Search

Background and objectives: Paper industry in addition to reducing the consumption of various resources such as water, energy, and wood, continues to recycle used paper in different countries due to less pollution. One of the major drawbacks of the old corrugated container (OCC) recycling is its relatively weak strength, which has limited its use in various sections of the packaging industry. In this study, the effect of using some additives to improve the strengths of OCC to make the top liner of cartons in both wet and dry conditions was studied. Methodology: OCC was selected from domestically produced cartons. To determine the performance and optimal amount of additives, corn cationic starch (at 1, 1.4 and, 2%), wet strength resin (at 1, 2 and, 3%), AKD (at 1, 2 and, 3%), and long fiber of imported bulk tea wrapping paper (at 10, 15 and, 20%) based on the dry weight of OCC pulp were separately used as additives. The handsheets were made using laboratory sheet former with the basis weight of 120 g/m² and then tensile, burst, and tear indices were measured both at wet and dry conditions to compare the effect of additives. Also, water absorption was measured by the Cobb test on the test samples. The optimal level of each additive was determined based on the results, and then handsheets data from optimal combination treatment including appropriate levels of all additives, and different properties of handsheets were statistically compared. Results: The water absorption of handsheet was statistically decreased to 90% level compared to the control by adding AKD. This additive was able to reduce the water absorption of handsheet made from OCC to about 20 g/m² as the appropriate range. The greatest increase of wet tensile strength of the handsheet was achieved using 3% wet strength resin compared to the control. The resin maintained the wet tensile, burst, and tear indices of the residual strength of handsheet by 25, 46, and 58%, respectively, compared to dry strengths which indicates its good performance. The results showed that by adding cationic corn starch and recycled long fiber paper, all the dry strengths of handsheet independently increased compared to the control. The optimal combination treatment was determined according to the results independent use of additives in OCC pulp, including 1% cationic starch, 1% AKD, and 3% wet strength resin based on technical-economic considerations. There is no significant difference between dry tensile and burst strength of handsheet using this treatment and 20% recycled long fiber of wrapping paper, which both means ranked statistically in the same group. Conclusion: The use of 20% recycled long fiber of wrapping paper significantly improved the dry strength of OCC pulp, but adding 1% cationic corn starch to OCC pulp caused limit increase in dry strength. The wet strength of handsheet was significantly improved by adding 3% wet strength resin whereas 1% AKD significantly decreased the water absorption of the OCC pulp to 14 g/m². The optimal combination treatment of chemical additives including 1% cationic corn starch, 1% AKD, and 3% wet strength resin improved the wet and dry strength of handsheet made from OCC pulp that could be used for packaging products which need to be kept in refrigerator and freezer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Nowadays, increase in population have caused increasing demand for paper, and in addition, greater restrictions on raw materials, initiated the production of high-yield pulps and mechanical pulps has found special status. These pulps are produced with the yield greater than 85%. The utilization of these pulps due to the presence of lignin, extractives, and metal ions, is limited to short-term usage, as in the long they suffer from brightness reversion and photo-yellowing. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nanochitosan spray on the optical properties of chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP). Materials and methods: For this purpose, first, a quantity of bleached chemical-mechanical pulp (CMP) was selected as a control sample from Mazandaran wood and paper industry. Papers with a basis weight of 60 gr/m² were prepared from the mentioned paper pulp. In this study, the nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) was purchased from Nano Novin Polymer Co. (Sari, Iran), which was prepared from softwood alpha cellulose pulp with an average fiber diameter of 32 nm. The NFC was sprayed at 2% on paper sheets. Nanochitosan (“Seafresh”, Thailand), with a deacetylation degree of 93% and a molecular weight of 270 kDa was used. Nanochitosan was sprayed at 1 and 2% of the dry pulp weight. Diethylene triamine penta acetic acid (DTPA) was prepared from DIPER-Samchun (South Korea(. To spray the DTPA onto the paper surface, 0.5% DTPA solution was prepared. To prepare samples for the surface modification, paper sheets with a basis weight of 60 g/m² were made. Then, 0.5% DTPA, 2% nanochitosan, and 2% nanocellulose were sprayed separately on the paper sheets. In addition, another treatment named mixed-solution (containing 0.5 % DTPA + 2% nanochitosan + 2% nanocellulose) was sprayed on the handsheets. The spraying time and distance were 20 s and 20 cm, respectively, and the treatment process was named “spray-coated”. Then, the optical properties (brightness, opacity, yellowness, and greenness) of the hand-sheets were measured according to ASTM and TAPPI standard methods. Results: The results showed that by DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan spray on the handsheet paper, brightness, yellowness, greenness, L* factor, and the opacity increased and the a* factor decreased. By spraying nano-cellulose on the test samples, most of the optical properties were significantly improved except for the yellowness of the handsheet paper. In addition, the most appropriate properties were observed in the paper obtained from DTPA spray and also in the simultaneous spray treatment of DTPA, nano-cellulose, and nano-chitosan on hand-sheet papers. Therefore, it has caused a very sensible increase and improvement in all the optical properties, which can be selected and suggested as the best treatment. The evaluation results of the brightness reversion of the hand-sheet paper from CMP pulp showed that most of the treatments led to a relative reduction of the return of the paper brightness. On the other hand, the lowest and highest brightness return values in the hand-sheet paper were obtained from 0.5% DTPA spray and nano-chitosan spray, respectively. The evaluation results of the SEM images of the test samples compared to the control sample showed that the hand-sheet paper with nanochitosan and nano-cellulose spray and also in the simultaneous spray treatment of DTPA, nanocellulose, and nano-chitosan had more favorable surface and structural properties. The existence of less empty spaces (cavity) and more overlap of fibers in the test samples can be a reason for the higher quality of the properties, as well. Conclusion: The results showed that by spraying nanocellulose, nano- chitosan and DTPA on the test samples, the optical properties, brightness, greenness, opacity, a* factor, l* factor, yellowness and brightness stability improved. In addition, among the various treatments, the DTPA treatment in long-term thermal aging and the use of chitosan-nano and nano-cellulose in the short-term aging had noticeable effects on brightness stability and decrease in the color reversion. As a result, there was an increase in the durability of the paper against thermal deterioration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Some medicinal herb extracts have the antibacterial capability. On the other hand, herb extract is one of the organic, natural, and environmentally friendly substances. In recent years, the production of environmental and safe packaging materials has attracted the attention of scientists and industrialists. Paper is one of the biodegradables and lowcost options for packaging in various industries, including the food industry. Also, the raw materials of paper can be modified and changed with different materials. As a result, paper fibers can be treated with herb extracts and used in the production of renewable papers with antibacterial properties. Methodology: In this research, thyme plant residue (Zataria Multiflora) was used for extraction. The thyme obtained from the research farm was dried and then powdered. 10 grams of thyme powder was poured on 100 ml of ethanol and then it was treated with an ultrasonic probe. In this method, two amplitudes of 40 and 60 amplitudes and three time levels of 3, 6, and 9 minutes were used for extraction. Then the papers with 120 grammage were treated with herbal extract prepared using two dosages of 15 and 20% based on the dry weight of the paper by spraying. The antibacterial properties of the papers were investigated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The chemical structure of the extract from the thyme was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR) analysis. Also, gas chromatography (GC-MASS) analysis was used to investigate the components of thyme extract. The optical properties of the paper, including brightness and opacity, and the strengths properties of the produced papers were measured by tensile, tear, and burst strengths. Results: The highest inhibition zone diameter in the treated paper with the thyme extracted by ultrasonic method was 20 mm in 40 amplitude and 9 minutes for Escherichia coli bacteria. Also, the highest inhibition zone diameter for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was 14 mm in 60 amplitude and 6 minutes. According to the results of the papers analysis, the papers showed better antibacterial properties and higher inhibition zone against the Escherichia coli bacteria. The chemical compounds in the thyme extract including various substances such as hexane and furans. The most important chemical components that caused the antibacterial properties of the papers is carvenone, which was observed in the thyme extract. The results of the strength test of the treated papers showed that the sample of the thyme extracted by the ultrasonic method at 40 amplitudes, 3 minutes, and the 20% consumption amount based on the dry weight of the paper has the highest tensile and burst index. As well as, the highest tear index of the treated papers was in the treated sample with the thyme extracted at 60 amplitudes, 3 minutes, and 15% consumption amount based on the dry weight of the paper. The results of the optical tests showed that the opacity of the papers decreased and the brightness increased. Conclusion: The results of this research showed that the paper as a biodegradable and environmentally friendly material has the ability to be treated with herbal and natural antibacterial materials such as the thyme extract. Also, the herbal extracts are a suitable alternative to inorganic and metallic materials in the production of materials with antibacterial properties due to the herbal extracts are cheap, available and natural materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber-gypsum board is a composite material, in which fiber is used as the reinforcement in the matrix of gypsum. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of adding different amounts of waste paper fibers on the strength, and the fracture behavior of fiber-gypsum board. For this purpose, zero, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 35 percent gypsum was substituted by waste paper fibers in the mixture. The results of bending strength, internal bonding and moisture absorption after one month exposure to 100% relative humidity measurement showed that increasing the percentage of fibers up to 20% increased the mechanical properties. In general, using twenty percent fibers in the mixture increased the bending strength by 50% and the internal bonding was increase two and half times compared to the control samples. The load-displacement curve shows that the dosage of 5 to 15 percent of fibers does not change the fracture behavior of the fibergypsum board and exhibited brittle fracture as in control samples. While at higher dosage, the flexibility increases and the failure becomes ductile. Therefore, the best conditions in terms of strength, resistance, and flexibility was reached at 20% substitution of gypsum with waste paper fibers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sticky contaminants present one of the biggest technical challenges in the paper recycling process. These contaminants reduce paper strength, cause plugging of wires and felts, and stick to or deposit on machine parts affecting the runnability of the paper machine. In this study, first, the sticky deposit on doctor blades was subjected to multi-stage extraction with alcohol, acetone, toluene, and tetrahydrofuran solvents respectively. Then the nature of the resulting material and its physicochemical properties was investigated with FTIR analysis, GC-MS, TGA, XRF, SEM. The results showed that these deposite originates from the fibers, polymers such as polyvinyl acetate and styrene butadiene, which are components of hot melt adhesives, and fatty acid/resin esters. Fatty acids and resins are the most common organic compounds in stickies deposite. The possible origin of these compounds are chemical substances (saponified fatty acids), deinking steps and some resins and fatty acids used in the formulation of adhesives or more resistant resins and extractive materials related to cellulosic fibers. The identified minerals are mainly calcium, iron, silica and aluminum, which are present in the formulation of fillers and coating pigments during the papermaking process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Waste paper recycling utilization has been increasing in Iran and world paper industries which offers many benefits to the environment and humans. Municipal waste is also reused after recycling processes. Cardboard recycling industry has great environmental and economic importance and helps overcone the lack of wood resources and high demand for paper products. It plays an important role in the development of paper-related industries. However, recycling can be associated with the reduction in the optical properties of the paper. The use of nanoparticles in the paper industry is also expanding gradually. Nanosilica is one of the most important nanoparticles which is used as a retention aid in the paper industry. In order to reduce the consumption of long fibers and obtain the desired optical properties, the use of nanosilica alone or in combination with other materials such as cationic starch and cationic polyacrylamide is investigated. The purpose of this research is to compare the effect of individual and combined use of nanosilica additives, cationic polyacrylamide, cationic starch and long fibers on the optical properties of white liner paper pulp. Methodology: In this study, white paper pulp with the brightness of at least 78% and the gloss of at least 45% was used to prepare handmade paper sheets. Long fiber kraft chemical pulp from coniferous wood imported from Russia with the brightness of 89% was used in the laboratory paper sheet making. Nanosilica powder (NanoSiO2) (Degussa), Germany, cationic polyacrylamide (Farinret K325 brand, Degussa, Germany), and cationic starch (LyckebyAmylex, Slovakia) were used. Independent treatments included the addition of 10% refined long fibers pulp, 6% nanosilica, 1.5% cationic starch and 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide and combined treatments included 6% nanosilica and 1.5% cationic starch and 6% nanosilica and 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide. Then 127 g.m-2 handmade papers were prepared and the optical and microscopic properties were evaluated. Results: The results showed that by adding 10% long fibers, the brightness decreased and by using 6% nanosilica, the maximum brightness was reached. Meanwhile, the whiteness of papers with 6% nanosilica was minimum and with the dosage of only 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide, the whiteness reached at the maximum value. Opacity showed its highest value with the combination of 6% nanosilica and 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide. Also, by increasing the amount of polyacrylamide and cationic starch, individually or in combination with nanosilica, the opacity increased. The light absorption coefficient was the lowest in papers with 6% nanosilica and the light scattering coefficient was the highest in papers containing 6% nanosilica and 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide. A colorimeter was used to measure the color components and the results showed that the additives had an effect on the brightness and whiteness of the papers. Also, changes in the color spectrum and the value of color change were also observed. Additives increased the darkness and changes in different colors. Conclusion: The use of nanosilica individually and in combination with starch and cationic polyacrylamide increases the brightness of papers. Also, the use of cationic polyacrylamide individually and in combination with nanosilica leads to an increase in the whiteness and opacity of papers. The brightness factor of the papers, which is representative of the L* component, decreased with the exception of the addition of 10% long fibers and 6% nanosilica. The amount of overall color change with ΔE* was the lowest in samples containing 1.5% cationic starch and the highest in samples containing 0.15% cationic polyacrylamide. The use of some treatments can lead to a decrease in the optical properties and a decrease in the printability quality of the white liner. To solve this problem, mechanical pulp that has been decolorized or coated on the surface of the paper can be used. The presence of nano-silica particles in the structure of the paper improves the surface structure and reduces the prosity, which results in the reduction of surface roughness and less light refraction, and increases the light reflection and brightness of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Wastewater treatment of paper recycling and cardboard industries with the aim of water recycling and reducing environmental impact is one of the daily needs of industries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to optimize the conditions of coagulation and flocculation process in wastewater treatment of paper recycling industries using the response surface method. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, response surface method and central composite design were used to design the experiments and to determine the effects of the studied variables (pH, concentrations of alum, Poly aluminum chloride (PAC), and cationic polymer) on the total suspended solid (TSS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency. Data analysis was done using ANOVA statistical test with a significant level of 0.05. Results: The results showed that in the combination of PAC with cationic polymer (optimal conditions; pH=7.5, PAC concentration=450 mg/L, cationic polymer concentration=1.5 mg/L), the TSS and COD removal efficiency were 97.34% and 75.76%, respectively. In combination of alum with cationic polymer (optimal conditions; pH=8.5, alum concentration=550 mg/L, cationic polymer concentration=2 mg/L), removal efficiencies were 98.96% and 77.83%, respectively. The simultaneous effects of two independent variables, pH and concentration, had a significant effect (p<0.05) in removing TSS and COD variables. Conclusion: The results showed that the combination of PAC with cationic polymer had a better efficiency. Also, the COD and TSS in the final effluent were higher and lower than the standard values, respectively. Therefore, chemical coagulation process is proposed as pretreatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Research theses can have a significant impact on the development of applied sciences, especially when their results are published. Objective This study aims to determine publication rate of papers extracted from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of Guilan University of Medical Sciences (GUMS) during 2008-2018. Methods This is a descriptive cross-sectional study. The data were collected from the medical residency and master’s degree theses of GUMS from 2008 to 2018. Then, they were searched in international and national databases according to the title, keywords, and names of supervisors, advisors, and students. Results Of 774 theses, 449 (58 %) papers had been extracted and published in journals indexed by ISI/ PubMed (41.2%), Scopus (11.8%), BIOSIS, Chemical Abstract, and Embase (0.44%) and others (46.56%). Most of them (98.66%) were original research. Moreover, in 383(85.3%) of the theses, there was no statistician or data advisor. The median time from defending theses to the publication of a paper from them was two years. Conclusion The publication of papers extracted from the theses of GUMS has increased, and more than 50% of them have been published in journals indexed by ISI, PubMed, and Scopus. However, the factors associated with the publication of papers need to be surveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the problems of papers and cardboards in the packaging industry is the poor resistance to water, gas, and oil penetration. Nowadays, many researches have been done on the use of biodegradable films and coatings based on polysaccharides to solve this problem. Chitosan is one of these polysaccharides that can be used as a biodegradable coating in packaging papers. In this study, the effect of chitosan on the strength and barrier properties of coated liner paper was investigated. Chitosan was used in three levels of 10, 15, and 20 g/L acetic acid (1%) and with two softener ratios (glycerol) of 0.5 and 1 (based on dry weight of chitosan) for papers coating. Strength properties including tensile, burst and tear index and barrier properties including water absorption, air resistance, and oil absorption in the coated samples were investigated. The