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This study examines the subjectification of working mothers through the lens of intersectionality by listening to the under‐represented voices of those whose lives are shaped at the intersections of gender, poverty, Islam, and Javanese ethnicity. Drawing on poststructuralist feminist discourse analysis, the subtle subjectification process is observed through conversational interactions in which working mothers construct the 'ideal woman'. The findings challenge the predominant postfeminist framing in the extant literature by illustrating how here working mothers draw on a specifically local discourse (i.e., moderate‐Islam and Javanese cultural discourses) to construct the ideal woman as embodying the dual wife‐mother identities. Based on these locally dependent discourses, working mothers accentuate their identity as wives while subduing identities as mothers and workers. The emphasis on the underexplored wife identity imbues work with a distinct significance for mothers within this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Working mothers are in a situation where they have to manage both their job and maternal roles simultaneously. We aim to show the relationship between mothers' breastfeeding behavior and working status, as well as the effect of their working conditions on the continuation of breastfeeding. Methods: This study examined 3557 (weighted 3490) child-mother pairs from Turkey's Demographic Health Survey data in 2008, 2013, and 2018 with a complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis to explore the relationship between breastfeeding and maternal employment. Results: In our study, 35.5% of the mothers had never worked, 18.6% were still working, and 45.9% had worked in the past but were not currently working. When breastfeeding percentages were examined based on maternal working status, mothers who worked in 2008 had significantly lower breastfeeding percentages than those who had never worked or had worked previously but not currently. In both 2013 and 2018, after legal regulations, maternal employment didn't affect breastfeeding. After adjusting for confounding factors, maternal employment in the industry sector had lower breastfeeding percentages [AOR:0.06 (95% CI: 0.01–0.48)] than those working in agriculture. Conclusion: It seems that adhering to legal regulations such as paid maternity leave and lactation leave can promote breastfeeding. It is necessary to raise awareness of mothers working in the industry about the continuation of breastfeeding and to monitor their legal rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The European Region has the lowest rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months worldwide. Improving work-related breastfeeding issues is important given that women may have difficulties combining work and breastfeeding, especially those in precarious working situations, which adds to their adversity. This scoping review overviews research on the maternal employment characteristics that support breastfeeding continuation after return to work in the European Region. Methods: Studies published from 2013 to 2023 were collected from Scopus, PubMed, and PsycInfo. Quantitative and qualitative studies published in English or French that explored the association between maternal employment characteristics and any breastfeeding status, duration, or experience were included. Participants included were mothers of healthy children who continued breastfeeding after resuming work. The main determinants were work-related factors that can lead to socially differentiated working conditions, including type of employment (e.g., occupation, employed/self-employed status, type of contract, working time, occupational prestige), working conditions (e.g., work schedule, decision latitude, latitude to organize worktime), and work environment (e.g., occupational exposure, family-friendly workplace policy, social support). The geographic area encompassed countries included in the World Health Organization European Region. Results: Of the 693 single studies retrieved and screened, 13 were included in the review. Eight studies focused on combining work and breastfeeding, while the others had a broader spectrum by investigating breastfeeding determinants. The represented countries were Spain (n = 4), France (n = 4), UK (n = 2), Ireland (n = 2), and the Netherlands (n = 1). Results highlighted the heterogeneity of measures, time frames, and fields of inquiry, thus revealing a lack of conceptual framework regarding the links between work, breastfeeding, and social health inequalities. Nonetheless, being self-employed, working in a non-manual profession with time flexibility, having lactation rooms at work, being supported by co-workers, and having a breastfeeding workplace policy were salient factors that supported breastfeeding in working mothers. Conclusions: Supporting working mothers who choose to breastfeed is important given the myriad of adverse factors faced by mothers and their children. These results advocate for targeted actions at the workplace such as time flexibility, breastfeeding facilities, and the promotion of breastfeeding-friendly policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early initiation of breastfeeding (EIBF) is a starting point that lays the foundation for breastfeeding and bonding between mother and baby. Meanwhile, working mothers are one of the vulnerable groups for the success of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). The study analyzed the role of EIBF on EBF among Indonesian working mothers. Methods: The cross-sectional study examined secondary data from the 2021 Indonesian National Nutritional Status Survey. The study analyzed 4,003 respondents. We examined EBF practice as an outcome variable and EIBF as an exposure variable. We included nine control variables (residence, maternal age, marital, education, prenatal classes, wealth, infant age, sex, and birth weight). All variables were assessed by questionnaire. The study employed a binary logistic regression test in the last stage. Results: The result showed that the proportion of EBF among working mothers in Indonesia in 2021 was 51.9%. Based on EIBF, Indonesian working mothers with EIBF were 2.053 times more likely than those without to perform EBF (p < 0.001; AOR 2.053; 95% CI 2.028–2.077). Moreover, the study also found control variables related to EBF in Indonesia: residence, maternal age, marital, education, prenatal classes, wealth, infant age, sex, and birth weight. Conclusion: The study concluded that EIBF was related to EBF. Indonesian working mothers with EIBF were two times more likely than those without to perform EBF. The government needs to release policies that strengthen the occurrence of EIBF in working mothers to increase EBF coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyse the role of mothers' education and employment status on children's education during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Using 2021 data (and 2018 for comparison) from the National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS), the results of a logit regression showed that mothers' education and mothers' employment status generally had a positive and significant effect on children's education during the study period in three categories of education, i.e. primary education, junior secondary education, and senior secondary education. This study also found that children had a lower probability of being able to join education during the COVID-19 pandemic compared to normal conditions. This study has implications for the need for educational policy, including the development of informal educational programs, as well as ease of access for mothers to enter the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although extant research demonstrates the negative impact of overparenting on child well-being, there remains a paucity of evidence on the effect of overparenting on the parents' own well-being. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of overparenting on parental well-being, and to explore the mechanisms through which overparenting influences the well-being of working mothers, particularly among established adults. Thus, we examined the serial mediation effects of perceived stress and family-to-work conflict (FWC) in overparenting and well-being linkage. With this aim, the data were collected from working mothers (N = 258) aged between 30 and 45, a period of in their lifespan generally characterized by efforts devoted to career and care. Via serial mediation analyses, the findings postulate that (a) overparenting relates to the well-being and perceived stress of working mothers, (b) perceived stress (both individually and jointly with FWC) mediates the relationship between overparenting and well-being, and (c) perceived stress and FWC serially mediate the association between overparenting and well-being. The findings provide evidence related to the well-being experiences of established adulthood women in struggling their career-and care crunch from a perspective of overparenting, stress, and family-to-work conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental self-efficacy is an important predictor influencing the positive behavior of parents in parenting. This study aims to identify the influence of smart parenting training on the enhacement of parental self-efficacy in working mothers with toddlers. This study used a quasi-experimental design in a model of the untreated control group design with dependent pretest and posttest samples. Fourteen participants were divided into two groups between the experimental group and the control group. The measurement in this study used the short version SEPTI-TS scale. The results of data analysis using Mann-Whitney U showed a significant difference in parental self-efficacy (p=0.002) between the experimental and control groups. Moreover, the Wilcoxon sign rank test showed an enhacement of parental self-efficacy in the experimental group participants (p=0.018) after receiving smart parenting training treatment. The results of the study show that smart parenting training influences the enhacement of parental self-efficacy in working mothers with toddlers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The World Health Organization recommends that babies should receive exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for six months, and mothers should be encouraged to breastfeed until their infant is aged two years or older. The breastfeeding rate in Thailand is currently much lower than the target. One critical factor is lactating mothers returning to work, especially in a hospital workplace with high job stress. In this study, we aimed to identify supporting factors and obstacles to sustaining breastfeeding in hospital-type workplaces. Methods: We conducted a mixed methods study between February 2021 and August 2021 at Chulabhorn Hospital, Thailand. Quantitative data were collected using questionnaires, and qualitative data were gathered in a focus group discussion among purposefully chosen participants, including mothers with both successful and unsuccessful continuation of breastfeeding after returning to work. We conducted multivariate analysis and thematic analysis in quantitative and qualitative data analysis, respectively. Results: Questionnaires were completed by 65 permanent employees of the hospital, and seven of these participated in focus group discussion. The rate of exclusive breastfeeding from birth to six months was sixty six percent, and was measured by the responses from questionnaires, which defined as a practice whereby the infants receive only breastmilk without mixing it with other food. Seventy-seven percent of participants were continuing to breastfeed when they returned to work, with 24% (12/50) having to stop after three months. Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding was caesarean delivery (OR 7.9; 95% CI 2.00, 31.08). Additionally, childcare at the workplace and the attitude of colleagues were found to be supporting factors for sustaining breastfeeding. Barriers included inadequate private facilities (location and equipment), lack of a breastfeeding break, workload, and inconvenient uniform. Conclusions: Effort is needed to sustain breastfeeding after maternal return to work. Our findings are crucial in determining how best to support nursing mothers in breastfeeding after returning to work, particularly during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A breastfeeding-friendly policy with clear operating guidelines in the workplace is critical to sustaining breastfeeding. Learning from others who have had a positive experience will ensure that all breastfeeding women are better supported in the workplace in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The negative impacts of mental health disorders on the well-being of women and their infants are clear. However, less is known about the relationship between returning to work after giving birth and mental health. Previous reviews examined the relationship between maternity leave and mental health, but we defined return to work as the process of returning to part-time or full-time work after giving birth and caring for infant. This systematic review aims to: (1) describe operational definitions for return to work and (2) describe the evidence on the relationship between return to work and maternal mental health. Methods: We searched PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed studies. Articles were selected if they were published within the past 20 years, examined at least one mental health condition (e.g., depression, anxiety), and included a study sample of U.S. working mothers. Results: We identified 20 articles published between 2001 and 2020. We found conflicting evidence from longitudinal and cross-sectional data demonstrating that return to work was associated with improvements and negative consequences to mental health. Work-related predictors of mental health included: access to paid maternity leave, work–family conflict, total workload, job flexibility, and coworker support. Discussion: This review provides evidence that return to work and mental health are related, though the study samples have limited generalizability to all U.S. working mothers. More research is needed to understand the direction of this relationship throughout the perinatal period and how return to work affects other mental health conditions (e.g., anxiety, stress). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic of COVID-19 has influenced business in general. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, most companies or organizations have been implementing work from home (WFH). For working mothers who have children, this WFH policy creates a more stressful situation since they simultaneously have to deal with work and family in the same place. This study investigated the role of worklife balance and perceived organizational support in the level of burnout tendency among working mothers. Two hundred thirty-seven working mothers who work from home participated in this study. Questionnaires were distributed to the working mothers to measure work-life balance, perceived organizational support, and burnout tendency. Multiple linear regression was used to test the hypothesis. The results show work-life balance and perceived organizational support simultaneously predict burnout tendency. However, perceived organization support, especially a concern for employee welfare, contributes more to reducing burnout. Therefore, human resource management may develop a policy to reduce burnout among women employees by concerning employee welfare in terms of compensation and benefit and creating a conducive working environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article considers a culturally marginalised yet consequential gendered discourse that positions women as "wife" alongside their role as mother in working women's talk about divisions of care on Britain's largest parenting site, Mumsnet. Unlike most previous research on Mumsnet that has focused on the construction and partial resistance of normative ideas of motherhood, this paper suggests that the increasingly politicised site is a space where a discourse of wifehood is drawn upon to account to some degree for experiences of domestic inequality. Using a critical discursive psychological approach to data from 14 online discussion threads posted on Mumsnet, the paper identifies two dominant, complementary constructions through which posters frame divisions of care. These are the position of the "facilitating wife", enabling their male partners' careers by taking on the bulk of domestic responsibility to the detriment of their own professional achievement and mental wellbeing; and the construction of partners as "feckless manchildren", as an attempt to manage dissonances with their positioning as "wife" and related overburdening. I conclude that the relationships women form in the Mumsnet space allow them to articulate dissonant views and feelings about their co-existing domestic roles of wife and mother and associated divisions of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the stages of development, this period is ideal for the millennial generation to build a household. More millennials are deciding to postpone marriage. This study aims to examine working women of the millennial generation who decide to get married. This research used an emergent mixed-method sequential explanatory design. The emergent mixed method is a mixed-method research design that was not decided at the outset. Researchers first conducted quantitative research. Qualitative research was carried out because there were significant findings for further exploration in the quantitative phase. Participants in Study 1 consisted of 123 working mothers, while five working mothers became participants in Study 2. The participants were working wives from the millennial generation undergoing the first 10 years of marriage. The findings of Study 2 were inconsistent with the findings of Study 1, or discordance occurred. Findings from Study 2 were different from the findings obtained in Western countries. Participants used religious values as a guide to maintaining the integrity and longevity of the marriage. In addition, the partner’s involvement in raising children brings satisfaction and happiness to the participants in their marriage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Covid-19 pandemic, the postfeminist ideal of "having it all" became more contradictory, as women struggled to juggle work and childcare. This research, using critical discourse analysis, examines how lifestyle and explanatory journalism made sense of this problematic ideal as it became evidently untenable during the pandemic. Here, journalism operates as a discursive structure, obscuring its own complicity in sustaining postfeminist and neoliberal relations around the expectations that surround working mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite the enormous benefits of breastfeeding, working mothers face more challenges to meet the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations regarding successful breastfeeding practices. Little research has been done to understand the breastfeeding practices among working mothers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with delayed initiation and cessation of breastfeeding among working mothers with children under the age of two years in Abu Dhabi, the UAE. Methods: A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted from March to September 2017. The study included both Emirati and non-Emirati mothers of children below the age of two years. The data were collected from seven government health care centers in Abu Dhabi as well as from the community. Mothers with young children attending the centers during the study days were approached by trained research assistants, who provided oral and written information about the study. Results: Among the 1610 mother–child pairs with complete data who were included in this study, 606 were working mothers giving an employment rate of 37.6%. The mean (standard deviation) of maternal age and children's age were 30.9 (5.1) years and 8.6 (6.1) months, respectively. Of the 606 mothers, 217 (35.8%) delayed initiation of breastfeeding, and 359 (59.2%) ceased breastfeeding. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, factors associated with delayed breastfeeding initiation among working mothers were older mother age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]1.01, 1.08), being of non-Arab nationality (AOR 2.24, 95% CI 1.53, 3.27), caesarean section (AOR 2.70, 95% CI 1.84, 3.96), non-rooming-in (AOR 3.85, 95% CI 1.56, 9.51) and mothers with low birth weight children (AOR 2.47, 95% CI 1.23, 4.94). The main factors associated with cessation of breastfeeding were being of non-Arab nationality (AOR 1.59, 95% CI 1.09, 2.31) and mother with high-income rating (AOR 2.79, 95% CI 1.36, 5.75). Conclusion: The study highlighted the need for urgent actions to improve the working mothers' conditions in order to promote optimal breastfeeding practices, including both early initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among all mothers in the UAE regardless of employment status. Policies to improve EBF rates among professional working mothers should include maternity leave extension to enable mothers to continue breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parents play a key role in infant's development through their interactions and the type of environment they provide to promote active play. The amount of time parents are able to spend with their infant is dependent on their working status, yet few studies have explored parent perception of their infant's active play by working status. The purpose of this study was to explore parent perception of active play and compare responses between working and stay-at-home parents.Methods: Twenty-nine parents participated in this qualitative study by completing a one-time, in-person semi-structured interview based on the Theory of Planned Behavior. Themes were developed and compared based on parental working status using a directed content analysis approach.Results: All parents believed active play could have a positive effect on their child's development through physical, social and emotional, cognitive, and/or language and communication development. However, stay-at-home parents reported a broader impact of active play across these domains; whereas working parents most often referenced active play as impacting infant's physical development. Social and emotional interactions were the highest reported form of active play among all parents. Additionally, all parents described similar barriers to increasing the time for active play. The most commonly reported barrier for all parents was time or schedule followed by care needs of the infant, environmental concerns, and need for restrictive devices (e.g., car seats). More stay-at-home parents than working parents reported the care needs of the infant as being a barrier. Recommendations for active play were not widely known amongst all parents, with a higher percentage of working parents reporting they would desire advice from a healthcare provider.Conclusions: Working status of parents appears to have implications on perceptions of active play which in turn may influence infants' development. Future studies should objectively assess the impact of parents' working status on infant development and explore how gender of the parent may serve as a confounding variable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Employment of mothers can have different consequences and effects on their children. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of Iranian mothers' employment on their children's mental health. This study was a systematic review and 4 international electronic databases- Scopus ،Science direct, PubMed, & google scholar and 4 domestic databases- Magiran, Ensani, Noormags, & SID during 2000-2020 were searched using a comprehensive search strategy with determinesd keywords. As a result of this search, 261 articles retrieved. According to a PRISMA method and use of an inclusion and exclusion criteria, 11 research papers were selected to entry of the research. The findings of the research were mixed. Some findings suggest that maternal employment increases the development of externalized and internalized disorders in children and weakens the parent-child relationship. On the other hand, some findings have shown that maternal a comprehensive model of the impact of mother's employment on Iranian children's employment has a positive effect on the child's mental health. Also, some studies have not reported a difference in the mental health of children with working and non-working mothers. Given the different and mixed results of research, it seems that many factors besides mother's employment affect children's mental health that without considering them in the analysis, we can not provide mental health. So, it could be concluded that the mediating role of some variables including mother’s satisfaction with her job, job schedule of mother, the stress level of mothers in work place, the age of the child, father’s participation in parenting, etc. that can be investigated in future research. The role of mediator variables has been neglected in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Mothers returning to work can be an obstacle to breastfeeding. In this study, the socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers and families who returned to work in the first year after birth were investigated and it was aimed to determine the effect of the timing of mothers’ re-employment on breastfeeding. Material and Methods: The study is a cross-sectional study, with retrospective cohort features for evaluation of some data. It was conducted at Bakırköy Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital, Well-Child Clinic. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the mothers who started to work in the first year after birth and those who did not in terms of breastfeeding. Mothers who started to work before sixth months have higher rates of cessation of breastfeeding in the first year than mothers who started to work after 6th month. The ratio of breastfeeding up to 1 year of age in the second child was found to be higher than that of the first child. Mothers working in public sector were found to have higher rates of return to work in the first year after birth compared to those working in the private sector. Conclusion: It has been demonstrated that mothers returning to work in the first year after birth have similar breastfeeding continuity as non-working mothers. Mothers who returned to work within the first 6 months after birth were found to have shorter breastfeeding period. Early starting to work in the first 6 months after birth seems to be serious risk on lengthy breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study we aimed to investigate the role of social support, particularly emotional support, on work-family conflict (WFC) and employment-related guilt among employed mothers. Achieving an optimal work-family balance is difficult, especially for employed mothers with young