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Triglycerides are the main storage form of oil in plant seeds. Both fatty acids and triglycerides possess important functions in the process of plant growth and development. To improve the seed oil content and improve its fatty acid composition, this paper analyzed the research progress on the oil regulation and synthesis metabolism process of plant seeds and summarized the strategies for the improvement of plant seed oil: (a) To regulate carbon distribution by inhibiting the expression of genes encoding key enzymes, allocating carbon sources into the protein synthesis pathway, and enhancing the expression of key genes encoding key enzymes, leading carbon sources into the synthesis pathway of fatty acids; (b) To intervene in lipid synthesis by promoting the biosynthesis of fatty acids and improving the expression level of key genes encoding enzymes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly process; (c) To improve seed oil quality by altering the plant fatty acid composition and regulating the gene expression of fatty acid desaturase, as well as introducing an exogenous synthesis pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; (d) To regulate the expression of transcription factors for lipid synthesis metabolism to increase the seed oil content. In addition, this article reviews the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant fatty acids, the synthesis of triacylglycerol, and the regulation process. It also summarizes the regulatory roles of transcription factors such as WRI, LEC, and Dof on the key enzymes during the synthesis process. This review holds significant implications for research on the genetic engineering applications in plant seed lipid metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 (DGAT1) is the major enzyme that synthesizes triacylglycerols (TAG) during Arabidopsis seed development. Mutant dgat1 seeds possess low oil content in addition to a high polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition. Two genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum localized desaturase enzymes, fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2) and fatty acid desaturase3 (FAD3), were upregulated in both dgat1‐1 and dgat1‐2 developing seeds. Crosses between both dgat1 mutant alleles and fad2‐1 failed to generate plants homozygous for both dgat1 and fad2. Reciprocal crosses with wild‐type plants demonstrated that both male and female dgat1 fad2 gametophytes were viable. Siliques from DGAT1/dgat1‐1 fad2‐1/fad2‐1 and dgat1‐1/dgat1‐1 FAD2/fad2‐1 possessed abnormal looking seeds that were arrested in the torpedo growth stage. Approximately 25% of the seeds exhibited this arrested phenotype, genetically consistent with them possessing the double homozygous dgat1 fad2 genotype. In contrast, double homozygous dgat1‐1 fad3‐2 mutant plants were viable. Seeds from these plants possessed higher levels of 18:2 while their fatty acid content was lower than dgat1 mutant controls. The results are consistent with a model where in the absence of DGAT1 activity, desaturation of fatty acids by FAD2 becomes essential to provide PUFA substrates for phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT) to synthesize TAG. In a dgat1 fad2 mutant, seed development is aborted because TAG is unable to be synthesized by either DGAT1 or PDAT. Significance Statement: Arabidopsis diacylglycerol acyltransferase1 mutants, defective in their ability to synthesize triacylglycerols (TAG), upregulate fatty acid desaturase2 (FAD2) during seed development, resulting in seed oil with increased polyunsaturated fatty acid content. Double dgat1 fad2 mutants are synthetically lethal due to embryo arrest at the torpedo stage, consistent with a model where enhanced fatty acid desaturation is required to provide substrate for an alternative TAG biosynthetic enzyme, phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current study, the biodiesel form non-edible seed oil of Calotropis procera has been synthesized. Biodiesel is a renewable and cost effective alternate of fossil fuel commonly used. For transesterification of oil we have used Copper oxide nanoparticles as catalyst. CuO nanoparticles were created using the latex of Calotropis procera. The vernacular name of this plant is giant milkweed. This a shrub that grow in the spring season every year, having spiritual as well as medical uses, cannot be eaten. The CuO nanoparticle production was successfully verified by UV-visible spectroscopy, with noticeable peak obtained on 271 nm. Synthesised CuO nanoparticles showed a variety of functional groups, including O-H stretching vibrations, -NH2 bending vibrations, and Cu-O stretching vibrations, according to FTIR analyses. CuO nanoparticles were shown to be spherical in form by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) pictures, with average diameters of 46.87 nm, 35.41 nm, and 25.46 nm corresponding to Cu(a), Cu(b), and Cu(c) samples. TEM supported dispersion of CuO nanoparticles. The study also examined the spectral analysis using FTIR of Calotropis procera seed's oil and found discrete absorption bands that corresponded to various oil constituents, such as alcoholic groups, methylene groups, alkene groups, and aromatic groups. For ascertaining the quality of Calotropis procera oil, synthesized biodiesel and different fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) present, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used. Outcomes demonstrate that biodiesel generated using CuO nanoparticles as a catalyst complied with numerous ASTM and other international criteria for fuel characteristics. The study also analysed the catalyst's potential for reuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hibiscus cannabinus (kenaf) is an annual fiber crop grown in warm seasons and known for its remarkable productivity; it has been cultivated worldwide for thousands of years as a fiber source. While every part of the plant can be utilized for some purpose, its primary significance lies in the diverse applications of its cellulosic fiber. Kenaf features a blend of long bast and short core fibers, rendering it suitable for various industrial uses. Initially utilized for cordage and livestock feed, kenaf's applications have expanded over the last century to encompass its utilization as paper pulp, biocomposites, textiles, biomass energy, seed oil, filtration aids, industrial absorbents, and even as a component of potting medium or as a potential source of medicine. Although traditionally a niche crop, the discovery of its diverse applications positions kenaf for rapid expansion in production in the upcoming decades. This article aims to explore the manifold applications of kenaf, highlighting those with the greatest future potential and discussing those that hold promise for commercial-level application with additional research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products have attracted great interest in the development of tissue engineering. Recent studies have demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids found in natural plant seed oil may exhibit positive osteogenic effects; however, few in vivo studies have focused on the use of plant seed oil for bone regeneration. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of seed oil found in Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) on the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and bone growth in artificial bone defects in vivo. In this study, Wharton-jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) were co-cultured with S. mukorossi seed oil. Cellular osteogenic capacity was assessed using Alizarin Red S staining. Real-time PCR was carried out to evaluate ALP and OCN gene expression. The potential of S. mukorossi seed oil to enhance bone growth was assessed using an animal model. Four 6 mm circular defects were prepared at the parietal bone of New Zealand white rabbits. The defects were filled with hydrogel and hydrogel-S. mukorossi seed oil, respectively. Quantitative analysis of micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological images was conducted to compare differences in osteogenesis between oil-treated and untreated samples. Although our results showed no significant differences in viability between WJMSCs treated with and without S. mukorossi seed oil, under osteogenic conditions, S. mukorossi seed oil facilitated an increase in mineralized nodule secretion and upregulated the expression of ALP and OCN genes in the cells (p < 0.05). In the animal study, both micro-CT and histological evaluations revealed that new bone formation in artificial bone defects treated with S. mukorossi seed oil were nearly doubled compared to control defects (p < 0.05) after 4 weeks of healing. Based on these findings, it is reasonable to suggest that S. mukorossi seed oil holds promise as a potential candidate for enhancing bone healing efficiency in bone tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruit processing industry generates large quantities of by-products well known to be rich in bioactive compounds with numerous nutritional properties and beneficial effects for human health. We developed a strategy to valorise raspberry seeds and obtain valuable ingredients with potential application in cosmetic skincare formulas. Cold press extraction technology was applied to extract oil, and the remaining defatted raspberry seed cake was treated with three proline based deep eutectic solvents (DES) to extract polyphenols. The most potent was proline/citric acid extract, with free and total ellagic acid content (52.4 mg/L and 86.4 mg/L), total phenolic content (TPC, 550.1 mg GAE/L) and radical scavenging activity (RSA, 4742.7 mmol TE/L). After the direct mixing of the extract and after encapsulation with starch as a carrier, the skincare emulsion and microemulsion were characterised by irritation potential (Zein test), transepidermal water loss (TEWL), red blood cell (RBC), and DPPH antioxidant test. The resulting preparations were of improved quality in comparison to the control hand cream, with a low skin irritation effect, lower TEWL, and higher antioxidant potential. This work complies with circular economy principles and green technology standards, and represents the efficient model on how to reuse natural resources through waste minimization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative analysis of biodiesel from kernel oils of Jatropha curcas and Azadiracta IndicaIndica (Neem) was carried out The seeds of the two plants were collected in August-October 2009 for the study. Biodiesel has attracted immense attention in recent times due to its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources such as vegetable oil of plant origin. The crude oil contents of the two plant seeds, as well as the physicochemical properties of biodiesels extracted from them, were evaluated. results showed that Jatropha curcas seeds contain 52.70±2.91% (dry w/w) and Azadirachta indica seeds, 32.50±2.60% (dry w/w). crude oil respectively. The physicochemical properties of the biodiesel produced from these oils showed that Jatropha biodiesel has low FFA (0.21±0.02%), acid value (0.41±0.02%), specific gravity (0.8867±0.01 g/cm3), viscosity (3.73±0.21mm2/s), saponification value (45.85±0.29 mg/g), iodine value (53.33±4.62 mg/g) and peroxide value (0.32±0.04 meq/l) while Neem biodiesel has FFA (0.28±0.03 %), acid value (0.56±0.05 %), specific gravity (0.8831±0.04 g/cm3), viscosity (4.40±0.20 mm2/s), saponification value (53.54±2.95 mg/g), iodine value (47.18±1.17 mg/g) and peroxide value (0.43±0.07 meq/l). When both biodiesels were compared with ASTM and EN standard values, Jatropha biodiesel proved to be of superior quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia miltiorrhiza seeds (SMS) are the main by-product of the production processing of Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae. The main purposes of this work are to analyse the nutritional components in SMS, to explore the antioxidant activity of the chemical components in SMS and to evaluate the possibility of SMS as a raw material for functional foods. The contents of crude fibre, total protein, carbohydrates, total phenolics and flavonoids in SMS and the composition and relative content of fatty acids in SMS oil were determined. The results suggested that SMS has high contents of crude fibre (28.68 ± 4.66 g/100 g), total protein (26.65 ± 2.51 g/100 g), total phenolics (6.45 ± 0.55 mg of gallic acid equivalent/g) and total flavonoids (3.28 ± 0.34 mg of rutin equivalent/g), as well as a high level of α-linolenic acid (33.774 ± 4.68%) in their oil. Twenty-two secondary metabolites were identified in SMS residue, and nine compounds were isolated. The IC50 values of the total phenolic content in SMS on an ABTS radical, DPPH radical, superoxide radical and hydroxyl radical were 30.94 ± 3.68 μg/mL, 34.93 ± 4.12 μg/mL, 150.87 ± 17.64 μg/mL and 230.19 ± 24.47 μg/mL, respectively. The results indicate that SMS contain many nutrients and have high utilization value as a promising functional food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

