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Information about several papers discussed at the conference "Economic Development of European Socialist Countries," which was held in Plovdiv, Bulgaria on November 30 to December 6, 1964 is presented. The various reports presented focused on the comprehension of the economic trends and problems in Eastern Europe. Such features and issues considered including balance of payments, labor skills, and technological innovations.

The Warsaw Conference on the Marxian theory of Development centered on two related questions; (1) is there in Marxism a distinctively Marxian theory of development? (2) if there is, what guidance can it give today to countries at varying levels or stages of development? In his paper "The Marxian Theory of Development and Socialist Economic Policy," professor J.S. Berliner, held that the sociologist Karl Marx was primarily concerned with the process of capitalistic development. The Marxian doctrine, Berliner contended, applied primarily to fully developed capitalistic economies, their fundamental internal contradictions being supposed to lead inevitably to their bursting asunder and to their supersession by socialism. The title of the paper which professor W. Brus presented jointly with professor K. Laski was "Essentials of the Marxian Approach to Problems of Economic Development." For them the fundamental category of the Marxian theory of economic development was perhaps one which is both social and economic and is summed up in the expression mode of production. It would appear that Marxism does not furnish a set of formulae for development, from which practitioners can easily find out what to do in specific cases. Marxism does seem, however, to offer a box of tools, a set of canons, a method indicating how one might go about formulating what one wants to do by way of development.

Information about several papers discussed at the conference "Intra-Country Discontinuities in the Process of Economic and Social Development in Latin America" which was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina on September 8-16, 1964 is presented. The various reports dealt with topics including international cooperation, methodology of comparative social research and socio-economic development. The convention featured several social scientists including Davis Kingsley, Bruce Russet and S. Gostkowsky.

This article discusses, issues discussed in a symposium organized by United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization at Aspenäsgården at Lerum outside Gothenburg, Sweden, from 28 August to September 1, 1968. The focus of the symposium was on the experience of the developed nation-states of Western Europe, particularly the Nordic countries and such smaller pluralist democracies as the Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland. But cases of nation-building were not discussed in isolation from the rest of the world. The purpose of the meeting was to ensure a systematic confrontation between the past experiences of the older units and the current experiences of the newer ones. In fact the emphasis throughout was on variations in the cultural, economic and political conditions for nation-building and on consequences of this great variability for current policy-making in the developing countries. Obviously, only some of the many dimensions of variability could be discussed at this five-day symposium but at least an attempt was made to set up a common framework for a series of further confrontations of theories and experiences across the major regions of the world.

The article presents abstracts of social structures research. They include "Rapid Social Change and Juvenile Delinquency in Africa," the "State of Labour Force and Employment Statistics in Africa" and "The Quality of Labour and Economic Development in Certain Countries," by W. Galenson and Graham Pyatt.

This paper discusses various ways to be followed for conducting a social research in a particular country. It is natural to turn to the methods of empirical social research which lends itself to the investigation of the motives, opinions, behavior patterns and reactions of populations and attempt to apply them to the peoples of Asia and Africa, the young countries which are now being industrialized. In this way it is hoped to gain some insight into the way of thinking of those people, and to discover what they expect from cooperation with the older industrial countries and in what fields they would prefer to receive help from the Eastern or Western lands. A further aim is to discover their opinion of the cultural and economic measures introduced in connexion with development aid. If empirical social research is to produce objective results, it must have a competent institute on hand to do the work. It may be taken as a general principle that whatever country is to be investigated, no social survey of this kind can be conducted from abroad. In market research, for instance, interviewers are instructed to discover where the dividing line comes between state and private enterprise, particularly in the economic sphere. Light must be shed on the money market, the distribution of income among the population, the level of technology, the structure of the labor market and the level of education and vocational training.

The article presents abstracts of population, health and housing research. They include "Inquiry Among Governments on Problems Resulting From the Interaction of Economic Development and Population Changes," "The Staffing of Public Health and Out-Patient Services" and "Housing, Building and Planning. Implementation of Resolution 1917 (XVIII) of the General Assembly."

The article provides information about the Indian School of International Studies in New Delhi, India. The schools was founded on October 3, 1955 by vice president Dr. S. Radhakrishnan. It is renowned as the center for advanced studies of international affairs with special reference to political, economic, and social developments in the countries of Asia for Indian and foreign students. It offers training in international relations and area studies based on study of documents, language study, and field research. The author further gives details on the facilities found in the school.

