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The drape is a fabric's ability to deform when suspended under its weight in specified conditions of known size using a Drape Meter. The Drape Coefficient % (DC%) is calculated by taking the weight of paper cut out based on the shadow of the fabric. A fabric property is very important in relating to the behavior of drapes and these factors were determined by earlier researchers in developing a tool to measure drape. The Cusiks's Drape Meter was the first equipment that used the principle of shadow in reflecting the drape behavior and later on calculating the DC%. The principle introduced by Cusick has been used by a lot of researchers to determine DC% more accurately using computer captured images. In recent years, a lot of research has moved forward using software to calculate the DC% by incorporating the values of fabric properties to create an image for the drape. A lot of work on comparing the values of DC% using conventional and simulated/virtual methods was published. The usage of particular software can predict the DC% before the actual production of fabrics. Prediction can be made based on physical properties needed on particular fabrics to be produced and thus saving a lot of time and giving more choices in fabrics selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computational thinking is a way of thinking for problem solving and is one of the basic skills of the 21st century that is very important to be applied in science learning as an effort to prepare for disruption in the industrial era 4.0 and society 5.0. This study aims to find a new method that has proven its effectiveness to apply problem solving skills. The Research and Development (R and D) method with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Develop, Implementation and Evaluation) was carried out to develop a Problem Project Based Learning (PPjBL) model with a Computational Thinking (CT) approach based on CoSpaces-Edu Paper Cube Augmented Reality. This research has produced a product in the form of a Problem Project Based Learning (PPjBL) model with a Computational Thinking (CT) approach based on CoSpaces-Edu Paper Cube Augmented Reality which has been validated by experts on very feasible and effective criteria to be applied as a science learning design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-limited exposure of electrode-free optically rewritable electronic paper is essential for applications, but performance characteristics can be modest. In this study, we investigate whether image writer mode can improve kinetics of the photosensitive layer order parameter, which is described by the rotational diffusion model. The model that we developed allows adjusting the transmittance spectra of polarizers. We have found that fairly uniform transmittance spectrum of polarizers enables to obtain competitive contrast ratio of 8:1 within 10 s of exposure. In comparison with long-time exposure, the reflectance coefficient is reduced by 24%. Computer-generated image is consistent with the experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The understudies of schools and universities devour many papers as note pads, books, assessments, answer books and so forth. After utilizing these papers and advancing in the new class, new requests for scratchpad and books were delivered. The new paper creation by paper factories cause the cut of more trees and timberlands and become the explanation of water, air contamination. Reusing paper squander paper is probably ideal for the supportable turn of events and zero waste targets. Since squander paper reusing supplies critical commitments to the supportability of ranger service assets, to energy-saving endeavours, to decrease ecological contamination levels and viable usage of crude materials. The financial commitment of waste paper reusing can be a lot more prominent if these squanders are gathered at the source. It is essential to distinguish the areas that devour generally higher measure of paper; thus, raise their mindfulness, and give answers for on-source-partition rehearses in such areas. Generally, it realizes that the understudies of universities/schools burnthrough bigger measures of paper contrasted with other shopper units. The current investigation plans to ascertain the worth of financial advantage made by squandering papers gathered usingthe students of College/school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to study more about young entrepreneur participation toward halal food industry. Many studies stated that halal food industry demand is growing rapidly in both Malaysia and global. The current situation in Malaysia is precisely targeting the youth to act as organizer and participant in Malaysia halal food industry. The factors which may influence the participation of young entrepreneurs includes job happiness, intention, perception, attitude, social norms, perceived behaviour, and financial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this era of technology, online data is increasing enormously in various forms be it images, videos, texts, sound, etc. Now with increasing data, there arises the issue of storage and that's the time when Bigdata and its tools come into the picture. To analyze the big data and process it with the available traditional methods, becomes an extremely strenuous task. And to overcome this drawback, there are various big data tools and techniques available. Some of the techniques that are used to analyze big data are the techniques of data mining such as clustering, classification, division, and prediction. The tools that are used in analyzing the big data are MongoDB, NoSQL, HPCC, Apache Storm, Spark, Apache Hadoop, also these tools are used in handling big data. In this paper, analysis of big data tools and techniques has been done with different examples and instances. To understand the tools better, their summaries along with examples are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the research trend of interconnection of computational thinking and mathematics. Data analysis used bibliometric mapping analysis method. Related articles analyzed were searched from the Scopus and Google Scholar databases using Publish or Perish software. Furthermore, data analysis using VOSviewer software. The results show that: (1) research on the interconnection of mathematics and computational thinking has increased significantly in the last five years, (2) the number of articles in Google Scholar indexed journals is more than Scopus indexed journals, but the number of citations in Scopus indexed journals is much higher than Google Scholar indexed journals and conference papers, (3) David Weintrop is the most cited author on mathematics and computational thought, with 77.40 citations/year, (4) there are many network clusters between authors with members ranging from two to eight authors, (5) There are many research theme cluster networks used by the authors in the last three years, with the focus of recent research linking mathematics and computational thinking with critical thinking, mathematical literacy, and computational thinking abilities. The results of this study can be used as a basis and inspiration for further research on mathematical interconnection and computational thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial waste is a by-product of industrial processes from waste material or building material. The study was conducted to analyze the used of solid waste pulp dreg and grits through chemical characterization to make bricks. In brick formation, the CaO content is very important because it functions as an adhesive and from its characterization shows the CaO content is 58.10% in dregs and 59.76% in grits. From the research method carried out by mixing dreg and slaker grit waste with other materials, the best results were obtained at the maximum value of the compressive strength of quality I brick is 7 Mpa (SNI; 3.5 Mpa). Characterization of material used Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and IR Prestige-21 instruments to analyze the chemical content of the waste. Universal Testing Machine (UTM) was used for compressive strength analysis using material strength when given a load with certain pressure. The result showed that the best which for bricks that lower water absorption and bricks that have large compressive strength value 7 Mpa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mass Oxygen Transfer is a molecular diffusion of gas in a liquid depending upon its characteristics, concentration and cross-sectional area across which diffusion occurs and is accomplished in aerobic digestion of organics through different aeration equipment. Accordingly the comparative evaluation of mass transfer oxygen by different aeration equipment were conducted in existing aeration tanks of Agro Based Pulp and Paper Mill by studying the effect during pre and post injection of liquid oxygen through submerged and floating turbine systems coupled with fine bubble replacing existing coarse bubble diffuser. The dissolved oxygen levels in the second aeration tank (AT2) equipped with submerged turbine has further improved in the range of 2 to 2.5 comparison to lower values up to 1.5 mg/l observed in first aeration tank (AT1) with floating turbine systems. It was further studied that if fine bubble diffuser replacing existing pipe in both the aeration tanks are further coupled with liquid oxygen injection through submersible turbine system in both the aeration tanks shall increase dissolved oxygen levels up to 3-3.5 mg/l besides reduction in energy consumption up to 25% thus lowering overall treatment cost and further improve the treatment efficiencies for reduction a of BOD and COD at the final out let well below compliance level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present world of advanced technology, we are entering a new era of computer technology, the full form of IoT being the Internet of Things. The Internet, a revolutionary invention, is constantly evolving into some new kind of hardware and software that has made it inevitable for everyone. IoT is a kind of global neural network in the cloud that allocates a lot. The communication system we see is person-to-person or device-to-person, but the IoT offers better future for the Internet, where communication type is machine-to-machine (M2M). The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the IoT display and its enabled technology and sensor network. This paper covers the subject matter, features, basic requirements and applications of IoT. The primary purpose of this research paper is to deliver an idea of the development and use of the IoT, its structure and advantages and disadvantages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voting system plays an important role in any democratic country. Vote means to elect the best political pioneer. In India, currently two types of voting systems are depleted, which are secret Ballet paper and Electronic Voting Machines(EVM), but both of them have severalrestrains. The current voting system is jeopardizing, voters visits poolingbooth and stand in long line up to cast their votes, because of which there are possibilities that many people miss their chance of voting. Additionally, social gathering isn't much preferred in this COVID-19 situation. Voters who are ineligible may also use fraudulent methods to cast their ballots, which may result in hardship. Therefore, in this project, we suggest a voting system that is efficient and has three layers of security. The verification of the voter's unique identification number (UID) comes first, then the verification of their election identification number (EID), and finally the verification of their face, which is the highest level of security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Notwithstanding the developing interest and conversations on Augmented Reality (AR) on smart campus, we don't yet know methodicallly, the information that has been worked from scholarly papers on AR in smart campus; if furthermore the way in which AR research meet, the approaches used to explore AR in tourism, and the emerging contexts AR has appeared smart campus research. By directing a deliberate writing survey on AR research in smart campus, this work looks to reply four importantly research questions: (1) Where AR technology research emerged in?; (2) Which Role of the Mobile Augmented Reality System (MARS) stand out enough to be noticed in smart campus research?; or (3) Comparison of Features in The Campus Tour Guide Application utilised to research AR in smart campus?; Overall, the findings show that smart campus arisen as the most well-known settings. Notwithstanding, issues with heterogeneity showed up in phrasing use close by an absence of hypothesis based exploration in AR. Likewise, holes were distinguished where difficulties recognized rotated around consciousness of the innovation, convenience, and time responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovation in paper technology that is totally different from the papermaking technology that has been known now, has been found in the 21st century in China. This new discovery paper does not use cellulose fibers as its raw material, and does not use water at all in its production process. Because it is made of inorganic mineral coming from calcite rocks, this paper is called 'rock paper' or stone paper. The process of stone papermaking in principle mixes fine powder of calcite rock with non-toxic resin, one of which is HDPE (high density polyethylene), as well as other additives, then melted at high temperatures and formed into a sheets like paper. The properties of stone paper are very similar and even have advantages compared to conventional paper. This type of paper is claimed to be more environmentally friendly than conventional paper because it does not use plant fibers as raw material, which means there is no trees cut. It can be recycled and produces low greenhouse gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different methods and application rates of an inoculum powder of sunflower Phoma rot pathogen Plenodomus lindquistii Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley for an artificial infection of seeds in the laboratory in soil were studied, the results are presented. The following methods of application of Phoma inoculum powder into soil were studied: into row, mixtures with soil, and on the bottom of a growth tray covered with a filter paper under soil. The application rates of an inoculum powder were 2.5 and 5.0 g per a row of 11 cm length; 5.0 and 10.0 g per 600 g of soil – mixing with soil and on the bottom of the growth tray. The method of application of the inoculum powder into a row in a rate of 5.0 g when the most seeds perished before sprouting were considered to be an optimal one. The sunflower infection with Phoma rot pathogen was weak in variants where pathogen powder was mixed with soil or placed under soil on the bottom of the growth tray. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last few years, the technological progress in the field of wood polymer nanocomposites have played a significant role. It has been successfully overcome many disadvantages of wood product such as poor dimensional stability, poor mechanical strength, susceptibility and poor thermal stability. Due to the modification of softwood, we are able to find the substitution of costliest hardwood. In the addition of vinyl monomer and thermosetting resin with different cross linking reagents, we can easily develop the properties of wood. Due to its low cost and multi functionality softwood have a broad application in different fields of wood polymer nanotechnologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immediate methanol energy unit (DMFC) is the substitution of lithium-particle batteries in practically every one of the convenient electronic devices, in which current DMFCs work at double the force thickness of current lithium-particle batteries with moment refuel capability. It's realized that, the DMFC will give higher force densities, just if the center of this power module – the polymer electrolyte layer (PEM) – were more impervious to the fuel (methanol). In this way, the plan and improvement of Nafion® (the most ordinarily utilized PEM in energy components) substitutes that show high proton's conductivity and little methanol porousness (high selectivity) is a functioning space of examination. Polymer mixes are a humble and worthwhile strategy to advance layers that conjoin the ideal vehicle properties. Until now, there is fractional exploration in the space of PEM mixes, and besides, various uncertain inquiries. In this investigation, the properties of mix organization, science, and handling on polymer morphology and thereafter the vehicle properties and selectivity were analyzed. A significant impact in this investigation is correlation arrangement of cast films to warm squeezed layers. The last target is to coordinate with both the layers to furnish immiscible mixes with low selectivity, while likewise with the writing review tempered arrangement cast layers improved miscibility and thusly selectivity. The result with this examination is to discover the DMFC Execution of a strengthened arrangement cast mix layer of Nafion®/poly (vinyl liquor) (PVA) (with just 5 wt% PVA) was 33% higher than Nafion® (the business standard) at a high methanol fuel fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the performances of cationic starch (CS) and sodium carboxymethyl celluloses (CMC-Na) as dry strength additives (DSA). The CS and CMC-Na were incorporated with to pulp slurry in different dosages (0.5%-2.0%) during stock preparation. The basic weight of 80 g/m2 was made for each treatment. The results showed that the utilization of CMC-Na had better mechanical properties compared to the CS for all treatments. In general, apparent density and mechanical properties were significantly affected by the addition of DSA. However, through the observation of the experiment, the enhancing effect of CMC-Na on mechanical properties of wastepaper was much higher than using CS except for tear strength. The FESEM imaging results can also help prove the best DSA used in wastepaper production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asbestos and gypsum ceiling board, which recently used, possess certain health risks to humans other than being environmentally-unfriendly. This project aims to investigate the potential use of waste paper in the production of ceiling material to meet the aim of producing an eco-friendly and cost-effective product. The idea of replacing the raw materials to manufacture ceiling boards with the waste paper is to carry out to ascertain its suitability as ceiling board material. The waste paper pulp was sun-dried before mixed with UF adhesive and is compressed under pressure 204 kg/m2 under a temperature of 105°C. The tests conducted include density test, moisture content test, and water absorption test. Tabulated results have shown that the material is more lightweight and comparable moisture content compared to the asbestos and gypsum board material. With the same thickness, 500g of waste paper pulp compressed into a mold with a size 450 mm x 450 mm is more suitable to be commercialized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pulp and paper industrial waste or what is known as black liquor contains toxic contents, if not treated first, it can cause environmental pollution. So far, black liquor has only been used for the manufacture of biofuels and fuel for the paper industry, while 46% of lignin is the total solids in the black liquor component itself. This study aims to determine how much the percentage of decolorization of black liquor and producing lignin with bright colors using the coagulation method. The coagulant used in this study was Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) with various concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, and 2.5%) v / v. The results showed that the coagulation method proved effective in decolorizing lignin made from black liquor as raw material. The optimum condition to obtain decolorization was 90.44% using 2% PAC coagulant concentration and the total retention time of 24 hours. In addition, FTIR was used to qualitatively analyze the sludge produced during the coagulation process, and the results showed that there are several different groups in the lignin unit. The lignin obtained using the coagulation method produces a brighter brown color, is insoluble in water and odorless with a yield of 38.3%, a pH of 1.68, a purity of 54.8%, and water content and an ash content of 0.2% and 27.2%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The currencies of nations have always been transforming throughout the human history. From gold and silver coins to simple coins and paper money then eventually to digital money. The evolutionary period of currency includes both physical and legal extent. With the digital revolution, the evolution of currencies is inevitable. The first attempt at a digital currency was not Bitcoin, but it has been the most successful digital currency and it is now accepted by many major retailers. This report contains a brief description of the evolution of cryptocurrencies, their types, and how and when the prices of different currencies rose. The comprehensive study of the volatility of the market and when to buy or sell the currencies hold the major share throughout the report. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every year, as a result of the activities of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill, from 90 to 160 thousand tons of solid waste were generated. Lignin sludge is a sludge formed during the wastewater treatment of the plant. The disposal of waste from the production of the Baikal Pulp and Paper Mill was carried out in specially equipped dumps and storages. In model experiments using the method of solid-phase fermentation, the main patterns of ecological and biochemical processes occurring during the transformation of organic substrates (sludge-lignin, sawdust) were established; substrates were obtained for creating soil-ground. To develop the optimal composition of fertile mixtures from sludge-lignin after solid-phase fermentation, experiments were carried out to create artificial soils with different ratios of the resulting soils. The content of heavy metals in ready mixtures is much less than the concentrations specified in the regulations when using organic fertilizers [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to design a Microstrip Patch Textile antenna using Jeans substrate (Dielectric constant - 1.7) at 2.4GHz and it is compared with Paper substrate antenna (Dielectric constant - 3.6). The Rectangular microstrip patch antenna which uses Jeans substrate with the thickness of 1.6mm (Group1) and 1.4mm (Group 2) and the Paper substrate Antenna with the thickness 1.4mm (Group3) and 1.6mm(Group 4) are designed and simulated with HFSS software. For each group 10 samples are taken for the analysis. If significance p<0.05, then it indicates that the performance of the Antenna is good. The antenna directivity analysis is done for 2 GHz to 2.8 GHz. The Experimental results shows that the jean substrate antenna which is designed at 2.4GHz is having the directivity of 2.31dB. The Rectangular Microstrip patch antenna which is designed using Paper Substrate having directivity of 2.2dB at 2.4GHz. The microstrip patch antenna which is designed using jeans substrate is having significantly better performance when compared to the microstrip patch antenna using Paper substrate while considering its directivity parameter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cloud computing has become a popular approach for processing data and running computationally expensive services on a pay-as-you-go basis. Due to the ever-increasing requirement for cloud-based apps, appropriately allocating resources according to user requests while meeting service-level agreements between customers and service providers has become increasingly complex. An efficient and versatile resource allocation method is required to properly deploy these assets and meet user needs. The technique of distributing resources has become more arduous as user demand has increased. One of the key areas of research experts is how to design optimal solutions for this approach. In this paper, a literature review on proposed dynamic resource allocation approaches is introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing population growth has an impact on increasing waste production which is not balanced with the number of trash cans in urban areas. The cleaning staff plays an important role in monitoring the contents of the trash cans so that there is no pile of garbage that can carry various types of diseases. Monitoring the contents of trash cans carried out by cleaning staff at Kuntum Cemerlang School is still done manually, so it takes a long time to monitor all the contents of trash cans in the surrounding environment. If the trash can is empty or contains only a small amount of trash, then this will waste time and cause delays in disposing of waste to the waste bank. The purpose of this research is to implement an Arduino Uno and an ultrasonic sensor based on the Internet of Things (IoT) so that the time spent by cleaners to monitor the contents of trash cans is more effective. The design of the tool starts from an ultrasonic sensor that is connected to an arduino uno based on the internet of things (IoT) using the blynk application service on a smartphone. android. The data from the ultrasonic sensor will be transmitted to database the blynk applicationvia the ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module so that the blynk application will display height information from the contents of the trash can. This study resulted in three conditions of the height of the contents of the trash can, namely: still empty, almost full and already full. If the trash can is full, the janitor will receive an email and the led light on the blynk application will turn red. System testing was carried out internally using paper waste with the conclusion that the monitoring system carried out in the study was more efficient than manual monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates the Electronic Medicine Compiler Box for the convenience of users or patients, especially for the elderly to take medicine according to the prescribed schedule. When several medications have to be taken at different times, mistakes often occur. This Electronic Medicine Organizer Box is developed using GSM and Arduino Uno modules where the buzzer will sound if the medicine has not been taken at the specified time and it will send a message to the mobile phone when the medicine has been taken. The Telegram bot is also developed to remind users about the cleanliness of the box. The function of this electronic box has been verified and it was found that it works as intended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in water quality can be shown in physical, chemical and biological indicators. The presence of phytoplankton can be used as a bioindicator to evaluate changes in water quality and fertility in a water. The purpose of this study was to determine the abundance and biological index of phytoplankton in the Ir.H. Djuanda Reservoir. The method used is a survey. Types of phytoplankton obtained in the results of the study consisted of 6 classes and 36 species. The average abundance of phytoplankton in the waters of the Ir. H. Djuanda ranged from 23809 – 98810 cells/l. The results of the analysis of diversity (H') = 1.78 – 2.53, uniformity index (E) = 0.62 – 0.8 and dominance index (C) = 0.12 – 0.28. These results indicate that the diversity of phytoplankton in the Ir. H. Djuanda has moderate diversity, high uniformity and no dominance. Based on the value of the diversity index, it shows that the reservoir is classified as lightly polluted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sentiment analysis is a technique for extracting feelings, emotions, and points of view from texts that have been made publicly available through various data sources, such as social media. In the mid-2000s, the term "sentiment analysis" became widespread, and it peaked in 2019. The SCOPUS database shows a positive research trend in sentiment analysis research during the last 10 years (2012–2021). While conference papers accounted for 49.6 percent of this research, journal articles accounted for 38.8 percent of overall production. The United States is the country with the most paper publications in this research area. The majority of the technologies investigated in this study can identify positive, negative, and neutral polarity. Twenty prominent and widely accessible tools for sentiment analysis available on the Internet were examined, only a few of them are completely free, while some of them do provide a limited-featured free version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The technique of micro-exfoliation has gained prominence as a highly effective and adaptable method for exploiting two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as