22 peony cultivars were used as test material to investigate their traits such as kernel yield, seed oil yield, as well as the functional components in seed oil, seed cake and seed coat. The result showed the peony seed oil was extracted by supercritical fluid extraction instrument. Oil yield of the tested cultivars was 26. 62%-15. 96%, the average was 22. 12%. The analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that fatty acids in peony seed oil were mainly oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, stearic acid and palmitic acid. The total unsaturated fatty acids in the seed oil were more than 85%, with high nutritional value and health functions, which had the potential for exploitation. The content of total flavonoids, paeoniflorin and crude protein in the by-products of peony seed oil extraction were 7. 78 mg / g, 24. 85 mg / g and 16. 92%, respectively. The content of total flavonoids and resveratrol in the seed coat was 107. 30 and 3. 11 mg / g, respectively. In summary, seed cake and seed coat could be developed and utilized both as raw materials for functional nutritional health products, as well as used as new high nutrient feed, indicating that peony had high comprehensive utilization potential and could provide important reference for the development of related industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have revealed that Acer truncatum seed oil has a high nutritional value. However, the constituents of seed oil may vary depending on the extraction and separation techniques employed. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of three extraction methods on A. truncatum seed oil. After comparing the extraction rate, acid value (AV), moisture content (MC), fatty acid composition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characteristic, and antioxidation activities of three A. truncatum seed oil samples extracted by refluxed with petroleum ether (S1), petroleum ether extraction combining ultrasonic power (S2) and solvent lixiviation at room temperature (S3). The results showed that S3 had a higher extraction rate than the others, but lower unsaturated fatty acid content and DPPH scavenging rate. The DPPH scavenging rate and nervonic acid (NA) concentration of S2 sample were higher than the others, but with larger MC and lower extraction rate. As for S1, the unsaturated fatty acid content was higher than the others; but the extraction rate was lower, and the acid value was higher. Therefore, the results demonstrated that extraction methods should be selected according to the actual application target, as different methods presented different advantages and disadvantages. However, further studies on some other properties (such as antioxidant activity) of the extracted A. truncatum seed oil are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Orychophragmus violaceus is a potentially important industrial oilseed crop due to the two 24-carbon dihydroxy fatty acids (diOH-FA) that was newly identified from its seed oil via a 'discontinuous elongation' process. Although many research efforts have focused on the diOH-FA biosynthesis mechanism and identified the potential co-expressed diacylglycerol acyltranferase (DGAT) gene associated with triacylglycerol (TAG)-polyestolides biosynthesis, the dynamics of metabolic changes during seed development of O. violaceus as well as its associated regulatory network changes are poorly understood. Results: In this study, by combining metabolome and transcriptome analysis, we identified that 1,003 metabolites and 22,479 genes were active across four stages of seed development, which were further divided into three main clusters based on the patterns of metabolite accumulation and/or gene expression. Among which, cluster2 was mostly related to diOH-FA biosynthesis pathway. We thus further constructed transcription factor (TF)-structural genes regulatory map for the genes associated with the flavonoids, fatty acids and diOH-FA biosynthesis pathway in this cluster. In particular, several TF families such as bHLH, B3, HD-ZIP, MYB were found to potentially regulate the metabolism associated with the diOH-FA pathway. Among which, multiple candidate TFs with promising potential for increasing the diOH-FA content were identified, and we further traced the evolutionary history of these key genes among species of Brassicaceae. Conclusion: Taken together, our study provides new insight into the gene resources and potential relevant regulatory mechanisms of diOH-FA biosynthesis uniquely in seeds of O. violaceus, which will help to promote the downstream breeding efforts of this potential oilseed crop and advance the bio-lubricant industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of alternative raw material sources in polyurethane chemistry is necessary given the limited supply of fossil fuels, their rising prices and the concern for sustainability. The production of biopolyols from edible vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil, soybean oil or sunflower oil is often proposed. In order to avoid conflict with the global food economy, non-edible or waste oils are hoped to find application in chemical synthesis. The possibility of using oils from selected fruit seeds to obtain biopolyols is analyzed in this manuscript. Five biopolyols were obtained from watermelon, cherry, black currant, grape and pomegranate fruit seeds using the transesterification reaction of the oils with triethanolamine. Thermal insulating polyurethane foams were then obtained by replacing 75% of petrochemical polyol with the biopolyols in polyurethane systems. Based on an analysis of the foaming process, it was found that the incorporation of triethanolamine molecules into the biopolyols causes a catalytic effect. The use of such biopolyols allows eliminating the catalyst from a polyurethane foam formulation. The polyurethane biofoams obtained with the pomegranate-seed-based biopolyol were characterized by the highest content of closed cells (45 vol.%). The lowest content was found for the foams containing the currant-seed-based biopolyol (9%). The foams were characterized by thermal conductivity coefficients between 32 and 35 kW/m·K and densities of approximately 40 kg/m3. Good dimensional stability and compressive strength between 100 and 250 kPa make them suitable for use in construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Moringa oleifera seeds are a rich source of oil. • The use of ultrasound allows for faster mass and energy transfer; faster responses and increased production, among other benefits. • The physicochemical and biological properties of dehulled MO seed oil are almost similar to those of whole MO seed oil. This study aims to improve the extraction of oil from shelled and unshelled Moringa oleifera seeds using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). The extraction parameters optimized to obtain the highest yields are the ratio of 61.5 and 58.7 ml/g petroleum ether, extraction time 20–10 min, temperature 30°C - 25 °C for shelled and unshelled seeds, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the oil yield was in the range of 43.4 % and 36.6 %, respectively, which is in line with the prediction range of the BBD's prediction range of 42.9 %, 35.2 %. The optimized oil was analyzed to determine its properties. This study shows that the physical-chemical parameters such as acidity 1mgKOH/g - 1.75 mgKOH/g, and peroxide value 1.45 meqO2/Kg - 1.15 meqO2/Kg for, refractive index 1.46, Specific extinctions coefficients (K232) were 0.177 and 0.222, (k270) were 0.165 