statistical analysis of results showed that the barrier properties increased significantly. Also, the effect of increasing the concentration of softener in the coating solution on the properties of air resistance and oil absorption was positive but negative for water absorption. The basis weight, burst and tear index of the coated samples increased with increasing coating weight. On the other hand, the tensile strength decreased. Moreover, increasing the concentration of softener in the coating solution showed a negative effect on the properties of the samples. The scanning electron microscope images showed the formation of chitosan film and increase in the uniformity of the liner paper surfaces, especially in higher consumption volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Change in the food consumption’s pattern and the widespread use of the fast foods, as well as, the globalization of the food trade and the transportation of food over the long distances have brought great challenges to the safety and quality of the foods. One of the most important uses of the papers is the food packaging industry to keep the health and quality of the packaged materials from the production step to the customer. The extract of medicinal plants has the ability to create antibacterial properties. In this research, rosemary extract was used to produce the antibacterial papers. Extraction of plant was done by using soxhlet extractor and ultrasonic. In the soxhlet method, the dry powder was extracted at 4 and 6 hours and in the ultrasonic method, 40 and 60 powers were used for extraction. Then the papers were treated with plant extract prepared in two amounts of 15 and 20% based on the dry weight of the paper. The antibacterial properties of the papers were investigated with Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. All the papers treated with rosemary extracted by soxhlet method showed antibacterial property. Inhibition zone of bacteria was formed for both of them. The maximum diameter of the Inhibition zone for Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with 6 hours’ extraction and the consumption amount of 20% was 22 and 20 mm. In the treated paper with rosemary extracted by ultrasonic method, the maximum diameter of the Inhibition zone for Escherichia coli bacteria was 20 mm in 40A and 9 min. Also, the highest diameter of the Inhibition zone for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was 20 mm in 40A and 9 min. Gas chromatography confirmed the presence of antibacterial substances including, Borneol, Camphor, and Bornyl acetate in rosemary extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Pulp bleaching is a concern of many conservationists. Research has been conducted with the aim of evaluating some traditional bleaching materials used in the preservation of documents and books, such as hydrogen peroxide and sodium borohydride, which shows that these materials do not significantly improve the mechanical properties of historical papers. Also, investigating the effect of reducing agents on oxidized papers has shown the effectiveness of tert-butylamine borane complex. In another study, five dyeing processes with oxidizers (calcium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide in two concentrations, light bleaching and potassium permanganate) and two dyeing processes with reducing agents (sodium borohydride and tert-butylamine borane) were compared. Their effect on alfa cellulose (Whatman filter paper) and two different historical papers have been investigated. The results indicate that all the tested dye removal methods have led to a clear increase. Due to the differences of opinion, in this research, the effectiveness of two reducing agent sodium borohydride and sodium dithionite on the appearance and structural characteristics of paper is investigated. Methodology: In this research, Whatman Filter Paper No. 1 (Whatman Filter Paper No. 1) made in England with a thickness of 180 microns, diameter of 11 cm, basis weight of 87 grams per square meter and ash content of 0.06% was used. . Chemical reagents including potassium persulfate, sodium borohydride and sodium dithionite reagent grade were prepared in a laboratory from Merck, Germany.Three solutions including potassium persulfate (2% by weight/volume), sodium borohydride (1% by weight/volume), sodium dithionite (1% by weight/volume) in distilled water (distilled water, pH; 7), to perform tests on zinc. Paper samples have been used by immersion. Whatman filter paper samples were subjected to oxidation in 2% peta persulfate in distilled water for 2 days (48 hours) and then the samples were immersed. Next, the identified samples were modified by two solutions of sodium borohydride and sodium dithionite 1% in distilled water for 1 to 5 hours and then purified in distilled water. Also, the samples were subjected to accelerated aging according to ASTM standard number D4714-96 at a temperature of 90±2 centigrade and a relative humidity of 50±2% for 384 hours. Test methods include potentiostat, colorimetry, tensile strength, pH measurement, scanning electron microscope and infrared examination. Results: The results show that potassium persulfate is the most neutralizing solution among the three solutions used on the first day, and it also indicates the reducing power of two solutions of sodium dithionite and sodium borohydride, which according to the test results, sodium borohydride is the reducing power compared to sodium dithionite. The sample prepared with pH 3.92, after accelerated aging, was accompanied by an increase of several units of pH after modification with two reducing substances. Examining the data obtained from the tensile strength test shows that in comparison with the tested samples with a tensile index of 1.06, the samples modified with sodium borohydride and sodium dithionite increased the index in all five modified periods. The infrared spectrometry investigation of the samples modified with sodium borohydride and sodium dithione shows that this old material improves the structure of cellulose after aging by changing the C=O bonds to C-O and reducing the area of 1640 cm-1.. The reduction of the absorption band in the region of 1640 cm-1 has been opened in almost all time cases with this material compared to the modified sample. Based on the data, samples modified with sodium borohydride and sodium dithionite had a significant increase (approximately 25 units) in the Lfactor (light-darkness) after aging, indicating that two substances have increased the brightness of the sample by reviving the color compounds. In the microscopic examination of the surface of the fibers, in the samples identified with potassium persulfate, local separation of the fibers is observed. In the samples modified with sodium borohydride and sodium dithionite, fibers with higher consistency and entanglement are observed. Conclusion: Double bonds and carbon groups in paper samples formed with potassium persulfate have been the main responsible for the yellowness and darkness of the paper. The reducing agents, sodium borohydride and sodium dithionite reduce this aldehyde and ketone to hydrocarbon. With the loss of multiple conjugates, the light absorption of the paper is reduced and this causes the paper to brighten. The double bonds and their regeneration also cause rearrangement of the cellulose chain, which has resulted in increasing the mechanical resistance and strength of the paper samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Paper recycling is currently considered as one of the most important solutions for environmentally friendly and sustainable paper production. This process not only reduces the consumption of resources like water, energy, and virgin fibers but also contributes leads to a decrease in pollution. As a result, the paper recycling rate is continuously increasing in various countries, further emphasizing its importance in achieving a greener and more sustainable paper industry. Recycled paper is predominantly utilized in the production of packaging paper and board. However, it is crucial for these paper products to possess not only dry strength but also the ability to maintain the necessary strength when exposed to wet conditions, especially for packaging goods that require cold or freezing storage. To achieve this, various techniques such as refining and additives consumptions can be employed. The objective of this study is to explore the individual impact of each factor, as well as their interaction effects, in order to enhance the properties of office deinked pulp (DIP) for the production of packaging paperboard in order to improve the overall characteristics and performance of the packaging paperboard. Materials and Methods: DIP, sourced from Latif Paper Company, was subjected to refining until it reached an SR value of 30. The additives including cationic corn starch (at four levels of 1%, 1.4%, 2%, and 3% based on the dry weight of pulp), wet strength resin (at three levels of 1%, 2%, and 3% based on the dry weight of pulp), and AKD (at three levels of 1%, 2%, and 3% based on the dry weight of pulp), were individually incorporated into the pulp suspension. Handsheets were made with the basis weight of 120 g/m2 . To evaluate and compare the impact of the optimal additive treatment on the treated pulp, various tests were conducted on the handsheets. These tests included measuring water absorption, tensile strength, burst strength, tear strength, wet strength retention, and absolute wet strength retention. The relative retention strength was determined by assessing the independent effects of each treatment on the tensile strength, burst strength, and tear strength of handsheets under both wet and dry conditions. Results: The impact of refining on the strength of handsheets made from DIP was found to be statistically significant in dry conditions. The results demonstrated that incorporating 2wt% cationic corn starch into the refined pulp led to the improved performance, particularly in terms of tear strength, compared to the independent factor of refining alone. Additionally, the utilization of wet strength resin and AKD showed a remarkable increase in the strength of handsheets under wet conditions, as well as a significant reduction in water absorption when compared to the control sample. Furthermore, employing both refining and the optimal combination treatment of additives - including 2wt% cationic corn starch, 3wt% wet strength resin, and 1wt% AKD - simultaneously resulted in a significant enhancement in both the wet and dry strength of the handsheets, as well as a decrease in water absorption. This indicates that the combined treatment presented a positive effect on the overall performance of the handsheets. Conclusions: The application of the optimal combination treatment, which involved refining DIP and adding additives simultaneously, resulted in the improvement of all handsheet properties when compared to the control sample. This enhanced handsheet could be suitable for packaging products that require refrigeration