This article presents information from the United Nations on issues related to population, health, environment, economic development and social development. The issue of population covers topics on family planning, ability for women to regulate number and spacing of their children, effects of variations in status of women, family size and birth rates, consequences of women's education, employment and position, trends in population growth and distribution, nature and scope of current family planning. The issue of health covers topics on psychiatry and primary medical care, existing patterns of services for alcoholism and drug, general survey of existing services and country reports on services for alcoholism and drug dependence. The issue of environment programme covers topics of protocol, international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships, working environment, atmospheric pollution by noise and vibration, improvement of working environment through laws and regulations, scientific and practical action to improve it.

Some models for the economic development of developing countries provide a shift of population from the agricultural to non-agricultural sector. The aim of the study cited in this article is to investigate the possibility of intersectoral transfers of population in the future. The supply of labor is estimated through the population growth in the non-agricultural sector, after allowing for a secular change in the labor force participation rates. The growth of national income in India during 1969-84 was expected by the Indian Planning Commission to be 5.5 per cent during the fourth plan. Before deriving the labor requirements of the non-agricultural sector, the capital-labor ratio for that sector is estimated. The marginal capital-labor ratio with the additional capital requirements is estimated to arrive at the demand for labor in this sector. To obtain the total labor force in the non-agricultural sector it requires a deduction of urban agricultural labor force from, and an addition of the labor force to, the labor force in the urban sector.

Questions of choice of techniques and technical change are often discussed as economic problems in the underdeveloped countries, but economists have not systematically taken account of systems of political economy to which their discussions refer. The main argument of this article is that this failure to be systematic about questions of political economy may lead to simplistic recommendations about technology policies, and possibly to some rather ill founded optimism about the efficacy of appropriate technologies as a cure for problems of unemployment and mal distribution of income. It is useful, for illustrative purposes, to start out with a brief discussion of some particular points about A.K. Sen's analysis of choice of techniques. Possibly, the least-noticed assumption is the assumption of a planned economy. All surpluses above the needs of current consumption are directly controlled by the state and are reinvested. Investible resources are scarce and the planners choose techniques of production which maximize their objectives function, subject to the constraints of this scarcity.

The article reasons that there is no point in proceeding further with a detailed examination of problems of measuring human resources in relation to development until its purposes to which the data are to be put are clarified and agreed. Several possible applications of the data are reviewed and it is concluded that those which appear to require internationally comparable data on human resources have probably now been pushed as far as they can profitably go pending further progress in other directions. Studies based on international data on human resources have tended to confirm a prime facie case that no simple relationships can be expected to hold as between national levels of development and stocks of human resources. Consequently, it is proposed that attention now be turned towards the development of data that have a direct bearing on the rate of return on education in human resources in individual countries and the efficiency with which existing stocks of human resources are allocated in each country.

The central government of a developing country assumes the primary responsibility for national development but local government also has its share to contribute. Indeed, national development is not likely to succeed without a genuine partnership between the two. An analysis of the present state of local government reveals basic weaknesses and modernization is necessary in the interest of efficiency and development. Community development has also proved to be an effective means of promoting self help and fostering national development through local government. Before assessing the role of local government in national development in South-East Asia, a few words on the relationship of government in general to development may be useful. In this respect, a distinction may be drawn between so called developed and developing countries. As experience has shown, much of the economic development of industrialized countries has been due to the initiative, capital and management deployed in the private sector. This does not mean, however that government in such countries has been entirely indifferent to economic development.

Japan has undergone tremendous economic and social changes. The prodigious economic growth of the 1960's has lifted Japan to third place among highly industrialized countries in terms of its gross national product. Technological innovations in industrial processes and production which have contributed to this economic development have become so widespread as to include even the process of management, and the introduction of various modern managerial techniques is making Japan into a computerized managerial society. According to the 1965 census, about 70 per cent of the total population of 98 million lives in cities, and 45 out of every 100 persons are concentrated in greater Tokyo, Japan, whose population increased by 5.5 million between 1955 and 1965. Urbanization at this speed and on such a scale has brought with it, in both urban and rural areas, many serious problems which lead to changes in the traditional outlook and customs, and, above all, in social and cultural values. The rise of new generations, the popularization of higher education, widespread ownership of television sets, etc., have contributed to these changes.

This article analyses the United Nations' Public Administration Programme. The main objective of the programme has been, and will continue to be, co-operation with governments of developing countries in improving public administration as an essential instrument for national development. When the programme was initiated during 1948-53, it was in recognition of the increasingly important role of government administration in programmes for the promotion of economic development and social welfare. During the initial period, deficiencies in public administration were recognized as particularly serious barriers to the development and progress of developing countries. The division established in the Secretariat to implement the programme has the following functions, to promote public administration in relation to economic and social development and in relation to government services, to develop and backstop technical assistance or technical co-operation programmes, including the provision of advisory services of experts, fellowships and scholarships, to organize seminars, conferences and working groups on subjects of importance for the improvement of public administration.