and 0.222, each of the shelled and unshelled seed oils, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of low-quality irrigation water on plant development has garnered significant attention from researchers. In light of this, two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance, yield, oil production and composition, as well as active constituents of Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill) cultivated in calcareous soil under saline water irrigation. Foliar sprays containing condensed molasses soluble (CMS), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) alone or in combination were used for irrigation. The data obtained from measuring various parameters of Rocket following foliar spraying with CMS, Zn, B or their combinations demonstrated that most treatments resulted in a significant increase in these parameters. The highest values for most measurements were observed when foliar application included all three components (CMS + Zn + B), resulting in a seed yield of 184.6 g/m² and an oil content of 675.3 kg/ha. Compared to the control group, the macronutrient content of N, P, K, Mg, and Ca increased by 34.4%, 56%, 42%, 45%, and 39% respectively in the seeds treated with these components. Furthermore, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolics flavonoids, and antioxidants showed increases of 24%, 34%, 21%, 43%, and 28% respectively compared to the control group. Gas-liquid chromatography analysis identified ten components present in the seed oil characterized by higher unsaturated fatty acids ranging from 81.28% to 92.28% and lower saturated fatty acids ranging from 6.72% to 8.21%. Therefore, foliar spray application including CMS, zinc, and boron can help alleviate salinity effects on Rocket plants grown under saline water irrigation conditions while improving growth, yield, oil production, and nutritional content such as total carbohydrates, proteins, and macronutrients levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants with valuable health properties, rich in a spectrum of compounds with various biological activities, have long been a focus of interest of researchers and the food industry. Undoubtedly, it is a great challenge for science to compose an innovative product with functional food status, managing to combine as many advantages of a particular plant preparation as possible to obtain a product that satisfies the requirements of a specific group of consumers. This article provides a brief overview of current information on the status of sea buckthorn plant (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) as a food ingredient, as well as its interesting biological activity. Sea buckthorn is a very valuable plant in terms of its content of various substances of high nutritional value, which recently makes the plant an area of growing scientific and industrial interest. This is due to its broad biological properties, extremely rich phytochemical composition and extensive pharmacological activity, especially antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The above-mentioned advantages of sea buckthorn and its preparations make it a good candidate for a food ingredient that can be used in functional food products produced with the support of modern food industry technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Grapes, which have gained prominence in recent years due to their positive contributions to human health, are considered a functional food due to the oil content in their seeds. Although the oil content and fatty acid composition of commonly grown grape varieties have been the subject of many studies, these characteristics of local varieties haven't been sufficiently examined. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to determine the usability of grape varieties grown in Southeastern Anatolia (Turkey) in grape seed oil production and identify potential parent candidates that could be used in the breeding of grape varieties with high-quality seed oil. METHODS: The effects of genotypes, berry skin color, ripening time, and the climatic characteristics of the cultivation season on the oil content and fatty acid composition of seeds from 16 different grape (Vitis vinifera L.) varieties were investigated. Grape seed oils were extracted by soxhlet device and major, minor, and essential fatty acid compositions were determined by gas chromatography. RESULTS: According to the findings, the oil content of the grape seeds varied only depending on the genotype and ranged from 9.78% to 18.50% w/w. Moreover, 13–15 fatty acids were detected in the grape seed oils, with linoleic acid (56.13% –69.36%) and oleic acid (15.99% –30.97%) being the most common in all varieties. Only palmitic acid and stearic acid showed variation depending on the skin color; the other fatty acids weren't affected. Cultivation season didn't affect the fatty acid composition, but the major and minor fatty acid composition varied depending on ripening time. CONCLUSIONS: In cases where it isn't possible to separate the seeds of grape varieties on a variety basis, classifying them according to the ripening time of the berries may be helpful in predicting the amounts of major, minor fatty acids and partially essential fatty acids in the seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation was carried out to understand the gene action for seed oil, seed protein, seed gossypol, seed cotton yield and fiber density through intra-hirsutum crosses. Combining ability and gene action were studied in eighteen hybrids involving six elite varieties as lines (females) and three fuzzless G. hirsutum accessions as testers (males) in Line x Tester analysis. This study revealed the preponderance of non-additive gene action on all the traits studied including seed cotton yield. The elite general combiners identified were CO14 for seed oil and seed protein and CO17 and AKH98-81 for fiber per seed and fiber density. The best specific combiner was SVPR4 x AKH98-81 for seed oil, fiber density and seed cotton yield. A correlation study revealed a strong positive association of seed oil content, lint index, micronaire value, fiber per seed and seed fiber density traits with seed cotton yield. This study indicated the possibility of developing high-yielding hybrids with high seed oil, seed protein content and better fiber quality traits through heterosis breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the proximate composition, mineral content, fatty acid profile, phytosterol, and tocopherol composition of seven Apiaceae seeds (Coriandrum sativum, Petroselinum crispum, Carum carvi, Pimpinellla anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminum , and Ammodaucus leucotrichus), grown in four different regions of Morocco. The proximate composition (moisture, ash, oil, and protein contents), energy value, and mineral profile were determined from the seed powder. While fatty