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For most of the history of scientific endeavour, science has been recorded on paper. In this digital era, however, there is increasing pressure to abandon paper in favour of digital tools. Despite the benefits, there are barriers to the adoption of such tools, not least their usability. As the relentless development of technology changes the way we work, we need to ensure that the design of technology not only overcomes these barriers, but facilitates us as scientists and supports better practice within science. This book examines the importance of record-keeping in science, current record-keeping practices, and the role of technology for enabling the effective capture, reuse, sharing, and preservation of scientific data. Covering the essential areas of electronic laboratory notebooks (ELNs) and digital tools for recording scientific data, including an overview of the current data management technology available and the benefits and pitfalls of using these technologies, this book is a useful tool for those interested in implementing digital data solutions within their research groups or departments. This book also provides insight into important factors to consider in the design of digital tools such as ELNs for those interested in producing their own tools. Finally, it looks at the role of current technology and then considers how that technology might develop in the future to better support scientists in their work, and in capturing and sharing the scientific record.

This fully updated and expanded second edition of a highly popular text book focuses on the structure and mechanism in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry. Carbohydrates play important roles in biological systems as energy sources, as structural materials, and as informational structures (when they are often attached to proteins or lipids). Their chemical reactivity and conformational behaviour is governed by mechanistic and stereochemical rules, which apply as much to enzymic as to non-enzymic reactivity. The same principles of reactivity and conformation govern changes brought about in the process industries, such as pulp, paper and food. Extensively referenced with citations and a detailed index, the book contains everything the reader needs to know to start a carbohydrate research project with one of the real strengths being the treatment and integration of the important physical-chemical principles and methods (though lead references only are given to the finer points of carbohydrate synthesis). The book is suitable for both researchers who are new to the subject and those more established as well as a readership from diverse backgrounds and interests, including chemists, biochemists, food scientists and technologists involved with the processing of polysaccharides in the paper, textile, cosmetics, biofuels and other industries.

Global warming and, even more recently, the COVID pandemic have brought into public focus our dependence on science and the lens with which it considers the world. Science is providing opportunities for new ways of thinking and has always opened new avenues for creative thought and advances. This book examines and summarises the developments and changes in approaches to organic and natural product chemistry as seen through the published works of the author and seeks to place them in a philosophical and societal context. Demonstrating and explaining how scientists and, more particularly, chemists arrive at a world view, it will show how this is predicated not just by scientific advances but also by societal influences. The author uses personal experience to detail progress through science. Techniques used in such investigations are alluded to but not described in detail since the interested reader can access the full published papers if required. Interesting both to the general, scientifically literate reader and to the specialist wanting information on natural product chemistry, the book does not create a rulebook for carrying out natural product chemistry but rather examines the processes that lie beneath the development of natural product chemistry and how this enables chemists to examine and interpret the world. Students of chemistry (whatever their age or stage of career) may also be interested in reading how peer reviewed and published material relates to the wider society view.

Did you know that some societies once used giant rocks for money? Why do some coins have holes in them? Will plastic soon replace paper currency? The history of money closely parallels the history of chemistry, with advances in material science leading to advances in our physical currency. From the earliest examples of money, through the rise of coins, paper, plastic and beyond, with excursions into corrosion and counterfeiting along the way, this book provides a chemist's eye view into the history of the cash in our pockets. Written in an accessible style that will appeal to the layperson and scientist alike, The Chemistry of Money will be sure to both enlighten and entertain. You will never look at money the same way again!

The medical MRI community is by far the largest user of diffusion NMR techniques and this book captures the current surge of methods and provides a primary source to aid adoption in this field. There is a trend to adapting the more advanced diffusion encoding sequences developed by NMR researchers within the fields of porous media, chemical engineering, and colloid science to medical research. Recently published papers indicate great potential for improved diagnosis of the numerous pathological conditions associated with changes of tissue microstructure that are invisible to conventional diffusion MRI. This book disseminates these recent developments to the wider community of MRI researchers and clinicians. The chapters cover the theoretical basis, hardware and pulse sequences, data analysis and validation, and recent applications aimed at promoting further growth in the field. This is a fast moving field and chapters are written by key MRI scientists that have contributed to the successful translation of the advanced diffusion NMR methods to the context of medical MRI, from global locations.

In the late 1990s, there was an explosion of research on ionic liquids and they are now a major topic of academic and industrial interest with numerous existing and potential applications. Since then, the number of scientific papers focusing on ionic liquids has risen exponentially, including a few edited multi-author books covering the latest advances in ionic liquids chemistry and several volumes of symposium proceedings. Much of the content in these books and volumes is written using technical jargon that only scientists at the cutting edge of ionic liquids research will understand and ionic liquids are hardly covered in most modern chemistry textbooks. This is the first single-author book on ionic liquids and the first introductory book on the topic. It is written in a clear, concise and consistent way. The book provides a useful introduction to ionic liquids for those readers who are not familiar with the topic. It is also wide ranging, embracing every aspect of the chemistry and applications of ionic liquids. The book draws extensively on the primary scientific literature to provide numerous examples of research on ionic liquids. These examples will enable the reader to become familiar with the key developments in ionic liquids chemistry over recent years. The book provides an introduction to: ionic liquids; their nomenclature; history; physical, chemical and biological properties; and their wide ranging uses and potential applications in catalysis, electrochemistry, inorganic chemistry, organic chemistry, analysis, biotechnology, green chemistry and clean technology. Notable and important chapters include'The Green Credentials of Ionic Liquids'and'Biotechnology.'The chapter on'Applications'includes sections with brief descriptions of recent research on the development of ionic liquids: - for the construction of a liquid mirror for a moon telescope - for use as rocket propellants - for use as antimicrobial agents that combat MRSA - as active pharmaceutical ingredients and antiviral drugs - for embalming and tissue preservation Science students, researchers, teachers in academic institutions and chemists and other scientists in industry and government laboratories will find the book an invaluable introduction to one of the most rapidly advancing and exciting fields of science and technology today.

