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The history of trade goes back to primitive times, where barter was the norm. With the drawing of political borders, economic borders were also established, and states levied customs duties on commercial activities. The industrial revolution brought rapid changes to customs, causing destructive results in societies that were slow to industrialize. One of the main reasons for the economic disorder leading to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire was industrialization and the destruction of customs. Industrialized states wanted to abolish or reduce customs duties, which disrupted the economic systems of countries like the Ottoman Empire that were lagging behind in industrialization. The founders of the new Turkish state attempted to abolish destructive customs practices, but the customs duties inherited from the Ottoman Empire could not be changed for five years. This had a negative impact on the economy of the Republican period. The Republic of Turkey was able to make desired customs arrangements from 1928 onwards, but the global economic depression after this date negatively affected Turkish customs. The study focuses on the years 1908-1938. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, electricity is used in all fields of life, also it is considered as one of the basic needs that the state must reach it to burghers. Nevertheless, the dependent of electricity on oil in most of countries form a kind of challenge for poor countries because of the continuous rising of global oil prices. As a result of that, poor countries from now and then work on reappraised electricity consumption prices and they think seriously to free the prices gradually so as to not endure the budget any support but to let the burghers pay the whole cost. The continuous rising of electricity prices lead to raise the price of many goods this creates voices proclaim of abstaining of paying the electricity consumption cost and protest against it. This study came to reveal the verdict of rising of tariff of electricity done by the electricity company which owned by the state because of the rising of prices, and the means of verdicts such as abstaining of payment, manifestation, and peaceful staying in strike, and the study ended by some of recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weshalb mangelt es in der Schweiz zunehmend an Hausärztinnen und Hausärzten? 47% von ihnen sind im Jahr 2011 über 55 Jahre alt und ihre Pensionierung absehbar; die hohe Arbeitsbelastung, mangelnde Teilzeitstellen, inadäquate Tarifierungen wie etwa beim Praxislabor sowie negative politische Rahmenbedingungen -- Stichwort Praxisstopp zwischen 2002 und 2009 -- tragen weiter dazu bei, die Grundversorgung unattraktiv zu machen. Die FMH legt die aktuellen Zahlen und Fakten sowie deren Konsequenzen auf den Tisch und erläutert die wirtschaftlichen, tarifarischen und politischen Erfordernisse und Lösungsansätze. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]