Search

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since 2000, there have been more than 8000 publications on radiology artificial intelligence (AI). AI breakthroughs allow complex tasks to be automated and even performed beyond human capabilities. However, the lack of details on the methods and algorithm code undercuts its scientific value. Many science subfields have recently faced a reproducibility crisis, eroding trust in processes and results, and influencing the rise in retractions of scientific papers. For the same reasons, conducting research in deep learning (DL) also requires reproducibility. Although several valuable manuscript checklists for AI in medical imaging exist, they are not focused specifically on reproducibility. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of recently published papers in the field of DL to evaluate if the description of their methodology could allow the reproducibility of their findings. We focused on the Journal of Digital Imaging (JDI), a specialized journal that publishes papers on AI and medical imaging. We used the keyword "Deep Learning" and collected the articles published between January 2020 and January 2022. We screened all the articles and included the ones which reported the development of a DL tool in medical imaging. We extracted the reported details about the dataset, data handling steps, data splitting, model details, and performance metrics of each included article. We found 148 articles. Eighty were included after screening for articles that reported developing a DL model for medical image analysis. Five studies have made their code publicly available, and 35 studies have utilized publicly available datasets. We provided figures to show the ratio and absolute count of reported items from included studies. According to our cross-sectional study, in JDI publications on DL in medical imaging, authors infrequently report the key elements of their study to make it reproducible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnosing multi-stage diseases typically requires doctors to consider multiple data sources, including clinical symptoms, physical signs, biochemical test results, imaging findings, pathological examination data, and even genetic data. When applying machine learning modeling to predict and diagnose multi-stage diseases, several challenges need to be addressed. Firstly, the model needs to handle multimodal data, as the data used by doctors for diagnosis includes image data, natural language data, and structured data. Secondly, privacy of patients' data needs to be protected, as these data contain the most sensitive and private information. Lastly, considering the practicality of the model, the computational requirements should not be too high. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a privacy-preserving federated deep learning diagnostic method for multi-stage diseases. This method improves the forward and backward propagation processes of deep neural network modeling algorithms and introduces a homomorphic encryption step to design a federated modeling algorithm without the need for an arbiter. It also utilizes dedicated integrated circuits to implement the hardware Paillier algorithm, providing accelerated support for homomorphic encryption in modeling. Finally, this paper designs and conducts experiments to evaluate the proposed solution. The experimental results show that in privacy-preserving federated deep learning diagnostic modeling, the method in this paper achieves the same modeling performance as ordinary modeling without privacy protection, and has higher modeling speed compared to similar algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate and timely forecasting of critical components is pivotal in intelligent transportation systems and traffic management, crucially mitigating congestion and enhancing safety. This paper aims to comprehensively review deep learning algorithms and classical models employed in traffic forecasting. Spanning diverse traffic datasets, the study encompasses various scenarios, offering a nuanced understanding of traffic forecasting methods. Reviewing 111 seminal research works since the 1980s, encompassing both deep learning and classical models, the paper begins by detailing the data sources utilized in transportation systems. Subsequently, it delves into the theoretical underpinnings of prevalent deep learning algorithms and classical models prevalent in traffic forecasting. Furthermore, it investigates the application of these algorithms and models in forecasting key traffic characteristics, informed by their utility in transport and traffic analyses. Finally, the study elucidates the merits and drawbacks of proposed models through applied research in traffic forecasting. Findings indicate that while deep learning algorithms and classic models serve as valuable tools, their suitability varies across contexts, necessitating careful consideration in future studies. The study underscores research opportunities in road traffic forecasting, providing a comprehensive guide for future endeavors in this domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of death among women worldwide. It affects in general women older than 40 years old. Medical images analysis is one of the most promising research areas since it provides facilities for diagnosis and decision-making of several diseases such as BC. This paper conducts a Structured Literature Review (SLR) of the use of Machine Learning (ML) and Image Processing (IP) techniques to deal with BC imaging. A set of 530 papers published between 2000 and August 2019 were selected and analyzed according to ten criteria: year and publication channel, empirical type, research type, medical task, machine learning techniques, datasets used, validation methods, performance measures and image processing techniques which include image pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction and feature selection. Results showed that diagnosis was the most used medical task and that Deep Learning techniques (DL) were largely used to perform classification. Furthermore, we found out that classification was the most ML objective investigated followed by prediction and clustering. Most of the selected studies used Mammograms as imaging modalities rather than Ultrasound or Magnetic Resonance Imaging with the use of public or private datasets with MIAS as the most frequently investigated public dataset. As for image processing techniques, the majority of the selected studies pre-process their input images by reducing the noise and normalizing the colors, and some of them use segmentation to extract the region of interest with the thresholding method. For feature extraction, we note that researchers extracted the relevant features using classical feature extraction techniques (e.g. Texture features, Shape features, etc.) or DL techniques (e. g. VGG16, VGG19, ResNet, etc.), and finally few papers used feature selection techniques in particular the filter methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is a high morbidity and mortality disease that poses a serious threat to people's health. Early recognition of the various warning signs of stroke is necessary so that timely clinical intervention can help reduce the severity of stroke. Deep neural networks have powerful feature representation capabilities and can automatically learn discriminant features from large amounts of data. This paper uses a range of physiological characteristic parameters and collaborates with deep neural networks, such as the Wasserstein generative adversarial networks with gradient penalty and regression network, to construct a stroke prediction model. Firstly, to address the problem of imbalance between positive and negative samples in the stroke public data set, we performed positive sample data augmentation and utilized WGAN‐GP to generate stroke data with high fidelity and used it for the training of the prediction network model. Then, the relationship between observable physiological characteristic parameters and the predicted risk of suffering a stroke was modeled as a nonlinear mapping transformation, and a stroke prediction model based on a deep regression network was designed. Finally, the proposed method is compared with commonly used machine learning‐based classification algorithms such as decision tree, random forest, support vector machine, and artificial neural networks. The prediction results of the proposed method are optimal in the comprehensive measurement index F. Further ablation experiments also show that the designed prediction model has