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Marine Insurance is considered one of the oldest of the many forms of commercial protection. It has flourished through the establishment of the institution of the so-called "coffee-houses", wherein "underwriting" was being conducted and from where the evolution and dominance of the Lloyd's has stemmed as the world's most famous insurance market. Marine insurance contracts are special in that they have special characteristics and also because they are contracts of indemnity. This thesis examines the principle of indemnity within marine insurance contracts. The legal problems related to the principle, in theory and in practice, are discussed and evaluated through the citation and critical analysis of the relevant case law in the UK as well in some of the most representative common law and continental law regimes, together with an analysis comprising thoughts and proposals on possible extensions, further research options, and a possible future law reform. This thesis comprises of six (6) chapters: Chapter One (1) discusses the history of marine insurance in the UK and the policy reasoning behind the enactment of the various UK statutes as well as the history, legal framework and the way marine insurance is regulated in the other jurisdictions to be examined. Chapter Two (2) discusses the concept and importance of insurable interest in relation to indemnity marine insurance contracts and the coverage offered under such contracts both in the UK and in the other legal systems. Chapter Three (3) discusses types of losses in the UK and the rest of the law regimes examined. Chapter Four (4) discusses valuation and the measure of indemnity available according to the type of contract each time as well as the case of double insurance, both in the UK and in the rest of the legal systems examined. Chapter Five (5) examines the legal issues related to the rights of insurer on payment, in all jurisdictions. Chapter Six (6) draws some general comparative conclusions and also explores the scope and nature of a reform in the area, in light also of the ongoing attempt for unification, undertaken since 1998 by the Comité Maritime Internationale (C.M.I.).

About two-thirds of the Earth is composed of oceans and is home to hundreds of millions of species of organisms. The oceans also absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide and play an essential role in mitigating climate change. In addition, the sea provides abundant resources, serves as the most critical transportation route for world trade and has significant value in terms of human economy and industry. As such, the ocean is closely related to our lives, and its importance is indescribable. However, the ocean, which is inextricably related to our lives, is greatly threatened by pollution, and one of the problems is pollution from marine litter. Various marine organisms are physically affected by being entangled in or ingesting marine litter floating in the sea, and the invasion of alien species threatens the ecosystem through floating debris. Marine litter also affects marine industries such as shipping and tourism and has a serious impact on the human economy, society, and health through the sustainability and food chain of the marine environment. However, marine litter that negatively affects the marine environment and human life is becoming more serious. Marine litter has a transboundary nature that moves to an area beyond its jurisdiction by currents, winds, and various natural phenomena. It also has the property of being oxidised and decomposed in the atmosphere and fragmented into fine pieces. It also moves through imports and exports of waste between countries. Waste transported to developing countries is often discharged into the ocean due to insufficient management capability. Therefore, marine litter is a pollutant that may differ between the person who initially generated it and the person who finally discharged it into the sea. In addition, marine litter is a pollutant composed of several polluters and victims, and in fact, it is an environmental issue in which we can all become polluters and victims. Moreover, the damage caused by marine litter often doesn't become immediately apparent. It may only become evident after a certain amount of time has passed and pollutants have accumulated. Therefore, identifying the causal relationship and measuring the damage caused by pollutants can be quite challenging. Even though marine litter that has such a negative impact on the marine environment and human life is a pollutant that must be regulated, there is currently no legally binding treaty at the international level that directly regulates marine litter. In addition, there are many difficulties in determining responsibility for environmental damage caused by marine litter under the current responsibility regime in international environmental law. Therefore, this thesis aims to present the responsibility and allocation of environmental damage caused by marine litter. To this end, this thesis suggests that it is necessary to adopt and apply international environmental principles to overcome the limitations of marine litter reduction, responsibility, and allocation. Moreover, this thesis will not only present a simple argument that marine litter should be reduced for environmental protection and the international community's attention is needed, but it will also constitute a piece of original research that suggests specific measures for the responsibility and allocation of marine litter.

Of the findings, the European Commission established in its report on Energy Sector Inquiry, market manipulation constituted a major concern for the functioning and integrity of EU energy sectors. The Commission argued that the responsibility for high prices in wholesale energy markets could be attributed to manipulative practices of energy incumbents and the trust in the operation of operation of sector was largely compromised, due to these practices. Remedies, EU competition law provided, were considered as insufficient to resolve these shortcomings and thus should be supplemented with regulatory-based tools. The findings of the Energy Sector Inquiry and subsequent consultation documents by multiple EU institutions paved the way for the adoption of the Regulation on wholesale energy market integrity and transparency, REMIT, which incorporated into an anti-manipulation rule, specifically designed to prohibit and prosecute manipulative practices in EU wholesale energy markets. Nevertheless, as EU case law on market manipulation has yet to develop and there are uncertainties with respect to the concept of market manipulation. Furthermore REMIT does not preclude the jurisdiction of EU competition law, questions arise as to the scope and the extent of the application of this prohibition. Throughout its chapters, this book explores the scope of and the case law on market manipulation to determine what types of market practices are regarded as manipulative and thus prohibited under anti-manipulation rules. It also focuses on the interplay between REMIT and EU competition law and evaluates factors and circumstances that determine when and what market misconduct can be subject to enforcement proceedings under both anti-manipulation and antitrust rules. As the development of a single, coherent, rulebook that can be relied upon by market participant is fundamental for the functioning of EU wholesale energy markets, the book, finally, provides proposals and measures that can mitigate and resolve the legal uncertainties regarding the regulatory framework REMIT established.