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Recycling, in its literal sense, is the recycling of obsolete recyclable waste materials into manufacturing processes as raw materials through various recycling methods. We can say that a lot of waste is generated in environmental and industrial terms. Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is one of the major oil crops grown in the world for the production of edible and biodiesel oil. A large number of plant and raw material wastes, especially those used in food products, are recycled into cleaning, health, cosmetic and industrial products. In this study, the cold-pressed oil and pulp obtained from the seeds of the sunflower plant were evaluated and transformed into an added-value cosmetic product. Especially the fact that it contains other valuable compounds such as phenolic compounds, fatty acids, fibers, vitamins, minerals and polyphenols increases the popularity of the value-added product. Within the scope of our work, we produced two value-added products. These products are creams containing sunflower oil, which has nourishing, moisturizing and protective properties and the other product is a skin mask containing sunflower pulp. As our university specializes in added-value agricultural products, our product production is increasing day by day. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tamarind is widely consumed as fruit and spices in India. Tamarind contains pulp, seeds, shell and fibres. The pulp, which makes up between 30 and 50% of the mature fruit, is rich in reducing sugars, pectin, protein, fiber, and cellulose substances. Study of various physical engineering properties such as moisture content, fruit size, length, width, thickness, and weight (pulp, seed, shell, etc.) is important for designing the post-harvest machineries of tamarind. Major unit operations for processing of tamarind includes drying, dehulling, deseeding, pressing and storage. Traditional and mechanical approaches are used for these operations. Mechanical approaches of tamarind processing are carried out by dehuller and deseeder machinery. One of the crucial unit procedures in the processing of tamarind is deseeding which can be done by deseeder, mechanically. Processing of raw tamarind into value-added goods may increase its worth in addition to increase in shelf life. Additionally, it boosts the income of producers and processors. Value added products of tamarind are pulp, tamarind juice concentrate, tamarind pulp powder, tamarind pickle, tamarind jam, tamarind syrup, tamarind candy, tamarind kernel powder, dried fruit block, tamarind chutney and beverages. Tamarind is also rich in major amino acids phytochemicals and hence it carries the properties of antidiabetic, antibacterial, antivenomic, antioxidant. This paper provides an overview of the engineering properties, processing technologies, value added products, technologies and machineries developed/available for tamarind and its health benefits which will further help in machinery, protocol, technology and product design and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Two -NSO 3 H tethered dibutylammonium polyoxometalates of Keggin anions containing Mo and W were developed. • Extensive intramolecular H-bonding of the cation with the Keggin anion makes them insoluble in aqueous solution. • Oxidative photocatalyst activity was studied for degradation of metabromuron herbicide with H 2 O 2 as oxidant in water. • They showed excellent catalytic activity as recyclable heterogeneous oxidation catalysts. Two acidic ionic liquid-based hybrids of polyoxometalate, dibutyldisulphoammonium polyoxometalate, [DBDSA] 3 [PM 12 O 40 ], (M = Mo, W) were prepared by exchanging labile halide ion of parent ionic liquid with Keggin [PM 12 O 40 ]3− anions. The incorporation of N-SO 3 H into the ammonium cation results in intra-molecular H-bonding with POM anion, which is responsible for the preservation of heterogeneity of the catalyst throughout the reaction. Their catalytic activities were investigated for the degradation of metobromuron herbicide in aqueous medium as heterogeneous oxidative catalyst under sunlight using H 2 O 2 as oxidant. The isolated active peroxo intermediate was responsible for the reaction. A detailed mechanistic study on degradation of metobromuron into various products at different time intervals was done. The reaction for 8 h under sunlight removed greater than 70 % of TOC and also resulted in 1‑bromo-4-isocyanatobenzene as the major value-added product for the synthesis of various unsymmetrical disubstituted urea derivatives. The recyclability experiment showed excellent stability and reusability of the catalyst. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Orange is a citrus plant that belongs to Rutaceae family and is widely produced and processed around the world for the production of several products, including orange juice, which is associated with the production of relatively high‐volume of orange peel. This by‐product is sometimes discarded as a waste in the environment. The valorisation of food waste is the point of interest and orange peel, as a food waste, can be used as a source of value added essential oil. Recently, several advanced extraction techniques, including ultrasound, microwave, enzymatic and supercritical fluid extraction, have been proposed to valorise this by‐product. Each of these methods has its advantages and disadvantages and there is no published review regarding this subject. This work aims to review the recent findings on the applicability, benefits and drawbacks of orange oil extraction methods for orange peel valorisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we are interested in studying the investment challenges of packaged reconstituted milk production in Southwest of Algeria. To reach this objective, we have calculated the cost price of two products (pasteurized milk and fermented milk) which present the main production line of the dairy factory of Bechar, to assess the profitability of the company. The cost price of milk was calculated from the general balance that shows all the movements of the accounts which we have established the table of counting results 'TCR' corresponding to the different charges directly related to the milk manufacturing. The analysis of spending data showed that for this factory, the cost price of one liter of pasteurized milk was estimated at 27.06 DZD/L compared to fixed selling price