Aiming at problems existed in aerial images of transmission lines and shortcomings of traditional segmentation methods, a semantic segmentation method for aerial images of transmission lines based on improved fully convolutional network is proposed in this paper. Aerial images of transmission lines have characteristics of complex backgrounds, diverse appearances of insulators, relatively small lead/ground lines, and mutual occlusion of key targets. The traditional manual selection feature segmentation methods have low applicability to target segmentation of multiple types, and the segmentation results are relatively poor. Firstly, we construct a semantic segmentation dataset of visible light images for aerial transmission lines to achieve the goal of key targets' segmentation by training network of deep learning. Secondly, based on the method of fully convolutional network semantic segmentation network, the multi-scale dilated convolution is used in the upsampling phase of depth features extracted by convolutional neural network. Finally, the fully connected condition! random field further optimized the segmentation result. In this paper, the mean pixel accuracy is improved by 2.43%, and the mean intersection over union is increased by 3.53%. The method achieves the end-to-end automated segmentation of transmission line aerial images with insulators, line fittings, lead/ ground lines, and tower key components. Transmission lines with traditional segmentation methods exists several shortcomings commonly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]