The chemical synthesis of isotopically labelled compounds is a pre-requisite for many chemical, biochemical and medicinal investigations. The constraints imposed by the requirements for regiospecific labelling and, in some instances, the time-scale of the synthesis often lead to quite different synthetic strategies to those that are used for the unlabelled material. Whilst there are many specialist papers, reviews and long books devoted to particular isotopes, there is no currently available short introductory book devoted to the organic chemistry of isotopic labelling. The aim of this book is to introduce research workers to a variety of methods that have been used to achieve these synthetic labelling objectives before exploring a particular method in detail. It covers a number of different isotopes and the methods that have been used to introduce them into organic compounds. Labelling methods also provide useful undergraduate teaching examples of modern synthetic reactions and their stereochemical consequences using relatively simple substrates. The book will therefore have a wider appeal than just those involved in using isotopes in research such as environmental and pharmaceutical chemists as well as organic chemists.

3D printing has rapidly established itself as an essential enabling technology within research and industrial chemistry laboratories. Since the early 2000s, when the first research papers applying this technique began to emerge, the uptake by the chemistry community has been both diverse and extraordinary, and there is little doubt that this fascinating technology will continue to have a major impact upon the chemical sciences going forward. This book provides a timely and extensive review of the reported applications of 3D Printing techniques across all fields of chemical science. Describing, comparing, and contrasting the capabilities of all the current 3D printing technologies, this book provides both background information and reader inspiration, to enable users to fully exploit this developing technology further to advance their research, materials and products. It will be of interest across the chemical sciences in research and industrial laboratories, for chemists and engineers alike, as well as the wider science community.

Science communication is a rapidly expanding area, and a key component of many final year undergraduate and postgraduate courses. Authored by a highly regarded chemist and science communicator, this textbook pulls together all aspects of science communication. Complete Science Communication focusses on four major aspects of science communication: writing for non-technical audiences and science journalism; writing for technical audiences and peer-reviewed journal writing; public speaking of science; and public relations. It first showcases how writing in a journalistic style is done and provides a guide for colloquially communicating science. Then, the art of writing scientific papers is conjoined to this idea to make technical manuscripts more digestible, readable, and, hence, citable. These ideas are next taken into the spoken word so that the scientist can engage in telling their science like that natural human art of campfire stories. Finally, all of these communication concepts are wrapped together in a discussion of public relations, providing the scientist with an appreciation for the marketing directors and news disseminators with whom they will work. Written in an accessible way, this textbook will provide science students with an appreciative understanding of communication, marketing, journalism, and public relations. They can incorporate these aspects into their own practices as scientists, allowing them to liaise with practitioners in the communication field.

Chromic or colour related phenomena are produced in response to a chemical or physical stimulus. This new edition will update the information on all those areas where chemicals or materials interact with light to produce colour, a colour change, or luminescence especially in the imaging, analysis, lighting and display areas. The book has been restructured to show greater emphasis on applications where'coloured'compounds are used to transfer energy or manipulate light in some way therefore reducing the details on classical dyes and pigments. In the past eight years, since the previous edition, there has been a remarkable increase in the number of papers and reviews being produced reflecting the growth of interest in this area. This ongoing research interest is matched by a large number of new technological applications gaining commercial value covering e.g. biomedical areas, energy, data storage, physical colour, bio-inspired materials and photonics. This book appeals to industrial chemists, professionals, postgraduates and as high level recommended reading for colour technology courses.

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) can generate a voltage when physically deformed. Conversely, an applied small voltage or electrical field can induce an array of spectacular large deformation or actuation behaviours in IPMCs, such as bending, twisting, rolling, twirling, steering and undulating. An important smart material, IPMCs have applications in energy harvesting and as self-powered strain or deformation sensors, they are especially suitable for monitoring the shape of dynamic structures. Other uses include soft actuation applications and as a material for biomimetic robotic soft artificial muscles in industrial and medical contexts. This comprehensive volume on ionic polymer metal composites provides a broad coverage of the state of the art and recent advances in the field written by some of the world's leading experts on various characterizations and modeling of IPMCs. Topics covered in this two volume set include uses in electrochemically active electrodes, electric energy storage devices, soft biomimetic robotics artificial muscles, multiphysics modeling of IPMCs, biomedical applications, IPMCs as dexterous manipulators and tactile sensors for minimally invasive robotic surgery, self-sensing, miniature pumps for drug delivery, IPMC snake-like robots, IPMC microgrippers for microorganisms manipulations, Graphene-based IPMCs and cellulose-based IPMCs or electroactive paper actuators (EAPap). Edited by the leading authority on IMPCs, the broad coverage will appeal to researchers from chemistry, materials, engineering, physics and medical communities interested in both the material and its applications.

