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The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on smoking-cessation success prediction in adult individuals who smoke. The study, designed with a quantitative cross-sectional, included individuals aged 18 and above who smoke and volunteered to participate. The "Sociodemographic and COVID- 19 Information Form" and "Smoking Cessation Success Prediction Scale" were used as data collection tools. The data were collected through face-to-face interviews with the participation of 506 individuals. SPSS 26 Program and descriptive statistics were utilized in the analysis of the data. Participants who had experienced COVID-19, been hospitalized due to COVID-19, or lost a loved one due to COVID-19 and were vaccinated against COVID-19 were found to have higher smoking cessation success prediction scores. According to the study, 61.5% of the participants thought about giving up smoking as a result of COVID-19. Determining public health policies for this population, which may be at high risk for COVID-19 complications, and providing support for smoking-cessation could be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Sleep related factors may affect compliance of tobacco smokers to a cessation program. This study was designed to assess sleep quality among individuals who were at least 1 year smoking free versus individuals who failed to quit smoking. Material and Method: In total, 682 individuals who were on a smoking cessation program between March 2004 and February 2011 were examined for suitability and invited by phone call for this cross-sectional study. Of those, 106 patients (Male/Female, 67/39) agreed to participate and included to the final analysis. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, respiratory function test results, and carbon monoxide measurements were compared between quitters (n=42) and non-quitters (n=64). Results: Based on Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, the rate of good sleepers was 23.8% in quitters and 7.8% in non-quitters (p<0.01). This difference was independent of body weight change. In fact, weight gain more than 10% of the initial body weight was present in 52% of quitters versus 8% of non-quitters (p<0.01). Both study groups were comparable in terms of respiratory function tests. Conclusion: Subjective sleep quality was better in quitters when compared to the individuals who failed to quit smoking on a smoking cessation program. Improvement of sleep quality may be used as an additional motivation issue in subjects who are willing to stop smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether these applications are effective in quitting smoking by using one of the smartphone applications in addition to motivational interviewing in patients who applied for giving up smoking. Methods: A randomized controlled intervention study was between January and July 2020. Adults aged 18-65 years who smoke at least one cigarette a day were included in the study. In the prospective study, the patients were followed for 6 months and a total of ten interviews were made. A phone application was installed on the intervention group. Afterwards, the smoking status of the patients was evaluated by telephone or face-to-face. Results: Sixty-three smokers participated in the study. Fifty patients completed the study, 25 controls and 25 interventions. Long-term smoking cessation findings at the first, third and sixth months were evaluated for both groups. Of the patients, 64% in the intervention group and 32% of the patients in the control group quit smoking at the end of the first month. The success of quitting at the end of the first month was found to be statistically more significant in the intervention group than in the control group (p=0.024). Patients who did not continue smoking at the end of the sixth month were 44% in the intervention group and 24% in the control group, and there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Of the 50 patients, 16 had never smoked for six months. Conclusions: The smartphone mobile-application showed a positive effect in promoting the increase in the smoking quitting rate. The intervention was found to be effective in 30-day smoking cessation success. Despite higher smoking quitting rates at 3 and 6 months, the application was not effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since smoking during pregnancy affects both health of the mother and the baby, smoking cessation during pregnancy is an important health behavior and is one of the important issues of health psychology. The aim of this article is to review descriptive studies which handle smoking cessation during pregnancy within the framework of "health behavioral theories" and theory-based intervention studies conducted after 2000 about this topic. For this purpose, several databases were scanned with the "smoking cessation in pregnant women", "health behavior models", "theory-based interventions" keywords between February-March 2021. Approximately 70 related articles were accessed, but only 9 of them were evaluated within the scope of theory-based interventions. It was seen that achieved studies were handled within the scope of social cognitive theory, planned behavior theory and transtheoretical model, and self-efficacy as a trans-theoretical concept was the important predictor of intention to quit smoking among pregnant women. Although it is difficult to mention clear findings about the effectiveness of theory-based interventions on this topic, studies have pointed out that interventions based on stages of change can be supportive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and smoking plays an important role in the development of lung cancer. The study aims to determine the impact of a lung cancer diagnosis on the period of smoking habits. Also, we aimed to find out the factors affecting smoking cessation in patients after being diagnosed with lung cancer. Materials and Methods: Our study is a descriptive study with 410 patients diagnosed with lung cancer and who had a history of smoking in a training and research hospital in Izmir between April and December 2018. The sociodemographic characteristics of the patients, smoking history, smoking status after the diagnosis, the duration of smoking cessation after the diagnosis, the relationship between smoking and lung cancer disease were investigated. Results: The mean age of the participants was 60.41±14.85 and 62.7% of the patients were male. Quitting smoking rate was significantly increased and the number of cigarettes smoked daily was decreased after the diagnosis of lung cancer. The rate of quitting smoking after the diagnosis was higher in male patients compared to female patients and the smoking cessation rate was found to be higher in employees. The smoking cessation rate of those who do not use alcohol is significantly higher. The smoking cessation rate was higher in the first year after the diagnosis of lung cancer. Conclusions: This study showed that the majority of the patients had quit smoking after the diagnosis of lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Smoking is the most common cause of preventable death and disease. Our country is one of the European countries with a high smoking rate. With the effect of social awareness, education and social situations, applications to smoking cessation outpatient clinics are increasing. In this study, we aimed to discuss both smoking cessation in our outpatient clinic and the effect of a standard 12-week varenicline regimen for smoking cessation and a standard 10-week transdermal nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) regimen on cessation. Materials and Methods: 845 patients who applied to smoking cessation clinic between January 2015 andJanuary 2018 were started retrospectively. Results: The patients included in the study were compared according to their smoking cessation status. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age and gender (p=0.622, p=0.241). While the Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Score (FNBS) was 6.12±0.9 in the group who quit smoking, it was 8.45±1.1 in the group who did not quit smoking, and there was a statistically significant difference between the groups (p=0.04). 80.5% of the patients used varenicline, 19.5% of them used nicotine patch. The patients were compared according to the drug they took. There was no statistically significant difference between Varenicline and nicotine patch in smoking cessation (p=0.707). In addition, the two groups were compared in terms of age and gender. While there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of age (p<0.001), there was no significant difference in terms of gender (p=0.405). While FNBS was 6.95±0.9 in the varenicline group, it was 7.01±0,7 in the NRT group, and there was no significant difference between the two groups (p=0.506). Conclusions: It was observed that demographic characteristics such as age and gender did not affect smoking cessation, but low FNBS was effective in quitting smoking. In addition, it was determined that there was no difference between drugs in smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study is to examine the changes in characteristics of smoking habits during the pandemic period. Methods: This study was conducted on the patients who admitted to Düzce University Medical Faculty Smoking Cessation Outpatient Clinic between June 2020 and January 2021 and a control group with similar age, gender, and educational background characteristics. Results: The study group with 165 patients who quit smoking during the pandemic period and the control group with 163 patients were included in the study. It was detected that patients who quit smoking during the pandemic period had attempted to quit smoking significantly less compared to those who continue smoking (p <0.04). The fagerström cigarette addiction scale scores of the patients who quit smoking during the pandemic period were found to be significantly lower than the patients who continued to smoke (p <0.001). A significant difference was found between patients who quit smoking during the pandemic period and patients who continued to smoke, in terms of psychological resilience scale total score and all subgroups (p <0.001). Conclusions: The results of our study show that the rate of efforts to quit smoking increased during the pandemic period, because smokers were affected by the negative relationship between COVID-19 and smoking, and more cessation behavior. We suggest that every patient who admitted to health institutions should be questioned in terms of smoking behavior and the psychological resilience of the patients should be evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was conducted to examine the effect of acceptance and commitment-based counseling on smoking cessation and quality of life in Turkish society. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial with experimental design with 35 individuals including 17 in the intervention group and 18 in the control group. The data of the study were collected using the Personal Information Form, SF-36 Quality of life Questionnaire, and Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). 6 sessions of acceptance and commitment-based counseling was given to the intervention group including 1 session per week for 6 weeks. Results: The intervention and control groups had similar demographic characteristics. It was determined that there was a significant decrease in the mean number of cigarettes a day and FTND intervention follow-up measurement mean scores after the intervention and in the follow-up measurements in the intervention group and this decrease was significantly lower than the mean number of cigarettes per day by the participants in the control group. In the intragroup evaluation of SF-36 Quality of Life subscale scores of the intervention group, significant score increases were observed in all subscales other than physical role functioning, pain, and emotional role functioning. Conclusion: Acceptance and commitment-based counseling was found to be effective in smoking cessation and quality of life in Turkish society. This study provide useful evidence-based information for healthcare professionals in the nursing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Food and beverage preferences and exercise activities suppress the desire to smoke and extend the cessation period. The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of food consumption and physical activities on the success of a smoking cessation program. Methods: In our retrospective cohort study, demographics, smoking cessation therapy features, levels of addiction, treatment results, food preferred in case of desire to smoke during follow-up, and physical activities of 119 patients monitored within the scope of smoking cessation program in our site were recorded. The data of the groups with successful and unsuccessful smoking cessation were analyzed by comparison. Results: The successful group had more patients who quit smoking within the first one month in the treatment process and gained weight than the unsuccessful group (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Compared to the successful group, the unsuccessful group recorded a higher level of addiction and relapse (p=0.04, p=0.001, respectively). The use of varenicline and nicotine gum among pharmacological treatments did not differ between groups, nicotine patch was more frequently used higher in the unsuccessful group (p=0.046). The successful group also had more patients who consumed hedonic diet among the behavioral strategies in case of urge to smoke (p=0.04). Conclusion: The preference for hedonic foods in case of urge to smoke in patients who underwent smoking cessation treatment and implementing multiple strategies are associated with the success of the treatment, unlike exercise activity. This study may provide preliminary support for an eating strategy using a dietary plan and multi-strategy for the success of smoking cessation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: It is known that anxiety disorder, depression, and other psychiatric disorders are more common in patients with smoking and tobacco use. In our study, it was aimed to investigate whether there was any difference in the first-year follow-up between patients who applied to the smoking cessation clinic and those who were not consulted to psychiatry at the first evaluation. Materials and Methods: A total of 197 cases who applied to our smoking cessation policlinic in 2017 were included in the study. Among the patients who applied to the smoking cessation outpatient clinic, 96 patients who were consulted to psychiatry were evaluated as "group 1" and 101 patients who were not consulted to psychiatry as "group 2". Demographic data and smoking attitudes and habits of all cases, comorbid diseases, treatments they received, and smoking cessation in the first year were recorded. Results: When group 1 and group 2 were