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Background: The serotype 2 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV2) can revert to regain wild-type neurovirulence and spread, causing the emergence of vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV2) and immunodeficiency-related vaccine-derived polioviruses (iVDPVs). In the United States, testing carried out by the CDC of type II iVDPV (iVDPV2) with human immune serum from the vaccine has shown that the presence of the virus poses a threat to eradication efforts. Methods: We analyzed the major neutralization sites of VP1, VP2, and VP3 of the iVDPV using bioinformatics techniques and homology modeling (SWISS-MODEL). The three amino acid residues 679, 680, and 141 of the P1 region changed, which had an impact on the spatial conformation of the viral-neutralizing site. We tested polio-vaccinated human sera and rabbit anti-Sabin II polyantibodies against a panel of iVDPV pseudoviruses. Results: The results demonstrated that the serum's capacity to neutralize mutant pseudoviruses diminished when amino acid substitutions were introduced into the P1 encapsidated protein, particularly when 141 and 679 were mutated together. This study emphasizes the significance of continually monitoring individuals who are known to be immunocompromised and maintaining high vaccination rates in OPV-using communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a metabolic disease with a high worldwide prevalence and an important factor in mortality and disability in the population. Complications can be reduced or prevented with lifestyle changes in physical activity, dietary habits, and smoking cessation. High-protein diets (HPDs, >30% or >1.0 g/Kg/day) decrease hyperglycemia in part due to their content of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), mainly leucine. Leucine (and other BCAAs) improve glucose metabolism by directly signaling in the medio-basal hypothalamus (MBH), increasing liver insulin sensitivity. To determine the effectiveness of an HPD to lower hyperglycemia, we analyzed the results of published clinical studies focusing on the levels of fasting plasma glucose and/or glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We carried out a systematic search for clinical studies using HPDs. We searched five databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Epistemonikos, and Cochrane), collecting 179 articles and finally selecting 8 articles to analyze their results. In conclusion, HPDs are an effective alternative to reduce hyperglycemia in patients with T2DM, especially so-called Paleolithic diets, due to their higher-quality protein from animal and vegetal sources and their exclusion of grains, dairy products, salt, refined fats, and added sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of heterojunctions has been identified as the most promising strategy for circumventing the constraints of the g-C 3 N 4 photocatalyst, including sluggish surface kinetics and rapid recombination loss of photoexcited electron and hole pairs. Combining g-C 3 N 4 with other semiconductors to form S-scheme heterojunctions can boost charge carrier surface migration, reduce recombination loss, and maintain high redox potentials, which synergistically improve the photocatalytic performance of g–C 3 N 4 –based systems. However, as the development and understanding of g–C 3 N 4 –based S-scheme catalysts has advanced, several conflicts and confusions have emerged, which must be clarified to widen the scope applicability of g–C 3 N 4 –based photocatalysts. To understand whether the charge migration route in g–C 3 N 4 –based heterojunctions is type-II or S-scheme, this review includes a systematic discussion with the support of theoretical models and advanced experimental techniques that illustrate the requirements for building type-II and S-scheme charge migration. Furthermore, in contrast to the conventional role, the actual function of Fermi levels bending at equalization in g–C 3 N 4 –based S-scheme heterojunctions to provide the potential difference for maintaining the interfacial built-in electric field, the persistence of driving, and strategies to strengthen the driving force are explained in depth. The current review offers fresh insights into the criteria used to establish the prerequisites for the creation of g–C 3 N 4 –based type-II and S-scheme heterojunctions. • Confusion between g–C 3 N 4 –based S-scheme and type-II charge migration route is clarified. • The actual role of Fermi levels instead of ideal in g-C 3 N 4 S-scheme heterojunction is discussed. • The persistence of driving force in g–C 3 N 4 –based S-scheme heterojunctions and associated strategies are introduced. • Characterization techniques to identify the S-scheme charge migration route are described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type II radio bursts arise due to shocks typically driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs). When these shocks propagate outward from the Sun, their associated radio emissions drift down in frequency as excited particles emit at the local plasma frequency, creating the usual type II patterns. In this work, we use dynamic spectra from the Wind/WAVES Thermal Noise Receiver (TNR) to identify type II radio emissions in the kilometric wavelength range (kmTIIs, f < 300 kHz ) between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012, i.e., over a solar cycle. We identified 134 kmTII events and compiled various characteristics for each of them. The finding of 45 kmTII events not reported by the official Wind/WAVES catalog (based on RAD1 and RAD2 data) is particularly important. We search for associations with interplanetary structures and analyze their main characteristics to reveal distinctive attributes that may correlate with the occurrence of kmTII emission. We find that the fraction of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) classified as magnetic clouds (MCs) that are associated with kmTIIs is roughly similar to that of MCs not associated with kmTIIs. Conversely, the fraction of ICMEs with bidirectional electrons is significantly larger for those ICMEs associated with kmTIIs (74% vs. 48%). Likewise, on average, ICMEs associated with kmTIIs are 23% faster. The disturbance storm time (Dst) mean value is almost twice as large for kmTII-associated ICMEs, indicating that they tend to produce intense geomagnetic storms. In addition, the proportion of ICMEs producing moderate to intense geomagnetic storms is twice as large for the kmTII-associated ICMEs. After this investigation, TNR data proved to be valuable not only as complementary data for the analysis of kmTII events but also for forecasting the arrival of shocks at Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fabricating heterostructure photocatalysts with co-catalysts can improve the separation and transfer of photo-induced electrons and holes for photocatalysis reactions. Herein, Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets are obtained by chemical etching via the hydrothermal route and serve as a template for growing photocatalysts. NiS 2 nanoparticles and CuS nanoneedles are deposited sequentially on the surface of Ti 3 C 2 T x nanosheets to form "Type II" CuS/NiS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x hierarchical heterostructure via the solvothermal method. The enormous nanoneedles morphology provides enlarged active sites for the photocatalytic processes. The fabricated CuS/NiS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x heterostructure delivers an increased hydrogen generation rate of 32.66 mmol g−1 h−1, which is higher than that of pure CuS (2.38 folds), NiS 2 (1.93 folds), and NiS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x (1.71 folds). CuS/NiS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x heterostructure also performs a superior hydrogen evolution retention of 97.7% after 4 cycles (one cycle lasts 4 h), implying its decent structural stability and light corrosion resistance. The reasons are ascribed to the constructed "Type II" heterostructure of CuS/NiS 2 with higher active sites, improved conductivity, and efficient separation of electrons and holes. DFT calculation and Mott-Schottky plots results elucidate the formation mechanism of CuS/NiS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x "Type II" structure. CuS/NiS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x heterostructure also obtains a reduced bandgap with increased light absorption. The van der Waals force between 2D materials enhances the transfer of photo-generated electrons. This work demonstrates that designing hierarchical co-catalyst heterostructure without non-noble can effectively promote water splitting in the solar-to-chemical system. [Display omitted] • Hierarchical CuS/NiS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x heterostructure is fabricated via Ti 3 C 2 T x template. • Fine nanoneedle morphology provides more photocatalytic active sites. • The co-catalysis of CuS, NiS 2 , and Ti 3 C 2 T x improves charge separation efficiency. • The CuS/NiS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x heterostructure delivers decent photo-corrosion resistance. • The CuS/NiS 2 /Ti 3 C 2 T x heterostructure exhibits an ultrahigh H 2 evolution rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metric type II radio bursts are usually early indicators of CME-driven shocks and other space weather phenomena in the solar corona. This paper presents a detailed investigation of the spectral properties of band splitting type II radio bursts and their association with sunspot number. Using type II radio bursts in a frequency range [20 MHz–200 MHz] observed by CALLISTO during 2010–2017, it was discovered that the analyzed type II shock height, magnetic field strength, CME/shock speed, and Alfvén speed synchronize with the trajectory of the solar cycle 24. Also, the study revealed that the onset of the declining phase of solar cycle 24 has the highest electron density, whiles the frequency of type II bursts depicts a bimodal distribution during the study period, with peaks in 2012 and 2015. Further, a good correlation (with correlation factor R = 0.87) was obtained between the estimated CME/shock speeds from the dynamic spectra and the associated CME speeds from SOHO/LASCO. Moreover, the study confirmed a significant correlation (R= ∼0.8) between the absolute drift rates and the plasma frequency. Additionally, the study explored that ∼ 60% of the type II radio bursts considered in this study emanated from the western longitudes. Hence, the findings emphasize that the temporal dynamics of the physical conditions of band splitting type II radio bursts are essential parameters for space weather monitoring and forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems are typically composed of a stable toxin and a labile antitoxin; the latter counteracts the toxicity of the former under suitable conditions. TA systems are classified into eight types based on the nature and molecular modes of action of the antitoxin component so far. The 10 pairs of TA systems discovered and experimentally characterised in Pseudomonas aeruginosa are type II TA systems. Type II TA systems have various physiological functions, such as virulence and biofilm formation, protection host against antibiotics, persistence, plasmid maintenance, and prophage production. Here, we review the type II TA systems of P. aeruginosa, focusing on their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms, providing potential applications for the novel drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although the role of obesity and diabetes mellitus (DM) in male infertility is well established, little information about the underlying cellular mechanisms in infertility is available. In this sense, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB) has been recognized as an important regulator in obesity and DM; However, its function in the pathogenesis of male infertility has never been studied in obese or men who suffer from diabetes. Therefore, the main goal of current research is assessing NF-kB existence and activity in ejaculated human spermatozoa considering the obesity and diabetics condition of males. Materials and Methods: In an experimental study, the ELISA technique was applied to analyze NF-kB levels in sperm of four experimental groups: non-obese none-diabetic men (body mass index (BMI) <25 kg/m² ; control group; n=30), obese non-diabetic men (BMI >30 kg/m² ; OB group; n=30), non-obese diabetic men (BMI <25 kg/m² ; DM group; n=30), and obese diabetic men (BMI >30 kg/m² ; OB-DM group; n=30) who were presented to Royan Institute Infertility Center. In addition, protein localization was shown by Immunocytofluorescent assay. Sperm features were also evaluated using CASA. Results: The diabetic men were older than non-diabetic men regardless of obesity status (P=0.0002). Sperm progressive motility was affected by obesity (P=0.035) and type A sperm progressive motility was affected by DM (P=0.034). The concentration of sperm (P=0.013), motility (P=0.025) and morphology (P<0.0001) were altered by obesity × diabetes interaction effects. The NF-kB activity was negatively influenced by the main impact of diabetics (P=0.019). Obesity did not affect (P=0.248) NF-kB activity. Uniquely, NF-kB localized to the midpiece of sperm and post-acrosomal areas. Conclusion: The current study indicated a lower concentration of NF-kB in diabetic men, no effect of obesity on NF-kB was observed yet. Additionally, we revealed the main obesity and diabetes effects, and their interaction effect adversely influenced sperm characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assessed the long-term prognostic and predictive value of Topoisomerase Ⅱα（TopoⅡα）expression in young patients（<35 years） with breast cancer.Methods We retrospectively analyzed 131 patients who were surgically resected and pathologically diagnosed with breast cancer in Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, from August 2004 to January 2009.Fifty patients were finally enrolled for TopoⅡα expression detection by immunohistochemistry technology.Survival rates were estimated by Kaplan-Meier method.The association of TopoⅡα expression and clinicopathological features were studied by Chi-square test.The Cox regression model was employed for multivariate analysis.Results There were 42 of 50 patients（84%） with TopoⅡα positive in the study.The expression of TopoⅡα was positively correlated to Ki67（r=0.533,P=0.002） as displayed by Spearman′s correlation test.No correlation between TopoⅡα protein expression with tumor size, lymphatic metastasis, TMN stage, molecular typing, estrogen receptor（ER）,progesterone receptor（PR） and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2（HER-2） were observed（P>0.05）.The 10-year DFS in TopoⅡα positive vs. negative group were 64.3% vs. 12.5%,with statistically significant difference（χ~2=9.105;P=0.003）.In the multivariate analyses, TopoⅡα expression, Hormone Receptor and TNM staging were independent prognostic factors for DFS in young patients with breast cancer（P=0.005,P=0.002,P=0.012,respectively）.Lymphatic metastasis, Hormone Receptor and TNM staging were independent predictors for OS in multivariate analyses（P=0.033,P=0.001,P=0.005）.Conclusion TopoⅡα protein tends to be highly expressed in young patients with breast cancer, and is associated with rapid tumor proliferation.Patients with high expression of TopoⅡα protein have a longer DFS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyse the characteristics of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) during Solar Cycles 23 and 24. The present analysis is primarily based on the near-Earth ICME catalogue (Richardson and Cane, 2010). An important aspect of this study is to understand the near-Earth and geoeffective aspects of ICMEs in terms of their association (type II ICMEs) versus absence (non-type II ICMEs) of decameter-hectometer (DH) type II radio bursts, detected by Wind/WAVES and STEREOS/WAVES. Notably, DH type II radio bursts driven by a CME indicate powerful MHD shocks leaving the inner corona and entering the interplanetary medium. We find a drastic reduction in the occurrence of ICMEs by 56% in Solar Cycle 24 compared to the previous cycle (64 versus 147 events). Interestingly, despite a significant decrease in ICME/CME counts, both cycles contain almost the same fraction of type II ICMEs (≈ 47%). Our analysis reveals that, even at a large distance of 1 AU, type II CMEs maintain significantly higher speeds compared to non-type II events (523 km s−1 versus 440 km s−1). While there is an obvious trend of decrease in ICME transit times with increase in the CME initial speed, there also exists a noticeable wide range of transit times for a given CME speed. Contextually, Cycle 23 exhibits 10 events with shorter transit times ranging between 20 – 40 hours of predominantly type II categories while, interestingly, Cycle 24 almost completely lacks such "fast" events. We find a significant reduction in the parameter V ICME × B z , the dawn to dusk electric field, by 39% during Solar Cycle 24 in comparison with the previous cycle. Further, V ICME × B z shows a strong correlation with Dst index, which even surpasses the consideration of B z and V ICME alone. The above results imply the crucial role of V ICME × B z toward effectively modulating the geoeffectiveness of ICMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among 5 types of the Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen factor (CAMP) of Cutibacterium acnes , CAMP1 is highly expressed in phylotype II as well as IB, and thought to be a virulence factor of opportunistic but fatal blood, soft tissue, and implant-related infections. The target of a human single-chain variable antibody fragment (scFv), recently isolated from a phage display library, has been identified as CAMP1 of phylotype II, using immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry, phage display peptide biopanning, 3D-modelling, and ELISA. The IgG1 format of the antibody could enhance phagocytosis of C. acnes DMST 14916 by THP-1 human monocytes. Our results suggest that the antibody-dependent phagocytosis process is mediated by the caveolae membrane system and involves the induction of IL-1β. This is the first report on the study of a human antibody against CAMP1 of C. acnes phylotype II, of which a potential use as therapeutic antibody against virulence C. acnes infection is postulated. [Display omitted] • the target of yPac1A8 scFv is Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen factor (CAMP)1 of C. acnes type II. • 3D modelling shows that CDRs of scFv bind to the N-terminal α-helix of CAMP1. • yPac1A8 scFv and IgG bind specifically to CAMP1 of phylotype II. • Recombinant IgG enhances human macrophage phagocytosis via the induction of IL-1β. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the current state of knowledge of American naval boarding axes from the colonial period to the Civil War. It spans the time when most naval axes were either manufactured in Britain or were locally made copies, through the brief life of the Continental Navy and to the formation of the United States Navy which issued the first government pattern axes. It examines the three types of 'toothed' boarding axe which are uniquely identifiable as American by the inclusion of a serration on the rear side of the blade. It ends with the Civil War and the evolution of the boarding axe to a tool more in keeping with the transition from sail to steam and the introduction of more powerful naval artillery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To systematically review reported cases of Seckel syndrome (SS) and point out cases associated with central nervous system (CNS) vasculopathy and provide a summary of their clinical presentation, management, and outcomes including our illustrative case. Methods: We conducted a search on the MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane databases using the keywords "Seckel + syndrome." We identified 127 related articles reporting 252 cases of SS apart from our case. Moreover, we searched for SS cases with CNS vasculopathies from the same databases. We identified 7 related articles reporting 7 cases of CNS vasculopathies in SS patients. Results: The overall rate of CNS vasculopathy in SS patients is 3.16% (n = 8/253), where moyamoya disease (MMD) accounted for 1.97%. The mean age is 13.5 years (6–19 years), with equal gender distribution (M:F, 1:1). The most common presenting symptoms were headache and seizure followed by weakness or coma. Aneurysms were mostly located in the basilar artery, middle cerebral artery, and internal carotid artery, respectively. Regardless of the management approach, 50% of the cases sustained mild-moderate neurological deficit, 37.5% have died, and 12.5% sustained no deficit. Conclusion: A high index of suspicion should be maintained in (SS) patients, and MMD should be part of the differential diagnosis. Prevalence of CNS vasculopathy in SS is 3.16% with a much higher prevalence of MMD compared to the general population. Screening for cerebral vasculopathy in SS is justifiable especially in centers that have good resources. Further data are still needed to identify the most appropriate management plan in these cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study describes an unsupervised machine learning approach used to estimate the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) cut-off for identifying subjects at risk of IR in a given ethnic group based on the clinical data of a representative sample. Methods: The approach was applied to analyse the clinical data of individuals with Arab ancestors, which was obtained from a family study conducted in Nizwa, Oman, between January 2000 and December 2004. First, HOMA-IR-correlated variables were identified to which a clustering algorithm was applied. Two clusters having the smallest overlap in their HOMA-IR values were retrieved. These clusters represented the samples of two populations, which are insulin-sensitive subjects and individuals at risk of IR. The cut-off value was estimated from intersections of the Gaussian functions, thereby modelling the HOMA-IR distributions of these populations. Results: A HOMA-IR cut-off value of 1.62 ± 0.06 was identified. The validity of this cut-off was demonstrated by showing the following: 1) that the clinical characteristics of the identified groups matched the published research findings regarding IR; 2) that a strong relationship exists between the segmentations resulting from the proposed cut-off and those resulting from the two-hour glucose cut-off recommended by the World Health Organization for detecting prediabetes. Finally, the method was also able to identify the cut-off values for similar problems (e.g. fasting sugar cut-off for prediabetes). Conclusion: The proposed method defines a HOMA-IR cut-off value for detecting individuals at risk of IR. Such methods can identify high-risk individuals at an early stage, which may prevent or delay the onset of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM) is a rare developmental lung disease. The aim of this study is to analyze the histomorphological spectrum of CPAM in a series of 15 cases. Materials and Methods: A retrospective descriptive study of 15 cases of CPAM was carried out from 2013 to 2018 in our hospital, and cases were classified based on the Stocker's classification. Results: The age ranged from 4 days to 9 years (66.6% were infants). The left lung was most commonly involved (66.6%). The most common lobe was the left upper lobe (60%), followed by right lower lobe (20%). Grossly, cysts measured 0.2–5 cm, filled with mainly serous fluid with few having hemorrhagic and brownish mucoid secretions. On microscopy, single to multiple noncommunicating cysts of size 0.2–5 cm were seen, lined by ciliated columnar epithelium (60%), pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (26.7%), mucin-secreting columnar epithelium (6.7%), and flattened epithelium (6.7%). Few cases showed smooth muscle (20%) and cartilage (13.3%) in the cyst wall. Chronic inflammation (73.3%) with dense histiocytic infiltrate (13.3%) was also seen. Emphysematous changes were also observed (13.3%). Cytomegalovirus inclusions (6.7%), zygomycete fungus (6.7%), and red hepatization (6.7%) were observed. The most common type was type II (60%), followed by type I (33.3%) and type IV (6.7%). Conclusion: Type II was the most common variant in this study. A careful observation should be done to look for fungal hyphae or viral inclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar radio type II bursts serve as early indicators of incoming geo-effective space weather events such as coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In order to investigate the origin of high-frequency type II bursts (HF type II bursts), we have identified 51 of them (among 180 type II bursts from SWPC reports) that are observed by ground-based Compound Astronomical Low-cost Low-frequency Instrument for Spectroscopy and Transportable Observatory (CALLISTO) spectrometers and whose upper-frequency cutoff (of either fundamental or harmonic emission) lies in between 150 MHz–450 MHz during 2010–2019. We found that 60% of HF type II bursts, whose upper-frequency cutoff ⩾ 300 MHz originate from the western longitudes. Further, our study finds a good correlation (~ 0.73) between the average shock speed derived from the radio dynamic spectra and the corresponding speed from CME data. Also, we found that analyzed HF type II bursts are associated with wide and fast CMEs located near the solar disk. In addition, we have analyzed the spatio-temporal characteristics of two of these high-frequency type II bursts and compared the derived from radio observations with those derived from multi-spacecraft CME observations from SOHO/LASCO and STEREO coronagraphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the characteristics of DH type II bursts for the Solar Cycles 23 and 24. The bursts are classified according to their end frequencies into three categories: Low-Frequency Group (LFG; 20 kHz ≤ f ≤ 200 kHz), Medium-Frequency Group (MFG; 200 kHz < f ≤ 1 MHz), and High-Frequency Group (HFG; 1 MHz < f ≤ 16 MHz). We find that the sources for LFG, MFG, and HFG events are homogeneously distributed over the active region belt. Our analysis shows a drastic reduction of the DH type II events during Solar Cycle 24, which includes only 35% of the total events (i.e., 179 out of 514). Despite having smaller number of DH type II events in the Solar Cycle 24, it contains a significantly higher fraction of LFG events compared to the previous cycle (32% versus 24%). However, within the LFG group, the cycle 23 exhibits significant dominance of type II bursts that extend below 50 kHz, suggesting rich population of powerful CMEs traveling beyond half of the Sun–Earth distance. The events of LFG group display strongest association with faster and wider (more than 82% events are halo) CMEs, whereas at the source location, they predominantly trigger large M/X class flares (in more than 83% cases). Our analysis also indicates that CME initial speed or flare energetics is partly related to the duration of type II burst and that survival of CME-associated shock is determined by multiple factors/parameters related to CMEs, flares, and state of coronal and interplanetary medium. The profiles relating CME heights with respect to the end frequencies of DH type II bursts suggest that for HFG and MFG categories, the location for majority of CMEs (≈ 65%–70%) is in well compliance with ten-fold Leblanc coronal density model, whereas for LFG events, a lower value of density multiplier (≈ 3) seems to be compatible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Similarities in outcome between grade 3 endometrioid cancer and non-endometrioid histologies have been reported by a number of studies. Other reports, however, stated a significantly better prognosis for G3 endometrioid compared to type II histology. In this population-based study, we compared the outcome and treatment approaches of high-grade endometrial cancer patients with FIGO stages I–III depending on their histology. 