or freezing conditions. In dry state, the strength of the handsheets exceeded the standard strength of bleached kraft paper as per Iran national standard no. 2875, with the exception of tear strength. The evaluation of absolute relative retention wet strength indicated that the performance of the combination treatment was highly favorable compared to previous research reports. The combination treatment remarkably reduced water absorption of the handsheet by 22 g/m², making it suitable for paper storage in freezing conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, with the help of Heidegger and Foucault's conceptual tools, as well as the achievements of the cognitive science, we try to examine the transition from paper reading to digital reading. This discussion can be a preparation for a philosophical understanding of the digital age. We show that Heidegger's analysis of the ready-to-hand beings and technology can help to understand the reading behaviors of paper and digital readers. We have also use Heidegger's analytical framework for text ontology. On the other hand, Foucault's reflections on the embodied technologies can explain the power-knowledge relationships that is constructed around the reader. In addition, the cognitive science has provided detailed empirical findings on the effects of reading behaviors on the human cognitive biases and skills by examining the various modes of reading. Embodied and skillful cognitive science, by going beyond the computational understanding of human beings, has noticed the various behaviors and states of the body in reading processes and highlighted their effects. To integrate these areas of research, we try to place the findings of the cognitive science within the framework of Heidegger and Foucault's technological understanding of the modern power-knowledge relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Co-authorship increases the possibility of visibility of articles and reflection of their findings in the research of others. The aim of the present study was to determine the number of authors and the number of citations of hot papers in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) in the Web of Science (WOS). Materials and methods: This quantitative study was conducted using the scientometric approach. The research community consisted of 3,475 hot papers in the field of science in WOS from 2020 to 2021. The Spearman correlation coefficient test was used to examine the relationship between the citations of the articles and the number of authors. Data were collected and analyzed using BibExcel, Excel, and SPSS. Findings: The hot papers showed a wide range, from one to 2718 authors. Moreover, a significant correlation was found between the number of authors and the number of citations of hot papers in the field of science (p= 0.000, n= 3475, r= 0.161). Therefore, statistically, there was a positive correlation between the two variables. Conclusion: Higher scientific collaboration in hot articles increases the number of citations and ultimately increases the visibility of these articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the most preventable causes of mental retardation throughout the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of filter paper in screening for congenital hypothyroidism and to determine an appropriate cut-off point for filter TSH for recalling screened neonates. Methods: In this cross-sectional study (descriptive analytic), the records of 2739 neonates who had been recalled during the CH screening program in the east of Tehran, Iran (health care centers of the Iran University of Medical Sciences), from March 2011 to March 2015, were studied. According to the CH screening program in Iran, the TSH on filter paper>5 is the current cut-off point for recalling the neonates. The data was analyzed with SPSS software, version 21. The ROC curve was used to determine the TSH cut-off point and the sensitivity and specificity of the filter test. The relationship between the filter and serum TSH was also determined. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences. Results: The recall rate was 5.4%. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 3/1000 neonates (164). The prevalence in males and females was 51.1% and 48.9%, respectively, with no significant difference. The number of recalled neonates diagnosed as patients with congenital hypothyroidism based on the filter TSH level was 5

Background and Objectives: Paper recycling saves energy, and it is an example of resistance economy. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine knowledge, attitude and practice of Sari Training Hospital personnel on paper recycling and resistance economy. Materials and Methods: In the present descriptive study, conducted in 2017, 151 staff of Sari Training Hospital were selected in census method and their views regarding paper recycling and resistance economy were investigated through a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and chi-square test were used to analyze the data. Results: 113 people (74.8%) considered recycling as an example of resistance economy. There was also a significant relationship between doing recycling at work and familiarity with the concept of resistance economy (p=0.001). Conclusion: The present study showed that more than 70% of people have adequate knowledge and attitude about paper recycling, but they need training in terms of performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three single-page drawings mounted in an album signed by Shafi `Abbasi in the style of Ink on paper is the subject of this research. This album is kept in the British Museum. The album contains twenty-eight folios with fifty-five drawings of flowers, plants, insects, and birds, attributed to Shafi` `Abbasi. Iranian artist Shafi` `Abbasi was one of the painters of the Isfahan school, who specialized in painting in the style of flowers and birds. Before the Isfahan school, color was the main element of Iranian painting but In the Isfahan school, the main element is line drawing. The Safavid capital, which was moved to Isfahan, turned this city into a trade center for all kinds of goods from east to west. The use of painting was no longer confined to the scope of court books layout. Single- page drawings had become popular for different classes; Also, at this time, designs were created for the growing industry of Safavid textile weaving and decorative boxes with lacquered covers. The visual element of line in these works has been investigated by the descriptive-survey method with the help of data from printed books. The research aims to identify the visual elements of lines in the signed drawings of Shafi `Abbasi. The classification of line features in the artist’s drawings is proof of the authenticity of other works attributed to him. The results of this research show that all the lines used in the artist’s works are curved lines. The line element is based on curved lines and no line has a static character. We have divided the lines into various curves and into five categories in terms of type. These categories include: 1. Symmetrical curved line of a single arc, 2. A curved line along the horizonal or vertical axis with several degrees of curvature, 3. Asymmetric curved line of a single arc, 4. Curved line with wavy arcs, 5. Deep curved line. For each single-page drawing, a single category of curves can be considered, which has caused the creation of various rhythms and patterns. On the edge of the leaves and some flowers, different corners are drawn with elongated or wide curves. These corners are curved in different directions depending on the position. Even the use of this category in drawing insects and other painting decorations is also considered. There is a formal connection between the curved lines of the painting and the calligraphy form in the artist’s signature. In terms of quality, the line has variable thicknesses and does not move uniformly. The starting line is thin and delicate, in the next stage, it takes a suitable thickness. This change in line thickness has created a bright shadow and volume in the painting. In the end it has a delicate finish and is separate from the connection to the other line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the effect coating with polylactic acid-chitosan complex on the packaging paper by two methods of mixing and grafting. For this purpose, handsheet (80 g/m²) was made using long fibers collected from Mazandaran Wood and Paper Factory. Poly lactic acid, chitosan and nanocytosis with the concentration of 1 wt. %, were prepared by dissolving in chloroform and 1% acetic acid, respectively. In both methods, three layers coating was applied. Then, coated samples were dried in oven. In the mixing method, polylactic acid and chitosan were mixed and then applied on base paper. In the grafting method, by chemical modification of chitosan and polylactic acid, 0.01 g of EDC (N-(3-dimethy laminopropyl)-N/-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride), 0.1 g of Span 80 and 0.047 g of HOBT (1-Hydoxy benzotriazole) homogeneous solution were prepared and applied on a paper surface. Finally, barrier and mechanical properties including contact angle, water absorption, air permeability and burst strength were measured respectively. The results showed that papers which were coated with grafting method, using three layers of coating (P3nCs3) had the highest air permeability resistance compared to the mixing method. Control sample showed minimum air permeability resistance. Water absorption decreased in coated samples by mixing method compared to grafting method and grafting method further reduced water absorption. Contact angle increased in coated samples by the grafting method compared to the mixing method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, the machining and milling of composites is of great importance; Because composites are used in various sectors and have found great efficiency in various industries. Considering this, in this article, in order to save the cost of milling composites, the effectiveness of various parameters that affect the cutting force and tool wear, including spindle speed (rpm), feed rate (mm/rev), cutting depth (mm) and percentage of sic, has been discussed; To minimize tool wear and cutting force by creating optimal conditions. Performing a sensitivity analysis according to the regression equations of cutting force and tool wear has shown that spindle speed with 63% and the percentage of composite silicon carbide with 22% have the greatest effect on tool wear and depth of cut with 47% and advance with 23 % have the greatest effect on cutting force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keeping the soul healthy has been one of the ancient goals of mankind along history, and its necessity has also been emphasized in religion. One of the ancient therapeutic methods approved by Shari'a is hijāma (cupping). In addition to encouraging cupping, some of its rulings have been stated in many traditions