children. Previous research has found support to be a key factor in helping to alleviate conflict. However, determining which types of support are most beneficial is an important issue to be investigated. Using path analysis, we examined the effect of three sources of social support—emotional spousal support, emotional supervisory support, and instrumental spousal support—on WFC and employment-related guilt. Voluntary domestic support, paid domestic support, and number of children were control variables. Data were collected from 201 employed Turkish mothers who have at least one child below the age of 10. Participants were between 25 and 47 years-old (M = 33.6, SD = 4.4). Spousal and supervisory emotional support were significant predictors of WFC for employed mothers. Moreover, supervisory support was a significant predictor of employment-related guilt. Implications of the results are discussed with reference to cultural context, and recommendations are provided for professionals in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims at identifying the family and organizational obstacles facing the working mother in the governmental sector, and disclose the appropriate methods to confront them. The researchutilized the social survey method, and applied to a sample of (360) female teachers in the government high schools for girls in Jeddah, and the questionnaire was adopted as a data collection tool,The results indicated that one of the most important family obstacles that limit the professional performance of working mothers in governmental schools is the need to leave children in unsafe conditions, and that the most prominent organizational obstacles that limit the professional performance of working mothers in governmental schools is the lack of nursery rooms in school buildings, The most important proposals to overcome family obstacles is to sensitize couples to human rights, and for the most important proposals for organizational obstacles is to provide special nursery for the children of female employees at the workplace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dominant approach on the social construction of motherhood is the cult of domesticity that limits the lives of women to the private sphere. This ideology has been synthesized by different ideologies and transformed into an ideology of intensive motherhood. The fact that the employment rates of mothers with children aged 0-14 years doubled by the OECD average in the last fifty years is an indicator of the transformation of the intensive motherhood ideology that advocates full-time motherhood, as well. In this study, this transformation was evaluated by examining the ideologies effecting the construction of motherhood and OECD data. Evidences show that the basis of aforementioned transformation is the legal arrangements that allow the harmonization of working life with motherhood and the expansion of childcare services. The evaluation results indicate that the intensive ideology of motherhood that influenced many societies in the past years was eroded and developed towards a new balance of motherhood and working life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the level of knowledge and to explore out the perceptions of expecting and lactating women about Exclusive breastfeeding attending Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. Study Design: A Mixed Method Study. Place and Duration of Study: Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad, from Jul 2018 to Dec 2018. Material and Methods: The study was carried out by using non-probability convenience sampling on 354 women who visited Gynaecology and Obstetrics department of Ayub Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad. Quantitative data was collected by using a semi structured questionnaire developed with the help of literature review whereas the qualitative data was collected by using a qualitative interview guide. Frequencies and percentages were computed and chi-square was used to find associations between socio-demographic status of women and their knowledge and perceptions about exclusive breastfeeding. In-depth interviews were conducted to explore the perceptions of women about exclusive breastfeeding. Age, Education, Area of residence, Family income and Parity are Independent variables while Knowledge and Perceptions about exclusive breastfeeding are the dependent variables. Results: The ages of respondent women ranged from <20 years to 50 years with the majority belonging to the 31–40 years age group (46%, n=165). Most (63%, n=225) of the children‟s age was 0 – 6 months, Majority (41%, n=145) of the women‟s qualification was matriculation. Majority (68%, n=244) of the women were multiparous and more than a half were unemployed (62%, n=222). Also the major portion of sample belonged to the rural areas. The sample predominantly belonged to middle and low-income group with a moderate level of education. Only 35% (n=124) of the women had good knowledge about the feed of a newborn up to 6 months of age. More than half (56%, n=200) of the women think that Ghutti is the best way to start feeding a newborn. About 48% (n=171) of the respondent women were able to define exclusive breastfeeding correctly. Conclusion: There is need for large scale health enlightenment of members of the public on EBF and its benefits to the infant, mother and society at large. The content of antenatal health talks with respect to EBF and it understanding by women requires evaluation. There is also the need for periodic refresher training of community health workers on the practice of EBF and strategies introduced for regular monitoring and evaluation of the practice. Behavior change communication (BCC) and counseling should be provided to pregnant women during antenatal visits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper rethinks geographical approaches to children's play in the Global North. One narrowly conceived strand of past research considered the erosion of outdoor free play, but overlooked children's views of alternative play environments (e.g., out‐of‐school activities). A separate thread examined the feminisation of employment and growth in childcare, but investigations into children's play in care‐based environments are rare, and explorations of their ability to balance different play landscapes are lacking. This paper builds on insights from both lines of research, and challenges their deficiencies, to map out a more broadly conceived geography of play. Drawing on rigorous quantitative and qualitative research with middle‐ and working‐class parents and children, the paper examines the socially differentiated reconciliation of neighbourhood, extra‐curricular and care‐based play in contemporary British childhoods. The analysis highlights stark class differences in the balance between these play