The focus of this excellent textbook is the topic of molecular reaction dynamics. The chapters are all written by internationally recognised researchers and, from the outset, the contributors are writing with the young scientist in mind. The easy to use, stand-alone, chapters make it of value to students, teachers, and researchers alike. Subjects covered range from the more traditional topics, such as potential energy surfaces, to more advanced and rapidly developing areas, such as femtochemistry and coherent control. The coverage of reaction dynamics is very broad, so many students studying chemical physics will find elements of this text interesting and useful. Tutorials in Molecular Reaction Dynamics includes extensive references to more advanced texts and research papers, and a series of'Study Boxes'help readers grapple with the more difficult concepts. Each chapter is thoroughly cross-referenced, helping the reader to link concepts from different branches of the subject. Worked problems are included, and each chapter concludes with a selection of problems designed to test understanding of the subjects covered. Supplementary reading material, and worked solutions to the problems, are contained on a secure website.

Nitroxide-mediated polymerization is an important branch of controlled radical polymerization, which has revolutionised the preparation of polymer architectures and compositions. This is the first book dedicated to the topic and covers the history and development of nitroxide-mediated polymerization, as well as current techniques of academic and industrial interest. Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization gathers together and comprehensively discusses all aspects of nitroxide-mediated polymerization, from fundamental principles through to industrial applications. A specific focus will be dedicated to the principle of the technique, its kinetics aspects, the synthesis of the controlling agents, the range of polymerizable monomers, its potential for preparation of advanced organic and hybrid materials and its status at the industrial stage. The book details all stages of the field, with chapters detailing the history, recent developments and novel materials in this fast developing area. Edited and written by expert researchers working in the field and academia this book focuses on highlighting the kinetic aspects of nitroxide-mediated polymerization, providing insight into the kinetics that can sometimes be hard to follow in published papers. The book will be of interest to polymer chemists and materials scientists at graduate level and above.

Industrial and academic scientists face increasing challenges to find cost-effective and environmentally sound methods for converting natural resources into fuels, chemicals and energy. With over 7000 papers published in this field of catalysis each year, keeping up with the literature can be difficult. Catalysis Volume 27 presents critical and comprehensive reviews of the hottest literature published over the last twelve months. Covering major areas such as chemical transformations using two-dimensional hybrid nanocatalysts, conversion of biomass-derived syngas to fuels and catalytic oxidation of organic pollutants in aqueous solution using sulfate radicals, this book is a useful reference for anyone working in catalysis and an essential resource for any library.

Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMCs) can generate a voltage when physically deformed. Conversely, an applied small voltage or electrical field can induce an array of spectacular large deformation or actuation behaviours in IPMCs, such as bending, twisting, rolling, twirling, steering and undulating. An important smart material, IPMCs have applications in energy harvesting and as self-powered strain or deformation sensors, they are especially suitable for monitoring the shape of dynamic structures. Other uses include soft actuation applications and as a material for biomimetic robotic soft artificial muscles in industrial and medical contexts. This comprehensive volume on ionic polymer metal composites provides a broad coverage of the state of the art and recent advances in the field written by some of the world's leading experts on various characterizations and modeling of IPMCs. Topics covered in this two volume set include uses in electrochemically active electrodes, electric energy storage devices, soft biomimetic robotics artificial muscles, multiphysics modeling of IPMCs, biomedical applications, IPMCs as dexterous manipulators and tactile sensors for minimally invasive robotic surgery, self-sensing, miniature pumps for drug delivery, IPMC snake-like robots, IPMC microgrippers for microorganisms manipulations, Graphene-based IPMCs and cellulose-based IPMCs or electroactive paper actuators (EAPap). Edited by the leading authority on IMPCs, the broad coverage will appeal to researchers from chemistry, materials, engineering, physics and medical communities interested in both the material and its applications.

Large amounts of money, time and effort are devoted to sensory and consumer research in food and beverage companies in an attempt to maximize the chances of new products succeeding in the marketplace. Many new products fail due to lack of consumer interest. Answers to what causes this and what can be done about it are complex and remain unclear. This wide-ranging reference collates important information about all aspects of this in one volume for the first time. It provides comprehensive, state-of-art coverage of essential concepts, methods and applications related to the study of consumer evaluation, acceptance and adoption of new foods and beverages. Combining knowledge and expertise from multiple disciplines that study food sensory evaluation and consumer behaviour, it covers advanced methods including analytical, instrumental and human characterization of flavour, aspects of food processing and special research applications of knowledge and methods related to consumers'evaluation of new food products. Researchers and professionals working in food science and chemistry are sure to find this an interesting read.

With a vast landscape of material, careful distillation of the most important discoveries helps researchers find the key information. Publications in nanoscience cross conventional boundaries from chemistry to specialised areas of physics and nanomedicine. This volume provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of the most recent research and opinion from across the globe. Topics covered include, but are not limited to, advancing lithium-ion battery technology, sonochemistry in nanomaterial synthesis, mechanoluminescence and electronic and optical features of 2D materials. Appealing to anyone practising in nano-allied fields or wishing to enter the nano-world, this useful resource provides a succinct reference on recent developments in this area now and looking to the future.