at the dairy factory level (23.20 DZD/L), which reveals a deficit of -3.86 DZD/L (-16.63%), while produced fermented milk showed a profit of +14.65 DZD/L representing a margin of distribution equivalent to (+60.16%) of the cost price that was estimated at 24.35 DZD/L. This study provides a platform which can be used, not only, to define the ability of dairy factory to overcome competitive market challenges, but also the pre-requisite programs (PRP) installation challenges required to implement a quality system promoting the quality of milk and dairy products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decomposable waste thrown into the environment can be used to produce value added bio-product which in turn reduces the production of greenhouse gas. Garbage enzyme is one such value added product produced by fermentation of organic solid waste. In the present study enzyme activity and disinfectant potential of garbage enzyme was evaluated and its influence on reduction of total solids, suspended solids and pathogens in dairy waste activated sludge were studied. The result showed the garbage enzyme possesses protease, amylase and lipase activity and reduced 37.2% of total solids, 38.6% of suspended solids and 99% of pathogens in dairy waste activated sludge. This significant result may be helpful for researchers to compare the effectiveness of earth-friendly garbage enzyme treatment of industrial sludge with various physical and chemical pre-treatment methods to improve the biogas production from the sludge digestion unit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oils and fats are playing major role in human diet and health applications, coconut oil which is widely used as food source and in the manufacture of soaps, hair oil, cosmetics and other industrial products. Coconut oil is the major oil producing more than 93 countries in the world and serving to the human in different ways. Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) differs from the commercial coconut oil in the way of its processing, normally extracted from fresh coconut kernel without any chemical processes, it is abundant in vitamins, minerals and anti-oxidants, thus making it the 'mother of all oils'. VCO is a edible grade value added product from coconut with numerous applications for mankind. VCO has its remarkable role in the different fields like food, Medicine, Cosmetics and Nanotechnology. Due to these applications it is considered as valuable oil. Ample researchers published different production methods and application of VCO in different fields of science. In the production of VCO there are different process were reported, in the process different solid and liquid products are producing as the byproducts. In this review production methods and their applications in food, medicine, ano-technological, cosmetic applications and physical and chemical characters were reviewed. Finally different by-products from the VCO production and their reported potential applications are also included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: A bench scale investigation on the hydrogen reduction of a highly acidic copper bleed solution to produce high purity copper powder is discussed in this paper. A titanium lined autoclave of 1 L capacity was used for this study. The parameters optimized on the bench scale were validated by performing hydrogen reduction of copper in a larger autoclave. Effect of various parameters viz., time of reduction, temperature of reduction, pressure variation, iron dose, volume of copper solution etc. were studied. Experiments were performed with synthetic and actual solution obtained from a copper plant. A 99% copper powder recovery is achieved by hydrogen reduction at a pressure of about 2400 kPa, reaction temperature of 453 K, stirring speed of 400 rpm for a reaction time of 2 h. The fine copper powder thus obtained had a good metallic lustre. Kinetics of reduction of copper was examined by drawing samples at different times and analyzing the percent copper reduction. The copper depleted solution was further purified with respect to the residual copper and can be processed for the recovery of nickel powder by hydrogen reduction. Properties of the copper powder obtained from the large-scale experiments from actual plant and synthetic solutions have been evaluated for powder metallurgical applications. The raw and annealed copper powders obtained from the synthetic copper solution were found to have an apparent density of 3.50 g/cm3, flow rate 35.6 g/min, hydrogen loss 0.2%, purity 99.8% and green density of 8.6 g/ cm3 while the powder from actual plant solution was found to have an apparent density of 3.59 g/ cm3, flow rate 46.0 g/min, hydrogen loss 0.6%, purity 99.4% and green density 8.6 g/ cm3. Thus, the copper powder produced by hydrogen reduction was found suitable for the application. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The adsorptive removal of acetaldehyde is more compatible for real-world applications. However, it must be upgraded from simple adsorption to a high efficiency process with value added products. This study develops a modified zeolite with Mg2+ ions that possesses acid-base sites for the removal of acetaldehyde at room temperature. Through a modified procedure, MgO is coated on commercial zeolite (13x), achieving a porosity of 501 m2 g−1 with MgO particles of 100 nm and pore diameter of 2.6 nm, and high breakthrough capacity of 50.00 mg/g. The initial pH and concentration of Mg2+ ion 12.5 and 0.2 M, respectively, with a maximum breakthrough capacity of 12.72 mg/g at 10% humidity. Significant variations in breakthrough capacity with respect to humidity in the presence of H 2 S and NH 3 demonstrate the effects of water and gases on adsorption efficiency. Desorptive oxidation of adsorbed acetaldehyde at 250 °C yielded a high molecular weight intermediate ethylene oxide formation. The oxidation is followed by aldol condensation and hydrogenation. The higher breakthrough capacity and the intermediate product yielded using the developed MgO-zeolite proves the acid-base reaction sites involved in acetaldehyde removal follows chemisorption and possible process scale-up. [Display omitted] • MgO coated zeolite in acetaldehyde removal at low temperature. • MgO presence with nanometer size leads 50 mg/g breakthrough capacity. • Desorption at 250 °C ended in value added product confirms the chemisorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]