environments. Middle‐class children's elective engagement in extra‐curricular activities results in reduced outdoor free play, but they have little control over the total time they play in care environments. Working‐class children have greater experience of playing out, but are underscheduled as they have less than desired access to play in structured activities and wraparound care. In conclusion, the paper argues that geographers must: (1) move beyond the romanticisation of free play and recognise children's right to participate in a diversity of playful spaces; (2) embrace an intergenerational approach which recognises that play is not a matter for children alone – adults can facilitate as well as limit play, but reliance on women's unpaid labour makes play a feminist issue; and (3) uncover play's role in social reproduction as wider inequalities emerge in, and are reproduced through, children's landscapes of play in times of austerity, whether as here in terms of class, or along other axes of social differentiation or location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is very crucial for the health of infant as well as mother. However, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding is very low especially among working mother. Since the prevalence of EBF might be influenced by the level of knowledge on EBF, researcher comes to critical thinking to conduct this study to evaluate level of knowledge on EBF among working mother. A cross sectional design study was carried out to determine knowledge level on exclusive breastfeeding among working mother, and its relationship with demographic data in Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM). A total 283 respondents were recruited to participate in this study. The respondents' knowledge level on exclusive breastfeeding was identified using Kim & Chapman (2013) Questionnaire on Knowledge and Practice about Exclusive Breastfeeding. The result showed that majority of the respondents (56.9%) had high knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding. For demographic data, factors such as age, level of education, and family income had shown a significant association (p < 0.05) with level of knowledge on exclusive breastfeeding. In conclusion, the level of knowledge of EBF was identified among working mother, yet it has been influenced by mother's sociodemographic background. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational therapists need to be cognizant of evidence-based role balance advice and strategies that women with multigenerational caring responsibilities can implement independently or with minimal assistance, as role balance may not be the primary goal during many encounters with this population. Hence, this study aimed to identify the viewpoints on the most helpful role balance strategies for working sandwich generation women, both from their own perspectives and from the perspective of occupational therapists. This was achieved through a Q methodology study, where 54 statements were based on findings from interviews, sandwich generation literature and occupational therapy literature. In total, 31 working sandwich generation women and 42 occupational therapists completed the Q sort through either online or paper administration. The data were analysed using factor analysis with varimax rotation and were interpreted through collaboration with experts in the field. The findings revealed similarities between working sandwich generation women and occupational therapists, particularly in terms of advocating strategies related to sleep, rest and seeking practical assistance from support networks. Differences were also present, with working sandwich generation women viewpoints tending to emphasize strategies related to coping with a busy lifestyle attending to multiple responsibilities. In contrast, occupational therapy viewpoints prioritized strategies related to the occupational therapy process, such as goal setting, activity focused interventions, monitoring progress and facilitating sustainable outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sleep is a vital necessity need for children. Without enough sleep, a child's development as a whole will disturbed. The quality of sleep in children affected by sleep arrangement that selected by their parent or caregiver. Sleep arrangement refers to the location where a child sleep. Given that children are individuals who still depend on their parents or caregivers, the attitude of the parents or caregivers toward sleep pattern and arrangement will affect how children sleep management and thus affect the quantity and quality of their sleep. The purpose of the study was to assess psychometric aspect of Parental Sleep Attitudes Scale (PSAS) Malay version. This instrument was used to measure maternal attitude and opinion towards sleep arrangement of young children. The instrument divided to two component that measure maternal attitude toward solitary sleeping and co-sleeping. Overall scale consisted of 16 items. PSAS was translated into Malay language by using back to back translation procedure proposed by Brislin. Respondents of the study were 154 working mothers at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. The result of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) found that 15 from 16 items were accepted due to factor loading greater than 0.6. however, only component 1 and 2 from 6 components extracted required the value of alpha cronbach minimum 0.7. As conclusion, for local context, this instrument need to rearrange the items measuring the construct into their respective components accordingly before proceed with data collection in the field study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breastfeeding is considered to be an important measure to achieve optimum health outcomes for children, women's return to work has frequently been found to be a main contributor to the early discontinuation of breastfeeding. The aim of the study is to assess workplace breastfeeding support provided to working mothers in Pakistan. Method: A workplace based cross-sectional survey was conducted from April through December 2014. Employers from a representative sample of 297 workplaces were interviewed on pre-tested and structured questionnaire. The response rate was 93.7 %. Prevalence of workplace breastfeeding facilities were assessed in the light of World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action (WABA) guidelines. Results: Among non-physical facilities, all workplaces offered 3 months paid maternity leave, 45 % of the sites were offering task adjustment to mothers during lactation period. Only 15 % of the sites were offering breastfeeding breaks to working mothers. Physical facilities that include a breastfeeding corner, refrigerator for storing breast milk, breast milk pump and nursery for childcare were provided in less than 7 % of the sites. Multinational organizations provided better support compared to national organizations. Conclusion: Support for continuation of breastfeeding by working women at workplaces is inadequate; hence, women discontinue breastfeeding earlier than planned. Policies need to be developed and enforced, employers and employees need to be educated and supportive environment needs to be created to encourage and facilitate breastfeeding friendly worksite environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Back Ground: Weaning is the passage of transfer the infant gradually and progressively from the breast-feeding to the usual family diet. During weaning, the infant gets accustomed to foods other than breast feed. Weaning foods are given in addition to mother's milk when the amount of breast milk is inadequate also. A cross sectional study was carried out among the 106 working mothers. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried out among the 106 working mothers. Data was collected by survey through structured and pretested questionnaires. it was analyzed by using the statistical software SPSS 20 version. Results: 88(83%) mothers were gave other diet with breast milk And 18 (17%) mothers did not give other diet with breast milk to their children. There is significant association between the income of mother and weaning practices of the mother because the p-value (0.001) is <0.05, similarly there is significant association between the mother's education and weaning practices of the mother also. Conclusion: It is concluded that participated mother's practices and knowledge about the weaning were well who were higher educated and have reasonable income as compared those whose education level was low with economical base and have limited excess to the recourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and objective. This study was conducted to determine the effect of training administered to working mothers and its duration on maternal anxiety levels and breastfeeding habits. Background. Within the scope of Health for All in the 21st Century project, a goal was set to increase the rate of infants fed exclusively by breastfeeding during the first six months of life to 80% by the year 2015. Design. A randomised design with repeated measures. Methods. During collection of pretest data, a Personal Information Form, a Questionnaire Form and a State Trait Anxiety Inventory were administered to the mothers in the experimental and control groups. Five home visits were conducted starting two weeks before the date when mothers returned to work and ending when the infants became six months old. Breastfeeding techniques were taught to these mothers. Data were subjected to Proc MEAN, FREQ, anova and GENMOD procedures. Results. The rate of natural feeding (breastfeeding exclusively) among trained mothers was greater than untrained mothers. The frequency of breastfeeding affects maternal anxiety levels; the anxiety level of mothers decreased with increasing frequency of breastfeeding. Conclusion. Educating working mothers about breastfeeding reduces their anxiety levels and influences positively their breastfeeding habits. Relevance to clinical practice. With the support of health-care staff to increase awareness and knowledge on the value and sufficiency of breast milk, the rate and period of natural feeding increased significantly among working mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: 1 To determine frequency of mothers who are not exclusive breast feeding. 2 To determine factors preventing to not exclusively breast feeding in infants (0-6 month) presenting to tertiary care hospitals. Study design: Cross sectional Descriptive Place and duration of study: Study was performed in Children Hospital Chandka Medical College Larkana and Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Hospital Sukkur from January 2009 to June 2009. Patient and Methods: This is a prospective, a cross sectional descriptive study, including 100 breast feeding mothers (0-6 month age), and to determine the frequency of not exclusive breast feeding and the factors preventing to not exclusive breast feeding. Results: Exclusive breast feeding in tertiary care hospitals is 20% and factors preventing from exclusive breast feeding were, working mother 40%, to familiarize baby to bottle feeding 22.5%, perceived insufficient milk 17.5%, real insufficient milk 7.5%, parental pressure 3.75%, and preterm babies 3.75%, and Cesarean delivery 2.5%, lactation failure 1.25%, and next pregnancy 1.25% Conclusion: Exclusive breast feeding is 20% in mothers. Mostly mothers use to give mixed feeding and small percentage gives exclusive bottle feeding. Most common factors associated with failure of exclusive breast feeding are working mother, false insufficient milk, to familiarize baby to bottle feeding by working mother. Among less common factors are true insufficient milk, preterm babies, parental pressure, lactation failure, caesarean section delivery and next pregnancy [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To identify the level of depression of the mothers having children between 0 and 6 months old in the family medicine outpatient clinic. Methods: Seventy-eight mothers residing in semi-rural area having 0-6 months old babies who recruited to the family medicine outpatient door clinic with any complaint in between May 1 to July 1 included in this study. Set structured socio-demographic data form and Edinburg Postnatal depression scale was used as diagnostic tool to determine the severity of depression. Participants of the study were grouped and evaluated with cross tabs in terms of the cut off value which was determined in previous trial as 12 or above for our country. Results and conclusion: Seventy-eight mother included in the study. According to Edinburg Postnatal depression scale, %39.7 showed sign and symptoms of depression. The lower degree of education, the place where the individual live and lack of family support appears to be associated with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To identify the level of depression of the mothers having children between 0 and 6 months old in the family medicine outpatient clinic. Methods: Seventy-eight mothers residing in semi-rural area having 0-6 month's old babies who recruited to the family medicine outpatient door clinic with any complaint in between May 1 to July 1 included in this study. Self structured socio-demographic data form and Edinburg Postnatal depression scale was used as diagnostic tool to determine the severity of depression. Participants of the study were grouped and evaluated with cross tabs in terms of the cut off value which was determined in previous trial as 12 or above for our country. Results and conclusion: Seventy-eight mother included in the