certain robustness and can effectively predict stroke diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim/Background: This research aims to develop an automated contextual classifier for scholarly papers by utilizing established algorithms and understanding the information retention of different parts of a scholarly article, such as the Abstract, Article Title, and Keywords. It also seeks to recommend a contextual classifier-based recommender system to help academics identify credible sources. Scholarly articles from various study fields often use similar terms in their titles and keywords. However, finding a publication venue can be challenging for researchers at the beginning of a scientific inquiry. Thus, it is crucial to classify information based on its context, especially when abstracts, keywords, and titles receive equal attention. Materials and Methods: An ensembled model was developed and trained using 114K instances from 38 classes of the Web of Science (WoS) dataset and 40 classes of the Dimensions dataset. The ensemble approach incorporated both machine learning and deep learning algorithms to build a diverse classifier. The model was evaluated by testing it with an 80:20 train-test split to assess performance. The classifier was further integrated into a recommender system designed to suggest probable publication sources based on given article information. Results: The ensemble classification approach demonstrated superior performance with faster inference and efficient training time. The balanced training model, tested on 114K instances, effectively categorized scholarly articles into one of 40 categories. The recommender system was capable of recommending up to 10 probable publication sources based on the article's Title, Keywords, and Abstract. Models utilizing abstractions yielded the best results and provided a better understanding of the context in every iteration of the experiment. Conclusion: This study successfully developed an ensemble-based contextual classifier for academic papers, which can also function as a recommender system. The system aids researchers in choosing the most appropriate sources to publish by categorizing articles into 40 categories and suggesting credible publication venues. This approach simplifies the decision-making process for academics, enabling them to identify relevant publications and suitable sources for their work more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A deep learning-based Visual Inertial SLAM technique is proposed in this paper to ensure accurate autonomous localization of mobile robots in environments with dynamic objects. Addressing the limitations of real-time performance in deep learning algorithms and the poor robustness of pure visual geometry algorithms, this paper presents a deep learning-based Visual Inertial SLAM technique. Firstly, a non-blocking model is designed to extract semantic information from images. Then, a motion probability hierarchy model is proposed to obtain prior motion probabilities of feature points. For image frames without semantic information, a motion probability propagation model is designed to determine the prior motion probabilities of feature points. Furthermore, considering that the output of inertial measurements is unaffected by dynamic objects, this paper integrates inertial measurement information to improve the estimation accuracy of feature point motion probabilities. An adaptive threshold-based motion probability estimation method is proposed, and finally, the positioning accuracy is enhanced by eliminating feature points with excessively high motion probabilities. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves accurate localization in dynamic environments while maintaining real-time performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To reduce safety accidents caused by distracted driving and address issues such as low recognition accuracy and deployment difficulties in current algorithms for distracted behavior detection, this paper proposes an algorithm that utilizes an improved KNN for classifying driver posture features to predict distracted driving behavior. Firstly, the number of channels in the Lightweight OpenPose network is pruned to predict and output the coordinates of key points in the upper body of the driver. Secondly, based on the principles of ergonomics, driving behavior features are modeled, and a set of five-dimensional feature values are obtained through geometric calculations. Finally, considering the relationship between the distance between samples and the number of samples, this paper proposes an adjustable distance-weighted KNN algorithm (ADW-KNN), which is used for classification and prediction. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm achieved a recognition rate of 94.04% for distracted driving behavior on the public dataset SFD3, with a speed of up to 50FPS, superior to mainstream deep learning algorithms in terms of accuracy and speed. The superiority of ADW-KNN was further verified through experiments on other public datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine learning (ML), a form of artificial intelligence (AI), is being increasingly employed in neurology. Reported performance metrics often match or exceed the efficiency of average clinicians. The neurologist is easily baffled by the underlying concepts and terminologies associated with ML studies. The superlative performance metrics of ML algorithms often hide the opaque nature of its inner workings. Questions regarding ML model's interpretability and reproducibility of its results in real-world scenarios, need emphasis. Given an abundance of time and information, the expert clinician should be able to deliver comparable predictions to ML models, a useful benchmark while evaluating its performance. Predictive performance metrics of ML models should not be confused with causal inference between its input and output. ML and clinical gestalt should compete in a randomized controlled trial before they can complement each other for screening, triaging, providing second opinions and modifying treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper thoroughly explores the role of object detection in smart cities, specifically focusing on advancements in deep learning-based methods. Deep learning models gain popularity for their autonomous feature learning, surpassing traditional approaches. Despite progress, challenges remain, such as achieving high accuracy in urban scenes and meeting real-time requirements. The study aims to contribute by analyzing state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms, identifying accurate models for smart cities, and evaluating real-time performance using the Average Precision at Medium Intersection over Union (IoU) metric. The reported results showcase various algorithms' performance, with Dynamic Head (DyHead) emerging as the top scorer, excelling in accurately localizing and classifying objects. Its high precision and recall at medium IoU thresholds signify robustness. The paper suggests considering the mean Average Precision (mAP) metric for a comprehensive evaluation across IoU thresholds, if available. Despite this, DyHead stands out as the superior algorithm, particularly at medium IoU thresholds, making it suitable for precise object detection in smart city applications. The performance analysis using Average Precision at Medium IoU is reinforced by the Average Precision at Low IoU (APL), consistently depicting DyHead's superiority. These findings provide valuable insights for researchers and practitioners, guiding them toward employing DyHead for tasks prioritizing accurate object localization and classification in smart cities. Overall, the paper navigates through the complexities of object detection in urban environments, presenting DyHead as a leading solution with robust performance metrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms are playing a crucial role in transforming healthcare by enhancing the quality, accessibility, and efficiency of medical care, research, and operations. These algorithms enable healthcare providers to offer more accurate diagnoses, predict outcomes, and customize treatments to individual patient needs. AI also improves operational efficiency by automating routine tasks and optimizing resource management. However, there are challenges to adopting AI in healthcare, such as data privacy concerns and potential biases in algorithms. Collaboration among stakeholders is necessary to ensure ethical use of AI and its positive impact on the field. AI also has applications in medical research, preventive medicine, and public health. It is important to recognize that AI should augment, not replace, the expertise and compassionate care provided by healthcare professionals. The ethical implications and societal impact of AI in healthcare must be carefully considered, guided by fairness, transparency, and accountability principles. Several research papers in this special issue explore the application of AI algorithms in various aspects of healthcare, such as gait analysis for Parkinson's disease diagnosis, human activity recognition, heart disease prediction, compliance assessment with clinical protocols, epidemic management, neurological complications identification, fall prevention, leukemia diagnosis, and genetic clinical pathways. These studies demonstrate the potential of AI in improving medical diagnostics, patient monitoring, and personalized care. [Extracted from the article]