The article focuses on the role of science and technology in economic development as discussed by participants in the second meeting of the panel arranged by UNESCO 's Office of Economic Analysis held at Paris, France, between December 12 and 15, 1966. The participants considered the points like problem of integration, cost-benefit analysis and the effects of the concentration on research. The integration of an economic plan with a science plan involves determining the relations between the two. The integration of economic and science plans obviously presupposes that both exist, but links can exist even before the plans are established. Human and financial resources are the two essential factors inherent in the integration of scientific and economic planning. Cost benefit analysis is purely economic but projects have socio-cultural and political implications which are difficult to evaluate. Limitation of cost-benefit analysis to short-term factors also complicates the evaluation of a project. The unpredictability of the research need not hinder cost-benefit analysis. Effects of the concentration of research projects in a very small number of advanced countries was also discussed.

The article focuses on the first meeting of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Panel of Consultants held in Paris, France in October 1965, related to the role of science and technology in economic development. The purpose of this panel is to assist the UNESCO Secretariat and especially the Economic Analysis Office of the Department of Social Sciences and the Science Policy Division of the Science Sector, in carrying out programs of direct concern to UNESCO. More particularly, these are programs relating to the methodology of the economics of science and technology, as well as the economic problems of science, such as the economic return from research, the planning of scientific development in connection with the planning of the national economy and the determination of requirements in scientific personnel. Another responsibility of this panel is to lay down, in co-operation with the Economic Analysis Office, the broad outline of pilot studies in the developing countries, bearing on the integration of science planning into the over-all planning of the national economy and to examine the content of three studies, provided for in another connection, on the economic return from research.

The article features an independent body of an international organization, Development Centre of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. It aims to aid less developed countries in the implementation of its development policies by enforcing these nations with the learning and experiences acquired from industrialized countries. It is led by notable economists as vice president, associate members and involving the former French Minister, Robert Buron as its president. Its secondary function is to promote tasks which strengthens the link between institutes citing its program expansion which centers on the economic development research.

The major findings of an analysis of the foreign policy opinions of the leaders and general public of Canada are briefly summarized. Correlates and causes of attitudes about coexistence, the United Nations, foreign aid and the arms race are indicated. The results are presented so as to show similarities and differences among the groups in the study; some attention is given to the practical implications of the findings. Finally, a plea is made for comparative studies of attitudes about issues related to peace and war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of information resources from the United Nations and other specialized agencies worldwide are presented. They include the "United Nations Technical Conference on the International Map of the World on the Millionth Scale: Report and Proceedings," "Inquiry Among Governments on Problems Resulting From the Reciprocal Action of Economic Development and Population Changes," and "Social Development of Latin America in the Post-war Period."

Some of the complexities of the assessment of educational needs, including their claim on financial resources, within the context of economic development planning, are explored. The problems arise from the difficulties experienced in co-ordinating the functions and the work of economists and social scientists; in matching the long-term nature of targets of educational and social development with plans for productivity growth often considered in the short term; in distinguishing between the needs dictated by demographic change and those relating to human resource development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social progress is closely interlinked with economic development. Many aspects of social progress are prerequisities to economic development. Alternatively, the level of economic growth defines to a large extent the character of the social problems which arise. The article studies the interrelation between social and economic aspects of development as they are reflected in programmes and plans of national development in different countries. Special reference is made to the different indices by which social processes are measured in such programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increase of the capital coefficient in (lie course of economic development and its subsequent decrease is called ‘moving over the threshold’. Three industrial revolutions are identified: each passes through a stage of increased capital coefficient, followed by a decline. Changes in capital coefficient are due to variations in the longevity of capital, the capital mix, and principally technical progress. Important social pre-conditions affecting changes in the capital coefficient: population increase; inability of the governing classes to maintain effective control; outside pressures; increase of the investment quota, followed by voluntary and compulsory saving. Technological progress also implies a change from old to new élites using new techniques of social control and requiring new methods of education. During the climb to and the descent from the threshold of development, turning points are usually readied in economic policy depending on trends of economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For many underdeveloped countries, the main problem of economic development is not so much the acceleration of investment in material capital for the ‘take-off’ as the building of the runway for a future take-off. But discussions of ‘pre-investment’ in human capital for this purpose are vague and unsatisfactory. In particular, it is not clear whether investment in education is to supply the ‘missing components’ of skills within a given framework or to supply a dynamic catalyst which will radically change the framework itself. These two different concepts of education illustrate the conflicting requirements of social discipline and social flexibility as a prerequisite of economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with a colonial type of situation where attempts at economic advancement have taken place within a wider institutional framework designed to preserve the traditional social order as a basis for administrative control. The traditional chiefs, who enjoy advantages under this arrangement, have a vested interest in its continuation. But the arrangement involves a bureaucratic direction which is not conducive to sustained individual effort. The rise of an educated middle class has drawn attention to the feasibility and desirability of long-needed change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Levels of economic development are characterized by differences in kind and complexity of economic organizations and productive units. Even similar basic needs are nut in varying ways, according to the available resources. Class stratification and socio-psychological action patterns form strategic variables linked to development levels. Underdeveloped countries typically display sharp social polarities, steep ranking, low mobility, a disregard for economic performance as status-conferring. Ascription-achievement and diffusion-specificity are key dichotomies. The effect of specificity on productivity reflects back on stratification, while achievement-orientation makes individual mobility across groups possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the nature of the transitional society in the developing nations and reviews the role and problems of bureaucracy in the tasks of nation-building. Eight major characteristics of bureaucracy are identified, and its problems in the context of t fie culture of politics, the emerging ethos and the expanding sphere of Stale activity and new institutional arrangements are analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information about the Overseas Development Institute in Great Britain. It was founded towards the end of 1960 by a group of people who consider that the economic development of the countries of Asia, Africa and South America, and their relations with the industrially developed areas of the world, are of material importance. Its funds were received from the Ford Foundation, from British industry and commerce, and from the Nuffield Foundation. The institute is non-profit-making and its policies are decided by a council which is independent and non-governmental.