The understanding of the structure, recognition, and function of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates remains crucial in diverse areas at the interface of biology, chemistry and biotechnology and is driving innovation in biomedical and material sciences. This new volume contains original work and critical reviews covering the current state-of-the-art and scientific advances in carbohydrate research and demonstrates cross-disciplinary areas within the field of glycosciences. Most of the chapters are contributions from speakers of the 14th International Meeting of the Portuguese Carbohydrate Group – GLUPOR 14, held in Caparica, Lisbon in January 2023. GLUPOR international meetings have a long history, with the first taking place in Lisbon in 1995 organized by Professor Amélia Pilar Rauter and resulting from the foundation of the Portuguese Carbohydrate Group of the Portuguese Chemical Society. Following the first meeting, GLUPOR has been held every two years providing a unique opportunity to strengthen collaborations and opening new directives for the carbohydrate community. The topics in Volume 46 cover current methods for stereoselective synthesis of carbohydrates, technologies for increasing the efficiency of glycosylation reactions, value-added carbohydrate-based materials towards more sustainable approaches, molecular recognition and structural-based approaches and bioinformatics to understand microbe–host interactions and to develop new applications in biotechnology and tools in the glycosciences. This set of reports will certainly benefit any researcher who wishes to learn about the latest developments in the carbohydrate field from basic to applied research.

Germ cells have a unique and critical role as the conduit for hereditary information. The issue of male germline mutagenesis and the effects on developmental defects in the next generation has become increasingly high profile in recent years. Understanding the mechanisms by which the germline is induced and maintained is one of the effective ways to treat infertility and cancer. Male-mediated Developmental Toxicity discusses these issues and provides analysis of the fundamental mechanisms of mutations covering both clinical and experimental aspects. It helps clarify the data explaining how genotoxicity involves multiple modes of action and highlights novel models and assays being used to assess germ cell genotoxicity. With a clear focus on the various mechanisms that could impact human health, this book is for postgraduate students and researchers in reproductive and developmental toxicology as well as those with an interest in the fields of genetically inherited diseases, developmental biology and, potentially, those with a more clinical background.

Looking at modern approaches to catalysis, this volume reviews the extensive literature published on this area. Chapter highlights include Fenton chemistry, advanced manufacturing in heterogeneous catalysis, membrane reactors for light alkane dehydrogenation, and new insights and enhancement of biocatalysts for biomass conversion in the bioproducts industry. Appealing to researchers in academia and industry, the detailed chapters bridge the gap from academic studies in the laboratory to practical applications in industry, not only for the catalysis field, but also for environmental protection. The book will be of great benefit to any researcher wanting a succinct reference on developments in this area now and looking to the future.

The steadily increasing presence of both natural and anthropogenic pollutants in our environment poses a considerable challenge, given the recalcitrance of many of these pollutants. Microbial bioremediation presents a promising and sustainable strategy that harnesses a diverse array of microorganisms, operating either concurrently or sequentially, to eliminate or mitigate the presence of pollutants within the environment. Recent years have witnessed the application of multiomics techniques to the study of biodegradation and bioremediation, yielding an abundance of novel data that enrich our comprehension of pivotal pathways and offer fresh perspectives on the adaptability of organisms amidst shifting environmental conditions. This book brings together recent progress in microbial bioremediation, emphasizing the emerging field of multiomics technologies. It serves as a valuable reference for microbiologists exploring multiomics applications and environmental scientists seeking innovative remediation solutions.

Air pollution is recognised as a major threat to global public health. The study of air pollution requires an understanding of various mathematical concepts that some students may not have encountered. For students struggling with the necessary maths this book provides a brilliant basic resource to get them up to speed. The two authors use their long experience in the air pollution field to provide a selection of the basic mathematical techniques required for the study of air pollution. These include introductions to statistical distributions, regression analysis, the elementary physics of airborne particles and gases and epidemiological techniques. Aimed at students of air pollution with a limited background in mathematics, this book is a useful addition to any air pollution course.

Interested in analysing complex systems? Have you considered nuclear magnetic relaxation studies to derive sound conclusions? Here's how. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxation techniques form a family of powerful tools to study and characterize liquid, solid or semi-solid materials and systems. They provide access to details directly and in wide variable ranges. This book outlines the unparalleled potential of NMR relaxation experiments to elucidate molecular dynamics. The key concepts discussed are correlation functions and spectral densities of the thermal fluctuations of spin interactions. For users working in technology, chemical engineering, materials science, biomedicine, food science, geophysics and physical chemistry, the text explores the principles, theoretical background and descriptions of typical applications. As an essential part of relaxation data, the focus is on the statistical features of molecular dynamics. The aim is to assist the reader to acquire meaningful nuclear magnetic relaxation data sets and develop appropriate statistical models as a basis for their interpretation. This unique text is targeted to anyone performing or interested in NMR relaxation experiments from undergraduates to academics and those in industry.

Injectable smart hydrogels possess various properties that enable the development of new minimally invasive approaches to avoid problems associated with traditional implants. Researchers in academia and industry will learn the range of synthetic strategies used to produce this emerging class of biomaterials. Clinicians will also be inspired by the range of applications demonstrated to advance surgical procedures. The editors have brought together a global authorship to ensure that this book presents the state-of-the-art in materials engineering and therapeutics. Their knowledge and experience will help the reader develop better knowledge of the field and inspire new innovations, that cover a range of areas such as regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, and drug delivery.

Inorganic nanomaterials are an extremely broad and versatile class of materials and their enhanced chemical, thermal and mechanical stability with respect to their organic counterparts make them appealing candidates for a wide range of technological applications. Recent research has explored novel synthesis routes relying on non-standard conditions and in many cases, these unconventional routes are inherently sustainable. This book will provide a much needed overview of the fast-developing areas of green synthesis of metal nanoparticles, metal oxides and metal sulphides. These have a broad range of applications, including in catalysis, electronics, optics and nanomedicine. It will also show how it is possible to combine environmental and economical sustainability and will provide readers with a state-of-the-art and updated overview of lesser-known and emerging synthesis routes for inorganic nanomaterials. Suitable for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and other researchers, it provides a convenient introduction to the topic.