The annotation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images plays an important role in deep learning-based MRI segmentation tasks. Semi-automatic annotation algorithms are helpful for improving the efficiency and reducing the difficulty of MRI image annotation. However, the existing semi-automatic annotation algorithms based on deep learning have poor pre-annotation performance in the case of insufficient segmentation labels. In this paper, we propose a semi-automatic MRI annotation algorithm based on semi-weakly supervised learning. In order to achieve a better pre-annotation performance in the case of insufficient segmentation labels, semi-supervised and weakly supervised learning were introduced, and a semi-weakly supervised learning segmentation algorithm based on sparse labels was proposed. In addition, in order to improve the contribution rate of a single segmentation label to the performance of the pre-annotation model, an iterative annotation strategy based on active learning was designed. The experimental results on public MRI datasets show that the proposed algorithm achieved an equivalent pre-annotation performance when the number of segmentation labels was much less than that of the fully supervised learning algorithm, which proves the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater acoustic (UWA) channel prediction technology, as an important topic in UWA communication, has played an important role in UWA adaptive communication network and underwater target perception. Although many significant advancements have been achieved in underwater acoustic channel prediction over the years, a comprehensive summary and introduction is still lacking. As the first comprehensive overview of UWA channel prediction, this paper introduces past works and algorithm implementation methods of channel prediction from the perspective of linear, kernel-based, and deep learning approaches. Importantly, based on available at-sea experiment datasets, this paper compares the performance of current primary UWA channel prediction algorithms under a unified system framework, providing researchers with a comprehensive and objective understanding of UWA channel prediction. Finally, it discusses the directions and challenges for future research. The survey finds that linear prediction algorithms are the most widely applied, and deep learning, as the most advanced type of algorithm, has moved this field into a new stage. The experimental results show that the linear algorithms have the lowest computational complexity, and when the training samples are sufficient, deep learning algorithms have the best prediction performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This project will study a fast retrieval method for music humming speech recognition based on sentence features and deep learning. The method proposed in this paper can realize the fast extraction of songs. According to the characteristics of the natural pause mode of the song, the song database and the song fragments provided by the user are divided into different sentences. The deep learning algorithm of BDTW is used to calculate the similarity of the song's pitch, and users can set matching conditions according to their preferences. It can identify the most significant differences between music fragments and the order of queries in the database. Then, a retrieval method of a music database based on DIS is proposed. It can shorten the acquisition time. Experiments show that the algorithm can recognize humming songs quickly and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have rapidly gained prominence as transformative technologies with immense potential to revolutionize various industries and domains. This research paper presents a comprehensive review of AI and ML, encompassing their fundamental concepts, techniques, and applications. Additionally, it explores recent advancements in the field and offers valuable insights into the future prospects of AI and ML. The paper discusses the historical evolution of AI, the different approaches to AI development, and the components that constitute AI systems. Furthermore, it delves into the core concepts and algorithms of ML, including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning, as well as the advent of deep learning and neural networks. The applications of AI and ML across diverse domains such as natural language processing, computer vision, healthcare, and finance are also discussed. Recent advancements, such as transfer learning, generative adversarial networks, explainable AI, and federated learning, are highlighted, along with the challenges and limitations faced by these technologies, such as ethical concerns, data quality issues, and interpretability challenges. The paper concludes by presenting future perspectives, including the integration of AI with other technologies, advancements in human-computer interaction, and the impact of quantum computing on ML. This research emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and development in AI and ML and the need to address ethical, security, and interpretability considerations for responsible and beneficial implementation in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Industry 4.0, edge industrial services such as smart robotic services are widely used in smart factory. The workflow of these services mainly consists of task decomposition and resource allocation. The long scheduling time, high communication delay and load imbalance among edge nodes are the challenging problems. Traditional cloud manufacturing platforms are difficult to meet the new requirements. It is hard for the existing scheduling methods to maintain a balance between algorithm complexity and performance. Training scheduling data by deep learning has become a feasible method to achieve fast prediction of the scheduling results. In this paper, a cloud edge-based two-level hybrid scheduling learning model is put forward at first. Then an improved bat scheduling algorithm with interference factors and variable step size (VSSBA) is proposed. And then, according to the historical scheduling data, the improved long and short-term memory networks (LSTM) model is put forward for fast prediction of the cloud-edge collaborative scheduling results. Experiments show that our proposed learning model can improve the performance of the cloud manufacturing platform in real-life applications efficiently. Finally, future research issues and challenges are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a hot topic in the field of library and information, the research on topic recognition and trend prediction has been paid close attention by academic circles. This paper uses a systematic literature review, bibliometric analyses and classification methods. Through a systematic literature review, 96 studies about topic identification and evolution prediction models are selected from the CNKI database. By using VOSviewer to conduct bibliometric analyses, the key research content and themes are revealed. Through the classification method, EXCEL is used to summarize models and algorithms used in the literature comprehensively. It is found that topic identification models and algorithms can be divided into four categories: ① Topic model based on LDA and related derivative models. ② Machine learning and deep learning methods. ③ Methods based on reference relation. ④ Text mining methods. Trend prediction models and algorithms mainly cover two categories: ① deep learning or machine learning models and algorithms based on time sequence; ② link prediction algorithms based on complex network. At the same time, we have also summarized the common index system involved in each study and