The impact of rapid development on social structure and patterns of mobility must be explored. Yet, there is little relationship between mobility patterns and development. Recent findings show a considerable similarity of career aspirations in very divergent settings. Status concomitants linked to education may vary with the proportion and absolute size of the educated population. Educational attainments should also increase the amount of high achievement orientation. Downward mobility is a feature of emerging industrialization, but little is yet known about its effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the increased attention given in developing countries towards the continued availability of qualitatively and quantitatively adequate managerial manpower in various spheres of society as one vital factor in assuring balanced socio-economic growth. This concern is doubtless in part, as a result of analyses of growth in a number of countries. It is reflected in an increasing number of publications of very divergent quality on a great variety of subjects and in multifarious efforts in education and research designed to promote the development of various categories of managers. The advancement in knowledge, insight and skills in the field of management and management education and development has, unfortunately, not always kept pace with the rapid proliferation of educational activities in a number of countries. This statement should be interpreted as an encouragement to increase the required knowledge, rather than to abandon substantial educational efforts owing to their inadequacy. Management education and development may be approached from at least two points of view, the great variety of needs for these efforts and the provision of the very numerous services required in this field.

Poor countries cannot afford to pay for as much education as richer countries. They have therefore to establish priorities in terms both of quantity and of quality. The requirements of economic development help in setting priorities, but they are not overriding. Education was not invented in order to enable men to produce more goods and services. The purpose of education is to enable men to understand better the world in which they live, so that they may more fully express their potential capacities whether spiritual, intellectual or material. Indeed, through the centuries the traditional attitude of practical men towards education has been that it unfits its recipients for useful work. From the standpoint of economic development, one may distinguish between types of education which increase productive capacity and types which do not. Teaching an African cook to read may increase his enjoyment of life, but will not necessarily make him a better cook. Education of the former kind is called investment education, while the latter kind is called consumption education. From the standpoint of economic development, investment education has a high priority, but consumption education is on a par with other forms of consumption. How much to spend above this minimum depends on how rich the society is and on competing claims.

The article is aimed at the examination and untangling of the part of the web of concepts concerning interrelations between education and economic development. The article focuses on social versus private returns to education. The total social return may be larger or smaller than the sum of individual returns viewed in isolation from each other unless a correction for these interactions is made. Distinguishing between private and social returns is not the same as distinguishing between market and non-market, or real and psychic returns nor is it related to the distinction between education as consumption and as investment though these several distinctions often tend to be partially confused with each other. In each instance there are difficulties of measurement and each has time dimensions that are often neglected. Even in dealing with the consumption-investment distinction, classical theory tends to measure along time scales rather than to incorporate time into the core of the analysis. Analysis of private and social returns to education in particular, clearly necessitates exploration of process of change through time, for it is in these changes that the largest discrepancies arise between the summated individual returns and the social total viewed as an entity.