which jurists and hadith commentators disagree on their clarification in detail. Using a descriptiveanalytical method, this article has investigated the position of cupping therapy and the quality of the cupping therapist (hājim)’s guarantee. In addition, it analyzed jurisprudential views in these two areas. To solve the problem of incapability of two opposed groups of narrations, in which some condemn cupping while others encourage it, it is concluded that the reason for the condemnation is the possibility of blood getting on the cloth and body of the cupping therapist and the health conditions of the past, so that, like other professions, it is basically permitted (mubāh). Regarding the hājim’s guarantee, if his mistake causes injury to life or limb, it is obligatory to pay the blood money (dīyi). If it is intentional, retribution (qisās) is the basic ruling, and in the case where it is not possible to match the retribution, or in case of the request of the mahjūm (person who was cupped) or his legal avenger of blood, the payment of blood money is obligatory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was aimed to investigate the effect of polyalumium chloride and nano-chitosan on optical and mechanical properties of paper made using chemi-mechanical pulp. For this purpose, some of the bleached CMP pulp from Mazandaran Wood and Paper Industries (MWPI) were randomly selected as a control sample. In addition, the polyalumium chloride powder were used at 4 levels of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%. The nano-chitosan was then added to the CMP pulps suspensions at 3 levels of 0, 1, and 2%, as well. Hand-sheets with a basis weight of 60 gr/m2 were prepared from the prepared pulps. The optical and mechanical properties were then measured and compared using TAPPI standard test methods. The results showed that by adding polyalumium chloride and nano-chitosan separately to the CMP pulps, brightness, opacity, greenness, tear, tensile, burst strengths, air resistance increased, but Cobb 60 and a* factor decreased. On the other hand, with the addition of nano-chitosan and polyalumium chloride to CMP pulp, the brightness and greenness increased, but tensile, burst, tear strengths, air resistance, Cobb 60 and opacity was initially fairly decreased and then acceptably increased. Moreover, the findings showed that by separate addition of 1% polyalumium chloride and 2% nano-chitosan(separate) and simultaneous addition of 2% nano-chitosan with 1.5% polyalumium chloride to the CMP pulp, most of the paper properties were improved. Therefore, it can be introduced as the best treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relationship between international scientific collaboration and highly-cited and hot papers of Iranian researchers in the Web of Science during 2010-2019. This research refers to the highly cited or hot articles in the Web of Science database. Methodology: The present study is an applied descriptive, including a scientometric approach. The research population includes 2747 highly-cited and hot papers of Iranian researchers indexed in Essential Scientific Indicators (ESI) and Web of Science (WoS) databases during 2010-2019. The research tool is an “advanced search” tool of the Web of Science database. For this purpose, first, articles related to Iran during 2010-2019 were extracted from the Web of Science database. By searching Iran, all the articles were retrieved. By limiting the search to highly cited articles and hot papers science scholars during 2010-2019 were extracted. Data was collected by Microsoft Excel software and analyzed by correlation and regression tests using SPSS (version 22) software. Findings: The largest number of scientific collaborations included the United States (534), China (449), and the United Kingdom (338). Findings showed the most collaborations in highly cited and hot articles published in 2018 and 2019. Also, the most collaborations in writing highly cited articles in the subject areas were engineering with 374 (33710 citations), Physics with 155 (26158), and clinical medicine with 154 (60397 citations); Furthermore, the most cooperation in writing hot articles in the subject areas of engineering with 18 (983 citations), materials science with 14 (253 citations), and clinical medicine with 12 (1686 citations). Findings showed that the number of highly cited articles with the cooperation of two countries was 566 (50266), for three countries it was 274 (24351), for more than 15 countries it was 226 (86575), and the number of hot papers with the cooperation of two countries was 22 (713), for more than 15 Country it was 19 (1914), for three countries it was 12 (339). Findings showed that a positive and significant relationship was observed between the number of international collaborations and the number of citations received (without self-citation) of highly cited and hot papers. Whenever the coefficient becomes significant in the regression model, it means that in the regression model, the predictor variable has an effect on the dependent variable. If the value of P is less than a, the coefficient is significant. The regression model on the research variables with the presence of the predictor variable (the number of highly cited articles). In general, the number of collaborations is presented as the most suitable model that explains the variance of the criterion variable (number of citations) and the test is positive and significant. The findings show that the relationship between countries' researchers' cooperation and the number of citations received by highly cited articles is a strong, positive, and significant predictor. Conclusion: Based on this, with the increase in cooperation, we see an increase in the number of cited articles by Iranian researchers. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the number of international collaborations of article researchers and the number of citations received. International scientific collaborations have increased the quality of research outputs (hot and highly cited papers) of Iranian researchers. According to the findings of the current research as well as the findings of the investigated backgrounds and confirmation of the impact of co-authorship and international scientific cooperation on increasing visibility and receiving citations, encouraging more international scientific cooperation, and allocating suitable funds and facilities. For this type of activities, the researchers of universities and research centers in Iran should be put on the agenda. With this action, the expansion of the research field of this research considering various aspects of international scientific cooperation in universities and research centers of the country can be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of various treatments with cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) and ZnO during papermaking and coating with these nanomaterials and polycaprolactone (PCL) on the barrier properties of the papers was investigated. The samples were studied by field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) devices. In this research the nanomaterials and the polymer with specified condition (4%, 6% NCC, 3% ZnO and 10% PCL) were added to the paper pulps during the papermaking and also as a coating agent. Cationic polyacrylamide used as a nanomaterials retention aid in the papermaking process. the results showed the barrier properties (water absorption, air permeability and grease absorption) of the treated papers were improved but the effect of NCC% increment was more clear in the enhancement of the barrier properties and the treated papers with the nanomaterials mixture had the best barrier properties. furthermore the barrier properties of the coated papers were enhanced with the nanomaterials addition and the NCC nanoparticles had the main role, also the mixture of nanomaterials and PCL had the best barrier properties. Also, the barrier properties of the coated papers were higher than the treated papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to compare the individual and combined effects of nanolignocelluloses (NLC), cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM), cationic starch (CS) and imported chemical long fiber (LF) in the manufacture of recycle liner and fluting paper for packaging. Individual treatments of OCC were included 15% LF, 6% NLC, 1.5% CS and 0.15% CPAM as addetives. Combined treatments were included 6% NLC and 1.5% CS, 6% NLC and 0.15% CPAM. Handsheets were made with grammage of 127 g/m2 by application the mentioned treatments. Finally, the physical, mechanical properties and microscopic structure of handsheet were investigated. The results showed that addition of LF and NLC caused the density of handsheets decreased compared to the control. The individual and combined treatments led to increasing the tensile and burst strength of handsheet. Also, the tear strength of handsheet increased compared to the control except for the combined treatment of NLC and CS. FE-SEM images showed pores relative reduction in handsheet that prepared from combination treatments. It showed negative effect on water drainage. The addition of 6% NLC and 0.15% CPAM to OCC pulp resulted in the highest crush strengths as RCT and CMT compared to the control. SEM micrographs showed relatively reduced pores in handsheets prepared from combined treatments, which could have negative effect on the dewatering of OCC pulp. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the use of cellulose nanofibers and starch-nano-cellulosepolyacrylamide-nano-cellulose hybrid systems to replace the imported long chemical fibers in the production of durable papers. In this study, imported long fiber chemical pulp was added to cotton pulp at 4 levels. Cellulose nanofibers were added to cotton pulp at 5% level as one treatment and other treatment were designed adding either 1% starch or 0.1% with polyacrylamide to 5% nano-cellulose having another two treatments. Then another set of treatment using three levels of cationic starch (0.5, 1, 1.5%) and three levels of cationic polyacrylamide (0.05, 0.1, 0.15%) were used. From each treatment, 60 gm-2 handsheet were made and the physical, mechanical and optical properties of handsheets from different treated pulps were measured and compared. The results showed that handsheets with increasing nanocellulose alone as compared to imported long fibers, showed increased surface smoothness, tensile strength, burst strength, tear but air resistance, folding resistance and opacity were decreased. Increasing nanocellulose in combination with cationic polyacrylamide increased the paper air resistance, surface smoothness, tensile, burst, tear, and folding strength compared to imported long fibers, and air resistance and opacity decreased. With the increase of nanocellulose in combination with cationic starch, surface smoothness, tensile strength, burst strength, and folding increased but opacity decreased. FE-SEM results also showed that with increasing percentage of cellulose nanofibers, the pores decreased significantly. As a result of the addition of 5% cellulose nanofibers the surface of the paper is smoother and the pores are filled relatively, confirming the results of surface smoothness and air resistance measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The milling machines based parallel mechanisms with more than 3-dof. have high stiffnes and flexability in machining of the complicated workpieces. Accuracy and repeatability of these machines will be enhanced by applying calibration procedures. In this paper a 4-Dof milling machine based parallel mechanism was introduced. The required tests to find positioning errors have been done. After applying error compensation process on controller, the positioning errors of each of the rails were measured again. It was resulted the positioning errors of rails have been decreased and the accuracy of milling machine was enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength properties of medium corrugated board which is made using recycled pulp are always important. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bulking agent’s addition and acetylated starch on the strength properties of corrugated board from neutral sulfite semichemical and old corrugated container pulp. For this purpose, the pulp was treated with two materials separately including tri (propylene glycol) butyl ether and di (propylene glycol) butyl ether bulking agents in the 0.9% dry weight of the pulp level. In addition, each of these bulking agents was added with acetylated starch (at the level of 4% of dry weight of the pulp) to the pulp suspension. The strengths properties of corrugated board were measured. The results showed that the corrugated board treated by tri (propylene glycol) butyl ether and di (propylene glycol) butyl ether bulking agents had the highest bulk and thickness in comparison to other samples. Also, the strength properties of samples decreased by adding bulking agents. Acetylated starch was used to improve the strengths of samples. Addition of acetylated starch with bulking agents improved the strengths of samples. Corrugated board with tri (propylene glycol) butyl ether and acetylated starch showed highest tensile, burst, tear strengths, stiffness, CMT and RCT. Results showed that the effect of different treatments is statistically significant in all trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A common practice and crucial step to control mastitis and maintain the high- quality of raw milk is teat disinfection which divides into pre-, immediately prior to, and post-milking. Accordingly, dipping and spraying procedures have been applied to prevent environmental and contagious mastitis as well as reduction of microbial load of raw milk. Quantitative tests such as somatic cell counts in raw milk are commonly used to monitor dramatic change of normal to sub-clinical (250000≤ cell mL-1), and clinical infected udder. It is assumed that pre-milking disinfection is a suitable strategy to tackle sub-clinical environmental mastitis whereas post-milking method is recommended to manage contiguous one. Pre- dipping effectively declines bacterial count in raw milk. Although, post-milking disinfection significantly reduces microbial contamination from liner and cleaning step, it is not effective on bacterial load from hands of milker, rinse water and used paper towel. The usage of disinfectants in major milk producer countries varies extensively, for instance more than two third of teat disinfectants in New Zealand is iodophor, followed by 15% chlorhexidine and 15% dodecylbenzene sulphonate. Iodophor has been used as pre- and post- sanitizer in concentration of 0.3% but it is allowable from 0.1-0.25% in UK. According to the regulations of the USA, Spain, and Canada, chlorhexidine can be used in the range of 0.11-0.5%, meanwhile Danish and Americans’ law regulated the usage of dodecylbenzene sulphonate in the vicinity of 2%. Hypochlorite has been taken into account as pre- and post- sanitizer from 0.1 to 4 % but regulated up to 0.2 in UK and 0.3% in US and CA. Likewise chlorhexidine, dodecylbenzene sulphonate, and quaternary ammonium compounds are used as post-milking. Bacteriocin is a teat disinfectant in France whereas slightly acidic electrolyzed water has been introduced as emerging pre- and post- sanitizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the cognitive, random, uncertain, and flexible constraints, a robust, stochastic, possibilistic, and flexible chance-constrained model was developed based on credibility measurement. The ultimate aim was closedloop supply chain network design. Different attitudes of decision-makers were answered by more flexible measurements of optimistic and pessimistic parameters in the form of credibility measurement. The model has been able to reduce the possible deviation, stochastic deviations, nonfulfillment of demand and capacity constraints, and violation of flexible constraints, which simultaneously include cognitive and random uncertainties and flexibility of constraints in the model. To apply the model, a case study was conducted to design the closed-loop supply chain network of multi-product and multi-period stone paper. The results of implementing the model showed that in different situations and according to the importance of decision makers' opinions, using the range of optimism and pessimism, the number, location of facilities, optimal flow of products and materials between centers in the stone paper supply chain network can be determined. The proposed model was evaluated using robustness and sensitivity analysis, and its performance was evaluated using nominal data in the realization model, which results showed the appropriate performance of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cellulose nanofiber treatment on discoloration of historical papers. In this study, two types of cellulose nanofiber suspensions with a concentration of 1% by weight in water and ethanol were prepared. After treatment, the prepared samples were subjected to moist-heat aging according to TAPPI T 544 sp-03 standard and colorimetric, pH, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and SEM microscopy were performed before and after aging. Examination of ATR-FTIR spectra obtained from the samples showed that the application of cellulose nanofiber treatment does not cause damage to the paper structure. After application of two treatments with cellulose nanofibers, the color of the samples became brighter, but after accelerated aging, the brightness of the samples decreased. The darkening of the color of the samples was caused by their exposure to accelerated aging conditions and the treatment of cellulose nanofibers did not cause discoloration. The pH of the samples increased after application of both types of cellulose nanofiber treatments, but after accelerated aging, the pH decreased slightly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of six postharvest treatments including: 1) wrapping with shrink film, 2) wax coating, 3) paper packing, 4) wax coating plus film-wrapping, 5) wax coating plus paper packing, 6) uncovered, on the physicochemical quality attributes of pomegranate, cvs. 'Eshkafto' and 'Rabbab'. Treated fruits stored at 3.5 °C and about 85 % relative humidity for up to 12 weeks. Mean weight loss of pomegranate cvs. 'Eshkafto' and 'Rabbab' was lower in film-wrapped (1.19%), wax coated plus paper packed (1.94%), wax coated (3.67%) and paper-packed fruits (4.27%) compared with uncovered fruits (9.61%), respectively. However, the efficiency of wax coating plus film-wrapping in reducing weight loss (1.01%) was not superior to film-wrapping alone (1.19%). Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of film-wrapped and also wax coated plus film-wrapped fruits of cv. 'Eshkafto' significantly were higher than that, control fruit, but with cv. 'Rabbab' only total anthocyanin of these treatments were higher than control fruit. Film wrapping plus wax coating also was highly effective in reducing electrolyte leakage in the husk of fruits and might be enhanced low temperature tolerance in pomegranates. Cultivar 'Eshkafto' had the highest contents of total phenolic, total anthocyanin, total soluble solids, titratable acid, ethanol and antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study survivability, morphological characteristics and pathogenicity of 12 isolates of Ophiognomonia leptostyla, which is known as causal agent of walnut anthracnose, have been evaluated after 13-years of storage on filter paper in oat meal agar (OMA) and -20°C. The recovery rate varied from 0 to 89 percent and seventy-five percent of stored isolates were shown to be viable. In macroscopic and microscopic studies of revived cultures, the morphology of colonies was uniform for all isolates. Production of asexual bodies (acervular conidiomata) was preserved by all isolates. Fertile perithecia with asci and ascospores were not detected in pure fungal cultures after three months incubation at 8-10°C in darkness. In pathogenicity experiments, there was not a significant variability in infection severity for different isolates, and the first symptoms were observed on leaves 12-16 days after inoculation. Stability of morphological characteristics, ability to sporulation and retaining the pathogenicity of isolates confirmed that transferring of acervuli on filter paper in OMA medium could be a suitable, safe, simple and cost-effective tool to preserve O. leptostyla isolates in a viable state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the traditional jurisprudence, it is said that there is a presumption in favor of the unreliability of conjectures (ẓunûn), and only certain conjectures, buttressed with reliable evidence, are reliable or authoritative. Some contemporary intellectuals have challenged the unreliability of rational conjectures, believing that evidence adduced for the above claim in the traditional jurisprudence does not go through. In volumes 92 and 96 of Naqd va Nazar, an article was published by Hossein Kamkar in critique of Abolqasem Fanaei's claim and in defense of the principle of the unreliability of rational conjectures. The critic tries to establish the principle of the unreliability of rational conjectures (the claim in traditional jurisprudence), responds to Abolqasem Fanaei's objections, and raises objections against his arguments. In my view, the critic's attempt to undermine Fanaei 's arguments and defend the traditional jurisprudence fails, and the principle of reliability of rational conjectures (Fanaei's claim) is flawless. Drawing on a rational-analytic method, the paper seeks to show the implausibility of the claim by the traditional jurisprudence to the effect that conjectures are unreliable, and indeed the contrary is plausible and reasonable; that is, the idea that the presumption is in favor of the reliability of all conjectures except in cases where there is conclusive evidence for their unreliability. The conclusion I draw from my consideration of the two papers by Hossein Kamkar is that his objections against Fanaei's claim involve negligence of chains of transmissions and implications of hadiths and of the priority of rational evidence over transmitted evidence. I believe that the religious legislator could not rule out the reliability of rational conjectures, arguments adduced by Muslim jurists and scholars of principles of jurisprudence are not sufficiently cogent, and rational conjectures are like certitudes essentially reliable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sources of raw wood for industries in Iran are forest, imports, wood cultivation and garden waste. However, Restrictions on imports and bans on logging in forest areas in recent years have caused greater attention to wood cultivation and in particular to poplar cultivation. Despite the importance of poplar in wood and paper industries, no study has been conducted so far to explore country's demand for poplar wood. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to estimate the demand function of poplar wood of industries, for which poplar wood is one of the production inputs. The Translog and Sheffard Lemma cost function approach was used to estimate the demand function. The added value of wood and paper industries at a fixed price (production), price and amount of poplar wood consumption and other production inputs during 1992-2017 were used for estimation. The results showed that the demand for poplar wood is a function of its relative price, the relative price of other production inputs and the level of production. The results also showed that the price of poplar wood, imported wood, electricity, labor and production are influential on the demand. Moreover, cross-price elasticity sign showed that imported wood is alternative for poplar wood, while other inputs serve as supplements. Also, the demand for poplar wood is inelastic to its price as well as to price of other inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surface sizing of historical papers using starch was performed with the aim of investigating the effect of treatment on the aesthetic and mechanical properties of historical papers. For this purpose, starch sizing with a weight concentration of 3% were used and pH, colorimetric, contact angle and tensile strength tests were performed before and after aging of the samples. The results showed that the pH of samples not sized and samples having starch sizing decreased after aging but it is still in the alkaline range. The brightness of the samples was slightly reduced after sizing with starch before and after aging and the color of the samples tends to darken. Tensile strength of paper samples containing starch sizing before and after aging increased compared to not sized samples. The results of measuring the contact angle also showed that starch sizing had no effect on increasing the resistance of paper to wetting and does not prevent the surface of the paper from getting wet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of cellulose nanofibers on the properties of handmade papers produced from hemp and wood pulp fibers was assessed. Also, the nanofiber application as a strength enhancer for restoration of handmade papers was investigated. First, handmade paper samples were prepared and then treated with the suspension of cellulose nanofibers with weight percentages of 0.5, 1 and 2% in water. Control and treated samples were exposed to accelerated aging process and then pH, colorimetric and tensile strength tests were performed. Comparison of control and treated samples results showed that the tensile strength of the both groups of hemp (H) and wood pulp (WP) papers were increased after treatment by cellulose nanofibers. Aging process reduced the tensile strength of treated samples but increased compared to samples before and after aging. The pH of the papers in both groups was in the alkaline range after the treatment and aging. Brightness of papers was increased after the treatment. Color changes in the samples were due to their accelerated aging conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Iranian Journal of Health Education & Health Promotion is the property of Iranian Association of Health Education & Health Promotion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the effect of bay laurel and rosemary leaf extracts in two forms, free and nanoliposome, on the chemical indices of spoilage (TVB-N) and (TBA) in minced Silver carp fish was investigated. Extracts were evaluated for phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The treatments studied in minced Silver carp fish included control treatment, treatments containing 1 and 1.5% of free extract of Laurus nobilis leaves and Rosemary and treatments containing 1 and 1.5%. It is one of the liposome-coated extracts that was tested at refrigerator temperature at 0, 4, 8 and 12 days with 3 replications. The results showed that the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in rosemary extract was more favorable than fragrant leaves. The aqueous extract of rosemary had higher levels of phenolic (344.66 mg gallic acid / g extract) and flavonoid (245.33 mg Rutin / g extract) compounds compared to the bay laurel extract (257.66 mg gallic acid / g extract) and (151.26 mg Rutin / g extract) respectively. The results of chemical changes in minced Silver carp showed that with increasing the storage time of fish at refrigerator temperature, the mentioned parameters increased, but nevertheless, in the treatment containing the finely coated form of two plants, Laurus nobilis leaves and rosemary (concentration 1.5%), The changes were significantly slower than other treatments, and according to the results, it can be concluded that in general, the addition of extracts Odor of Laurus nobilis and rosemary leaves in a concentration of 1.5%, maintains the quality of Silver carp fish in terms of chemical quality indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Writing for a child's theater represents one of the most complex types of literary writing, as the discourse directed to the child requires several requirements, perhaps the most prominent of which is a real awareness of the child's psychology, especially in the early stages of his life, and perhaps one of the most important forms of child theater interaction is puppet theater, hence the title of this research entitled (The role of puppet theater texts in developing the linguistic dictionary for children: Faris the feisty and wondrous paper as a model). The researcher built the hypothesis of his research with the following question: Do theater texts contribute Dolls in the development of the linguistic dictionary for children? In the theoretical topic, our research dealt with two topics, the first of which was entitled the concept of puppet theater and its implications for the educational culture of the child, and the second was the linguistic development of children through puppet theater. As for the procedural chapter, it was devoted to analyzing a theatrical sample (Faris the feisty and wondrous paper as a model) and the fourth chapter was for the results and conclusions.and concluded the search with a list of sources and references. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Layer by layer self-assembly techniqueis one of the newest methods to produce multilayer films relying on the placement of the liquid layers on solid substance. The purpose of this studies is to manufacture multilayer kraftbased on protein biopolymers (zein and whey isolate protein) containing of green tea extract phenolic compounds by utilizing layer by layer self- assembly technique and evaluation antibacterial, physical-mechanical properties and release of phenolic compounds from coated kraft at refrigerator temperature inpH of4.5 and 7. The minimum inhibitory concentrationof green tea powder demonstrates thatEscherichia coli (5mg/ml) compared to Listeria monocytogenes (10mg/ml) is more sensitive. The results of physical properties ofkrafts coated paper showed that thickness, grammage and bulk density increased by coating process. Also, the presence of zein in outer layer caused a significant reduction in WVP and increased air resistance. Evaluation of phenolic compounds release from coated krafts demonstrated that release rate in acidic food stimulant was more than the neutral one. Also, release content of kraft paper with zein as outer layers respect to whey isolated protein was higher in the first days and continued in a longer time. Log reduction value of coated kraft with active bilayer zein against Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogeneswas 0.25 and 0.06 respectively. According to the results of this study, active zein bilayer kraft is recommended as a carrier of phenolic compounds for the packaging of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this essay is to review one of Frazad Qaemi’s papers: “Why Does Ferīdōn mean the "Third"? Decoding the Mystery of Ferīdōn’s Name According to Function Analysis of Myth: A Study in Historical Linguistics (Diachronic Etymology)”. The paper shows the writer was not specialist in the subject matter he discussed. Due to his unfamiliarity with the concepts, initial knowledge and the resources of this area, made his analysis and conclusions were flawed. Nevertheless, the way he refers to other works is too unaccustomed, they mostly show that the writer, Qaemi, trying to refer his incorrect thoughts and analysis to reliable sources, and with this technique, he was trying to prove the audience that his incorrect analysis and ideas are correct. Aside from that, Qaemi, used the analysis and accomplishment of other writers, but unfortunately, he did not refer to them in his paper, implying that they were his own, which is clearly plagiarism. The paper contains many errors, making it a good example for methodology courses as it shows students what they should avoid in a journal paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Common zinnia (Zinnia elegans), canna (Canna sp.), petunia (Petunia hybrida), compacta (Dracaena Compacta), dahlia (Dahlia sp.), gazania (Gazania sp.), marigold (Tagetes sp.), rose moss (Portulaca grandiflora) and nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) are common ornamental plants in Ahwaz. The identification of fungi associated with these plants will contribute to improving the future management of their cultivation. Members of the genera Amesia and Chaetomium are widely distributed in soil, water, plants, animals and humans. In this study, 12 isolates from Chaetomium and Amesia genera, obtained from herbaceous ornamentals, were identified based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis. Materials and methods: During 2017-2018, 40 symptomatic plants, showing root rot, stem canker and leaf spot, were collected and their associated fungi were isolated. Among those, 12 chaetomiaceae-like isolates were obtained, which their morphological and molecular characterizations were surveyed. Mycelial biomass of the isolates, produced into potatodextrose- broth (PDB), was