In recent years, there has been a lot of interest in using nanotechnology in medicine to diagnose and cure various infectious diseases. Although the precise mechanism of action is frequently challenged, many nanosized materials have been extensively explored for this purpose, using their innately unique features. Their functionality has also been enhanced by the addition of various coatings, such as those that increase chemical stability and stealth properties or contain targeting agents that lessen off-target effects while producing effective'smart'nanoplatforms for the early detection, treatment, and possibly resolution of diseases. This book aims to compile research and review articles that concentrate on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanomaterials, such as nanoparticles, with a focus on investigating novel ways to improve their properties and create new efficient diagnostic, therapeutic, or theranostic approaches with a clear understanding of how they work.

Neurotransmitters are usually considered to be endogenous substances that are released from neurons, act on receptor sites that are typically present on membranes of postsynaptic cells and produce a functional change in the properties of the target cell. They are essential features of the nervous systems of all animals, and numerous chemicals can act as neurotransmitters either intentionally (e.g. pesticides) or unintentionally (neurotoxins). The most common forms of neurotoxicity are the death of neurons, degeneration of axons, damage to glial cells and interference with the axonal membrane or neurotransmission. Important neurotoxins are found among pesticides, metals, solvents, natural substances, and industrial chemicals. Environmental chemicals may also contribute to the pathology of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders. Neurotransmitters and Toxicology will be particularly appealing to toxicologists interested in neurotoxicology in various sub-disciplines, as well as neuro-chemists interested in pathology and disease mechanisms associated with neurotoxicants.

This book provides a foundation in the burgeoning field of nanoengineering. That is, the exploitation (for the benefit of society) of materials and physical effects that occur on the scale of 1 to 100 nanometers. With an emphasis on the effects of size confinement and the forces which arise between molecules, nanoparticles, and surfaces, the book includes chapters on light–matter interactions (especially of metallic and semiconducting nanocrystals), organic nanostructures, lithography and nanomanufacturing, methods of spectroscopy and visualization, and applications in energy, environmental science, and human health. Written by Darren Lipomi PhD, a Professor of Nanoengineering at UC San Diego, along with Robert Ramji, the book is written in an engaging, jargon-free style. Its use of video supplements and cache of 150 solved problems meets students'needs regardless of their background of prior courses, yet it contains sufficient depth to satisfy the most curious beginners to the subject. The approach follows the model of teaching from the top down. That is to provide a framework of concepts into which the content of future courses on nanoengineering, nanotechnology, or nanoscience will fit. The text also provides an inviting introduction to the field for students in chemistry, physics, biology, and a broad range of engineering disciplines.

This book details the latest research and development in the use of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy as tools to give quantitative insights concerning late stage pharmaceutical formulation, tablet manufacturing and drug dissolution behaviour. The book combines different facets of magnetic resonance and highlights the use of spatial resolution (MRI) and how this adds to the knowledge base to further our understanding of the microscopic physicochemical processes occurring during drug release from solid dosage forms. New topics, that have not been thoroughly reviewed elsewhere, are covered including the applications of solution state magnetic resonance in process scale up, reaction monitoring/understanding and process analytical technologies (PAT); dissolution testing; and counterfeit analysis. Solid state NMR and its role in understanding phase separation in dispersions, polymorphism and crystallography are included and magnetic resonance imaging and its use in assessing tablet dissolution performance, mass transport and mixing in hot melt extrusion (HME) are covered.Focusing on late stage development rather than molecular drug discovery provides a unique approach and the book will appeal to a diversity of disciplines using spectroscopy for study. Aimed at researchers in drug development, manufacture and formulation in both industry (pharmaceutical companies) and academia (pharmacy program), it includes examples, where appropriate, of studies on commercially available pharmaceutical products.

Flexible metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are a unique class of porous materials that feature stimuli-responsive flexible structures and dynamic structural transformation behaviours. Exhibiting structural changes in response to physical or chemical stimuli creates related functions that can be developed for practical applications. The specific components and architectures of flexible MOFs are key to their unique properties, so understanding their chemistry is of critical importance for more targeted construction and functional research. This book provides an accessible overview of the historical background of the chemistry of flexible MOFs and their features; in particular, design and synthesis, dynamic structure analysis, flexibility, function and theoretical treatment, and interpretation of the mechanisms as well as their applications. It gives readers a fundamental understanding of this chemistry and will be of great help to young researchers, as well as those already familiar with conventional porous materials in creating new materials.

Looking to prevent future outbreaks of deadly pathogens by early detection? Infectious diseases continue to be a challenge that necessitates increased precision in detection and integration to achieve accurate diagnosis at the point of care (PoC). Field-effect transistors (FETs) have been investigated widely as biosensors for pathogen detection, with advantages such as label-free and real-time detection capabilities. These biosensors have: a high level of sensitivity, a remarkable capacity for miniaturization, a molecular minimum limit of detection (LoD), and seamless integration with semiconductor technologyIn this title, we have invited expert scientific researchers to share their experience in this field. This book focuses on the application and possibility of FETs as biosensors, for rapid and real time detection of pathogens that affect human life. The lack of commercially available efficient devices that can be deployed for this task resulted in the recent global spread of the SARS-CoV-19 virus. The book is an attempt to keep interested parties up to date. Aimed at scientists and engineers (researchers, academics, and postgraduate students) who are interested in developing and using BioFET based sensors, the information in this book is crucial to help prevent future outbreaks of pathogens which bring with them significant impacts on human health and wellbeing.