graphene Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), Borophene, Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), among others. This paper presents an analysis of optical images and the micro exfoliation technique, focusing on the application to MoS2 and graphene. Additionally, the study investigates the exfoliated sheet of graphene, MoS2, and their hybrid on a (111) crystal plane of silicon wafer. The micro-exfoliation technique employed for MoS2 involves a mechanical process that gently disentangles the layers of MoS2 from the larger crystal structure, resulting in the formation of ultrathin two-dimensional nanosheets. This paper comprehensively analyses the exfoliation processes' mechanisms, emphasizing the intricate relationship between van der Waals forces, interlayer bonding, and external forces. The micro-mechanical exfoliation, a fundamental technique, entails the utilization of adhesive scotch tape to remove monolayers from a large MoS2 crystal delicately. The integration of MoS2 into various applications such as electronics, optoelectronics, sensors, and energy storage devices has been driven by its exceptional properties, including its distinctive electronic, optical, and mechanical characteristics. Furthermore, the ability to adjust the bandgap of MoS2 has created novel opportunities for potential applications in the field of semiconductors. This paper provides a succinct summary of recent studies, that have concentrated on the optical characterization of MoS2 monolayers. Optical and Raman spectroscopy was employed to characterize the 2D sheets of MoS2 and its hybrid materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moodle-based Learning Management Systems have been widely used in learning during the Covid-19 pandemic, especially in Indonesia. In this regard, this study aims to identify and describe the implementation of the Whole Language Approach in improving the ability to write simple scientific papers for students at PGRI Yogyakarta University through the Moodle-based Learning Management System. The method in this research is descriptive qualitative with data in the form of descriptions of the results of research implementation supported by observations, interviews, theoretical studies, and relevant research. The results of this study indicate an increase in the ability to write student scientific papers in the experimental class after using the Whole Language Approach through Moodle-based LMS in learning to write. Several aspects that were assessed were structure, systematics, language use, content coherence, and references used. This increase is indicated by the test numbers before and after the use of the Whole Language Approach through the Moodle-based LMS with mean values of 6.5 to 8.8 in the experimental class, and 6.7 to 7.1 in.the control class. This shows that the use of the Whole Language Approach through Moodle-based LMS is proven to improve students' ability to write simple scientific papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The selection of packing materials is an important factor to prolong the shelf life of food products, especially for perishable foods or produces. This research was conducted to determine the effect of packing materials (papers and plastics) on fresh Brazilian spinach leaves quality such as moisture content, water activity and total color difference (ΔΕ). The samples were stored at ambient temperature (25 °C) for 16 days. The moisture content and water activity of the samples were measure by moisture analyzer and water activity meter, respectively. The total color difference (ΔΕ) was calculated based on L*, a* and b* parameters. Generally, based on overall results, the packing materials significantly affected the quality of fresh Brazilian spinach leaves throughout 16 days of storage period. The results asserted that the paper materials are not suitable to use to pack fresh Brazilian spinach leaves for long period. It is also not recommended to use any paper material to pack fresh produce, especially perishable vegetables and fruits, in protecting their quality. The use of HDPE and PP plastics is recommended to prolong the shelf life of the fresh Brazilian spinach leaves. However, it has a limitation in controlling the changes of leaves color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignosulfonate is produced as a waste in the production of paper. Its sodium variant is used in the construction industry as a plasticizer and stabilizing additive in natural-based adhesives. It consists of components that have been subjected to ecotoxicity testing under REACH as individual components (sodium salts C14-16-alkanehydroxy and C14-16-alkene sulfonic acids, sodium hydroxide, octhilinone), not as a whole mixture. Therefore, ecotoxicological tests of the sodium lignosulfonate were performed in this study to assess environmental safety (100 mg/L). Testing was performed on four organisms: algae (Desmodesmus subspicatus) and crustaceans (Daphnia magna), yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae), mustard (Sinapis alba) in acute aquatic tests. The results indicate stimulation of parameters in all model organisms, toxicity was not demonstrated. Therefore, sodium lignosulfonate probably acted as an eutrophicator in aqueous solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose is the most abundant of natural macromolecules in nature, and it can be obtained from the wastepaper. Wastepaper is mainly produced by daily activities such as school and office. This research aims to isolate and characterize the cellulose from wastepaper through the stages of double bleaching/ delignification under stirring and heating. The functional group analysis, crystallinity, and thermal analysis were performed using FTIR, XRD and TGA. Cellulose has some main functional groups, they are –OH stretching, -CH alkane, H-O-H bending, -CH2 bending, -OH bending, -C-O-C asymmetry and β-glycosidic for each wavenumber at 3403, 2902, 1639, 1431, 1373, 1060 and 897 cm−1. Cellulose of wastepaper has a degree of C.I. of 71%, while the onset temperature (Tonset) observed at 292.15 °C. Based on the results, cellulose of wastepaper was successfully isolated through the simple stages proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic nephropathy is a common complication of diabetes, which can lead to chronic renal failure in patients. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a condition characterized by abnormalities and loss of kidney function. Early detection of nephropathy can prevent the progression of this disease to CKD. In this work, both albumin (ALB) and creatinine (CRE) were used as biomarkers for detecting albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) using paper-based analytical devices (PADs) by applying the alkaline picrate and bromocresol purple (BCP) reagents as the reagent solutions. ALB detections were performed by a dye-binding method using BCP reagent resulted in the color change from yellow to purple, while CRE detection was based on the Jaffe reaction using picric acid in an alkaline solution resulted in the color change from yellow to orange. The color changes were photographed by a digital camera and the pictures' color intensity (RGB) were evaluated using ImageJ. The ACR in artificial samples was measured using the calibration curve constructing by plotting logarithmic of ACR (mg g−1) against the Δ intensity ALB/CRE ratio. The accuracy of ACR determination in artificial samples were found in the range of 75.70 – 99.98%, whereas their standard deviations were in the range of 0.01 – 0.02, showing relatively good accuracy and high precision of the proposed method. The detection limits (LOD) for albumin (ALB) and creatinine (CRE) were 8.2 mg.dL−1 and 5.1 mg.dL−1, respectively. The fast, cheap, and easy-to-use method for ACR detection could be attributed to the proposed method. Additionally, it has relatively good accuracy and high precision, and it can potentially be used as an alternative technique for early detecting or screening kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal failure is often detected when it has reached the last stage. The amount of cystatin C in blood serum can be used as a biomarker for early identification of renal function failure. This work reported a fast and environmentally friendly microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) to determine the amount of cystatin C in the artificial blood serum samples. Functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared by capping the surface of AuNPs with papain to form AuNPs-papain. The aggregate of functionalized AuNPs-papain and Cu2+ ion could be formed due to coordination interaction between Cu2+ ion and papain attached to AuNPs. In the presence of cystatin C, the amount of aggregate decreased because the functionalized AuNPs-papain would bind easily with cystatin C as the substrate of papain. The intensity of aggregate on μPAD was scanned using a paper scanner. The difference intensity of aggregate in the presence of cystatin C was proportional to the concentration of cystatin C in the artificial blood serum sample. The linearity range obtained by this work was 0.5-10.0 mg/L with regression of y=0.3302x+3.488 and linearity of r2=0.998. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 0.511 (3xSD/slope) and 2.044 mg/L (12xSD/slope), respectively. The linearity range and the LOD were wide enough to detect cystatin C in normal people or people with renal diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study was conducted in Al-Zafaraniya area, southeast of Baghdad, on the Al-Rusafa side, and is one of the largest residential sectors within Baghdad, with a population of about 650,000 and characterized by deferent activities. Four sampling sites were selected, and codes A, B, C, and D were given to represent site-1 industrial activity sites, site-2 service workshops, site-3 commercial activity, and site-4 residential areas, respectively. Street dust particles samples were collected using wooden tools and paper bags, three points were selected from each site, the samples were mixed, and 1 kg was taken to separate and analyze molecules, nature forms, composition, and interaction between their sources. The results of mechanical separation by vibrating soil sieve showed that these remaining consist of several sizes and weight categories resulting from the following form (greater than 2000, 2000, 1000, 500, 250, 150, and less than 53) μm and (108.90, 118.63, 219.88, 191.93, 32.16, 247.58, 3.96) g/kg, respectively. Laboratory tests using polarized microscope technology showed that dust particle components varied from artificial, organic, inorganic, minerals, synthetics substances, and biological residents. When examining the forms of its, they appeared to be different shapes as well as stellar, needles and serrated shapes, sharp angles, and irregular edges, as well as the usual spherical and smooth-edged soil particles. When comparing the values of the 7th category, which constitutes the danger reservoir between the street dust particles because it can turn into suspended and accumulated dust, we find that its values (A 4.8, B 2.86, C 1.2, and D 7.0g/kg) hence find that, the highest value (7.0 g) was recorded in the residential site-D, and this gives an indication that the wastes of other sites move to the residential sites and accumulate in them in large quantities, which exposes the public health and components of the ecosystem to many risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrical strain gauge has been used widely in many applications, such as experimental strength of materials and structural health monitoring because of their low cost and durability in making measurements. Recently, a few new sensors have been developed using the constantan alloy to enhance the sensor's response and sensitivity. However, researchers have noticed that electrical conductive paints alternate their electrical resistance when subjected tomechanical strain. This conductivity is given by the conductive network created by the conductive particles in the paint mixture. The conductive network is then altered as a result of the mechanical deformation, changing the material's electrical properties. This research aims to study the effect of the paper-based strain sensor when the carbon electrical conductive paint is used as a sensor coil in the sensor. We studied the changes in the electrical resistance R as the length of the sensor changed according to the applied strain. The conductive paint was applied on 80gsm A4 printing paper. There are three sensor designs that have been studied. For the first method, the gauge factor for design one is 0.67, the second design gives 0.33 for the gauge factor, and the gauge factor for the third design is 0.50. The design that is suitable for the fabrication of the paper-based strain sensor is design 1 because it has the highest sensitivity compared to other designs. However, the sensor's sensitivity must be enhanced by doing more research to produce a better sensor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The STEAM interdisciplinary integrated-thematic curriculum with engineering design is the main concept of the 12-year basic education curricula of Technology. This research is based on the engineering design orientation as a teaching strategy, developing project for paper mechanism, and implementing Living Technology courses for gifted high school students in Taiwan to test the teaching effectiveness. In the project, students need to integrate the theory, using engineering design process methods, performing work prediction and evaluation, prototyping experiments and trial work, and finally optimizing the work and improving the design. The results of the present study facilitate us get deeper understanding of the practical implementation and engineering thinking skills of gifted students. Suggestions based on the results were generated to improve the future Living Technology curriculum. The findings in this study serve as a reference for the future design, development, and implementation of STEAM curricula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urbanization, increase in population and change in lifestyle of human beings increased pressure on natural resources and accumulation of industrial waste in the environment. Dumping and landfilling of such industrial waste especially the solid waste is leading towards severe environmental degradation in the form of water pollution, air pollution and soil pollution etc. Due to increase in installation of more paper mills, there is rapid increase in quantity of solid waste from these industries. In recent years, utilization of lime mud generated from