the way to evaluate the effectiveness of the method, thus this paper comprehensively reveals the application progress in academic circles of topic identification and prediction models and algorithms from the last 10 years and beyond, based on the CNKI database. The purpose is to determine the most popular models and algorithms applied in research, generalize the corresponding indicator systems and validation methods, and finally provide references for model choice or evaluation when identifying and predicting topics in the future. Thus, this paper can help us to understand the overall progress made in text analysis research, and provides a useful reference for selecting and applying the appropriate models, algorithms and indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual tracking is a key research area in computer vision, as tracking technology is increasingly being applied in daily life, it has high-research significance. Visual tracking technology usually faces various challenging interference factors, among which, a similar background is one of the factors that has a greater impact on the tracking process. Kernelized Correlation Filter (KCF) tracking algorithm can track targets quickly by using circulant matrix, and has good tracking effect, so it is widely used in the tracking field. However, when the target is interfered by similar objects, the filter template in KCF cannot effectively distinguish between the target and the interfering object. This is because the filter only uses the texture gradient feature as the description object of the target, which will make the KCF algorithm extremely sensitive to the change of the target; therefore, the filter has difficultly making a judgment in the unstable scene, cannot accurately describe the target state, and finally leads to tracking failure. Therefore, this paper fuses Color Names (CN) on the basis of the original Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) feature of KCF, which can obtain a more comprehensive feature representation, and realize the application of combined features to improve the anti-interference ability of KCF in complex scenes. In addition, this paper also uses the peak response of correlation filtering as the judgment condition to determine whether the current tracking result is stable. When the filter is in an unstable tracking state, the proposed algorithm will select the value with high confidence from its multiple responses as the candidate target of the Siamese network, and the deep learning network is used as the incremental learning method of the filter. The Channel Attention is introduced into the network layer, so that the network can adaptively reason and adjust the extracted universal features, and the enhanced feature information is used as the final discriminant basis. Finally, according to the response, the target with the smallest error compared with the target template is selected from multiple candidate targets as the final tracking result. The experimental results show that the average accuracy and average success rate of the proposed algorithm are significantly improved compared with the classical tracking algorithm, especially in dealing with similar target interference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wind power generation has aroused widespread concern worldwide. Accurate prediction of wind speed is very important for the safe and economic operation of the power grid. This paper presents a short-term wind speed prediction model which includes data decomposition, deep learning, intelligent algorithm optimization, and error correction modules. First, the robust local mean decomposition (RLMD) is applied to the original wind speed data to reduce the non-stationarity of the data. Then, the salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is used to determine the optimal parameter combination of the bidirectional gated recurrent unit (BiGRU) to ensure prediction quality. In order to eliminate the predictable components of the error further, a correction module based on the improved salp swarm algorithm (ISSA) and deep extreme learning machine (DELM) is constructed. The exploration and exploitation capability of the original SSA is enhanced by introducing a crazy operator and dynamic learning strategy, and the input weights and thresholds in the DELM are optimized by the ISSA to improve the generalization ability of the model. The actual data of wind farms are used to verify the advancement of the proposed model. Compared with other models, the results show that the proposed model has the best prediction performance. As a powerful tool, the developed forecasting system is expected to be further used in the energy system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep reinforcement learning is an artificial intelligence technology that combines deep learning and reinforcement learning and has been widely applied in multiple fields. As a type of deep reinforcement learning algorithm, the A3C (Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic) algorithm can effectively utilize computer resources and improve training efficiency by synchronously training Actor-Critic in multiple threads. Inspired by the excellent performance of the A3C algorithm, this paper uses the A3C algorithm to solve the UUV (Unmanned Underwater Vehicle) collision avoidance planning problem in unknown environments. This collision avoidance planning algorithm can have the ability to plan in real-time while ensuring a shorter path length, and the output action space can meet the kinematic constraints of UUVs. In response to the problem of UUV collision avoidance planning, this paper designs the state space, action space, and reward function. The simulation results show that the A3C collision avoidance planning algorithm can guide a UUV to avoid obstacles and reach the preset target point. The path planned by this algorithm meets the heading constraints of the UUV, and the planning time is short, which can meet the requirements of real-time planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In feature based image matching, distinctive features in images are detected and represented by feature descriptors. Matching is then carried out by assessing the similarity of the descriptors of potentially conjugate points. In this paper, we first shortly discuss the general framework. Then, we review feature detection as well as the determination of affine shape and orientation of local features, before analyzing feature description in more detail. In the feature description review, the general framework of local feature description is presented first. Then, the review discusses the evolution from hand-crafted feature descriptors, e.g. SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform), to machine learning and deep learning based descriptors. The machine learning models, the training loss and the respective training data of learning-based algorithms are looked at in more detail; subsequently the various advantages and challenges of the different approaches are discussed. Finally, we present and assess some current research directions before concluding the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Email phishing is a social engineering scheme that uses spoofed emails intended to trick the user into disclosing legitimate business and personal credentials. Many phishing email detection techniques exist based on machine learning, deep learning, and word embedding. In this paper, we propose a new technique for the detection of phishing emails using word embedding (Word2Vec, FastText, and TF-IDF) and deep learning techniques (DNN and BiLSTM network). Our proposed technique makes use of only four header based (From, Returnpath, Subject, Message-ID) features of the emails for the email classification. We applied several word embeddings for the evaluation of our models. From the experimental evaluation, we observed that the DNN model with FastText-SkipGram achieved an accuracy of 99.52% and BiLSTM model with FastText-SkipGram achieved an accuracy of 99.42%. Among these two techniques, DNN outperformed BiLSTM using the same word embedding (FastText-SkipGram) techniques with an accuracy of 99.52%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Door access control systems are important to protect the security and integrity of physical spaces. Accuracy and speed are important factors that govern their performance. In this paper, we investigate a novel approach to identify users by measuring patterns of their interactions with a doorknob via an embedded accelerometer and gyroscope and by applying deep-learning-based algorithms to these measurements. Our identification results obtained from 47 users show an accuracy of 90.2%. When the sex of the user is used as an input feature, the accuracy is 89.8% in the case of male individuals and 97.0% in the case of female individuals. We study how the accuracy is affected by the sample duration, finding that is its possible to identify users using a sample of 0.5 s with an accuracy of 68.5%. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using patterns of motor activity to provide access control, thus extending with it the set of alternatives to be considered for behavioral biometrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The conventional feature point-based image stitching algorithm exhibits inconsistencies in the quality of feature points across diverse scenes. This may result in the deterioration of the alignment effect or even the inability to align two images. To address this issue, this paper presents an unsupervised multigrid image alignment method that integrates the conventional feature point-based image alignment algorithm with deep learning techniques. The method postulates that the feature points are uniformly distributed in the image and employs a deep learning network to predict their displacements, thereby enhancing the robustness of the feature points. Furthermore, the precision of image alignment is enhanced through the parameterization of APAP (As-projective-as-possible image stitching with moving DLT) multigrid deformation. Ultimately, based on the symmetry exhibited by the homography matrix and its inverse matrix throughout the projection process, image chunking inverse warping is introduced to obtain the stitched images for the multigrid deep learning network. Additionally, the mesh shape-preserving loss is introduced to constrain the shape of the multigrid. The experimental results demonstrate that in the real-world UDIS-D dataset, the method achieves notable improvements in feature point matching and homography estimation tasks, and exhibits superior alignment performance on the traditional image stitching dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a study was conducted to predict the defects in MCT processed finished products using a total of eight types of supervised learning models, one of the representative deep learning algorithms for artificial intelligence technologies. As a result of comparing the performance indicators and required execution time among machine learning models, it was confirmed that XGBM, GBM, Light GBM and Stacking Ensemble showed the highest accuracy, precision, recall, F1 score and AUC. Above all, it was confirmed that the Stacking Ensemble model was the most suitable algorithm for fast defect prediction because it showed the shortest learning execution time of 0.53 seconds. Besides, as a result of the analyzation of the relative importance of characteristic variables using the XG Boost model, it was found that the W-axis absolute coordinate and the X-axis absolute coordinate have a crucial effect on the defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the years the number of research publications per year is growing exponentially. Finding research papers of quality from the massive literature of relevant articles is a challenging and time-consuming task. The approaches in the latest literature address citation recommendation by utilizing large bibliographic information and use machine learning and deep learning methods for the task. These techniques clearly require a large amount of training data as well as machines with high processing power. To overcome these issues, we propose a novel method by modifying the popular hyperlink induced topic search (HITS), a web page ranking algorithm, as citation recommendation using hyperlink induced topic search (CR-HITS) that works on a directed and weighted heterogeneous bibliographic network containing diverse types of nodes and edges. We define effective scoring schemes for nodes and edges based on basic bibliographic information like citations of papers, number of publications of an author, etc. Given a few seed papers, the citation recommendation algorithm CR-HITS is run on small neighborhoods of the seed papers and hence the time taken by the execution is very small to yield the final recommendations. To the best of our knowledge, HITS has been used for the first time for the citation recommendation problem. We perform extensive experimentation on DBLP (version-11) and ACM (version-9) datasets and compare the results with many baseline methods in terms of MAP, MRR, and recall@N measures. The performance of the proposed algorithms is superior with respect to the MAP metric and matches the second best for the other two metrics. Since the top two algorithms use deep learning methods and use much larger bibliographic information including abstracts of the papers, we claim that our approach utilizes very low resources, yet yields recommendations that are very close to the top recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a summary of a special issue of the journal Applied Sciences on real-time diagnosis algorithms in biomedical applications and decision support tools. The issue includes ten papers that showcase advances in data analysis techniques and their potential to improve doctors' daily tasks. Five papers focus on real-time diagnosis algorithms, covering topics such as ventricular fibrillation detection, bio-impedance spectrometry, epilepsy localization, physical activity recognition, and exhaled acetone detection. The other five papers explore decision support tools, including machine learning models for disease classification, optical breast contour detection, analysis of human body balance, handwriting analysis for neurodegenerative disease assessment, and automatic detection of brain markers using deep learning. The issue concludes that these research topics have a high social impact and contribute to improving human lives. [Extracted from the article]

Aiming at the limitations of existing algorithms of network intrusion detection in dealing with complex data of imbalance and high dimensionality, this paper proposes an intrusion detection algorithm based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM). First, the data-type conversion, oversampling technology and image data conversion are included in the data preprocessing to make the data balanced and adapt to the input format. Then, by the convolutional layer, pooling layer and fully connected layer of the CNN model, the main features are abstracted from the converted image data. Finally, data of the main features is used for training and testing the LightGBM model, so as to get the final classification results. This paper uses KDDCUP99 dataset to carry out multi-classification experiments. By comparing the experiments before and after balancing the dataset, and comparing with similar algorithms, it verifies the superiority of the proposed algorithm in the classification performance of intrusion detection, especially for the minority attack classes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today according to social media, the internet, Etc. Data is rapidly produced and occupies a large space in systems that have resulted in enormous data warehouses; the progress in information technology has significantly increased the speed and ease of data flow.text mining is one of the most important methods for extracting a useful model through extracting and adapting knowledge from data sets. However, many studies have been conducted based on the usage of deep learning for text processing and text mining issues.The idea and method of text mining are one of the fields that seek to extract useful information from unstructured textual data that is used very today. Deep learning and machine learning techniques in classification and text mining and their type are discussed in this paper as well. Neural networks of various kinds, namely, ANN, RNN, CNN, and LSTM, are the subject of study to select the best technique. In this study, we conducted a Systematic Literature Review to extract and associate the algorithms and features that have been used in this area. Based on our search criteria, we retrieved 130 relevant studies from electronic databases between 1997 and 2021; we have selected 43 studies for further analysis using inclusion and exclusion criteria in Section 3.2. According to this study, hybrid LSTM is the most widely used deep learning algorithm in these studies, and SVM in machine learning method high accuracy in result shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Helmet