Circadian rhythms have been shown to be ubiquitous and critically important in the experimental laboratory, accounting for the difference between life and death in response to identical stimulus. The partly endogenous nature of circadian rhythms has been well documented and methods for their characterisation have been developed enabling the cellular and molecular mechanisms to be understood. Chronobiology and Chronomedicine aims to provide a review of these mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms and illustrate the role of the brain's suprachiasmatic nuclei in the ‘pace-making'process and the effects caused by ‘clock genes'present in almost all cells. Beyond the mechanisms involved, the book discusses the relationship between body systems, disease, and proper circadian function; in particular, how disruption of the circadian rhythm is associated with ill health and disease status from observations made at the organismic level. The book is organised to be an ideal introduction for the postgraduate in various fields, reviewing developments and outlining methods to show the depth and breadth of chronobiology and chronomedicine, as well as an invaluable companion to researchers and healthcare professionals working in the field with an interest in developing novel therapeutic approaches.

Transportation remains one of the largest contributors to global carbon dioxide emissions with the majority of vehicles using fossil-based fuels such as gasoline and diesel. Therefore, alternatives that come from a renewable feedstock and create fewer carbon emissions are urgently needed. Biodiesel, an alternative to fossil-based diesel fuel, can be produced from renewable or waste feedstocks such as biomass, animal fats and industrial wastes making it much more sustainable. However, challenges remain in improving and refining the properties of biodiesel, developing production processes and choosing feedstocks with optimal sustainability. Focusing on recent advances in the areas of feedstocks for biodiesel, production processes, and testing and enhancement of properties, Developments in Biodiesel provides a balance between academic and industrial viewpoints across a range of topics. It is an ideal reference for both academics and industrialists interested in sustainable energy, sustainable fuels and biomass/waste valorisation.

Antibiotic resistance is a global health concern. Strains of pathogenic microorganisms that have developed resistance to multiple antibiotics, such as MRSA, are extremely difficult to treat, and alternative methods for tackling pathogenic microorganisms are in demand. One potential target for new therapeutics is inhibition of quorum sensing: how microorganisms communicate and form biofilms in a density-dependent manner. Inhibiting this system via ‘quorum quenching'(QQ) is a promising route to new pharmaceuticals and for controlling biofilm formation and growth. Quorum sensing also provides interesting possibilities in synthetic biology for producing novel products, biosensors, bioactive molecules, and so on. This book covers the biology of quorum sensing and quenching, and potential sources of QQ enzymes and other inhibitors, as well as an overview of their mechanism and potential biotech applications. The book also covers the potential for new drug development from QQ, covering a range of related topics including protein engineering, imaging and computational studies, and integrated systems. This book is an ideal companion to researchers in chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, particularly those interested in biofilm formation, quorum sensing, novel antimicrobial development, synthetic biology and enzymology.

Many of the polymers we use every day are highly flammable. Historically, a large number of home fires were caused by ignited polymeric materials until legislation was introduced requiring fire retardants to be added to these materials. Fire retardants increase the time it takes for materials to ignite, providing valuable time to prevent a fire or escape. However, it has become apparent that many of the traditional treatments used as fire retardants are harmful to human health and highly persistent in the environment. With evermore polymeric materials in our homes and lives it is still highly valuable to be able to make fire retardants, but consideration must be given to their environmental impact and sustainability. Green Fire Retardants for Polymeric Materials looks at both the choice of different materials and treatments for improving the fire retardancy of polymeric materials, as well as green approaches to synthesising these fire retardants. It is a timely resource both for green chemists interested in real world applications for their work and polymer scientists keen to increase the sustainability of their products and processes.

Based on a translated Japanese title published in 2012, this book provides fundamental aspects of experimental and computational methods, the properties and structure of solvents, ion solvation and equilibria and reactions of metal complexes in solution. It includes state-of-the-art details on metal complexes in newly developing sustainable liquids and applications in real life. Appealing to researchers working in coordination chemistry, including students and industrialists, the text uses exercises, tables and figures to help the reader with their understanding of the topic.

Focusing on the complexity of the food digestion process from oral cavity to intestine, this book looks at the anatomical intricacies of the digestive system, techniques currently used to study food digestibility, the glycemic index and bioavailability of food components. It also provides a detailed understanding of various modification techniques critical to any food product development, such as modification of food structure, its composition, and size. Being the first of its kind to provide an in-depth idea of various stages of food digestion, whilst linking it with approaches in modifying foods so as to cater to specific food or functional requirements, the book provides an integrated approach. Existing methods to understand the process of food digestion and advances in artificial systems that have been used for such studies are presented, substantiated with findings from scientific publications. Apart from readers from the field of medicine, this book is highly inter-disciplinary and will attract readers from food science, nutrition and food physics.