acid, phytosterol, and tocopherol composition were determined from the soxhlet extracted oils. The results obtained during this study showed significant difference between the seven analyzed seeds. Moisture content varied between (6.76±0.03 and 8.68±0.08 g/100g), ash content ranged between (5.17 ± 0.05 g/100g and 6.64 ± 0.02 g/100g), oil content varied between (10.63 ± 0.53 and 14.38 ± 0.37 g/100g), protein content ranged between (7.68 ± 0.18 and 13.65 ± 0.12), carbohydrate content varied from (57.35 ± 0.52 to 67.21 ± 0.92 g/100g), and energy value varied from (385.37 ± 1.66 to 408.14 ± 1.94 kcal/100g). The major macroelement detected in all samples was S (1199.71 ± 0.42 to 2232.77 ± 7.72 mg/kg) followed by K (118.773 ± 0.7 to 199.812 ± 0.002 mg/kg), Ca (69.14 ± 0.18 to 121.23 ± 0.63 mg/kg), and P (21.96 ± 0.01 to 52.46 ± 0.08 mg/kg), while Fe (0.82 ± 0.01 to 7.36 ± 0.03 mg/kg) was the main microelement detected. Total phenol content ranged from 10.51 ± 0.64 mg GAE/g DM to 28.51 ± 1.81 mg GAE/g DM. Among the tested seeds, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminum, Coriandrum sativum , and Carum carvi exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Eleven fatty acids were detected in our samples with a dominance of petroselinic acid (53.15 ± 0.05 to 80.65 ± 0.05 g/100g), and linoleic acid (7.7 ± 0.1 to 31.25 ± 0.05 g/100g). Total tocopherol contents ranged from (102.81 ± 0.79 to 359.07 ± 0.13 mg/100g) with dominance of γ-tocopherol, ⍺-tocotrienol, and β-tocopherol. Total sterol content varied between (2556.24 ± 9.34 to 9339.33 ± 1.48 mg/kg). The major compound was β-sitosterol (997.55 ± 4.2 to 4362.15 ± 7.28 mg/kg), and the second was Δ-5-stigmasterol (632.73 ± 3.9 to 2908.36 ± 7.04 mg/kg). Moroccan Apiaceae seeds can be considered as a good source of energy, minerals, petroselinic acid, phytosterol, and tocopherol, which suggests an interesting nutritional, cosmetic, and medicinal applications. [Display omitted] • Nutritional value, and mineral profile of seven Apiaceae seeds, commonly used in Morocco. • Moroccan Apiaceae seed oils are characterized by the presence of petroselinic acid as main fatty acid. • Detection of β-sitosterol as major phytosterol in all studied seed oil. • Identification of γ-tocopherol, ⍺-tocotrienol, and β-tocopherol as dominance tocopherols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Seed oil not only provides energy for seed postgermination development but also provides essential nutrients and raw materials for human products. However, the transcriptional regulatory mechanism controlling seed oil accumulation remains largely unknown. Tree peony (Paeonia rockii) is an emerging woody oilseed crop in China that is known for its high‐quality seed oil. Here, we revealed that a tree peony nuclear factor Y transcription factor, PrNF‐YC2, is expressed predominantly in developing seeds and functions as an essential positive regulator of seed oil accumulation. PrNF‐YC2 promoted oil accumulation in both transient ectopic overexpression Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and stable transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, globally upregulating the expression of genes involved in oil accumulation. In contrast, PrNF‐YC2‐silenced tree peony leaves using a virus‐induced gene silencing system showed reduced oil content and expression of oil synthesis‐related genes, including four master positive regulators contributing to oil accumulation, namely, LEAFY COTYLEDON1 (LEC1), ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), FUSCA3 (FUS3), and WRINKLED1 (WRI1). We demonstrated that PrNF‐YC2 directly activates PrLEC1 and PrABI3 alone and indirectly activates PrFUS3 and PrWRI1 by interacting with PrLEC1. Moreover, interaction with PrLEC1 also enhances the activation capacity of PrNF‐YC2. The activation of these four master positive regulators by PrNF‐YC2 triggered the upregulation of numerous oil synthesis‐related genes, thus promoting oil accumulation. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory mechanism of seed oil accumulation and manipulation of PrNF‐YC2 may be beneficial for enhancing oil yield in tree peony and other oilseed crops. Significance Statement: We show that the tree peony NF‐Y transcriptional factor PrNF‐YC2 directly activates PrLEC1 and PrABI3 alone and indirectly activates PrFUS3 and PrWRI1 by recruiting PrLEC1, thus plays an essential role in seed oil accumulation. To our knowledge, this study demonstrates for the first time that NF‐YC transcription factor is a major gene that regulates seed oil accumulation via dual modes. This study also enriches our knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of LEC1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the pattern of water consumption in the agricultural sector is one of the necessary measures to manage the water crisis in the country. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress on yield and physiological characteristics of safflower under different amounts of potassium fertilizer. The experiment was performed as a combined analysis in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2018 and 2019. The main plot consisted of drought stress at three levels of 45%, 65%, and 85% of permissible moisture drain and the subplot consisted of potassium fertilizer at four levels of zero, 75, 150, and 225 kg of potassium sulfate per hectare. In the second year compared to the first year, the amount of proline and seed oil were significantly higher by 23.4% and 4.43%, respectively, and the amount of carbohydrates and chlorophyll a were significantly lower by 11.9% and 27.4%, respectively. With increasing potassium intake, the amount of chlorophyll a increased significantly, and the highest amount of chlorophyll a at the rate of 16.7 mg/L was obtained in the treatment of 225 kg of potassium per hectare. With increasing the intensity of stress from 45% to 85% of moisture drain in different levels of potassium fertilizer, seed yield decreased significantly. Treatment of 85% moisture drain in no application of potassium showed the highest amount of proline. The application of potassium is effective in modulating the negative effects of drought stress on seed yield, qualitative, and physiological characteristics of safflower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: CYCLIN‐DEPENDENT KINASE 8 (CDK8), a component of the kinase module of the Mediator complex in Arabidopsis, is involved in many processes, including flowering, plant defense, drought, and energy stress responses. Here, we investigated cdk8 mutants and CDK8‐overexpressing lines to evaluate whether CDK8 also plays a role in regulating lipid synthesis, an energy‐demanding anabolism.Quantitative lipid analysis demonstrated significant reductions in lipid synthesis rates and lipid accumulation in developing siliques and seedlings of cdk8, and conversely, elevated lipid contents in wild‐type seed overexpressing