from 1959 to 1999, given by Mirosław Skarżyński in Powstanie i rozwój polskiego słowotwórstwa opisowego. The second part is devoted to the twenty years from 1999 to 2019, and presents the most important changes that occurred in this period in the description of our (sub)discipline of linguistics. It highlights M. Skarżyński's influence on the direction and essence of those changes, as the personality who inspired and penned groundbreaking works in the field, especially as the editor and collaborator on the third volume of SGS. Not all of the findings presented in this dictionary are sufficiently known in the scientific millieu, primarily due to the dispersion of works that continue previous research. Only after a synthesis of the newest accomplishments is prepared, will it be possible to give a positive answer to the question in the title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]