284 high-grade endometrial cancer patients diagnosed between 1998 and 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and recurrence rates were compared depending on histology. Type I G3 patients had a statistically significant OS advantage over women suffering from type II carcinoma (HR 1.527, 95%-CI 1.024–2.276; p = 0.038) and carcinosarcoma (HR 2.106, 95%-CI 1.270–3.493; p = 0.004) in univariable and multivariable Cox-regression analysis. RFS in Type I G3 was significantly superior compared to patients with carcinosarcoma (HR 1.719, 95%-CI 1.018–2.901; p = 0.043) and not significantly superior to type II patients (HR 1.368, 95%-CI 0.920–2.036; p = 0.122). Cumulative recurrence rates were significantly higher in carcinosarcoma compared to type I G3 (HR 2.217, 95%-CI 1.096–4.485; p = 0.027) in univariable analysis, but not after risk adjustment (HR of 1.472, 95%-CI 0.654–3.311; p = 0.350). The prognosis of patients with type I G3 endometrial cancer patients seems to be significantly superior to patients with type II cancer and particularly carcinosarcoma. Systematic LND seemed to be beneficial in all of the three subtypes. The benefit of adjuvant treatment methods may differ between histologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of heterostructures between different semiconductors for environmental decontamination applications requires adequate adjustments of semiconductor concentration and optical band gap to improve its properties. Herein, we report the synthesis of type II CaMoO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 heterojunction by the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method with different molar percentages of g-C 3 N 4 (between 40% and 70%). The successful formation of pure CaMoO 4 and g-C 3 N 4 materials was confirmed by a wide range of experimental techniques, including XRD analysis, Raman, XPS, and EPR spectroscopy. Furthermore, UV-Vis characterization showed that heterojunctions were able to be activated under visible light, and photoluminescence analysis suggested a decrease in the recombination of the photogenerated charges. The CaMoO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 heterojunction was evaluated by the degradation of methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV) dyes. The photocatalytic experiments showed that the heterojunction with 70% g-C 3 N 4 performed the best photocatalytic properties due to a lower band gap energy and higher surface area, reaching a photodegradation efficiency of 95% for MB and 74% for CV in 210 min. The crystalline structure stability of heterojunction CaMoO 4 with 70% g-C 3 N 4 , was evaluated by three reuse cycles for both dyes, and its photocatalytic capacity was preserved. The scavenger experiments and EPR results revealed that the key degradation success of MB and CV dyes can be attributed to the active superoxide and hydroxyl species present in the heterojunction with 70% g-C 3 N 4. Under the heterojunction of CaMoO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 with 70% g-C 3 N 4 , the sonophotodegradation efficiencies of MB and CV dyes were up to 97% and 95% after sonification and irradiating for 210 min, respectively. • CaMoO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 heterojunctions prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. • Z-scheme heterojunction formation promotes effective separation of pair electron/hole. • CaMoO4/g-C 3 N 4 has excellent results in degradation of methylene blue, crystal violet and mixture of both dyes. • CaMoO 4 /g-C 3 N 4 showed photocatalytic stability after three reuse cycles. • The heterojunction showed excellent sonophotocatalytic performance thanks to the synergistic effect between light and ultrasound. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a theoretical study of linear and nonlinear optical properties of carriers in types I and II GaAs /AlxGa1−xAs quantum rings (QRs). We are interested in the effects of incident optical intensity, Al concentration in the barrier and rim height (hM) on linear and nonlinear absorption and refractive index, for both types of QR. After a detailed analysis of the results and a comparison between the optical properties of type I and II QRs, we conclude that we can act on the linear and non-linear absorption coefficient and the refractive index by affecting the parameters of these nanostructures. Thus, GaAs /AlxGa1−xAs quantum rings are appropriate for tunable nano-optoelectronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is very limited information about glycemic control after discharge from the ICU. The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of hypoglycemia in ICU survivors with type-2 diabetes and determine whether hypoglycemia is associated with cardiac arrhythmias.Design: Prospective, observational, two-center study. Participants underwent up to 5 days of simultaneous blinded continuous interstitial glucose monitoring and ambulatory 12-lead electrocardiogram monitoring immediately after ICU discharge during ward-based care. Frequency of arrhythmias, heart rate variability, and cardiac repolarization markers were compared between hypoglycemia (interstitial glucose ≤ 3.5 mmol/L) and euglycemia (5-10 mmol/L) matched for time of day.Setting: Mixed medical-surgical ICUs in two geographically distinct university-affiliated hospitals.Patients: Patients with type-2 diabetes who were discharged from ICU after greater than or equal to 24 hours with greater than or equal to one organ failure and were prescribed subcutaneous insulin were eligible.Measurements and Main Results: Thirty-one participants (mean ± sd, age 65 ± 13 yr, glycated hemoglobin 64 ± 22 mmol/mol) were monitored for 101 ± 32 hours post-ICU (total 3,117 hr). Hypoglycemia occurred in 12 participants (39%; 95% CI, 22-56%) and was predominantly nocturnal (40/51 hr) and asymptomatic (25/29 episodes). Participants experiencing hypoglycemia had 2.4 ± 0.7 discrete episodes lasting 45 minutes (interquartile range, 25-140 min). Glucose nadir was less than or equal to 2.2 mmol/L in 34% of episodes. The longest episode of nocturnal hypoglycemia was 585 minutes with glucose nadir less than 2.2 mmol/L. Simultaneous electrocardiogram and continuous interstitial glucose monitoring recordings were obtained during 44 hours of hypoglycemia and 991 hours of euglycemia. Hypoglycemia was associated with greater risk of bradycardia but did not affect atrial or ventricular ectopics, heart rate variability, or cardiac repolarization.Conclusions: In ICU survivors with insulin-treated type-2 diabetes, hypoglycemia occurs frequently and is predominantly nocturnal, asymptomatic, and prolonged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gall mite, Aceria pallida Keifer (Acari: Eriophyoidae) is an economically important pest of wolfberry Lycium barbarum L. and can cause significant losses to plant production. Two species of phytoseiid predatory mites, Amblyseius andersoni Chant and Neoseiulus neoreticuloides Liang & Hu were found on L. barbarum in Bayan Nur city, Inner Mongolia, China. We assessed the potential of these two phytoseiid species as biological control agents against A. pallida, using functional response experiments with seven prey densities (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 adults of A. pallida) on a wolfberry leaf under 25°C ± 1°C, 60% ± 5% RH and a 16:8 h (L:D) photoperiod. Overall, the predation of both species increased with increase in prey density. The consumption of A. andersoni female was significantly greater than that of conspecific males and N. neoreticuloides female at high prey densities. Both phytoseiid species displayed a type II functional response to A. pallida. Female A. andersoni had a higher attack rate (5.961) and a shorter handling time (0.014 d) than male A. andersoni (1.619; 0.019 d) and female N. neoreticuloides (0.719; 0.023 d). The maximum attack rate (T/Th) was estimated to be 71.43 and 52.63 for female and male A. andersoni, respectively, while it was 43.48 for female N. neoreticuloides. Both female and male A. andersoni consistently consumed significantly more prey than N. neoreticuloides across all densities of A. pallida adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar photocatalysis technology is widely applied to control environmental pollution. In the field of photocatalysis, silver phosphate (Ag3PO4) has gradually become a research hotspot for its high quantum efficiency, non-toxicity, and small band gap. However, in the photocatalytic process, pure Ag3PO4 is prone to photo-corrosion with poor stability, which severely limits its practical application. In this present paper, based on type II and 2-scheme, the type, preparation method, structural characteristics and photocatalytic mechanism of Ag3PO4-based heterojunction photocatalytic materials are mainly introduced. The latest progress in the degradation of organic pollutants by Ag3PO4-based heterojunction photocatalytic materials in recent years is also reviewed. Finally, the further researches on Ag3PO4-based heterojunction photocatalytic materials are prospected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Oxidative stress plays an important role in the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy. So antioxidant agents may be one of the key treatment strategies for prevention of diabetic nephropathy progression. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of selenium (Se) on micro-albuminuria in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. Materials and Methods: This study was a clinical study on 60 T2DM patients with micro-albuminuria who were referred to Yazd diabetic research center from March 2016 till April 2017. Patients were randomized in to two groups: Se (200 microgram Se daily) and control. The control group did not receive placebo. The intervention duration was 12 weeks. Micro-albuminuria, fasting blood sugar (FBS), cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, urea, creatinine, HbA1c, plasma Se concentration were measured at the baseline and after 12 weeks. Results: Micro-albuminuria decreased after 12 weeks in both studied groups but it was not statistically significant. Cholesterol and LDL levels improved statistically in both studied groups at the end of study (P-value: 0.034, 0.023 respectively). Plasma Se level increased in intervention group (P-value< 0.001). There were clinically improvement in other studied variables after 12 weeks in two studied groups but not statistically significant Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that Se supplementation for 12 weeks among patients with micro-albuminuria had no beneficial effects on micro albuminuria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The type II hot corrosion behavior of the alloys NiCr20, NiCr20Co10, and NiCr20Fe10 is investigated at 700°C in synthetic air + 0.5% SO2 for up to 300 hr. Pure Na2SO4 and a eutectic mixture of MgSO4–Na2SO4 are applied as deposits. The kinetics are investigated via dimensional metrology and correlated to the microstructural progression of the corrosion by examining the cross‐sections. All alloys exhibit two‐stage corrosion kinetics, with initially low and subsequently increased metal losses. Independent of the deposit composition, the metal loss after the longest exposure time is increased by the alloying element cobalt, whereas it is decreased for the iron‐containing alloy. All alloys show increased metal losses when exposed to the MgSO4–Na2SO4 deposit. The time to the propagation stage is similar for all tests. During the stage of low metal loss, all alloys develop a chromia scale and internal chromium sulfides. When the propagation stage is reached, chromium and nickel can be found along with oxygen and sulfur within the pit. Nickel is dissolved into the deposit, where it precipitates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We analyze Type II radio emissions observed by the Radio and Plasma Waves instrument onboard Wind to determine the emission region in shock fronts, using the blast wave reconstruction technique. Our results suggest that the processes of emission of a Type II radio burst occur not only in the upstream region of the shock, i.e. the region that precedes the collision, but also that there must be an emission of the material that has been compressed, as well as of the material that is in the compression region within the structure of the shock itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. As altered endocrine functions may affect the shape and size of teeth leading to dental anomalies, studies have proved to predict the occurrence of these anomalies in patients suffering from type I diabetes mellitus. This study aims to assess the knowledge and awareness of the morphological alterations in dentition of type I diabetes mellitus patients among dentists. A cross sectional, questionnaire based study was conducted among 500 dental professionals using 8 closed ended relevant questions. The collected data were consolidated and statistically analysed using IBM SPSS Version 20. This study revealed that only 38.8% dentists were aware that DM type 1 shows dental anomalies. Only 6% of the participants were aware of the fact that microdontia was the most common morphological alteration in dentition seen in DM Type 1 patients. And it was found that just 16.0% of participants were aware of all the morphological alterations in dentition of type 1 DM patients. It's established from this study the lack of knowledge about dental anomalies in DM among dental professionals. This study hopes to shed light on the importance of awareness to know the oral clinical findings in DM by dentists which will help in early and timely diagnosis of disease thereby aiding in their early management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) is a promising target for treating NTRK fusion cancers. The solvent front and xDFG mutations induced by larotrectinib and entrectinib result in acquired resistance in advanced-stage patients. In this study, we report a highly potent and selective type II TRK inhibitor, 40l , developed using a structure-based design strategy. Compound 40l significantly suppressed Km-12, Ba/F3-TRKAG595R, and Ba/F3-TRKAG667C cell proliferation. In biochemical and cellular assays, 40l showed better inhibitory activity against TRKAG667C than that by the positive control, selitrectinib. Additionally, it induced apoptosis of Ba/F3-TRKAG595R and Ba/F3-TRKAG667C cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 40l showed good selectivity for a panel of 41 kinases. In vitro assays indicated that 40l possessed outstanding plasma stability and moderate liver microsomal stability. Based on the above results, compound 40l could be further optimized to overcome the solvent front and xDFG TRK mutations. [Display omitted] • Based on structure-based design strategy, novel type II TRK inhibitors were discovered. • 40l exhibits significant inhibitory potency against multiple TRK mutants. • 40l induces the apoptosis of Ba/F3-TRKAG595R and Ba/F3-TRKAG667C cells. • 40l showed excellent plasma stability and moderate liver microsomal stability. • 40l possess a good selectivity in a panel of 41 kinase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 16-day-old intact female Boxer puppy with atresia ani, detailing the clinical history, diagnostic imaging findings, surgical intervention (anoplasty), and post-operative complications. It emphasizes the rarity of atresia ani in dogs, its classification, and the importance of a comprehensive diagnostic approach for effective management.

Background: Treatment of odontoid fractures with odontoid screws is an established method for fusion. However, it is facilitated by using advanced equipment in the operating theatre not always available as in developing countries. Objectives: In this study we aim to outline the important key points for successful placement of odontoid screw in the absence of advanced tools, e.g. navigation or O-arm. Materials and methods: Fifteen patients suffering from type II odontoid fractures were managed with single odontoid screw. Reduction of the fractures was achieved. A simple instrument set was used with the help of a single plane image intensifier. Longitudinal incision was used in 4 cases, and transverse incision was used in the remaining eleven cases. Anatomical identification of the midline helped to mark the entry point. The entry point used was millimetres below the anteroinferior edge of the axis vertebra. A short-headed screw was used. Results: Road traffic accident was the only mechanism of trauma reported in our study. All of the patients were neurologically intact. All of the patients remained neurologically intact after the procedure. There were no instances of wrong trajectory of the screw in our study. During follow-up, we found good union of all the fractures. Only 2 cases suffered from mild dysphagia. Conclusion: Fixation of odontoid fractures by anterior odontoid screws appears to be a safe and feasible procedure even in underequipped theatres. Anatomical knowledge helps in determining midline. Various modifications can help in overcoming shortcomings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hot corrosion Type II of the alloys FeCr20, FeCr20Ni10, FeCr20Ni20, and FeCr20Co10 is investigated at 700°C in air + 0.5% SO2 with deposits consisting of Na2SO4 and a eutectic mixture of Na2SO4 and MgSO4 for 24, 100, and 300 h. The alloying elements nickel and cobalt have a positive influence when tests are conducted using a MgSO4‐Na2SO4 deposit. In this case, they reduce the metal loss and increase the time to the propagation stage. In contrast, when the alloys are exposed with a Na2SO4 deposit, these alloying elements increase the metal loss and allow for the transition to the propagation stage because they can form molten phases with the Na2SO4. During the incubation stage an oxide scale forms on the FeCr20 alloy, which is thicker than the one formed during exposure without a deposit, and iron oxides are observed, which precipitate in the deposit. The propagation stage occurs by a dissolution and precipitation mechanism forming localized pitting attack. Iron