study. According to Edinburg Postnatal depression scale, %39.7 showed sign and symptoms of depression. The lower degree of education, the place where the individual live and lack of family support appears to be associated with depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effect of life course factors on the decision by American college educated women to stay at home or continue their careers after they have children. Data come from interviews with 48 white and African-American college-educated women that covered major events from childhood to the present, along with ideas for the future. Interviews were coded in terms of four major themes: identity, relational style, motivation, and adaptation. Findings revealed that identity as a mother was different for the two groups-central for the homemakers but combined with work for the career women. In relational style, homemakers relied on husbands primarily as breadwinners; career women relied on them for help with household work and child-rearing. Motivation and rewards of homemakers were centered around mothering, but career women were focused on achievement and recognition at work. The patterns were similar for white and black women, but African-American homemakers were pioneers in staying at home whereas white homemakers were following tradition. Career women of both races used their sense of being outstanding to conquer disadvantage-the black women to defy racial discrimination, the white women to rise,from humbler origins or to overcome a disability. In sum, holding constant age, race, marital status, and social class, there are striking differences in the life course of individuals that account for major variants in marriage patterns and women's roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The differences between the perceptions of parental attitudes in children of working and nonworking mothers and whether gender influences parental attitude perceptions were investigated. A General Information Form and the Bronfrenner Parents' Attitude Scale (in Turkish; Güneysu, 1982) were used. The data obtained were evaluated with t tests and Pearson correlation tests. Results indicate that the work status of mothers has a significant impact on the parental perception of their children, in particular how loving or punishing children perceive their parents to be (p < .001). Children of working mothers view their parents as more loving and less punishing compared to children of nonworking mothers. It was also found that gender impacts on perceptions of parents as punishing (p < .05). Girls scored higher than boys in perceiving both their mothers and fathers as punishing (p < .05). Moreover, a positive and significant relationship between the perceptions of mothers and fathers was observed (p < .001). In other words, children who perceive their mothers as loving perceive their fathers as loving, and children who perceive their mothers as punishing view their fathers the same way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the complex and contradictory patterns of representation used by the media in reports of Cherie Booth/Blair, wife of current British Prime Minister, Tony Blair. As a subject of media attention, she is particularly interesting for she acts as a focus for a range of identities that juxtapose stereotypes of women related to their roles in both the domestic and public domains (a celebrity wife, a successful barrister and an icon for 'working mothers'). The data sample considered here consists of 130 British press reports which are analysed using lexicogrammatical tools from critical linguistics, specifically concentrating on flaming practices and transitivity choices. This is complemented by a corpus-based approach which traces collocational patterns, especially those related to the phrase 'working mother'. Both the naming patterns used and the contrast between the personalized profile of Booth and the collectivized stereotype of the 'working mother' are understood as examples of 'textual heterogeneity' and so evidence of social change. Moreover, these representations are also seen as operating within that social change to both reflect and potentially reinforce the gendered inequality presupposed by the ideological model of separate spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the daily mood states of public health nurses (PHNs) in managerial roles with children in Hong Kong, as a result of multiple role juggling (i.e. simultaneously attending to demands of different roles) using the experience sampling method. Convenience sampling was used to recruit 20 subjects. A watch was worn that beeped at six random times each day for 7 days as a signal to complete an experience sampling diary. PHNs on average responded to 34 signals (80%) to complete the experience sampling diaries. Two major findings provide the focus of this paper. First, results show that PHNs had minimal inter-role juggling between work and family as compared with previous studies in the United States. Cultural factors, sequentially dealing with family and work issues, having a domestic maid or a relative to see to household chores as well as strong spouse support are suggested as the reasons. These results have implications for nursing management and nursing practice. Second, the results also reveal PHNs as having an overall flat affect. It is suggested that PHNs may be using a ‘calm and detached’ coping style for occupational stress. This coping style has implications on the PHNs’ emotional health as well as nurse-client relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study explores the experience on child caring of working mothers with private childcare professionals—so called emo in South Korea. • Working mothers had conflicts between their lives and child caring. Government level support is highly needed more than ever. Low birth rate constitutes one of the social problems currently faced by South Korea. In order to solve this issue, the government has tried to reduce the burden of child rearing and enhance child support. Despite governmental childcare support policy being tightened, the burden of childcare remains an issue, especially for working mothers; in fact, some rely on private services due to the lack of high quality and reliable public childcare services. There are few studies related to the use of private services by working mothers in South Korea. In this sense, this study focuses on the experience of working mothers with private childcare professionals—so called emo in South Korea. Through an in-depth interview with six participants, this study reveals the real voice of working mothers hiring emoes to care for and support their children, filling the gap between childcare policy and their demands and providing suggestions to alleviate this discrepancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]