CDK8. Transactivation assays show that CDK8 is necessary for maximal transactivation of the master seed oil activator WRINKLED1 (WRI1) by the seed maturation transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3, supporting a direct regulatory role of CDK8 in oil synthesis.Thermophoretic studies show GEMINIVIRUS REP INTERACTING KINASE1, an activating kinase of KIN10 (a catalytic subunit of SUCROSE NON‐FERMENTING1‐RELATED KINASE1), physically interacts with CDK8, resulting in its phosphorylation and degradation in the presence of KIN10.This work defines a mechanism whereby, once activated, KIN10 downregulates WRI1 expression and suppresses lipid synthesis via promoting the degradation of CDK8. The KIN10‐CDK8‐dependent regulation of lipid synthesis described herein is additional to our previously reported KIN10‐dependent phosphorylation and degradation of WRI1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha belongs to family of Euphorbiaceae, is an alternate or commercial crop for biodiesel production. Fresh seeds of Jatropha gossypifolia were collected during summer season (April 2022) and were dried in the sunlight for 24 hours. Around 42ml of the oil was extracted from 100 gm of seeds at 210°C from dried seeds of Jatropha gossypifolia. The seed waste with Saccharomyces cerevisiae was kept for Solid State Fermentation (SSF) for one week. Ethanol with substrate and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used for extraction of oil after one week. The Jatropha gossypifolia seed oil contains Protein, Carbohydrate, phenol, Terpenoids, steroids, Cholesterol, Quinones, flavonoids and Cardiac glycosides. The seed oil has shown little activity with Candida, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus. Antimicrobial activity was observed with Petroleum ether or Ethanol dissolved with microbial oil (50:50). The proteinases like Trypsin and Proteinase K has shown gelatin degradation indicates the proteases making positive effect with gelatin degradation and protein degrading activity. Gossypiline has shown good binding activity showing good antimicrobial activity compared with gossipidien acid, gossipifan, and n - demethylricinine based on in silico analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Glasswort (Salicornia persica) is identified as a halophyte plant, which is one of the most tolerant plants to salt conditions. The seed oil of the plant contains about 33% oil. In the present study, the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mM) and potassium nitrate (KNO3; 0, 0.5, and 1%) were evaluated on several characteristics of glasswort under salinity stress (0, 10, 20, and 40 dS/m). Results: morphological features, phenological traits, and yield parameters such as plant height, number of days to flowering, seed oil, biological yield, and seed yield significantly decreased in response to severe salt stress. However, the plants needed an optimal salinity concentration (20 dS/m NaCl) to obtain high amounts of seed oil and seed yield. The results also showed that a high level of salinity (40 dS/m NaCl) caused a decrease in plant oil and yield. In addition, by increasing the exogenous application of SNP and KNO3, the seed oil and seed yield increased. Conclusions: The application of SNP and KNO3 were effective in protecting S. persica plants from the deleterious effects of severe salt stress (40 dS/m NaCl), thereby restoring the activity of antioxidant enzymes, increasing the proline content, and maintaining cell membrane stability. It seems that both factors, i.e. SNP and KNO3, can be applied as mitigators of salt stress in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is evidence of the negative effects on canola seed yield caused by shading (SH) and high temperature stress (HT) separately, but the combined effect of both stresses has not been studied. This work aimed to (i) evaluate the effects of SH and HT stresses, alone and combined, on floral development, seed yield and quality, (ii) quantify the resulting effect (additive, synergistic, antagonistic) of combined stresses, and (iii) examine the utility of the photothermal quotient (PTQ, solar radiation/temperature ratio) to predict seed yield in stressed canola crops. Two field experiments were performed in Buenos Aires (Argentina) applying HT daytime temperature stress (25–30 °C from 1000 to 1500 h), SH (−80% irradiance), and SH + HT combined stresses, with C unstressed (20 °C and 100% irradiance) crops. Long and short duration SH and HT strongly affected floral development (fewer flowers and pods, with smaller ovules) and seed yield (reduction from −40 to −90% respect to C). Combined SH + HT exhibited detrimental synergistic effects on seed yield and oil concentration for long duration stresses, whereas antagonistic effects were mainly observed for short stresses. We conclude that the PTQ (cumulative from 100 to 500 °Cd after flowering) summarizes adequately the detrimental effects of combined post-flowering abiotic stresses on canola seed productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The SEVEN IN Absentia (SINA), a typical member of the RING E3 ligase family, plays a crucial role in plant growth, development and response to abiotic stress. However, its biological functions in oil crops are still unknown. Previously, we reported that overexpression of AtSINA2 in Arabidopsis positively regulated the drought tolerance of transgenic plants. In this work, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of AtSINA2 in soybean improved the shoot growth, grain yield, drought tolerance and seed oil content in transgenic plants. Compared to wild type, transgenic soybean produced greater shoot biomass and grain yield, and showed improved seed oil and drought tolerance. Physiological analyses exhibited that the increased drought tolerance of transgenic plants was accompanied with a higher chlorophyll content, and a lower malondialdehyde accumulation and water loss during drought stress. Further transcriptomic analyses revealed that the expressions of genes related to plant growth, flowering and stress response were up- or down-regulated in transgenic soybean under both normal and drought stress conditions. Our findings imply that AtSINA2 improved both agricultural production and drought tolerance, and it can be used as a candidate gene for the genetic engineering of new soybean cultivars with improved grain yield and drought resistance. • AtSINA2 promoted grain yield, seed oil and drought tolerance in transgenic soybean. • Ectopic AtSINA2 expression altered growth and stress related gene expression. • Transgenic soybean plants showed early flowering under normal growth condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of black mustard [Brassica nigra (L.) Koch] has recently become increasingly popular and there is a raising demand for its oil and seeds from the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. A 2-year