is the main species that dissolves and precipitates, while chromium remains mainly as an oxide beneath the initial surface. The additional elements are found in the pit and in the salt deposit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The vestibular organs of reptiles, birds, and mammals possess Type I and Type II sensory hair cells, which have distinct morphologies, physiology, and innervation. Little is known about how vestibular hair cells adopt a Type I or Type II identity or acquire proper innervation. One distinguishing marker is the transcription factor Sox2, which is expressed in all developing hair cells but persists only in Type II hair cells in maturity. We examined Sox2 expression and formation of afferent nerve terminals in mouse utricles between postnatal days 0 (P0) and P17. Between P3 and P14, many hair cells lost Sox2 immunoreactivity and the density of calyceal afferent nerve terminals (specific to Type I hair cells) increased in all regions of the utricle. At early time points, many calyces enclosed Sox2‐labeled hair cells, while some Sox2‐negative hair cells within the striola had not yet developed a calyx. These observations indicate that calyx maturation is not temporally correlated with loss of Sox2 expression in Type I hair cells. To determine which type(s) of hair cells are formed postnatally, we fate‐mapped neonatal supporting cells by injecting Plp‐CreERT2:Rosa26tdTomato mice with tamoxifen at P2 and P3. At P9, tdTomato‐positive hair cells were immature and not classifiable by type. At P30, tdTomato‐positive hair cells increased 1.8‐fold compared to P9, and 91% of tdTomato‐labeled hair cells were Type II. Our findings show that most neonatally‐derived hair cells become Type II, and many Type I hair cells (formed before P2) downregulate Sox2 and acquire calyces between P0 and P14. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the phase evolution and the fluid accumulation history of Nanbaxian petroleum field, in this study, a series of anhydrous closed-system gold-tube thermal simulation experiments have been performed on a carbonaceous mudstone (type Ⅱ kerogen) from the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin in the Xiaomeigou Formation (J 1x). The hydrocarbon generation kinetics research was used to simulate the gas generation history of Yiliping depression, and the phase characteristics of the evolution were analysed by PVTsim. The influence of kerogen generated CO 2 on the fluid phase was discussed that CO 2 has a significant influence on the fluid phase at low maturity stage that the fluid phase could be a gas phase under geological condition. As a result, the fluid was migrated to Lower Ganchaigou Formation as gas phase, in the early stage of hydrocarbon accumulation. The fluid phase was gradually transformed into oil phase with the CO 2 loss and accumulated as primary reservoir. With the increase of the maturity, the effect of CO 2 on the fluid phase gradually decrease. During the Shizigou Formation depression, the tectonic action and the hydrocarbon generated from Yiliping depression led to the evaporation fractionation of the primary reservoir and the gas washing which cause the reconstructed of the primary reservoir in Lower Ganchaigou Formation and form of the secondary reservoir in Shizigou Formation. • Organic generated CO 2 has a significant influence on the phase behaviour and could promote the petroleum initial migration. • The fluid phase of type Ⅱ kerogen generated hydrocarbon at low maturity stage could be a gas phase under geological condition. • Gas generation and fluid phase evolution history of Yiliping depression was reconstructed. • Hydrocarbon pooling patterns of Nanbaxian Petroleum field was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A type II photoinitiator, containing furan structure, 2,6-bis(furan-2-ylmethylidene) cyclohexan-1-one (BFC) was synthesized via one step reaction between furan and cyclohexanone. This photoinitiator has large molar extinction coefficient and long wavelength absorption attributing to its large conjugation structure. Photopolymerization kinetics reveals that photoinitiator BFC at low concentration exhibits the high polymerization rate and conversion. UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectrum demonstrate that BFC has a big red shift in the polyethylene glycoldiacrylate (PEGDA) solution and the light absorption region could be extended to 500 nm because of exciplex formed by BFC and PEGDA. Moreover, PEGDA is the excellent hydrogen donor to photoinitiator BFC compared with traditional coinitator amine. This BFC/PEGDA photoinitiator system has an outstanding photobleaching performance, which has potential to be used in the light-color materials with visible light photopolymerization, such as 3D photopolymerization printing material with long wavelength LED lamp. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Simple synthesis: One pot reaction to prepare photoinitiator. • Low usage: Low content of photoinitiator can achieve high efficiency. • Application: Photobleaching for light color 3D printing with long wavelength LED light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Choledochal cysts can present with abdominal pain, jaundice and stones.MRI is the standard imaging tool and the type of biliary enteric anastomosis depends on the cyst type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Growth details of InGaAs/GaAsSb T2SL using MOCVD were described. • Type II transition was observed using photoluminescence measurements. • We have shown that the T2SL can be used as an absorption layer for eSWIR Photodetector. Abstract A type II superlattice InGaAs/GaAsSb based on InP for extended short wave infrared photodetector was grown using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition reactor. The layers were characterized using photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction and a functional photodetector was fabricated. TMIn, TMGa, TMSb and TBAs were used as metalorganic precursors and DEZn was the P dopant source. The growth was carried out at 600 °C and 400 Torr with V/III ratio of 49 and 2.9 during the InGaAs and the GaAsSb growth respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Crustins are well known cysteine-rich cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in crustaceans that have WFDC [WAP (whey acidic protein) four-disulfide core] domain at the carboxyl terminus. Proteins containing a WFDC domain have been discovered in many invertebrates and vertebrates. Although, there have been many WFDC domain containing nucleotide sequences found in NCBI GenBank database, their distinct sequential characteristics and their role in the innate immune system is not well understood. Here, we identified a new crustin isoform from Marsupenaeus japonicus by transcriptome analysis. The full-length cDNA of this isoform (MjCRS7) consists of 537 bp that include a 489 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 162 deduced amino acids (aa). The sequence contains the eight conserved cysteine residues characteristic of the WFDC domain. A phylogenetic analysis showed that MjCRS7 is a type II crustin. We also identified the full-length cDNA of a M. japonicus MjWFDC-like gene. MjWFDC-like has a 543 bp ORF encoding 180 aa. In an RT-PCR analysis, MjCRS7 and MjWFDC-like transcripts were mainly detected in gill tissue. An alignment of MjCRS7 and MjWFDC-like with previously reported M. japonicus crustin isoform 1–5 (MjCRS1–5) showed variation in the WFDC-like domain. Neither of the genes was responsive to Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Vibrio penaeicida or white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) either by immersion or injection challenge test. Although crustins are mainly antimicrobial peptides, the present results suggest that MjCRS7 may have other roles in M. japonicus. Highlights • Two new indistinguishable genes MjCRS7 and MjWFDC-like were discovered in kuruma shrimp M. japonicus. • MjCRS7 is gills specific type II crustin isoform that contain lower proportion of glycine-rich region (14.81%). • MjWFDC-like is an imitation of WFDC domain containing protein gene that showed variation of WFDC alike domain. • MjCRS7 and MjWFDC-like were not responsive in challenge test with either V. parahaemolyticus, V. penaeicida or WSSV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Odontoid process fractures, of which type II constitute the majority, are an increasingly important cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population. The incidence of geriatric type II fractures is steadily increasing in line with the aging population. However, the decision between surgical and non-surgical intervention for type II fractures in the elderly remains controversial.Purpose: The present study aims to synthesize the current published literature comparing outcomes following surgical and non-surgical interventions for type II odontoid fractures in the elderly population (≥65 years old).Study Design/setting: Systematic review and meta-analysis were performed.Methods: A systematic search of MEDLINE, MEDLINE In-Progress & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) was performed to identify available evidence in English language. Studies with extractable data for all