paper mill has been emerged as a potential method to reuse/recover the usable rich material and reduce the quantity of waste and its disposal cost for landfilling/dumping. In this experimental examination, an effort has been complete to examine the behavior of the bricks developed using the waste (lime mud) from paper industry waste and other paper sludge by partial replacing the clay to the extent from 10% to 50%. The bricks were developed by using varying composition. Later execution various tests, it has been detected that bricks made from partial replacement of clay with lime mud are light weight, having desirable compressive strength, corrosion resistant. The indoor air quality assessment of buildings made of these bricks indicted little to no impact on ambient air quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recycling of waste paper conserves our natural resources and will retrieve environmental quality. Concentrate on recycling waste paper into the usable board will benefit plants and the environment. This research depends on the investigation of manufacturing of usable board from waste paper. This manufacturing board can use instead of the board which manufactures from ordinary wood. On the other hand, it protected the forest and eliminates waste that harms the environment. This research illustrates the efficiency of our manufacturing board material by using mechanical tests and comparing it with a board manufactured by two types of ordinary wood and Medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Also, comparing the heat isolation between them. In this project, we use three types of waste paper: white, yellow envelope and newspaper. This waste paper produced our new board material. Our samples were manufactured with dimensions of 10*10 cm and 2 cm thickness. Different amount of waste paper and white glue was investigated to produce a batter board. Our study for the manufactured board materials demonstrated that a white paper sample was the battery on hardness and tensile test. However, yellow envelope samples were more efficient in the impact test than other samples. Moreover, yellow envelope samples were the better one between our samples in heat isolation. Mainly, the waste of paper and white glue was the cheapest to manufacture boards than using ordinary wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Speech Emotion Recognition is an amazing field of research in current days. Speech Emotion Recognition is an innovative technology with numerous applications that can be used in our day-to-day life. This review paper, mainly focused on some parameters such as: feature vector size, feature selection, classifiers and experimental approach for categorizing the different emotional states. To explore this research, we also focused on the dataset which is studied out by IITKGP-SEHSC in Hindi speech. This study reviews the different emotion states Happy, Anger, Neutral, Fear, Disgust, Sad, Sarcastic and Surprise by using the Hindi speech data as an input. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste is produced in large quantities all around the world, causing serious environmental problems. Construction and demolition (C&D) trash accounts for a significant fraction of global solid waste production, with the majority of it ending up in landfills. Concrete engineers have truly recommended the possibility of precisely treating and reusing such waste as aggregates in fresh concrete, particularly for lower-level applications, according to their research. Papercrete is a sustainable building material since it uses less cement and makes extensive use of recycled paper. It provides a number of benefits in the manufacturing industry, including a reduced carbon footprint and recovered fabric. Poor embodied strength, low utilization, and so on. The concrete rubble collected from C&D waste is used as a fine aggregate in the manufacture of papercrete bricks in this study. As a result, both waste paper and C&D debris were used, reducing landfill disposal and promoting low-cost, light-weight, and environmentally friendly construction materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the history of human civilization, the material used to create money has changed in conjunction with the advancement of knowledge and the complexity of human life. This study aims to explore the material evolution of money creation as a medium of exchange. The study used a literature review approach to gather information from the Google Scholar, Mendeley, and ScienceDirect databases. This study reveals that human transactions begin with the exchange of goods (barter) and continue with the exchange of goods with agreed-upon valuable commodities (commodity money). The materials used to create money has evolved along with it, starting with gold and silver coins, paper money, electronic money, and cryptocurrencies. The first two are still in use and require materials in creation, whereas the following two are no longer require physical materials in its issuance. Furthermore, money, in all of its physical manifestations, cannot be replaced as a medium of exchange in the present or the future, and its function will continue to expand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorine-based bleaching agent can brighten the pulp effectively, but it harms the environment, especially water pollution. Thus, hydrogen peroxide, a total chlorine-free (TCF) bleaching agent is applied in this research to bleach pulp derived from Sesbania grandiflora. Sesbania grandiflora is being chosen as raw material due to its ideal characteristics as pulp source and native in Malaysia. This research aims to determine the effects of hydrogen peroxide on Sesbania grandiflora pulp and evaluate the paper properties made from Sesbania grandiflora pulp. The research was carried under different bleaching durations, 20 minutes, 40 minutes and 60 minutes under a constant temperature of 50°C and 3% concentration of hydrogen peroxide. The physical, optical and mechanical properties of Sesbania handsheet were measured according to the standard TAPPI. The overall result presented a significant effect on kappa number and handsheet brightness but little on mechanical properties. The longer bleaching duration gave the least kappa number of the Sesbania pulp, thus, improving the brightness of the Sesbania handsheet. However, it did not affect the strength properties of the handsheet. In this research, 60 minutes of bleaching duration on Sesbania grandiflora pulp exhibits the optimal bleaching performance without compromising paper mechanical properties significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The forecasting tools presented in this paper were applied in the flood-prone city of Marikina, a highly urbanized city located in the National Capital Region (NCR) of the Philippines. The city is traversed by Marikina River, which inundates nearby communities during heavy downpours. Marikina City has a long history of flooding. Perhaps the most devastating among these not only in Marikina but in the entire NCR is the Typhoon Ondoy which resulted in hundreds of deaths and huge amount of damage to properties. Despite the constant threat of flooding, residents stay in the city and have learned to adapt to the realities of the environmental hazards. For its part, the local government