compared, there was no significant difference in the cases referred to psychiatry in terms of smoking cessation rates in the first year [Ngrup 1 quitters = 22 (22.90%), Ngrup 2 quitters = 23 (22.70%), p = 0.67]. In the subgroup analysis, in cases who quit smoking in the first year; It was observed that group 1 cases received behavioral treatment and NRT treatment at higher rates than group 2 cases (Ngrup 1 quitters = 33 (44.60%), Ngrup 2 quitters = 17 (21.80%); p = 0.002). It was determined that group 2 cases received behavioral treatment and varenicline treatment more than group 1 cases [Ngrup 1 quitters = 6 (8.10%), Ngrup 2 quitters = 33 (51.10%); p = 0.002]. Conclusion: It was found that the patients who were found to have a high need for psychological support who applied to the smoking cessation clinic were able to quit smoking at rates similar to those with low anxiety and depression scores with effective pharmacological and psychiatric support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To determine the attitudes of child and adolescent psychiatrists working in different institutions throughout Turkey towards smoking addiction and intervention steps. Material and Methods: An information form assessing physicians' 5As approach was established considering the studies included in the literature, and this form was applied to physicians working in the area of child psychiatry by way of e-mail and phone. Results: Although most physicians (52.5%) asked about smoking status, which is included in the first step in the 5As approach used in smoking cessation, it was observed that they implemented further steps of the 5As with gradually decreasing rates in our study. Only 15% of the physicians performed follow-up in smoking cessation treatment. Conclusion: Physicians who work with pediatric and adolescent patients in Turkey have low levels of awareness about smoking addiction and they do not feel competent. Considering that tobacco and related addictions are gradually increasing in children and adolescents, physicians must receive training in the area of smoking cessation methods and start practicing these methods. It was thought that organizing smoking cessation training for physicians would contribute positively to the treatment of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is one of the most important preventable risk factors for atherosclerotic diseases. This study aims to assess the smoking behaviour after acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and aims to delineate the factors affecting smoking status after discharge. Methods: The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence score, the sociodemographic status of patients, types of ACS and applied treatment methods were recorded. The Gensini scoring system was used to evaluate the extent and severity of coronary artery disease. Patients were reached via phone calls in the first, third and sixth month after discharge to assess their smoking status, their reasons for relapse and any recurrences of their diseases. Results: Forty-five percent of patients were treated for ST-elevated myocardial infarction, and 43.2% (n=48) had high or very high levels of dependence. Patients who had early symptoms had a higher rate of quitting smoking (p=0.009). Only 78.4% had thought of quitting smoking after discharge. Seventy-four (66.6%) patients underwent catheter-based interventions. The rates of relapse were 20.8% (n=15), 42.6% (n=32) and 53.9% (n=41) at the end of the first, third and sixth month after discharge, respectively. Gensini scores seemed to be higher among patients who had quit smoking (p<0.05). Patients who have received medical treatment had a higher rate of smoking than before the end of six months (p<0.05). Only 28.8% (n=32) of patients stated that they had received information about smoking cessation from their famil physician and 3.6% (n=4) of patients have applied to a smoking cessation unit. Conclusion: Smoking cessation rates of patients who have suffered an ACS were low and rates of cigarette consumption in the following periods tended to increase. Family physicians should take a more active role in this topic in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varenicline is an alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic receptor partial agonist with dopaminergic effects. It is an effective and widely used agent approved for smoking cessation. Depressive mood, sleep disorder, suicide, agitation, aggression, psychotic and manic symptoms have been reported during the use of varenicline. We report the case of a 48-year-old woman with a history of major depression who was admitted to the hospital with the diagnosis of mania with psychotic features at the end of the 12-week varenicline treatment. She was admitted to the psychiatry clinic for mystic grandiose and reference delusions, auditory and visual hallucinations, irritability, insomnia, and rapid speech. She was in antidepressant treatment with 100 mg/day sertraline for 2 years and was euthymic for the last 18 months. In her history, she never had symptoms of mania or hypomania or any psychiatric admission before. In the first mental status examination, the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score was 33. On the twenty-eighth day of the hospitalization, the patient was discharged with the treatment of olanzapine 20 mg/day and clonazepam 0.5 mg/day since her YMRS score improved to 14. In spite of the fact that the core components of varenicline associated mania stay subtle, the present case report features the significance of monitoring for potential adverse reactions with the use of varenicline in patients with a history of depression, particularly when utilized in combination with antidepressants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the intervention with the "Motivational Interview" on changing the smoking behavior of adolescents in the "Adolescent Outpatient Clinic". Material and Methods: Thirty-two adolescents smoking at least three cigarettes per/day for the last three months were included in the study. The adolescents were interviewed twice with a one-week interval and then with two weeks interval. The motivational interview was conducted to help them quit smoking each time they came to interview. The adolescents were called by telephone three months after the last interview and were questioned on their smoking behavior change (how many cigarettes smoke per day). Results: The mean age of the adolescents was 16.4 ± 1.0 (min: 12.0-max: 18.0) years and 47% (n = 15) of them were female. Among adolescents 28% (n = 9) had a chronic disease. According to the statements of the adolescents three months after the last interview, 6.2% (n = 2) of adolescents quit smoking, and 50% (n = 16) decreased the amount of cigartttes smoked. A statistically significant association was found between the rate of quitting or reducing smoking and the frequency of smoking cessation intervention visits (p = 0.016) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day at first admission (p = 0.047). No significant association was found between the smoking reduction rates and the age of adolescents, the age of first experimentation, and the duration of smoking. Smoking reduction rate was found to be higher in patients with a chronic disease, a non-smoker family, female gender and regular attendance to school; but the difference was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Conclusion: This study demonstrates that smoking intervention in the