type II odontoid fractures in participants aged 65 years or older and which compared surgical and non-surgical intervention were included. Methodological quality was assessed using the Downs & Black checklist. Primary outcomes were mortality at short-term follow-up (≤3 months), mortality at long-term follow-up (predetermined study endpoint or mean follow-up length), and radiological union rate. Funding was provided by The University of Edinburgh for travel expenses to present this paper at the Society of British Neurological Sciences 2016 Conference ($170).Results: Twelve studies (n=1,098), all non-randomized, met eligibility criteria. Methodological quality was particularly poor in the confounding, bias, and power domains of assessment. Substantial methodological and statistical heterogeneity allowed only a narrative synthesis of the primary outcomes. Overall, data on mortality at short-term follow-up appeared to favor neither surgical nor non-surgical intervention. A small favorable outcome in surgically managed patients over non-surgically managed patients in terms of mortality at long-term follow-up was not proven conclusive because of considerable heterogeneity in study methodologies. Inadequate reporting of the time point of union assessment introduced the potential for significant intra- and interstudy heterogeneity and precluded assessment of union rates.Conclusions: Evidence on this controversial topic is sparse, markedly heterogeneous, and of poor quality. Well-designed prospective trials adhering to guidance published by the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) initiative are required to inform clinical practice on this contentious but growing issue. Future randomized controlled trials should include an assessment of frailty and medical comorbidities with suitable patients subsequently randomized to surgical or non-surgical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The objective of the study was to describe the initial clinical and electroencephalographic findings in children with late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL). Method The clinical charts of 35 patients seen between 1990 and 2016 were reviewed. The patients were divided into two groups: Group 1 (G1) consisting of 12 patients with NCL type 2 (CLN2) disease confirmed by enzymatic activity in dried blood spots on filter paper and/or genetic studies, and Group 2 (G2) consisting of 23 patients with a diagnosis of LINCL based on pathology studies by muscle biopsy. Results Mean age at symptom onset was 3 years in G1 and 3.4 years in G2. Symptoms at onset were epilepsy in 58%, language delay in 34%, and gait disturbances in 8% of patients in G1 and epilepsy in 52.1%, language delay in 26%, gait disturbances in 17.4%, and loss of visual acuity in 4.5% in G2. The most common seizure types in G1 patients were myoclonic in 3/7, generalized tonic-clonic in 2/7, focal motor in 1/7, and febrile seizures in 1/7; in G2 patients they were myoclonic in 5/12, generalized tonic-clonic in 3/12, myoclonic-atonic in 2/12, and febrile seizures in 2/12. A photoparoxysmal response to intermittent photic stimulation (IPS) was found in the initial EEG in 9/12 patients in G1 (mean age 3.8 years) and in 10/13 patients in G2 (mean age 3.9 years). Conclusions There were no significant differences between both groups. Seizures, especially myoclonic, are the most common symptom at onset followed by language delay and gait disturbances. Low-frequency IPS is a useful study that may help facilitate the diagnosis of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of the relationship between solar radio bursts and CMEs are essential for understanding of the nature of type II bursts. In this study, we examine the type II solar radio burst recorded on 16 March 2016 by the Learmonth radio spectrograph and compare its characteristics with the kinematics of the associated CMEs observed by STEREO and SOHO spacecraft. The burst showed a well-defined band-split, which was used to estimate the magnetic field strength in the solar corona. The magnetic field decreases from ≈ 4 G at R ≈ 2.6 R ⊙ to 0.62 G at R ≈ 3.77 R ⊙ depending on the coronal electron density model employed. We found that two CMEs occurred successively in a 4-h interval. During this interval, a type II radio burst occurred, lasting for about 10 min. Tracking of the shock that produced type II burst and comparison with the CMEs heights as observed by STEREO and SOHO spacecraft help us to deduce the driver of the shock. According to the analysis, the type II burst occurrence was associated with the interaction of the shock driven by the second CME with a streamer located south of the first CME, since that the type II band-split significantly increased during the shock-streamer interaction. Our results show that the analysis of the type II burst band-split supplemented by the coronagraphic observations of the corona is an important tool for the understanding of the coronal eruptive processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion of boilers and heat exchangers is accelerated in the presence of vanadium, sodium, and sulfur from low-grade fuels. Several iron- and nickel-based alloys were immersed in 60 mol% V2O5-40Na2SO4 salt for 1000 h in order to investigate their degradation behavior at 600 °C in air. Materials performance was analyzed by means of substrate recession rate and metallographic characterization. Their corrosion mechanism is characterized by the formation of a sulfide/oxide layer adjacent to the metal, the dissolution of scale oxides in the molten deposit, and their precipitation near the outer surface of the deposit. High Ni- and Cr-containing alloys show the lowest metal loss rates. Al addition was detrimental due to low-melting eutectic AlVO4-V2O5 formation. Fe-Cr-based alloys showed the highest metal loss rates. In such alloys, high Cr additions (above 20%) did not improve the performance due to the negative synergetic effect by simultaneous dissolution of Fe2O3 and Cr2O3. The predominant salt composition at the corrosion front varied from vanadate rich to sulfate rich during the exposure. This change in the attacking salt makes it difficult to find a protective material for mixed sulfate-vanadate-induced corrosion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have examined type II band alignment in Ge 1-x-y Si x Sn y /Ge 1-α-β Si α S β heterojunctions grown on virtual substrates in Si platform. It is found that, for different values of x, y, α and β, direct band gap type II band line up can be achieved for both tensile and compressive strains. The calculated band gap energy corresponds to the mid infrared to far infrared regions in the electromagnetic spectrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type-II quantum dots (QDs) are emerging as a promising candidate for full color light sources owing to their advantages in achieving full color light by tuning the heterostructures. Despite the recent developments in type-II QDs, the choices of proper materials are limited for the composition of a high-quality QD and it still remains a big challenge to enhance the photoluminescence (PL) quantum yields (QYs) of type-II QDs for light-emitting diode (LED) applications. Here, we develop Cd x Zn 1−x S/ZnSe/ZnS type-II QDs with a maximum quantum yield as high as 88.5%. Time-resolved PL results show that the ZnS shell suppresses non-radiative pathways by passivating the surface of Cd x Zn 1−x S/ZnSe, thus leading to a high QY. Moreover, our results demonstrate that the outer ZnS also benefits the charge injection and radiative recombinations of the Cd x Zn 1−x S/ZnSe. The LED based on green Cd 0.2 Zn 0.8 S/ZnSe/ZnS QDs achieves a current efficiency (CE) of 9.17 cd A −1 , an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 8.78% and a low turn-on voltage of ∼2.3 V. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, the excellent outcomes of temporary fixation of C1-2 without fusion in the treatment of odontoid fracture had been reported. It is still unclear if this technique could achieve the equivalent outcomes as the golden standard technique of anterior screw fixation. The objective of this study is to compare the clinical outcome of two treatments of fresh type II odontoid fracture: anterior cannulated screws fixation (ACSF) versus posterior instrumentation of C1-2 without fusion (PIWF). Methods: This is a retrospective study. This series included 28 males and 8 females, and the mean age was 41.5 years (range, 22 to 70 years). Eleven patients were treated with ACSF, and 25 patients with PIWF. For PIWF, the implants were removed after fracture union was confirmed at 0.75~1.5 years later. All patients underwent preoperative and serial postoperative clinical examinations at approximately 3 months, 6 months, and annually thereafter. The neck disability index (NDI) was used to assess the neck discomfort caused by the operation. The range of rotary motion was evaluated at each visit. All fractures were reassessed postoperatively with serial X-films and CT scans of the cervical spine at each follow-up visit, to evaluate screw position, fracture alignment, and fusion status. Results: All patients achieved immediate spinal stabilization after surgery, and none experienced neurologic deterioration. The follow-up