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This study is about the characterization of pulp and paper from sago fiber waste. The process has several stages: preparing a solution, sago fiber analysis, pulping process, and printing process. The required solutions are NaOH solution (technical), 10% BaCl2 solution, 0.1 N HCl solution, 60% ethanol solution, phenolphthalein indicator solution, 1% starch indicator solution, sindur methyl indicator solution of NaOH titration, borax solution, Na₂S solution (technical), and THIO solution (1 N; 0.1 N). The pulping process is carried out by inserting sago fiber and solutions into a rotary digester machine for 4 hours (170oC). Then, it is removed after 24 hours and dried by a spinner machine. Characterizations on the sample include: chemical and physical properties, mechanical properties, and optical properties. The result shows that sago fiber waste can be used as raw material for paper. The value of grammage of 62 g/m2, thickness of 0.1294 mm, water absorption capacity of 627.27 g/m2, water content of 9.83%, ash content of 26.26%, pH of 7.9, tensile strength of 14.22 MD and 13.33 CD, brightness of 19.8%, and opacity 22.78. The pore diameter of the paper is 4.608 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super teak is a fast grown species of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f) derived from several clones. This has facilitated plantation rotations as short as 5 years. The main target of conventional plantation teak was initially for high value logs. Young teak wood from plantation forest usually has a small diameter. Moreover, the wood from very young stems is unsuitable for direct utilization, but advance wood processing technology can improve the wood properties of small diameter logs. This study aimed to assess the potential utilization of young super teak for high quality products namely furniture, flooring, and veneer, and assess the possibility of the use of manufacture waste for pulp paper and wood pellets as side products. The evaluation were carried out according to the National Indonesian Standard and other international standard requirements. 18 logs from wet (Bogor) and dry (Magetan) sites representing large, medium, and small diameter classes were collected. According to SNI 01-0608-1989 Timber for Furniture, 5-year-old super teak was suitable for furniture production. Furthermore, according to SNI 7732.1: 2011: Teak Veneer, the super teak was classified as Grade C because of the presence of sapwood, pinholes, tight and lose knots. According to Australian Timber Flooring Association, 5-year-old super teak was classifiesd as soft flooring group, the same group as mature teak & radiata pine. The young super teak was classified as Class Quality/Group II with very low active alkali consumption and low Kappa Number according to Indonesian wood fibre criteria for pulp and paper materials and Association of Pulp and Paper in Brazil. Finally, based on SNI 802: 2014 Wood Pellet, the super teak was recommended as by-products for utilising the wood waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wood is biomass made from lignocellulose, the main raw material for pulp production, both species of hardwood and softwood. Utilization of as much wood as possible, including less-known wood species, is widely open because the availability of good quality wood for industry raw materials is increasingly limited. In general, all wood species can be used for paper pulp. But the selection of types of lignocellulosic material with specific properties, such as physical, anatomical and chemical, play an important role in efficiently using wood as raw materials for pulp and paper. This research was carried out to examine wood properties (specific gravity, fiber quality and cellulose content) of four less-known hardwoods from natural tropical rainforest in South Sulawesi province of Indonesia and assessed their potential use for paper pulp. Those hardwood species comprised of cempedak (Artocarpus integer Merr.), jabon merah (Anthocephalus macrophyllus Hav.), saling-saling (Artocarpus teysmanii Miq.) and simpur (Dillenia serrata Thunb.). The specific gravity determined by the weight of oven dried wood and volume of air dried wood where the wood volume be measured by water immersion method, the fiber dimensions measured through maceration preparations which was made using the Franklin procedure, while TAPPI method used for chemical analysis. In condition to paper pulp raw material, the specific gravity (0.40 – 0.69) is categorized as moderate, the fiber quality is classified as good (class II), and cellulose content (40.12% - 52.47%) is categorized as moderate to high for all those less-known hardwoods. All four less-known hardwoods studied potentially use for paper pulp raw materials. But simpur has the most potential due to long fiber and higher specific gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work relates to the development of recycled paper from waste paper with the objective of optimization of the composition. The paper properties are much affected with composition like amount of waste paper, fresh paper, cotton shreds, adhesives and water. Samples were made by taking different composites and tests were performed to evaluate properties i.e. thickness, coefficient of friction, moisture content, scott bond strength, tensile strength. The testing concluded that the samples which were having cotton shreds and adhesives showed very good results closer to the fresh paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Variation of fly ash and pulp paper composition at 110°C for 6 hours was carried out to discern the effect of fly ash and pulp paper addition in papercrete. sixth variations in paper pulp and fly ash composition were employed to perceive the characteristic that occurs in the sample. The papercrete material composition was weighed, mixed until it became homogeneous and then casted in a mold with a size of 18 x 5 x 2 cm3. Papercrete samples were allowed to stand within the mold at room temperature for 24 hours and released from the mold to stand again for the next 24 hours, after which it heated at 110°C for 6 hours. Characterization using XRF, SEM-EDX as well as Mechanical and physical tests