early period of smoking and the compliance to smoking cessation interventions may change the smoking behavior of adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between weight and body mass index (BMI) changes in smokers during 1 year. Between June 1, 2012 and June 1, 2013, 460 individuals who applied to Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Medicine Family Medicine Smoking Cessation Policlinic were interviewed by telephone, and a structured interview was conducted. Participants were asked about their current smoking status and weight. Exercise and diet suggestions were scored on a 5-point Likert-type scale to determine how well participants followed the suggestions. The data obtained were compared with anthropometric data from the patient's first visit to the outpatient clinic. Demographic data, social data, and smoking characteristics of the subjects (pack/year, Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test [FNDT] scores) were examined with weight changes as independent variables. Overall, 100 cases (21.7%) did not smoke after one year, and 145 recurrent cases (31.7%) did not smoke for a mean of 4.21±4.14 months. Women who quit smoking were more likely to comply with exercise recommendations than others (F=2.875, p=0.015). Women who quit smoking gained 3.77±2.6 kg and their BMI increased by 1.33±1.9 kg/m2. Men who quit smoking gained 5.03±3.2 kg in one year, and their BMI increased by 1.52±1.7 kg/m2. It was observed that men who quit smoking gained more weight than women did (F=2.102, p<0.001). Our subjects gained weight within a year after quitting smoking. Detailed studies are needed to investigate weight gain after smoking cessation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicotine addiction is a dangerous health problem that causes illness and death worldwide. In this study, we aimed to determine the factors affecting successful smoking cessation in patients who attended a smoking cessation clinic and received pharmacotherapy with cognitive behavioral intervention. Successful smoking cessation was defined as quitting smoking for six months. Data on sociodemographic and smoking characteristics were collected from 102 patients who attended the clinic between November 2017 and February 2018 and met the inclusion criteria, including moderate to high nicotine dependency. The rate of smoking cessation was found to be 65.7% at the three-month follow-up and 47.1% at the six-month follow-up. Those who quit smoking were more likely to be older than those who did not. Working in a smoking environment was found to have a negative effect on quitting. Quit rates were significantly associated with receiving pharmacological treatment for sufficient time and the number of control interviews (p<0.05). Relapse rates at the one-year follow-up found that 11.8% and 35.3% of the patients, respectively, did not return to smoking. There was no statistically significant difference in the six-month smoking cessation rate and one-year relapse rates between Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) and non-NRT treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we aimed to determine anxiety in people seeking treatment to stop smoking and investigate the relationships between anxiety with addiction levels and socio-demographic factors. The study was designed to be prospective, cross-sectional and two-centered. Smokers aged 18 and over, who visited smoking-cessation outpatient policlinics at the Family Medicine Department between 01/06/2015 and 30/07/2015, were included in the study. Socio-demographic data, health status and smoking history were recorded, while the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and State and Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI) were applied, for each patient. The average number of cigarettes smoked per day was 23±11.5. According to the FTND, 58.4% (n=125) of the participants scored medium for nicotine dependence, whereas 46.7% (n=100) were normal in terms of anxiety, according to the BAI test. No significant correlation was found between the FTND result and the BAI or STAI. This study revealed that nearly half of the participants visiting smoking-cessation outpatient policlinics had anxiety. Female gender, low levels of education, and being single were determined to be risk factors for anxiety among smokers, which is important when considering the benefit versus risk balance of smoking-cessation treatment. While evaluating people who applied for smoking-cessation therapy, anxiety parameters should be considered, as they can affect the progress and success of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population of this study, which was conducted with people who applied to a smoking cessation clinic, consisted of the individuals who applied to Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Mengücek Gazi Training and Research Hospital Smoking Cessation Clinic for smoking cessation. The sample of the study consisted of 126 individuals. In the study, an information form was used to obtain data from the sample. SPSS 23 packaged software was used to analyze the data, and nonparametric tests were preferred for data analysis. The number of factors that cause smoking cessation is more than twice the number of factors that cause smoking initiation. It was determined that health and economic reasons were effective among the reasons for smoking cessation, and being unable to cope with enthusiasm, curiosity, and stress were the most important reasons for smoking initiation. The desire of smokers to smoke is increasing, especially after meals, under stress, and while drinking tea or coffee. Even if individuals quit smoking, the success of smoking cessation decreases over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of psychological dependence on nicotine on smoking desire and nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed between April 2018 and August 2018 at the Chest Diseases Clinic Smoking Cessation Polyclinic. Sociodemographic data form, Assessment of Psychological Dependence of Smoking Test (APDST) and Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Test (FNBT) were administered to nicotine addicts who agreed to participate in the study. Carbon monoxide was measured in the expiratory air and the nicotine withdrawal symptoms during smoking cessation were questioned. On the day of admission, after three hours of nicotine withdrawal, the Smoking Urge Scale (SUS) was administered. Results: Of the 130 patients included in the study, 48 were female (37.69%) and 82 were male (63.07%). The mean age of all cases was 38.91 ± 11.30 years and the age distribution of the first experience of smoking was similar (p = 0.405). The two most common symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were excessive smoking desire with 66.15% and irritability & anger with 58.46%. A positive, moderate linear relationship was found between APDST and SUS (r = 0.545, p <0.001). There was a moderate correlation between excessive smoking desire, one of nicotine withdrawal symptoms and SUS (r = 0.466, p <0.001). Conclusion: Although damages due to smoking are known, quitting smoking is a very difficult process. With the use of APDST and SUS in smoking cessation clinics, patients with a high desire for smoking can be identified at an early stage, and additional pharmacological and behavioral treatment methods can be selected to increase the success of treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cigarette smoking is estimated