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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition that is characterised by distinct neuropathological changes. Within the last decade post mortem human brain samples have been used to show that there are robust epigenetic changes occurring in the brain during disease. However, as these samples are collected shortly after death they are a reflection of only the very end stages of disease. Through the exposure of differentiated adult cells to exogenous reprogramming factors it is now possible to generate induced pluripotent stem cells which have the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the body. Over recent years reseach has moved towards using these stem cells to generate neurons or microglia in order to study diseases of ageing such as Alzheimer's disease. However, there are relatively few epigenetic studies that have been undertaken using induced pluripotent stem cells. As there are global cellular epigenetic changes occurring during the induction of pluripotency and re-differentiation it is critical to ensure we understand the DNA methylation changes occurring during normal neuronal differentiation before using these as a model of Alzheimer's disease or other diseases of ageing. The aim of this thesis is to first characterise the DNA methylation changes that are occurring in neuronal and microglial models that are exposed to AD-relevant exposures such as differentiation and maturation, drug treatment and immune challenge. This will largely be achieved through measuring DNA methylation using the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylationEPIC BeadChip array which provides information on the DNA methylation levels at over 850,000 loci across the genome.

The onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by increasing intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the neocortex. Despite recent success in identifying genetic risk factors for AD, the transcriptional and epigenomic mechanisms involved in disease progression are not fully understood. The main aim of this project was to evaluate transcriptional and epigenomic differences associated with the development of tau and amyloid pathology. To achieve this, I used transgenic mice harbouring human tau (rTg4510) and amyloid precursor protein (J20) mutations. I profiled transcriptional and epigenomic variation in brains from rTg4510 and J20 mice, collected at four time points carefully selected to span from early to late stages of neuropathology in each model. I identified robust gene expression and methylomic changes in both models, including genes associated with familial AD from genetic studies of human patients, and genes annotated to both common and rare variants identified in genome-wide association and exome-sequencing studies of late-onset sporadic AD. I quantified neuropathological burden across multiple brain regions in the same individual mice, identifying genomic changes paralleling the development of tau pathology in rTg4510 mice and amyloid pathology in J20 mice. Furthermore, I compared gene co-expression networks identified in my rTg4510 and J20 samples to those identified in AD human brains, finding considerable overlap with disease-associated co-expression modules (or clusters of genes) identified in the human cortex. In summary, this project represents the most systematic analysis of transcriptional and methylomic variation in mouse models of tau and amyloid pathology, providing further support for an immune-response component in the accumulation of AD-associated neuropathology, and highlighting novel molecular pathways involved in AD progression.