carried out after the samples was cold. Papercrete with sample code K6 has the highest flexural strength and density value of 2.03 MPa and 2.4 gr/cm3 while papercrete with sample code K1 has the lowest flexural strength and porosity value of 0.4 MPa and 17.89%. Characterization shows that the chemical composition of the samples was dominated by the oxide compound CaO and SiO2 in papercrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the structure of silk fibers and ways of efficient use of fiber waste. Based on the analysis of the composition and structure of the fibers, it is possible to use them for paper production. The use of short staple fibers in the production of stock paper and the processes of preparing them for incorporation into paper pulp are widely covered. Information is provided on the technological process of cleaning fibers before adding them to paper pulp. The influence of the mass fraction of fibers in paper on its strength, breaking and tearing has been thoroughly analyzed and illustrated by means of graphs. For the production of high-quality paper, for example, valuable paper, for the preparation of paper used in printing, drawing, painting, etc. Fiber semi-finished products must be cut to the required length and separated into individual fibrils before crushing (grinding). The technology of preparation of natural silk waste as raw material for paper production is presented. In addition to silk fiber cotton fiber was also studied in the research work. Theoretically, the effect of fibers in tearing and breaking of paper is shown in the pictures. The use of fibers in the production of anti-counterfeiting paper and the process of adding them to the pulp are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper-making raw materials are a mixture of pure wood pulp and recycled pulp. Recycled pulp is obtained from used paper imported from abroad, in addition to the development of paperless culture also has an impact on the reduced availability of raw materials. Empty bunch fiber of palm oil is one of the natural materials that have the potential to be used as an alternative to a pulp for the manufacture of cardboard paper because it has a high holocellulose content. This study has successfully developed cardboard paper developed from oil palm empty fruit bunch pulp with 6 variations of treatment, steam, no steam, NaOH 2.5%, NaOH 5% and mill duration (20 minutes and 30 minutes). The developed cardboard paper is then tested for its water absorbency. Water Absorbency value testing is done by the Cobb method (60). Based on the test results obtained the water absorption values is in the range of 500 - 600 g/m2. Cartons that received treatment, no steam, added NaOH 2.5%, and milled for 30 minutes, has the lowest water absorption value compared to others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the inventory lot-size model in this paper to allow for products to deteriorate at variable rates, and demand is characterized by any log concave function of time that fulfils relatively mild criteria. Partial backlogging is possible with this model. The backlogging rate is a time-dependent, exponentially declining function provided by a parameter. We show that not only does the optimal replacement schedule exist, but that it is also unique. We also show that the inventory system's overall cost is a convex function of the number of replenishments. As a result, identifying a local minimum simplifies the search for the best number of replenishments. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five fuels were tested in a common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine to see how they affected soot particle distribution and the engine's controlled and unregulated emission characteristics (M15, M25, and M35). The findings demonstrated that regulated emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and particulate matter (PM) could be efficiently controlled to a very low level when mahua oil biodiesel (MOB) in diesel was utilized in conjunction with ideal engine working situations. Paper filters were employed to remove diesel dust. Entire particulate matter main particles were < 100 nm in width, with the average diameter for the biodiesel mixes falling among 20 and 26 nm. PM particles had uncontrolled emissions including Pb, Mn, and Ba, while M100 had 56.72% fewer xylene emissions, 22.49% fewer toluene emissions, and 19.45% fewer benzene emissions compared to M0. As a result, MOB is a wonderful option for reducing pollution from diesel engines and other sources, both in the form of controlled and unregulated emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widely use of petroleum-derived mineral oils for the production of offset printing inks has resulted in several environmental impacts. The suitable approach to develop alternative resources is palm oil fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) as a substitute for petroleum-based solvent. This study aimed to investigate the surface properties of palm oil-based offset ink on gloss-coated paper surfaces in terms of printability. The "green" varnishes were prepared with palm oil FAME as solvent, rosin-modified phenolic resin, and different vegetable oils linseed oil (FAME-LO) and soybean oil (FAME-SO) have been used as drying oils. The FAME-based Cyan offset printing inks have been prepared their properties compared with standard conventional inks. Printing tests were carried out using the IGT-A2 printability tester. Contact angles of water, methanol, and hexane on the surface of printed ink were measured using Contact Angle Analyzer. The surface free energy (SFE) and its components were calculated using Girifalco-Good-Fowkes-Young, Owens-Wendt, and van Oss-Chaudhury-Good methods. The results showed that as the liquid contact angle increased, the surface energy decreased. The surface energy of FAME-SO ink printed samples 36.36 mJ/m2 was higher than the unprinted paper 35.84 mJ/m2. Since high surface energy will affect the bond strength of the ink to the substrate, this will be an advantage for multicolor prints requiring good ink adhesion, which will enlarge the acceptance of other colors to be printed on the previous color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]