to increase to eight million deaths due to smoking in the world by 2030 when it is estimated that the current trends continue. E-cigarettes are encouraged products as an alternative to help reduce or completely quit the use of conventional cigarettes; however, the extent to which it affects smoking cessation has not yet been clearly established. E-cigarettes mimic the conventional form of smoking because they are consumed by inhalation, although they do not contain tobacco and combustion processes. In the studies, E-cigarette users; it is reported that they prefer E-cigarettes because they help to quit conventional cigarettes, reduce the consumption and cost of conditional cigarettes, use it in places where smoking is prohibited and be less harmful than conditional cigarettes. In E-cigarettes, there are various amounts of chemical agents in liquids used to generate steam, and manufacturers do not have sufficient knowledge of the interaction and safety of these chemicals. It was determined that the vegetable glycerin and propylene glycerol in E-cigarettes were degraded at high temperatures. With the breathing of the user, the liquid composition in the E-cigarette vaporizes by heating. This heating phase can turn into toxic components in the inhalation of E-cigarette vapor by causing physical changes and chemical reactions. The role of E-cigarettes in smoking cessation due to its health effects and yet unknown aspects is one of the topics frequently discussed by experts. Due to the widespread use of E-cigarettes, the latest form of new generation tobacco use both in our country and in the world, it is necessary to increase awareness and knowledge of nurses on this issue and in addition to have sufficient information about the usage results of E-cigarettes in quitting conventional cigarettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Smoking remains to be the major preventable cause of early mortality and morbidity. The purpose o f this study is to evaluate the referrals to smoking cessation polyclinic in Muğla between the years o f2015-2016. Material and Method: The target population of the descriptive and retrospective study where surveillance data was analyzed was constituted by 1205 people who applied to Smoking Cessation Polyclinic in Muğla between the years o f 2015 and 2016. The data was analyzed through SPSS 20.0 program. Results: 70A% of the applicants were male, 29.6% were fem ale and the mean o f age were 39.93±12.09. The mean smoking time were 21.50±12.62 package per year. Statistically significant factors included application number (3 and above), varenicline treatment and occupational status (sensitive and attentive jobs). Conclusion: In conclusion, the first-line tobacco control takes an important place in the control in tobacco our country. For a successful tobacco control, Smoking Cessation Polyclinic and Comm unity and Family Health Centers must work coordinately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between nicotine addiction levels and some variables like; exhaled carbon monoxide level, the number of cigarettes smoked daily, the age to start smoking, years of smoking and some demographic characteristics in patients applied to our smoking cessation unit. Materials and Methods: The study included 415 cases admitted between January and April -2015. SPSS software version 15.0 was used for statistical analysis. Descriptive analyses and Chi-square test were performed. Pearson correlation analysis and Spearman correlation analysis were performed in parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. Results: Of the 243 male and 172 female cases, 214 were living in the same house with smokers. The mean ages of beginning to smoke were; 18.56±5.4 in female, 16±5.08 in male the difference being significant (p<0.001). The average number of cigarettes smoked per day was 25.39 ± 11.47 in males and 21.01 ± 8.95 in females, 24.74 ± 10.78 in employed smoker, and 22.17 ± 10.47 in unemployed ones, and the difference between these two groups was statistically significant with t-test (respectively p <0.001, p = 0.007). Mean Fagerström test for nicotine dependence level was 5.64±2.59 and mean exhaled carbon monoxide level was 7.82±5.16. There was no significant correlation between education levels (r=0.123p=0.07). There was a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked per day and Fagerström score (r=0.618, p=0.0001). There was a positive correlation between cigarettes smoked per day and exhaled carbon monoxide level (r=0.222, p=0.001). Also exhaled carbon monoxide level and Fagertröm score had a positive correlation (r=0.338, p=0.001). The FTND was found to be 6 and over in 54.73 % of male and 60.47% of female smokers, but this difference was not statistically significant by chisquare test. Conclusion: Identification of factors affecting nicotine dependence is important in tobacco control. Further research is needed to determine the effects of demographic features and smoking related variables and to find out the differences in our country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between cigarette addiction and socio-demographic characteristics and depression in patients who applied smoking cessation outpatient clinics. Method: This retrospective study included 2119 patients who applied to Smoking Cessation Outpatient Clinic from March 2015 to November 2016. The socio-demographic characteristics of patients who were tested out Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and Beck Depression Scale, were examined. The relationship between nicotine dependence and socio-demographic characteristics and depression of patients was examined. Results: 1468 (69.3%) of the patients were male and 651 (30.7%) were female. In our study, it was observed that gender, marital status, educational status, occupational status, family smoking status had no significant effect on FTND score. The nicotine addiction level in the "20" age group was significantly lower than the "41-50" and "51-60" age groups (p<0.005 for each). The nicotine addiction of alcohol users was found to be higher (p=0.011). As nicotine addiction increased, depression levels were significantly increased (p<0.001). Conclusion: Nicotine addiction was found to be related to alcohol and depression. In the struggle against nicotine addiction, patients should be evaluated with bio-psychosocial approach. In smoking cessation programs, especially young population should be targeted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The presence of psychiatric disorder is not obstacle for the treatment to quit smoking; however this treatment is not preferred among primary purposes in these patients. We aimed to investigate use of tobacco, whether asked their smoking habit by a psychiatrist, the request of patients who smoke to quit smoking, whether they can get help from the psychiatric outpatient clinic of knowledge about smoking cessation and "Addiction and Treatment of Smoking" training of the psychiatrists effects on query of smoking status. Methods: This study was conducted at Outpatient Clinic of the Beyhekim Department of Psychiatry at Konya Education and Research Hospital between June and July 2013. Five-item questionnaire was administered to all participants after the examination in the first phase.. The outpatient clinic doctors were not informed about the questionnaire during examination because of alteration their interrogation of smoking. In September 2013, "Addiction and Treatment of Smoking" training were given to the