recognition algorithms based on deep learning aim to enable unmanned full-time detection and record violations such as failure to wear a helmet. However, in actual scenarios, weather and human factors can be complicated, which poses challenges for safety helmet detection. Camera shaking and head occlusion are common issues that can lead to inaccurate results and low availability. To address these practical problems, this paper proposes a novel helmet detection algorithm called DAAM-YOLOv5. The DAAM-YOLOv5 algorithm enriches the diversity of datasets under different weather conditions to improve the mAP of the model in corresponding scenarios by using Mosaic-9 data enhancement. Additionally, this paper introduces a novel dynamic anchor box mechanism, K-DAFS, into this algorithm and enhances the generation speed of the blocked target anchor boxes by using bidirectional feature fusion (BFF). Furthermore, by using an attention mechanism, this paper redistributes the weight of objects in a picture and appropriately reduces the model's sensitivity to the edge information of occluded objects through pooling. This approach improves the model's generalization ability, which aligns with practical application requirements. To evaluate the proposed algorithm, this paper adopts the region of interest (ROI) detection strategy and carries out experiments on specific, real datasets. Compared with traditional deep learning algorithms on the same datasets, our method effectively distinguishes helmet-wearing conditions even when head information is occluded and improves the detection speed of the model. Moreover, compared with the YOLOv5s algorithm, the proposed algorithm increases the mAP and FPS by 4.32% and 9 frames/s, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 70 years of intricate development, machine learning, represented by deep learning, is based on the multilevel structure of the human brain and the layer-by-layer analysis and processing mechanism of neuron connection and interaction information. The powerful parallel information processing ability of self-adaptation and self-learning has allowed for breakthroughs in many fields, among which the most representative is image recognition. Therefore, this paper proposed optimizing the RBF algorithm with machine learning (ML) to improve the recognition rate of spectrum sensing. The results showed that the average detection success rates of the RBF algorithm were 93.62%, 95.07%, 96.91%, 98.78% and 99.37% when the SNRs were − 8 dB, − 4 dB, 0 dB, 4 dB and 8 dB, respectively, and the other conditions were kept the same. The average detection success rates of the SVM/RBF algorithm were 97.65%, 99.63%, 99.76%, 99.91% and 99.88%, respectively. The average detection success rate of the SVM/RBF algorithm was significantly higher than that of the RBF algorithm. This indicates that analyzing the RBF neural network algorithm through ML can improve the success rate of spectrum sensing, which highlights a new direction for the application of ML and neural networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of deep learning has not only brought great changes in the field of image recognition, but also achieved excellent node classification performance in graph neural networks. However, the existing graph neural network framework often uses methods based on spatial domain or spectral domain to capture network structure features. This process captures the local structural characteristics of graph data, and the convolution process has a large amount of calculation. It is necessary to use multi-channel or deep neural network structure to achieve the goal of modeling the high-order structural characteristics of the network. Therefore, this paper proposes a linear graph neural network framework [Linear Graph Neural Network (LGNN)] with superior performance. The model first preprocesses the input graph, and uses symmetric normalization and feature normalization to remove deviations in the structure and features. Then, by designing a high-order adjacency matrix propagation mechanism, LGNN enables nodes to iteratively aggregate and learn the feature information of high-order neighbors. After obtaining the node representation of the network structure, LGNN uses a simple linear mapping to maintain computational efficiency and obtain the final node representation. The experimental results show that the performance of the LGNN algorithm in some tasks is slightly worse than that of the existing mainstream graph neural network algorithms, but it shows or exceeds the machine learning performance of the existing algorithms in most graph neural network performance evaluation tasks, especially on sparse networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasingly important role that the use of artificial intelligence algorithms is taking on in the medical field today (especially in oncology), the purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the main reports on such algorithms applied for the prognostic evaluation of patients with head and neck malignancies. The objective of this paper is to examine the currently available literature in the field of artificial intelligence applied to head and neck oncology, particularly in the prognostic evaluation of the patient with this kind of tumor, by means of a systematic review. The paper exposes an overview of the applications of artificial intelligence in deriving prognostic information related to the prediction of survival and recurrence and how these data may have a potential impact on the choice of therapeutic strategy, making it increasingly personalized. This systematic review was written following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many security detectors do not have the ability to output individual luggage package images and are not compatible with deep learning algorithms. In this paper, a luggage package extraction of X-ray images based on the ES-MBD (Edge Sensitive Multi-channel Background Difference Algorithm) method is proposed, which is aiming at the problem that background difference binarization is insensitive to texture features and edge detection binarization is insensitive to smooth areas. In this method, X-ray luggage package images from complex original video images are used as a key target, the RGB three-channel background difference is calculated from the original X-ray image, the edge detection of the grayscale map is performed using the Sobel operator optimized by local gradient enhancement, and the morphological expansion process is performed on the combined results to obtain the complete wrapping target. The Suzuki algorithm is used to detect the outline of the binarized package image, match the package frame area and determine the key target. The ES-MBD method solves the problem of information loss in the traditional binarization method, and retains the information of insensitive regions while reducing noise. Through experimental comparison, the accuracy of ES-MBD binarization method reaches 97.3%, the recall rate reaches 96.5%, and ES-MBD method has obvious advantages in key target extraction of X-ray images. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental effects may lead to cracking, stiffness loss, brace damage, and other damages in bridges, frame structures, buildings, etc. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) technology could prevent catastrophic events by detecting damage early. In recent years, Deep Learning (DL) has developed rapidly and has been applied to SHM to detect, localize, and evaluate diverse damages through efficient feature extraction. This paper analyzes 337 articles through a systematic literature review to investigate the application of DL for SHM in the operation and maintenance phase of facilities from three perspectives: data, DL algorithms, and applications. Firstly, the data types in SHM and the corresponding collection methods are summarized and analyzed. The most common data types are vibration signals and images, accounting for 80% of the literature studied. Secondly, the popular DL algorithm types and application areas are reviewed, of which CNN accounts for 60%. Then, this article carefully analyzes the specific functions of DL application for SHM based on the facility's characteristics. The most scrutinized study focused on cracks, accounting for 30 percent of research papers. Finally, challenges and trends in applying DL for SHM are discussed. Among the trends, the Structural Health Monitoring Digital Twin (SHMDT) model framework is suggested in response to the trend of strong coupling between SHM technology and Digital Twin (DT), which can advance the digitalization, visualization, and intelligent management of SHM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the scale and complexity of networks grow rapidly, management, maintenance, and optimization of them are becoming increasingly challenging tasks for network administrators. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) was introduced to facilitate these tasks as it offers logically centralized control, a global view of the network, and software-based traffic analysis, thus, it is widely adopted of SDN to manage large-scale networks. On the other hand, SDN is not immune to cyber attacks. In fact, its centralized architecture makes it more vulnerable to certain types of attacks, such as denial of service. Various attack mitigation strategies are proposed to strengthen the security of SDNs including statistical, threshold-based, and Machine Learning (ML) methods. Among them, Deep Learning (DL)-based models attained the best results as they were able to extract the complex relationship between input parameters and output that could not be achieved with other solutions. Hence, this paper presents a comprehensive survey of the literature on the utilization of different DL algorithms for the security of SDN. We first explain the types of attacks that SDNs are exposed to, then present papers that applied DL to detect and/or mitigate these attacks. We further discuss the public datasets used to train DL models and evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we share insights into future research directions to improve the efficiency of DL methods for SDN security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive systematic study was carried out in order to identify various deep learning methods developed and used for predicting student academic performance. Predicting academic performance allows for the implementation of various preventive and supportive measures earlier in order to improve academic performance and reduce failure and dropout rates. Although machine learning schemes were once popular, deep learning algorithms are now being investigated to solve difficult predictions of student performance in larger datasets with more data attributes. Deep neural network prediction methods with clear modelling and parameter measurements formulated on publicly available and recognised datasets are the focus of the research. Widely used for academic performance prediction, backpropagation algorithms have been trained and tested with various datasets, especially those related to learning management systems (LMS) and massive open online courses (MOOC). The most widely used prediction method appears to be the standard artificial neural network approach. The long-short-term memory (LSTM) approach has been reported to achieve an accuracy of around 87 percent for temporal student performance data. The number of papers that study and improve this method shows that there is a clear rise in deep learning-based academic performance prediction over the last few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most LLIE algorithms focus solely on enhancing the brightness of the image and ignore the extraction of image details, leading to losing much of the information that reflects the semantics of the image, losing the edges, textures, and shape features, resulting in image distortion. In this paper, the DELLIE algorithm is proposed, an algorithmic framework with deep learning as the central premise that focuses on the extraction and fusion of image detail features. Unlike existing methods, basic enhancement preprocessing is performed first, and then the detail enhancement components are obtained by using the proposed detail component prediction model. Then, the V-channel is decomposed into a reflectance map and an illumination map by proposed decomposition network, where the enhancement component is used to enhance the reflectance map. Then, the S and H channels are nonlinearly constrained using an improved adaptive loss function, while the attention mechanism is introduced into the algorithm proposed in this paper. Finally, the three channels are fused to obtain the final enhancement effect. The experimental results show that, compared with the current mainstream LLIE algorithm, the DELLIE algorithm proposed in this paper can extract and recover the image detail information well while improving the luminance, and the PSNR, SSIM, and NIQE are optimized by 1.85%, 4.00%, and 2.43% on average on recognized datasets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications is the property of Beijing Journal of Computer Engineering & Applications Journal Co Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Focusing on non-iterative approaches in training feed-forward neural networks, this special issue includes 12 papers to share the latest progress, current challenges, and potential applications of this topic. This editorial presents a background of the special issue and a brief introduction to the 12 contributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression methods for images and videos are essential for the effective archiving, transmission, and distribution of multimedia data and files. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art in image and video compression, including the most recent developments, algorithms, and methods. This study compiles findings from a variety of studies in an effort to give readers a bird's-eye view of the progress and obstacles in this dynamic sector. A survey of the relevant literature demonstrates that modern compression methods build upon the work of older algorithms like JPEG and MPEG. Compression ratios and picture quality can be enhanced, however, thanks to developments in transform coding, predictive coding, and entropy coding. Further, by combining machine learning and deep learning techniques, we now have access to cutting-edge options for improving compression efficiency and paving the way for adaptive, content-aware compression. Sustainable compression approaches are also highlighted, along with energy efficiency aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Risk assessment in early breast cancer is critical for clinical decisions, but defining risk categories poses a significant challenge. The integration of conventional histopathology and biomarkers with artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, including machine learning and deep learning, has the potential to offer more precise information. AI applications extend beyond detection to histological subtyping, grading, and molecular feature identification. The successful integration of AI into clinical practice requires collaboration between histopathologists, molecular pathologists, computational pathologists, and oncologists to optimize patient outcomes. Effective risk assessment in early breast cancer is essential for informed clinical decision-making, yet consensus on defining risk categories remains challenging. This paper explores evolving approaches in risk stratification, encompassing histopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular biomarkers alongside cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Leveraging machine learning, deep learning, and convolutional neural networks, AI is reshaping predictive algorithms for recurrence risk, thereby revolutionizing diagnostic accuracy and treatment planning. Beyond detection, AI applications extend to histological subtyping, grading, lymph node assessment, and molecular feature identification, fostering personalized therapy decisions. With rising cancer rates, it is crucial to implement AI to accelerate breakthroughs in clinical practice, benefiting both patients and healthcare providers. However, it is important to recognize that while AI offers powerful automation and analysis tools, it lacks the nuanced understanding, clinical context, and ethical considerations inherent to human pathologists in patient care. Hence, the successful integration of AI into clinical practice demands collaborative efforts between medical experts and computational pathologists to optimize patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The 2021 WHO classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors is challenging for neuroradiologists due to the central role of the molecular profile of tumors. We performed a scoping review of recent literature to assess the existing data on the power of novel data analysis tools to predict new tumor classes by imaging. We found room for performance improvement for subgroups with lower incidence (e.g., 1p/19q codeleted or IDH1/2 mutated