of Marikina has developed an alert system to warn residents of impending flood during heavy rains. Depending on the water level recorded at Sto. Niño station, which is located at a strategic point along Marikina River, residents are advised to either prepare or go to evacuation centers. The disaster response efforts would be best supplemented by real-time forecasts of water level to give both the local government and the residents ample time to prepare. This is the motivation for this study. In this paper, machine learning algorithms such as random forest, artificial neural network and support vector machine were applied on historical data of rainfall and water level recorded at different stations to develop tools to forecast water level at Sto. Niño at least one hour ahead. Results indicated that the random forest model performed better overall than other forecasting models since it has the lowest error metric and the highest correlation coefficient. To supplement the disaster management program and for budget planning purposes, a probabilistic approach was used to obtain long-term forecast in terms of annual frequency and duration of water level reaching at least a specified height. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let R be a commutative ring with identity and f (x) is a zero divisor polynomial in R[x]. If f (x) = cfg(x) with cf ∈ R and g(x) ∈ R[x] is not a zero divisor, then cf is called an annihilating content for f (x). A ring where every zero-divisor polynomial in R[x] has an annihilating content is called an EM ring. Moreover, if every zero divisor formal power series in R[[x]] has an anni-hilating content and R is an EM-ring, then R is called a strongly EM-ring. In this paper, we discussed the property of annihilating content, EM-ring, strongly EM-ring, and the relationship between EM-ring and some other rings such as Noetherian ring, Bézout ring and Armendariz ring. In this paper, we prove that C(f) = cfC(g) is the sufficient and necessary condition for cf to be an annihilating content for f (x). We also find the following results: if a ring R is strongly EM-ring, then R[x] also a strongly EM-ring; a polynomial ring R[x] is a strongly EM-ring if the ring R is a strongly EM-ring and a cartesian product of strongly EM-rings is a strongly EM-ring too. Beside that we find the condition that makes Bézout ring and Armendariz ring are strongly EM-ring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gröbner basis is a basis in a ring of multivariate nonlinear polynomials over a field of numbers. The basis has certain properties that allow simple algorithmic solutions for many fundamental problems in mathematics, and natural and technical sciences. In this paper, we propose an algorithm for computing Gröbner basis in binary multivariate polynomial ring 픽2 [x1, x2, ..., xn] and for which the main goal is to develop a computation method for solving binary multivariate nonlinear systems. Here, we apply the well-known divide and conquer recurrence as the fundamental idea of the method in which case the usual Buchberger algorithm is applied only at the end of the combining phase. For data representation, we present a new approach in which every single polynomial in the ring can be considered to be a boolean object. So, in a symbolic computation perspective, the polynomial can be represented as a member of a power set of integers and these integers represent the variable symbol of the polynomial. With this point of view, details of the algorithm can be stated in algebraic computation codes of sets and their operations. At the end of the paper, we give a general complexity of the algorithm and also present some facts from the implementation aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of agricultural insurance by farmers has helped them minimize crop losses caused by external factors. Catastro-phes are one of the main elements that can cause the greatest losses because they can damage infrastructure, threaten the existence of various living creatures, and disrupt economic stability. There hasn't been much research on the relationship between agri-cultural insurance and catastrophes, especially in terms of prudent risk management. One way to measure the magnitude of the financial losses experienced by farmers is to use their buying and selling indexes. Furthermore, to increase knowledge about reducing possible financial losses, this paper analyzes several pieces of literature on agricultural insurance related to natural catastrophes based on the selling and buying indexes from various points of view in the form of a literature review. The literature sources studied include several studies that have been conducted and published since 2018. These sources will be evaluated and studied in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mortality projection is a critical tool used in demographic and actuarial analyses to estimate future population dynamics and plan for the allocation of resources. Life tables provide a comprehensive framework for mortality projection by providing a systematic and standardized approach to analyzing mortality patterns. This paper explores the concept of mortality projection using life tables and its application in different fields such as public health, social policy, and insurance. We present the theoretical foundation of life tables, including the construction and interpretation of basic measures such as life expectancy, age-specific mortality rates, and survival probabilities. We then discuss various methods of projecting mortality rates and illustrate the practical applications of these methods using real-world data. Finally, we highlight the challenges and limitations of mortality projection using life tables, such as the uncertainty of future mortality trends and the impact of the external factors. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of continued research in mortality projection using life tables to improve our understanding of mortality patterns and enhance the accuracy of population forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concrete is a versatile composite material which due to its beneficial properties e.g., form ability, fast construction process, relatively high compressive strength available in short term, considerable long-term durability, etc. may find usage in many applications throughout different sectors. Dense composite matrix which is, on the one hand, responsible for good mechanical resistance can be, on the other hand, counterproductive in view of excessive dead loading of bearing structures and its high thermal conductivity. In this paper waste expanded polystyrene as a replacement of traditional dense aggregate in concrete production was used. Polymer-based alternative, in the fraction of 2.0/4.0 mm, was applied in amounts of 0-100 vol.%, and its effect on physical, strength and thermal-physical properties on 28 days aged concretes was monitored. Obtained data confirmed combined substantial lightening of produced composites accompanied with improvement of their thermal-insulation function. High dosages of lightweight aggregate in concrete mixes led to significant reduction of their mechanical resistance, however, at balanced portions of polymeric material structural grade concrete may be manufactured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]