psychiatrists doctors working in this study. In the second phase of this study, same questionnaire was administrated to patients of these trained doctors.. Results: 51.1% of participants were smokers. In the first phase of the study, doctors from the 18.3% (n= 40) and 53.5% (n = 95) in the second phase had questioned smoking of patients. After training seminar the rate to question of doctors had significantly increased (p<0.001). %37.9 of participants (n=69) wanted to quit smoking. %46.9 of participants (n=186) knew that they can get help from the psychiatric outpatient clinic for smoking cessation. Conclusion: "Chance to get rid of smoking addiction" should be offered to patients in psychiatric outpatient clinics. Working to increase the knowledge of psychiatrics on this subject should be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking is one of the most common addictions with devastating biopsychosocial consequences. Both medical treatment and pschotherapy are utilized in smoking cessation. Acceptance and commitment therapy holds the notion that smoking cessation rates are determined not so much by the negative affect and withdrawal symptoms per se, but by the avoidant and inflexible responding style. Acceptance and commitment therapy, through targeting the avoidance of internal stimuli and concomitant inflexible responding pattern, has yielded successful results.This article presents application of acceptance and commitment therapy step by step to a chronic smoker who quitted smoking at the end of therapy sessions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It was aimed to evaluate of effect smoking cessation on the respiratory functions in this study. Methods: One hundred four patients who applied to smoking cessation clinic of Family Medicine Department in Selcuk University, and who didn't smoke for three months after treatment were included in the study. The patients were recorded to age, sex, marital status, work, CO parameters, The Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Point, Beck Depression Inventory Points, pulmonary function in the first examination time and three months after smoking cessation. SPSS 16.0 programe was used to statistical analyze. Results: The patient's mean age was 43.51±10.86 (min=20, max=64). Women were 14.4% (n=15), men were 85.6% (n=89) of the participants. Although FEV1 value in the first examination time of patients were 89.76±18.42, FEV1 value in three months were 92.70±17.61 and this value was significantly higher (p=0.002). Although PEF value in the first examination time of patients were 74.68±23.15, PEF value in three months were 87.63±22.36 and PEF value of three months was higher as statistically significantly (p=0.000). While FEF25-75 value in the first examination time of patients were 77.48±27.10, FEF25-75 value in three months 81.72±26.74 and FEF25-75 value of three months was significantly higher (p=0.013). Conclusion: In our study we determined positive improvement in the 3th months pulmonary function tests after quitting smoking. and this improvement supports patient's sustaining phase and patient's motivation in smoking cessation stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking is still the most important cause of preventable diseases and premature deaths. Thus, smoking cessation interventions should include pharmacological therapies and/or counseling either alone or in combination. To analyze the demographic data of patients who presented to the smoking cessation polyclinic and received pharmacological therapies and determine the success rate of given therapies, and the factors that affect smoking cessation rates retrospectively. This retrospective study included patients who presented to the smoking cessation polyclinic and received pharmacological therapy (varenicline, bupropion or nicotine replacement therapy). Demographic data of patients, exhaled carbonmonoxide levels, and Fagerström test for nicotine addiction results were derived. Patients were reached by telephone survey in February 2013, and asked for their current smoking status and duration of therapy at the end of therapy. Patients were grouped into quitters and non-quitters. Differences between groups were assessed, and success rates of pharmacological therapies were compared. The study included 240 women and 509 men. Fagerström test for nicotine addiction results and exhaled carbonmonoxide levels were statistically higher in the non-quitter group than the quitter group. We did not find any significant difference between the groups in variables such as profession, age, gender, marital status and education levels. Varenicline had the highest smoking cessation rates at the end of therapy, and the rates were significantly different from others. Smoking cessation rates for varenicline, bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy were 50.9%, 35.9%, and 35.2%, respectively (p<0,05). However, long-term success rates (3-12 months) were similar for all pharmacotherapies. Long-term success rates of pharmacological interventions used for smoking cessation were not significantly different among groups. To prevent relapses, patients should be monitorized closely and new interventions should be developed to keep patients' motivation high for long-term abstinence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine smoking habits, levels of nicotine dependence, thoughts about smoking and smoking cessation of workers. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted by volunteer 200 workers from cement and sugar factories in 2014 Çorum. The data was collected through a 40-item questionnaire form questioning smoking habits, thoughts about smoking and cessation of workers. To determine nicotine dependence Fagerstrom Nicotine Dependence Test was used. Results: Among workers, smoking prevalence was 38.0%, the mean age to start smoking was 18.82 ± 4.01 years. The rate of smoking during the 11 and over years was 88.2% and smoking 11 cigarettes in a day was 60.5%. In addition, the rate of smokers regret for smoking was 93.4% while the rate of want to quit smoking was 63.2%, attempts to quit smoking was 68.4. A significant proportion of smokers were concerned about the deterioration of their health. Despite the high awareness among smokers, thoughts preventing to quit smoking were found to be commonly. The 29.0% of the workers were low, 3.9% of were moderate and 67.1% of were high level of addicted to nicotine. Workers dependency levels varied significantly depending on the number of cigarettes consumed in a day (p=0.004). The proportion of workers took recommendations from health care personnel about smoking cessation was low. Almost none of the workers had never been trained in smoking cessation. Conclusion: In this study, the rate of smoking and nicotine dependence levels in factory workers were found to be high. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of treatment for quit-ting smoking and Maras powder use in patients aged 60 years or older, and to examine factors likely to be effective in stopping tobacco use. Materials and Method: Out of 178 patients aged 60 years or older, who presented to our outpatient clinic for quitting smoking and Maras powder use, 11 5 for whom there were no miss-ing data were enrolled in this study. Results: Out of 100 patients who presenting to quit smoking, 76 (76.0%) were male and 24 (24.0%) were female. Fifteen patients who presenting to quit Maras powder use were all male. The mean age of the participants was 62.98+4.30 years (min=60, max=81) and did not differ between the female and male participants (p=0.351 ). Forty-eight smokers (48.0%) gave up smok-ing during treatment, but 52 smokers (52.0%) were still smoking during treatment. Eight Maras powder users stopped using the powder after treatment, but seven Maras powder users contin-ued using Maras powder despite treatment. Conclusion: We found that a high proportion of patients aged 60 years or older stopped using tobacco after treatment. Determination to stop tobacco use, appropriate treatment and reg-ular follow-up play an important part in quitting tobacco use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the opinions of a group of high school students in Ankara on the pictorial warnings on cigarette packages. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 294 students studying ninth, tenth and eleventh classes of a high school in Ankara were included. The students were shown 14 different warnings, and asked to record whether they considered each to be 'not effective', 'could be effective' or 'highly effective' in encouraging people to quit smoking. RESULTS: In general, the pictorial warnings did not prove to be very effective. They were deemed 'not effective' by 33-81% of students, whereas only 2.4-37.4% marked the various warnings as 'highly effective'. The two pictures marked as least effective included "get help to stop smoking" and "your doctor or your pharmacist can help you stop smoking". The figures judged as highly effective included the picture on impotence (37.4%), "smoking when pregnant harms your baby" (2 6.2%) and "smoking causes fatal lung cancer" (24.8%). Male students considered the warning about impotence to be more effective than females, and conversely, female students considered the warning about pregnancy to be more effective than males. CONCLUSION: The deterrents on cigarette packages were judged by students to be generally ineffective, highlighting the need for their replacement with more effective warnings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The most effective approach for individuals who decide to stop tobacco smoking is behavioral training complemented with motivational support and pharmacological therapy. This study aims to compare the effects of varenicline, extended-release bupropion and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) on the success and the maintenance of a smoking cessation program. Methods: 300 consecutive patients from a smoking cessation clinic, whose nicotine dependence was confirmed, were evaluated in a randomized manner. 251 patients completed the study. In this study, we used the Fagerström nicotine dependence test, a semi-structured clinic interview and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD) for clinical follow-up. Carbonmonoxide (CO) levels of the patients were measured with a carboxymeter. Patients had used the determined randomised pharmacological treatment option for 12 weeks, Results: There were no significant differences between the therapy groups according to age, gender and education levels (p > 0.05). Smoking cessation rates were 57.1% in the bupropion group (n=77), 54.8% in the NRT group (n=73) and 72.3% in the varenicline group (n=101). Fagerstöm scores and the number of cigarettes consumed per day in the NRT group were significantly lower than those of the other therapy groups (p =0.002). There was a significant decrease compared with the initial measurements in the HAD-A 12-week scores in the bupropion and NRT groups (p=0.001 and p=0.003, respectively). Conclusions: According to our findings, 61.8% of all patients participating in this study continued the smoking cessation behavior during the 12 week follow-up period. It seems that varenicline is better than the other pharmacological therapy modalities for smoking cessation programs. The lower anxiety scores in the bupropion and NRT groups might have increased their success rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to study whether dyspnea or diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can affect smoking status, smoking cessation behavior and seventy of disease. Material and Method: In this cross-sectional study, 150 patients with COPD were included. We asked the patients the time they had a dyspnea and the time their disease diagnosed by physician. Reversible airway obstruction, and comorbid diseases that affect respiratory function and patients refused to participate excluded. Results: According to GOLD criteria, 61 patients (40.7%) were stage 2, 63 (42%) were stage 3 and 26 (17.3%) were stage 4. The mean (±SD) age was 61±9 years and 140 were men. The mean forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1) was 45±16% and smoking history was 48±21 pack/year. Thirty-five (23.3%) patients had stopped smoking before the onset of dyspnea. Twenty patients (13.3%) had stopped smoking between the onset of dyspnea and COPD diagnosis. Ninety-five (63.3%) of the patients continued to smoke despite they had dyspnea. Nineteen (12.7%) patients stopped smoking in the first month after COPD diagnosis (Early Quitters). Remaining 18 (12%) patients stopped smoking more than a month of COPD diagnosis (Late Quitters). The time between dyspnea and COPD diagnosis (DDtime) was 3.6±4 years. DDtime was negatively correlated with FEV1 % value (r=-0.161, p<0.05). Conclusion: As a result of our study, we detected negative correlation between DDtime and FEV1 (%). Diagnosis of COPD can affect smoking cessation behavior and this critical time should be supported with effective cessation programs in order to improve disease outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Quitting smoking is essential for good health, and the number of applicants to smoking cessation clinics is growing. This study explored the factors contributing to effective smoking cessation programmes and the impact of different treatment modalities for patients who are trying to quit. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Four hundred patients admitted to a smoking cessation clinic were included in this retrospective study. Treatment outcomes were evaluated at the end of the third month. Demographic characteristics, smoking behaviour and attitudes, Fagerström test results, and the use of medications were recorded. RESULTS: The overall smoking cessation rate of the cohort was 36.5%. The mean age of patients who successfully quit was slightly higher than those who continued (p<0.05), but other demographics were similar. The daily number of cigarettes smoked was greater in the group that did not quit (p<0.05). Patients received different treatment modalities including behavioural therapy (BT; 30.5%), BT plus nicotine replacement therapy (14.5%), BT plus bupropion (21%), and BT plus varenicline (34%). The success rate of each strategy was 18.9%, 36.2%, 39.3%, and 50.7%, respectively, and these differences were statistically significant (p<0.001 ). In addition, longer duration of treatment increased the likelihood of success. CONCLUSION: Smoking cessation is a difficult and time-consuming process. Smokers should receive a combination of behavioural and pharmacological therapies tailored to the individual. The longer that these strategies are in place, the greater the chance of success in smoking cessation programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: It was aimed to retrospectively evaluate the effects of clinical pharmacist-led smoking cessation program directed with nicotine replacement therapy including nicotine gum and