experiment was conducted in a split-plot design with three replications, two main plots (plant densities: 46 and 76 plants m-2) and four sub-plots (fertilization treatments: control, urea with and without urease and nitrification inhibitors, and compost) to evaluate the fertilization and plant density effect on seed oil content, oil yield, and fatty acids composition of black mustard under Mediterranean environment. The seed yield, oil content and yield were positively influenced by the increase of available nitrogen and negatively by the increase of plant density, with their highest values recorded in the low-density and urea with double inhibitors. In response to the quality characteristics of seed oil, low-density compost application raised the quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In conclusion, plant densities higher than 46 plants m-2 result in lower seed yield, oil content and yield, while the inorganic fertilization effect, specifically with urea with double inhibitors, was equally important in seed and oil yield; however, when the seed and/or oil are used for their nutraceutical and medicinal value, the use of compost is recommended, resulting in a significant increase in PUFA content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia ficus-indica is well-known in Algeria for its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Our study aims to determine the physicochemical properties, the functional groups and the antioxidant activity of cactus seed oil and thus contribute to the valorization of seeds. The extraction of prickly pear seed oil with cold-press provided a yield of 4.26± 0.93%. The evaluation of the its physicochemical parameters by the norms of AFNOR yielded the following results: density: 0.908± 0.00030 kg/dm; RI: 1.4714±0,00010; AV: 1.4± 0.09 mg KOH/g; IV: 114.08± 0.67 g I 2/100 g; SV: 188.94± 0.58 mg KOH / g; ES: 187.54±0.49 mg KOH/g; PV: 1.56 g O2/g; chlorophyll number: 1.076 and Carotenoids number: 0.315. FTIR spectrum was used to determine the functional groups and type of associated vibrations in the extract oil, which was scanned in the range (4000-400) cm -1. The FTIR results showed that the oil extract contains fatty acid methyl esters, revealing functional groups with ranges of properties, H-C = O, -(CH2) n -, C-O, C = C and C = O in the spectrum. The analysis of antioxidant activity using DPPH and FRAP methods showed that the OFI seed oil had a significant activity in capturing free radicals (IC50= 0.050 mg/mL), (EC50 = 0.123 mg/mL) respectively. We conclude from this current study that this oil can be used in folk medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the antibacterial activity of oil derived from Ailanthus excelsa (Roxb) as well as the chemical composition of seed oil and the proximate analysis of oil cake. The oil content of the seeds is ∼ 17%. The seed oil was analyzed using GC-MS/FID, and the results showed that it contained a variety of fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, oleic acid, and palmitic acid. When employed with 100 µL, the oil did not demonstrate any antibacterial activity against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. The oil does not possess any antifungal action against Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. The oil cake is rich in protein and minerals. These findings imply that A. excelsa seed oil and oil cake have the potential to be used in the food and pharmaceutical industries after ascertaining its non-toxic nature and absence of antinutrients. The oil is not having antibacterial activity hence it can be used as a part of nutrient media for bacterial cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial crops are becoming increasingly relevant as raw materials for different goods and services. Although there are many oilseed crops with industrial purposes, data about their production in Chile are scarce because the definition used by the Office of Agricultural Studies and Policies places agro‐industrial and industrial crops in the same category. Here, we review the available information about 12 industrial oleaginous crops at different levels of development (four native, two adventive and six introduced crops). Most of these crops have been evaluated for or are related to biodiesel production, despite the lack of commercial biodiesel production in Chile. Jojoba was the first industrial oilseed produced commercially in Chile; however, every year its production area decreases, and currently it does not exceed 100 ha. Sunflower and rapeseed, which are the first generation of raw materials for biodiesel production, have been poorly studied in Chile despite the large number of studies available on them worldwide. Camelina and castor bean have recently been studied; the former is produced in the south, while the latter is produced on the coastline in northern Chile. Further research is needed to improve the production and adaptation of these oilseed crops to climatic conditions in Chile; moreover, a new market must be opened to produce and commercialize their oils. Oilseed species native to Chile have not been extensively studied, and they represent an interesting option suitable for production under Chilean climatic conditions; this is particularly true for guindilla and chañar, because both can grow under different abiotic stresses. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perilla frutescens seeds contain fixed oil that is used as edible oil. Perilla seed oil is a good source of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) such as alpha or a-linolenic acid (ALA/omega-3 FAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) like oleic acid (LA). This work was devoted to physicochemical characterization, gas chromatography (GA) analysis of the chemical composition, and estimation of the health benefits of fatty acids contained in the perilla seed oil. The seed oil was extracted with petroleum ether by using the Soxhlet apparatus. Petroleum ether extract of perilla seeds contained about 35 – 38% oil. The oil had a specific gravity of 0.924 g/cm3 at 31°C, 180.92 saponification values, 1.68 acid value, 1.68 peroxide value, 135.0 iodine value, and 1.8% unsaponifiable matter. Methyl ester of perilla oil prepared for the GC analysis showed the presence of alpha-linolenic acid (omega-3-FA/ω-3-FA), linoleic acid (omega-6-FA/ω-6-FA), oleic acid (omega-9/ω-9 FA), stearic acid, and palmitic acid. Experiments on animals revealed laxative effects of P. frutescens seed oil taken orally in doses of 5 and 10 mL/kg body weight. The effects of laxatives were measured in terms of feces consistency (percentage), quantity of feces pellets, and stool frequency (times per day). According to the findings, perilla seed oil has a laxative effect. It may be concluded that perilla seed oil contain a significant amount of PUFAs and MUFAs, which is beneficial for human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Palmitoleic