The article lists documents and publications of the United Nations and specialized agencies, that appeared in the 1961 issue of International Social Science Journal. Documents and publications by the United Nations General Assembly includes, annual report of the Secretary-General on the work of the Organizations of the United Nations. The Secretary-General sets out his personal views on the developments of the United Nations role, which is no longer merely to permit negotiation, but consists increasingly in ensuring security. Some other publications are related to criminology, refugees, mental health, political rights of women, etc. Documents and publications by the United Nations Economic and Social Council includes, reports on various issues related to human rights, technical assistance, new sources of energy, economic forecasting, economic development in Asia and the Far East, road traffic accidents in Europe, etc. Documents and publications by the United Nations International Labour Organization includes, reports on industrial relations, industrial civilization, labor problems, etc.

The proposal to establish, in Latin America, a teaching and research institute for the exchange of information among monetary authorities was first put forward by the Bank of Mexico during the Second Meeting of Central Bank Technicians of the American Continent in Santiago, Chile, in December 1949. The meeting adopted the proposal and designated an Ad-hoc Committee of outstanding economists from five countries to prepare the basis for the establishment of the center. The committee's recommendations were discussed at the Third Meeting of Central Bank Technicians and a basic statute and a statement of the general purposes of Centro De Estudios Monetarios Latinoamericanos were approved. Its main objectives were to promote a better understanding of monetary and banking matters in Latin America, as well as of the pertinent aspects of fiscal policy and their relationship to conclusions and principles which could be utilized in the formulation of practical measures by the monetary authorities to achieve a balanced economic development in those countries.

The article provides information about the Centre for the Study of Developing Societies in New Delhi, India. The institute was founded with the assistance from the Asia Foundation. It undertakes and promotes research in the political and social structure of India and other developing countries. Primarily, it focuses on the historical, social, and cultural conditions under which the process of development takes place in particular countries. All of its research studies and projects are based on the specialized projects in different fields, undertaken by scholars.

The article focuses on the undertakings of the Research Institute of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung in Germany. The Institute was established by Friedrich Ebert in 1958 and its research is focused on social science, economic and socio-history in relation to the advancement of democratic thought and political movement. It primarily identifies the effects of technological advancement in Europe and Germany, specifically on worker's movements. The Institute has also undertaken studies on adult education, cooperatives, trade unions, and bibliographical work on social, economic and political movement of Asia and Africa. Its major project is the completion of "Friedrich Ebert and His Time" that describes the social, economic and political movement during Ebert's time.

The article announces on the establishment of the Institute of Public Administration (IPA) by the Department of Government of Indiana University, effective September 1, 1963. Except for overseas contract administration, the IPA will be responsible for the research, consultation, and training activities of the Bureau of Government Research and the Institute of Training for Public Service. York Willbern will serve as director of the IPA, and Dwight C. Smith, Jr., as coordinator of Government Department Contracts.

The article provides information about the Academy of Sciences' Institute of Economics at 66 Lenin Prospekt in Minsk, Belarus. The Institute of Economics was founded in 1931 as a special scientific establishment of the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic. Its primary objective is to promote the general adoption of good management practices in the national economy and to make recommendations to governmental and economic bodies for the improvement of administration. The institute bases its research on the analysis derived from a large volume of government statistics and on surveys carried out in enterprises and institutes.

The article provides information on the organizational structure and function of the United Nations (UN) Research Institute for Social Development. Established in 1963 through the help extended by the Secretary General of the Netherlands Government, the main task of the Institute is to conduct studies and identify factors affecting policies on social developments, relationships existing among various types of social developments, and economic development identified during different phases of growth in the economy of developing countries. The studies shall be identified on its urgency and importance to the work of the UN in relation to social policy, development and planning, and are independent from the UN activities which shall be under the supervision of a Board of Trustees.

The Council on Economic and Cultural Affairs maintains three programmes related to rural economic and cultural development in Asia. The largest programme is intended to help Asian scholars and administrators increase their competence to deal with problems of rural development. The council has done this primarily through making available visiting professors of agricultural economics or rural sociology to faculties of agricultural economics in Asian universities. These visiting professors have been either associates of the council or on leave from American universities. Since 1954, visiting professors have been attached for periods varying from one to six years at National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Chung Lising Provincial University, Taichung. Taiwan; College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines, Los Banos, Philippines, etc. Visiting professors have helped these institutions undertake research and improve their instruction in agricultural economics, rural sociology, and community development. The council has made a number of grants in support of agricultural economics research and to support meetings concerned with agricultural economics. Of particular note are a group of related grants in Japan to encourage empirical studies of agriculture. These have been made to University of Tokyo, National Research Institute of Agriculture and the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo; Kyushu University, Hokkaido University, Tottori University, and Kyoto University.