nicotine tablet by determining the quitting rate of participants. Method: This study was conducted between June 2009- June 2010. At the first meeting, the demographic and clinical data were collected and 'the Fagerstrom Nicotine Addiction Test' was applied to each participants. The clinical pharmacist informed the participants about the harms of smoking and also advised the appropriate over the counter nicotine replacement products according to each participant's degree of dependence. Participants were monitored by the pharmacist at regular intervals, either face-to-face or by telephone throughout the 12-month study period. Results: The study was conducted on 33 subjects. The mean age of the participants were 41.57±11.90 (range: 24-66). According to the results of the Fagerstrom Nicotine Addiction Test, 15 of them were determined as low nicotine dependent, 9 of them were determined as medium dependent and 9 participants were determined as high dependent. Two patients were lost to follow-up and the study was completed with 31 patients. At the end of the study, it was determined that 64.5% of the 31 participants successfully quitted smoking by the pharmacist-led smoking cessation program at the community pharmacy. Conclusion: According to these data, it was seen that pharmacists who are the competent and easy to access health care provider should involve in smoking cessation programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Smoking is an important contributor to respiratory diseases and is the major etiological factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and adversely affects control of asthma. For this reason, smoking cessation is the one of the most important ways to improve the prognosis of patients with respiratory disease. Our aim was to determine the characteristics with the long-term smoking cessation rates of outpatients with COPD and asthma and compared the differences between the diseases. Material and Method: 42 smokers with COPD and 28 asthma patients were prospectively evaluated in 2007. All of the patients answered the Fagerstrom test with a regular questionnaire of general characteristics. Baseline spirometry and CO oximetry were performed. The 24 months follow-up results and demographic characteristics were reported. Results: COPD patients were older and the total amount of smoked cigarettes was higher with an evident airway obstruction. In the first year, the smoking cessation rate was less with high tobacco dependence relapses in outpatients with asthma (32% and 18%) compared with COPD (55% and 9%). Asthma patients were predominantly women and cessation rates were quite low with higher relapse rates in women compared with men. At the end of 2 years follow up, smoking cessation rates for COPD was 45%, whereas this was 18% for asthma, which was dramatically low. Conclusion: Results of this analysis confirm that smoking cessation is still a huge problem to be solved in respiratory diseases. Even if smoking is not an etiological factor in asthma, tobacco dependence is more severe and long-term cessation rates are very low with high relapses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the smoking cessation rates of outpatients with cardiopulmonary disease and the differences between non-cardiopulmonary diseases. Methods: Two hundred and two active smokers with comorbid diseases were prospectively evaluated between September 2004 and January 2008 in this observational study. All of the patients answered Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence with a regular questionnaire of general characteristics. Behavioral counseling therapies were administered to all of the subjects. Nicotine replacement therapy, bupropion or combination therapies were the pharmacological therapies after running the baseline spirometry and carbon monoxide oximetry tests. Subjects were classified as patients with cardiopulmonary disease (124) and non-cardiopulmonary diseases (78), based on medical history. Student t and Chisquare tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: The age of smoking was similar but total amount of smoked tobacco was higher (p<0.05) in the cardiopulmonary diseases group. In this group, the main smoking cessation reason was the existing disease (51%) (p<0.05). There was no other significant difference between two groups including treatment protocols. The smoking cessation rates were less (40%) with high relapses (12%) in cardiopulmonary diseases group (p<0.01 and p=0.01 respectively). In the subgroup analysis, treatment procedures were equivalent (p>0.05). Conclusion: Results of this analysis confirm that, tobacco dependence is still a severe but necessary condition for the patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. Additionally neither of the treatment protocols was superior to the others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smoking which is estimated to have caused around 4.2 million deaths in a year, is an important public health problem all around the world. The smoking cessation rates 80% at beginning and it's decrease to 15-29% at the end of first year with in smoking cessation clinic and tobacco control methods. In this study we aimed to determinate that the risk factors for relaps after smoking cessation at first admission to smoking cessation clinic. Material and Methods: We examine that the relationship between demographic properties and factors affecting restarted smoking (relaps) in 707 patients who admitted to smoking cessation clinic in Chest Diseases and Thoracic Surgery Hospital between 2004-2006. Results: 454 patients (64.2%) were quitted smoking, 253 patients (35.8%) couldn't quit smoking. 152 (%33.5) of 454 patients who were quitted smoking in this series, restarted smoking (relaps) again. There were relations between relaps and female sex, the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) score, subject who wanted to use nicotine replasman therapy (p< 0.05). There were no affect between relaps and age, initial age, regular smoking age, marital status, duration of smoking, number of daily cigarette, education level, any smoker in the family (p> 0.05). Conclusion: We suggest that to determinate that the risk factors for relaps after smoking cessation is more help full for to struggle with smoking at first admission to smoking cessation clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the impact of a diagnosis of bladder cancer on smoking behavior and to analyze the role of the physician in smoking cessation. Nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer patients completed a phone survey of their smoking habits. They were asked about smoking behavior before and after the diagnosis of cancer and whether they had been informed by their physician about the relation between smoking and bladder cancer . Two hundred-twelve patients responded to the survey. The mean age was 60.03±6.36 years. Ninety-three of the 135 current smokers (68.9%) were advised to quit smoking, whereas nine of 20 nonsmokers (45%) were not commented about the future risks of smoking. The results showed that 13% of the current smokers and 35% of the current nonsmokers were not warned about the relation of bladder cancer with smoking. Statistical significance was not seen in terms of sex, disease stage, and tumor grade at diagnosis. The relation between smoking and bladder cancer has been well established. However, some patients are not informed to quit smoking by their physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]