collected by passing through filter paper and freeze-dried. ITS and partial regions of the 28s-D1/D2 (for 4 isolates) and tub2 (for 9 isolates) were amplified using appropriate primers and sequenced. Results: The isolates under survey were compared with known strains using BLASTn search and phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, 28S and tub2 regions. Accordingly, the isolates under study were identified as follows: Amesia atrobrunnea, Chaetomium rectangulare, C. globosum, C. ascotrichoides and C. olivaceum. The morphological characteristics of these isolates were in accordance with the type strains of each species. Discussion and conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first record of C. ascotrichoides in Iran and the association of C. rectangulare on compacta, C. globosum on zinnia and canna, C. ascotrichoides on petunia, C. olivaceum on common zinnia, nasturtium and marigold in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to identify the extent of reflection of English-language articles by Iranian researchers of the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization on social media based on Altmetric indicators. Methodology:This research is applied in terms of purpose, a scientometrics study in terms of method which was done with a descriptive-analytical approach. The research population included 3251 articles published by the organization's researchers in international journals indexed in the Scopus database from 2015-2018. The main tools used to collect the data were the Scientometric System and the Bookmarklet plugin of the Altmetric site. Findings: The findings show that 528 articles (16.24%) out of the total articles have been reflected at least once in various social media. The average Altmetrix score for all articles was 3.15. The findings also show that out of a total of 17,688 events on social media, Mendeley's share with 10,241 (57.9%) and Twitter with 3,613 (20.43%) have the highest events than other media. In addition, there is no strong significant correlation between the number of citations and the Altmetric score, or between the citation rate and reflection in the Mendeley and Twitter media. Thematic analysis of the reflections also shows that the field of the Environment with a total Altmetrix score of 3596 and then the fields of Botany and Animal sciences with the scores of 641 and 450 have received the most attention from social media. Conclustion: Although the level of reflection of international articles of agricultural researchers of the organization is acceptable compared to similar studies, the first authors of the best articles reflected in these media are none of the researchers of the organization and have no Iranian origin. Also, the reflection of articles on social media has had little effect on increasing the citation rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: According to the research background and need to print CBCT images in case of emergency, this study has been done to compare the quality and accuracy of the two methods of film and paper printing for CBCT images. Materials and Methods: The study of CBCT images taken from 5 patients was done and the cross-sectional slices on Fotolusio DNP papers and film AGFA were printed. Afterward, the images was exmined by a maxillofacial radiologist. The images' quality were identified and recorded with anatomical, from 1 to 4 on forms. The accuracy was determined by the diagnosis of alveolar canal area and the comparison with the gold standard. Data were analyzed using independent chi-square and Fisher exact tests'. Results: The images quality in anatomical landmarks consisting PDL (P=0.02), lamina dura (P=0.006), the inferior alveolar canal (P=0.01) and the filling (P=0.006) had a significant difference. There was no significant difference. For the lower border of the mandible landmark, there was no difference between the two methods of printing. In comparing the diagnostic accuracy between the two methods (P=1). Conclusion: The results showed that the diagnostic quality in film printing is better than paper printing and the diagnostic accuracy is the same in both methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Iranian scientific outputs on common cancers published in PubMed database during 2011-2015. Methods: In this applied, descriptive-analytical study, a scientometrics analysis was used. The study was conducted on all research papers which were written by Iranian scholars on stomach, colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancers and were indexed in PubMed database during 2011-2015. Data were extracted using Altmetrics Bookmarklet tool and analyzed by excel software. Results: According to the findings, the number of articles published by Iranian scholars on stomach, colon, breast, prostate, and lung cancers in 2011 was 25, 40, 88, 20 and 15, respectively. The number of articles on the same subjects in 2015 was 52, 93,256,44, and 32, in that order; however, a small percentage of the research papers were assigned a digital object identifier or had altmetrics scores. Mendeley had the highest proportion among other social networks to represent Iranian scholars’ outputs. Conclusion: Although the rate of scientific publications of Iranian scholars on common cancers has totally increased, they were heterogeneous in terms of quality and Altmetrics score. Therefore, it is recommended that the researchers select journals that assign a digital object identifier to their articles and publish their scientific papers in social media as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a simple and sensitive colorimetric sensor towards pH changes for the detection of fish spoilage during storage at room and refrigeration temperature is presented. Colorimetric sensor was developed using Whatman filter paper No. 1 and water soluble anthocyanin pigments extracted from red cabbage. Fish spoilage was monitored based on anthocyanin color change in various pH. Microbial growth during storage and production of proteolytic enzymes resulted in protein degradation, accumulation of volatile amine compounds, increase in the pH and finally color change of anthocyanin-impregnated filter paper. Color change was measured using the CIELab method. The colorimetric sensor was validated by measuring total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) levels, peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and microbial populations in fish samples. Results indicated that the values of TVBN, pH, PV and TBARS increased with time of storage which was evidence of fish spoilage development. Also, the results were in accordance with color change of colorimetric sensor during storage and showed that proposed system enjoys a high sensitivity to pH variations. Therefore, the simple colorimetric sensor is capable to use in intelligent packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The use of recycled pulp in papermaking reduces the quality of the resultant papers. Hence, employing enzyme pre-treatment in isolation or in combination with sequential pulp bleaching methods can prove to be effective approaches for enhancing the quality of the end product derived from recycled pulp. This study was undertaken to examine the impact of cellulase and laccase enzyme pre-treatment sequences on the bleachability of the resultant pulp with hydrogen peroxide, as well as to assess the quality of the final pulp following the bleaching process. Materials and Methods: At first, the mixture of waste newspaper and magazine papers were deinked using enzyme pre-treatment (combined sequence of cellulase and laccase) as well as conventional chemical method. Enzymatic pre-treatment was done as experimental treatments C1L1 (cellulase usage: 0.1% and duration time: 10 minutes; laccase usage: 20u and duration time: 120 minutes), C1L2 (cellulase usage: 0.1% and duration time: 10 minutes; laccase usage: 40u and duration time: 120 minutes), C2L1 (cellulase usage: 0.1% and duration time: 20 minutes; laccase usage: 20u and duration time: 120 minutes) and C2L2 (cellulase usage: 0.1% and duration time: 20 minutes; laccase usage: 40u and duration time: 120 minutes) under specific process conditions. Additionally, control pulp samples (without the addition of chemicals or enzymes) and chemically deinked pulp samples were prepared. The bleaching of the deinked pulp was then conducted using a hydrogen peroxide bleaching system, which consisted of 2% hydrogen peroxide, 2% sodium hydroxide, 2% sodium silicate, 0.2% DTPA chelating agent, and 0.1% magnesium sulfate. The bleaching process took place in separate plastic bags, under specific process conditions of 10% consistency, a temperature of 70 °C, and a duration of 2 hours in a water bath. Finally, the optical and strength characteristics of the bleached pulp were assessed. Results: The findings revealed that incorporating enzyme pre-treatment during the deinking process enhances the overall efficiency of hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Consequently, the resulting papers exhibited superior optical and strength characteristics after bleaching, as compared to pulp that underwent conventional chemical-based deinking. Specifically, the application of C2L2 and C2L1 enzymatic pre-treatments, followed by bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, resulted in brightness improvements of 11.12% (equivalent to approximately 5 units) and 9.5% (equivalent to approximately 4 units), respectively. In these pretreatments, the whiteness of the paper increased by 31.92% and 24.54% (an increase of about 9 and 6 units), respectively. Also, the yellowness of the paper decreased by 40.19% and 44.25%, respectively, and the opacity of the paper reduced by 37.74% and 23.97%, respectively. Also, in experimental runs of C2L1 and C2L2, the paper tensile index increased 29.17% and 35.64%, respectively (40.64 Nm/g and 38.7 Nm/g, respectively), breaking length enhanced by 64.42% and 99%, respectively (5.92 km and 4.89 km), and the paper burst index also increased by 70.85% and 92.37% (3.81 mN.m² /g and 4.29 kPa.m² /g), respectively. The tear indices of the paper in these experiments were found to average approximately 6.82 mN.m 2 /g and 6.62 mN.m ² /g, which are slightly lower compared to the chemically deinked pulp after bleaching. However, in the pretreatment utilizing the combined sequence C2L1, the tear index of the paper was nearly equivalent to that of the chemically deinked pulp. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that the combined sequences of cellulase and laccase resulted in a substantial enhancement in the bleachability of pulp with hydrogen peroxide, surpassing that of chemically deinked pulp. Moreover, these enzymatic pre-treatment sequences led to the production of papers with superior optical and strength properties. Notably, the most favorable optical and strength characteristics were observed in the C2L2 and C1L2 enzymatic pre-treatment sequences following hydrogen peroxide bleaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]