Modern research in biology increasingly relies on multiple techniques for describing structures and mechanisms. This book provides an overview of the contemporary integrated biology approaches for solving structures and understanding mechanisms of complex biological systems. It includes several methodology chapters discussing the current developments in the areas of cryo-electron microscopy (EM) and cryo-electron tomography (ET), computational biophysics, solution NMR spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy and dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), (photo-)chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (CIDNP), X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS/SANS). Several subsequent chapters demonstrate how these methods are used in synergy to address problems at the forefront of structural biology, with particular emphasis on examples where individual techniques are insufficient. Examples of biological systems include membrane proteins, viral protein assemblies, cytoskeleton protein assemblies, photosynthetic reaction centers, large enzyme complexes and whole cells. The book is targeted to both the current practitioners of structural biology and scientists who are interested in entering the fields of structural biology or biophysical chemistry.

With applications across chemistry, physics and medicine, nuclear magnetic resonance is a proven, uniquely versatile and powerful spectroscopic technique. The success of NMR and its constant redevelopment means that the literature is vast and wide-ranging. Each chapter in this volume is a distillation of the key recent literature in different areas, covering the spectrum of NMR theory and practice, and including theory and computation of nuclear shielding, NMR of soft matter, hyperpolarisation techniques and NMR of living systems. These reports are invaluable both for new researchers wishing to engage with literature for the first time, and for seasoned practitioners, particularly service managers, needing to keep in touch with the ever-expanding ways in which NMR is used.

Sustainability from an economic and environmental perspective is linked to the way we extract and consume the earth's finite resources and is implicit in the definition of a circular economy (CE) as a model of production and consumption designed to retain value within the economic system. This can include conserving natural resources, making sustainable products by incorporating recyclability in product design, changing consumption behaviour, and adopting more sustainable business models. The UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of objectives for improving health and education, reducing inequality, and protecting our shared environment globally. The CE is a key enabler to achieving these objectives. The Circular Economy explores how the concepts of CE can help address and meet targets linked to the SDGs. Taking a broad view across different industries and areas, and looking at specific SDGs, this book discusses current activities, standards, policy and legislation, challenges to achieving the SDGs and opportunities for enhancing circularity and sustainability.

Sensors are significantly relevant to many aspects of life. The advancements in nanotechnology-based sensing systems are giving rise to exciting developments in sensor applications. Recently, nanocomposites have become highly promising candidates for the designing of new chemical sensing and biosensing platforms. Graphene-based nanocomposites have been successfully employed in many sensing applications in view of their excellent physical properties including high surface area, electrical conductivity, flexibility and optical transparency. They provide remarkable advantages such as lower fabrication costs, improved biocompatibility, prominent sensitivity, stability and selectivity for effective real-world implementation. The aim of the book is to give an overview on the properties and novel applications of graphene-based nanocomposites as chemical and biosensors. Chapters highlight various biosensing applications such as diabetes monitoring, cancer cell detection, virus, bacteria, DNA, protein and amino acid sensing, as well as hormone and cholesterol detection. Moreover, chemical sensing applications like gas, alcohol, and food toxin sensing, heavy metal ion detection, and H2O2 sensing are also covered. The book is ideal for postgraduates, analytical chemists, biomedical scientists and researchers in both academic and industrial settings working on materials science, chemical science and nanotechnology.

Countries worldwide are moving to a future without fossil fuels to mitigate the effects of climate change. This transition will involve phasing out the fossil fuels used for electricity generation, the liquid fuels used for transportation and the gas that is used to heat homes. To achieve the transition, a range of materials, known as critical materials or critical minerals are essential. These range from the lithium needed for batteries to store power to the neodymium needed for the magnets that convert motion to electricity in wind turbines. Critical Materials for a Low-carbon Economy looks at the science behind some of the materials that will be essential to this transition. Beginning with an introduction to the origins of climate change and the importance of critical materials this book is split into chapters focusing on different technologies. In addition to describing the science behind the need for these materials it also discusses issues around supply chains and geopolitical considerations.

Multi-functional electrocatalysts are highly unique in that they display features that include the presence of multiple active sites that can simultaneously catalyse two or more different electrochemical reactions. They are particularly crucial for solving several pressing challenges and consequently are a priority in developing contemporary sustainable energy conversion and storage systems, such as fuel cells, metal–air batteries and electrolysers for green hydrogen production. This book will serve as a valuable reference for graduate students, researchers, and industrial practitioners working on electrochemical energy storage and conversion, electrocatalysis, materials chemistry and green hydrogen technologies.

Ionic liquids (ILs) play a crucial role in modern chemistry and chemical engineering. They remain more desirable than conventional volatile solvents and catalysts in many physical and chemical processes, often exhibiting green and designer properties for various applications. Examining the unique contribution of ILs towards current environmental challenges, this book addresses the importance of their role in the detection of micropollutants and decontamination processes in air and water compartments. It also presents a detailed review of how ILs impact the environment once released, a topic seldom covered in other books, and highlights novel chemoinformatic tools used to predict their fate, showing how advanced oxidation processes help in remediation. This is an ideal book for researchers in both academia and industry, and postgraduate students in environmental chemistry, chemical engineering and analytical chemistry looking at the potential applications of ionic liquids in addressing several environmental problems.