gliomas) and patients with rare diagnoses (e.g., pediatric gliomas, midline gliomas). More data regarding functional MRI techniques need to be collected. Studies explicitly designed to assess the generalizability of AI-aided tools for predicting molecular tumor subgroups are lacking. The 2021 WHO classification of CNS tumors is a challenge for neuroradiologists due to the central role of the molecular profile of tumors. The potential of novel data analysis tools in neuroimaging must be harnessed to maintain its role in predicting tumor subgroups. We performed a scoping review to determine current evidence and research gaps. A comprehensive literature search was conducted regarding glioma subgroups according to the 2021 WHO classification and the use of MRI, radiomics, machine learning, and deep learning algorithms. Sixty-two original articles were included and analyzed by extracting data on the study design and results. Only 8% of the studies included pediatric patients. Low-grade gliomas and diffuse midline gliomas were represented in one-third of the research papers. Public datasets were utilized in 22% of the studies. Conventional imaging sequences prevailed; data on functional MRI (DWI, PWI, CEST, etc.) are underrepresented. Multiparametric MRI yielded the best prediction results. IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion status prediction remain in focus with limited data on other molecular subgroups. Reported AUC values range from 0.6 to 0.98. Studies designed to assess generalizability are scarce. Performance is worse for smaller subgroups (e.g., 1p/19q codeleted or IDH1/2 mutated gliomas). More high-quality study designs with diversity in the analyzed population and techniques are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dementia is a cognitive decline that leads to the progressive deterioration of an individual's ability to perform daily activities independently. As a result, a considerable amount of time and resources are spent on caretaking. Early detection of dementia can significantly reduce the effort and resources needed for caretaking. Aims: This research proposes an approach for assessing cognitive decline by analysing speech data, specifically focusing on speech relevance as a crucial indicator for memory recall. Methods & Procedures: This is a cross‐sectional, online, self‐administered. The proposed method used deep learning architecture based on transformers, with BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) and Sentence‐Transformer to derive encoded representations of speech transcripts. These representations provide contextually descriptive information that is used to analyse the relevance of sentences in their respective contexts. The encoded information is then compared using cosine similarity metrics to measure the relevance of uttered sequences of sentences. The study uses the Pitt Corpus Dementia dataset for experimentation, which consists of speech data from individuals with and without dementia. The accuracy of the proposed multi‐QA‐MPNet (Multi‐Query Maximum Inner Product Search Pretraining) model is compared with other pretrained transformer models of Sentence‐Transformer. Outcomes & Results: The results show that the proposed approach outperforms the other models in capturing context level information, particularly semantic memory. Additionally, the study explores the suitability of different similarity measures to evaluate the relevance of uttered sequences of sentences. The experimentation reveals that cosine similarity is the most appropriate measure for this task. Conclusions & Implications: This finding has significant implications for the early warning signs of dementia, as it suggests that cosine similarity metrics can effectively capture the semantic relevance of spoken language. The persistent cognitive decline over time acts as one of the indicators for prevalence of dementia. Additionally early dementia could be recognised by analysis on other modalities like speech and brain images. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: What is already known on this subject: It is already known that speech‐ and language‐based detection methods can be useful for dementia diagnosis, as language difficulties are often early signs of the disease. Additionally, deep learning algorithms have shown promise in detecting and diagnosing dementia through analysing large datasets, particularly in speech‐ and language‐based detection methods. However, further research is needed to validate the performance of these algorithms on larger and more diverse datasets and to address potential biases and limitations. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: This study presents a unique and effective approach for cognitive decline assessment through analysing speech data. The study provides valuable insights into the importance of context and semantic memory in accurately detecting the potential in dementia and demonstrates the applicability of deep learning models for this purpose. The findings of this study have important clinical implications and can inform future research and development in the field of dementia detection and care. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?: The proposed approach for cognitive decline assessment using speech data and deep learning models has significant clinical implications. It has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of dementia diagnosis, leading to earlier detection and more effective treatments, which can improve patient outcomes and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deepfakes are digital audio, video, or images manipulated using machine learning algorithms. These manipulated media files can convincingly depict individuals doing or saying things they never actually did. Deepfakes pose significant risks to our lives, including national security, financial markets, and personal privacy. The ability to create convincing deep fakes can also harm individuals' reputations and can be used to spread disinformation and fake news. As such, there is a growing need for reliable and accurate methods to detect deep fakes and prevent their harmful effects. In this paper, a hybrid convolutional neural network (CNN) and recurrent neural network (RNN) with a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is utilized to demonstrate a deep learning strategy for detecting deepfake videos. High accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score were attained by the proposed approach when tested on two publicly available datasets: Celeb-DF and the Deepfake Detection Challenge Dataset (DFDC). Specifically, the proposed method achieved an average accuracy of 97.26% on Celeb-DF and an average accuracy of 94.2% on DFDC. The results were compared to other state-of-the-art methods and showed that the proposed method outperformed many. The proposed method can effectively detect deepfake videos, which is essential for identifying and preventing the spread of manipulated content online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is presently one of the most popular techniques for analysing the dynamic states in brain images using various kinds of algorithms. From the last decade, there is an exponential rise in the use of the machine and deep learning algorithms of artificial intelligence for analysing fMRI data. However, it is a big challenge for every researcher to choose a suitable machine or deep learning algorithm for analysing fMRI data due to the availability of a large number of algorithms in the literature. It takes much time for each researcher to know about the various approaches and algorithms which are in use for fMRI data. This paper provides a review in a systematic manner for the present literature of fMRI data that makes use of the machine and deep learning algorithms. The major goals of this review paper are to (a) identify machine learning and deep learning research trends for the implementation of fMRI; (b) identify usage of Machine Learning Algorithms and deep learning in fMRI, and (c) help new researchers based on fMRI to put their new findings appropriately in existing domain of fMRI research. The results of this systematic review identified various fMRI studies and classified them based on fMRI types, mental diseases, use of machine learning and deep learning algorithms. The authors have provided the studies with the best performance of machine learning and deep learning algorithms used in fMRI. The authors believe that this systematic review will help incoming researchers on fMRI in their future works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]