periods ranged from 24 to 60 months. The average range of neck rotation was dramatically lost in PIWF after fixation (46° and 89° respectively in ACSF and PIWF), and recovered to 83° after the implant was removed. The NDI in PIWF was statistically higher than that in ACSF (5 and 13% respectively in ACSF and PIWF) after the first operation and decreased to 8% 1 year after the secondary operation. The fusion rates were 90.9 and 96% respectively in ACSF and PIWF. Both groups had a case of fracture non-union. Conclusions: For fresh type II odontoid fractures, high rate of fracture union can be achieved by both ACSF and PIWF. For most fresh type II odontoid fractures, anterior screw fixation was the best option for its simplicity and preservation of normal atlanto-axial rotary function. Posterior instrumentation without fusion could preserve most of the atlanto-axial rotary function and lead to moderate neck discomfort and is also a good alternative if anterior screw fixation is contraindicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: The objective of this study was to carry out a detailed analysis and assess the outcomes for the Minerva cervical thoracic jacket (CTJ) in patients with type II odontoid fractures who could not be surgically treated. Materials and methods: Twenty-six patients for whom the Minerva CTJ was used rather than surgery for different reasons were included in the study. All patients were fitted with the Minerva CTJ within the first 24 h following diagnosis. The patients were followed 4 weeks after hospital discharge and then at 2-week intervals. Results were considered significant at P < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval was calculated. Results: Of the 26 patients, 17 were male and 9 were female. The mean age was 49.03 years old (range: 16-86 years old). Fusion occurred in 25 of the 26 patients (P = 0.004), and the mean time to fusion was 6.8 weeks (P = 0.002). The mean length of hospital stay was 4 days and the mean follow-up period was 7.3 weeks. None of the patients had any complications due to the Minerva CTJ and the mortality rate was 0%. Conclusions: The Minerva CTJ application was a safe and cheap technique in the management of type II odontoid fractures. It had a high fusion rate and no complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, we investigated the types and ratio of posterior clinoid process (PCP) pneumatization in paranasal sinus multidetector computed tomography (MDCT). Paranasal MDCT images of 541 subjects (227 males, 314 females), between 15 and 65 years old, were included into the study. Pneumatization of anterior clinoid process and pneumatization types (I, II, or III) were evaluated in the males and females. PCP pneumatization was detected in 20.7 % of the males and 11.5 % of the females. Right, left, and bilateral PCP pneumatizations were detected in 7.9, 5.7, and 7.0 % of the males and 2.9, 3.2, and 4.5 % of the females, respectively. PCP pneumatization of the males is significantly higher than the females. The most detected type of pneumatization was type I (61.2 %) for all groups. In right, left, and bilateral pneumatizations separately, type I pneumatization was the most detected pneumatization type with the ratio of the 70.4, 65.2, and 50.0 %, respectively. In males, type I (61.7 %), and similarly in females, type I (60.6 %) pneumatization were detected more. Type II and type III pneumatizations were detected in decreasing order in both groups. In younger subjects, pneumatization of posterior clinoid process was found as higher, and in older subjects, PCP pneumatization was found as lower. Sclerosis process related to the aging may be responsible for the lower pneumatization ratios in older subjects. Structure of the surrounding regions of PCP is important for surgical procedures related to cavernous sinus, basilar apex aneurysms, and mass lesions. Preoperative radiological examinations are useful for operative planning. Any anomalies to PCP can cause unnecessary injury to the neurovascular complex structure around the cavernous sinus or postclinoidectomy CSF fistulas. Posterior clinoidectomies should be avoided in patients with type III PCP pneumatization to prevent CSF fistulas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of novel pyridine and pyrimidine-containing derivatives were designed, synthesized and biologically evaluated for their c-Met inhibitory activities. In the biological evaluation, half of the target compounds exhibited moderate to potent c-Met inhibitory activities. Among which, it is noteworthy that compounds 13d not only showed most potent c-Met inhibitory potency but also displayed excellent anti-proliferative activity (IC 50 = 127 nM against EBC-1 cell line) as well as an acceptable kinase selectivity profile. Moreover, the western blot assay indicated that 13d inhibited c-Met phosphorylation in EBC-1 cells in a dose-dependent manner, with complete abolishment at 0.1 mM. All these experimental results suggested that 13d could be served as a promising lead compound for the development of anticancer agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SAPDI/Bi 4 O 7 composites (PB) were successfully prepared by modifying Bi 4 O 7 with self-assembled perylene diimide (SAPDI) and analyzed by some measurements. The results showed that the synergistic interaction between Bi 4 O 7 and SAPDI accelerated the transfer of photogenerated electrons. The photocatalytic degradation performance showed that Bi 4 O 7 modified by SAPDI could effectively degrade Rhodamine B (RhB), methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) dyes, especially RhB, and the degradation rate was 51.5 times higher than that of Bi 4 O 7. After four times recycling experiments, the degradation performance remains at 80%, revealing that the catalyst has good stability. Through captured experiments of active species, it is found that the main active substance is superoxide radicals (·O 2 −). Based on their electronic band structure, it is found that the photoinduced charge transfer mechanism belongs to type II. SAPDI/Bi 4 O 7 photocatalyst with excellent photocatalytic performance under visible light was prepared, and its photocatalytic degradation mechanism was proposed. [Display omitted] • SAPDI/Bi 4 O 7 photocatalyst was successfully prepared. • Synergistic interaction of Bi 4 O 7 and SAPDI can promote the transfer of photogenerated charge. • SAPDI/Bi 4 O 7 shows good photocatalytic activity and stability under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a glib method to produce g-C 3 N 4 -reinforced CdS-modified anatase TiO 2 is proposed. The CdS spheres broaden the visible region absorption spectrum of TiO 2 and improve the charge-transfer mechanism by reinforcing it with g-C 3 N 4. Thus, we aim to improve the photocatalytic efficiency using ternary photocatalyst. Powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy images are accomplished to characterize the components of a ternary composite. Ternary semiconductors possess a better photocatalytic activity in hydrogen production (233 μmol g−12 h−1) than other synthesized semiconductors. DSSCs are fabricated using the prepared electrodes as photoanodes and investigated using current density–voltage, the EQE, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The fabricated DSSC shows the highest overall conversion efficiency of 4.16%, open-circuit voltage of 0.75 V, and short-circuit current density of 10.17 mA/cm2. The heterojunction catalysts formed by semiconductors with matched bandgaps have enhanced photocatalytic ability and better solar cell performance. • The TiO 2 /CdS/g-C 3 N 4 ternary heterostructured material was synthesized. • Photocatalytic hydrogen production was studied. • The TiO 2 /CdS/g-C 3 N 4 ternary nanocomposite showed best DSSC performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TRK xDFG mutation-induced acquired resistance of 1st generation inhibitors larotrectinib and entrectinib remains an unmet clinical need. Here we report a series of 6-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)imidazo[1,2- b ]pyridazine-based derivatives as selective type II TRK inhibitors by hybridization. A representative compound 12d potently inhibited TRKA/B/C and TRKAG667C with IC 50 values of 3.3, 6.4, 4.3 and 9.4 nM, respectively. 12d potently suppressed proliferation of a panel of Ba/F3 cells stably transformed with wild type, xDFG as well as solvent-front (SF) mutant TRK fusion proteins. Compared with larotrectinib and selitrectinib, 12d displayed superior inhibitory activity towards Ba/F3 cells harboring CD74-TRKAG667C and ETV6-TRKCG696C with IC 50 values of 2.6 and 6.1 nM, respectively. Moreover, 12d also exhibited potent antiproliferation activity against Ba/F3-ETV6-TRKCG623R and Ba/F3-ETV6-TRKCG623E mutants with IC 50 values of 31.0 and 28.2 nM, respectively. This work provided a new potential type II TRK inhibitor-based lead compound for the treatment of TRK driven cancers. [Display omitted] • Develop the design strategy by switching type I to type II TRK inhibitors. • 12d exhibits signal-digit nanomolar inhibitory activity against TRKs and G667C mutant in both biochemical and cell assay. • 12d can overcome multiple drug resistant TRK-driven mutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]