Since 1984 this book, now in its 7th edition and thoroughly updated, has introduced the crucial interface between our diet and the essentially chemical nature of what we eat and drink. The contributions of the various classes of natural food components, as well as additives and contaminants, to the nutritional value of foods are considered. These include the nutrients required in large amounts like carbohydrates, proteins, fat, minerals and water as well as the less bulky nutrients such as vitamins, flavours, colours and preservatives. Undesirable food components, including allergens, pesticide residues and toxins are also dealt with. Not just the nature of food components are described, but also how they behave in storage, processing and cooking and accompanying changes in a food's nutritional value. The book features a ‘Special Topics'section at the end of each chapter for specialist readers and advanced students, comprehensive listings of up-to-date review articles and recommended books for further reading, an exhaustive index and the structural formulae of over 500 food components. Frequent reference is also made to wider food and health issues, e.g. lactose intolerance, polyunsaturated fatty acids, wheat and gluten evolution, salt and hypertension, flavonoids in tea and fruit, and the increasing replacement of artificial with natural food colours. Food: The Chemistry of its Components will be of particular interest to students and teachers of food science, nutrition and applied chemistry in universities, colleges and schools. Its accessible style ensures that it will be invaluable to anyone with an interest in food issues. Extracts from reviews of previous editions:“A superb book to have by your side when you read your daily newspaper.” New Scientist.“… filled me with delight, curiosity and wonder. All the chemistry is very clear and I thoroughly recommend it.” The Chemical Educator.“This is a lively and thorough treatment of the subject. I can recommend it to anyone interested in food, as an excellent reference or just to pick up and browse.” School Science Review.“Especially noteworthy are the author's simple observations on foods that are familiar to us all …” Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Safety.

In the human body, there are millions of living microorganisms involved in protecting the body from invaders, helping digestion and regulating moods, but there are also harmful pathogens that cause infectious diseases. For instance, the coronavirus (COVID-19) has caused considerable loss of life since its outbreak. Comprehensive analysis and characterization of microbes is of significant importance to understand the function and role of microorganisms, and rapid detection and identification of unknown pathogens are essential in early diagnosis, treatment monitoring and personalized medicine. Mass spectrometry is a technique to ionize molecules and detect the mass-to-charge ratio of the generated ions. The technique is widely used in hospitals for pathogenic bacteria identification, as well as in environmental science and food science for biosafety control. This book summarizes the most recent development of mass spectrometry techniques in microbial analysis, including mass spectrometry-based microbial identification, bacterial antimicrobial resistance study, data mining algorithm development, omics for microbial research, applications in clinical diagnosis, environmental science and food science, and more. It will guide researchers in the field, and those who are about to enter the field, in the most appropriate methods to characterize microbes and enable their detection.

Transportation currently takes up around a third of overall energy usage, of which the majority is petroleum-based gasoline. Petroleum is both a finite resource and a big contributor to the carbon emissions that are causing climate change. To continue to benefit from transportation whilst mitigating climate change it is essential to find alternatives to petroleum-based gasoline. Although a lot of recent developments have focused on electrifying transport the infrastructure for large scale uptake of electric vehicles is still lacking and it may be less practical in some parts of the world than others. Biofuels, therefore, still have a role to play in improving the sustainability of our transportation systems. The term green gasoline refers to biofuels intended to be direct drop-in replacements for petroleum-based gasoline. Such products allow vehicles to run on biofuel without any engine modifications and, being made from biomass, they are both renewable and have a better carbon emission profile than petroleum-based gasoline. Green Gasoline covers a range of new technologies being used to produce these biofuels and compares them to petroleum-based fuels in terms of sustainability. It will be an interesting read for those working in fuel chemistry as well as green chemists and anyone with an interest in transport sustainability.

With the expansion of human settlements and the environmental changes brought about by human activity and pollutants, toxicology and risk assessment of amphibian species has become increasingly of interest to toxicologists involved in environmental research. This book focuses specifically on environmental risk assessment in premetamorphic stages and adults of amphibians. Amphibian ecotoxicology is not totally understood in scientific research and as such environmental risk assessment in these vertebrates is an area of rapidly growing interest. It has the potential to answer some of the questions regarding risks to our environment. An ideal companion, this book will be useful to toxicologists and ecologists investigating risk assessment in the environments of amphibians, while also of interest to those working in conservation biology, biological invasion, biocontrol and habitat management.

Superhydrophobic coatings have attracted substantial scientific research in recent years due to their real-world applications in a variety of fields including anti-corrosion, anti-icing, anti-fogging, oil separation and self-cleaning materials. Several approaches and methods have been used in developing superhydrophobic coatings on different substrates. This book guides readers through their fabrication and application, representing the latest significant advances in this important topic. Split into four sections, Part One concentrates on the fundamental principles of surface wettability and superhydrophobicity, before moving into Part Two and Part Three, which focus on different aspects of superhydrophobic coatings based on the materials used for fabrication and the substrate on which the coating is applied. Finally, Part Four focuses on the applications of these coatings. This book will serve as a valuable reference for graduate students, researchers and industrial practitioners in multiple industries working on surface wettability, materials chemistry and coatings related technologies.

Looking for a comprehensive textbook that covers the interaction between micro-organisms and food? Spoilage, foodborne illness, and fermentation. Food Microbiology has been the most popular textbook in this area since it was first published in 1995. Now in its fifth edition, the highly successful authors bring the book right up to date. Maintaining its general structure and philosophy to encompass modern food microbiology, this new edition provides updated and revised individual chapters and uses new examples to illustrate incidents. It covers the three main aspects of the interaction between micro-organisms and food and the positive and negative features that result. Attention is paid to the illustrations included and there is a discussion on the factors affecting the presence of micro-organisms in foods and their capacity to survive and grow. Finally, recent developments in procedures used to assay and control the microbiological quality of food and protect public health are reported. Thorough and accessible, this book is designed for students in the biological sciences, biotechnology, and food science, as well as a valuable resource for researchers, teachers, and practising food microbiologists.