acid is a fatty acid that possesses nutritional, health, and industrial applications. However, it accumulates in the seed oil of few plant species that often lack agronomic value. A bioinformatics approach was developed as a complementary tool to effort- and time-consuming traditional methods to identify palmitoleic acid-accumulating plant species. The approach involved identifying acyl-ACP desaturases with a sequence variation linked to a switch in the substrate preference from stearic to palmitic acid. Results: A PHI-BLAST analysis identified Handroanthus impetiginosus as a candidate species with two acyl- ACP desaturases with the desired sequence variation. A substrate docking analysis showed that the presence of phenylalanine at the bottom of the active site plays a similar structural role to that of tryptophan present in the same position in the divergent desaturase of the palmitoleic acid accumulator Dolichandra unguis-cati. The analysis of the genome of H. impetiginosus allowed the identification of four putative ferredoxins, three of which are heterotrophic type and have been linked to an increase in the activity of unusual acyl-ACP desaturases. RT-PCR results showed that both studied H. impetiginosus desaturases are expressed in the pod but not in the seeds, while all 4 ferredoxins are expressed in both tissues. GC–MS analysis confirmed the presence of palmitoleic acid in seed oil. Conclusions: These results suggest that the proposed bioinformatic approach can be a valuable compliment to traditional methods for the identification of plant species that accumulate palmitoleic acid. However, further improvements are needed, such as predicting seed expression of desaturases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High toughness grape seed oil‐epoxy based composite coating material was prepared in this present study with sea urchin (Echinoidea) spike particle (SSP) for weather protection and insect repellent anti rusting coating applications. The main aim of this research was to study the effect of adding SSP along with grape seed oil in epoxy resin composite and their mechanical, thermal and barrier properties. The SSP used in this present study was prepared from marine waste dead sea‐urchin spikes using ball‐milling process. The prepared particles are then silane treated using aminosilane via acid hydrolysis. According to the results of the present study, the hardness values showed an increment of 7% for 4.0 vol% of SSP and 10 vol% of grape seed oil for composite designation EGS4. Similarly, the wear properties showed that the sp. wear rate and COF decreases up to 0.007 mm3/Nm and 0.51 for composite designation EGS4. However, for 10 vol% of grape seed oil and 0.5 vol% minimum mechanical properties were observed. The better thermal stability was observed for composite designation EGS4 whereas the barrier properties increased with 10 vol% of grape seed oil and 0.5 vol% of SSP. Nevertheless it is noted that the addition of SSP reduces the oxygen permeability and marginally increased the water permeability. These mechanically, thermally and barrier properties strengthened epoxy bio composite coating materials could be used in food packaging, medical and household product making applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: New ceramide (CER) NPs were prepared by linking fatty acids derived from oils of Korean traditional plants to phytosphingosine (PHS). The oils of Korean traditional plants were extracted from the seeds of Panax ginseng, Camellia sinensis, Glycine max napjakong, Glycine max seoritae, and Camellia japonica as sources of diverse fatty acids. Aims: The aim of this study was to investigate signaling bioactivities of HP‐C. sinensis ceramide NP that was column purified to remove any residual PHS and to evaluate the skin barrier functions of the HP‐C. sinensis ceramide NP in human skin. Methods: The expressions of genes related to epidermal differentiation were analyzed in vitro by qPCR. Human studies were also performed to determine the skin barrier functions with respect to TEWL and SC cohesion. Results: The HP‐C. sinensis CER NP significantly enhanced the expressions of FLG, CASP14, and INV indicates that the signaling biological activities of oil‐derived ceramide NPs could be different depend on the natural oils. The control ceramide, C18‐CER NP, had no effect on the expression of the three genes. HP‐C. sinensis CER NP was selected for the in vivo human studies. Application of 0.5% HP‐C. sinensis CER NP cream stimulated significantly faster recovery of a disrupted skin barrier than that of the control C18‐CER NP. A significant enhancement of SC cohesion of the skin treated with 0.5% HP‐C. sinensis CER NP was also observed. Conclusion: Taken all together, our results clearly demonstrate that HP‐C. sinensis CER NP, P. ginseng CER NP, and other oil‐derived CER NP could be a better choice for developing moisturizers to improve skin barrier function as they more closely mimic the endogenous CER composition of the actual human skin barrier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hura crepitans seed oil (HCSO) remains under-utilized, largely due to the scarcity in data regarding its biochemical properties. To investigate the functional and pro-inflammatory responses to HCSO, twenty-four male rats were grouped into four and received compounded diets containing 5%-HCSO; 10%-HCSO; 15%-HCSO; and 15%-AHO (as control) for eight weeks. The functional responses and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and their receptors were appraised. The organ function biomarkers in rats fed with HCSO-supplemented diets were statistically similar to those of control rats, except for uric acid and creatine levels, which were significantly lower in the HCSO-fed groups, and the urea level, which was elevated in all HCSO-fed groups. Also, HCSO significantly downregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-a, IL-1a, IL-1ß, and IL-6) and their receptors (IL-1R and IL-6R), when compared to the control group. Our results highlight the reno- and cardio-protective potentials of HCSO, as well as its anti-inflammatory potentials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seed oil and seed protein contents are commercially important components of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) that are inversely correlated. The objectives of this study were to identify novel quantitative trait loci (QTL) and validate existing QTL associated with seed oil, seed protein, and seed weight in soybean. Two mapping populations, Pop 201 and Pop 202, consisting of 180 and 170 recombinant inbred lines (RILs), respectively, were used in this study. The phenotypic data for each population were collected from four environments. The linkage maps of Pop 201 and Pop 202 consisted of 421 and 416 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, respectively. Multiple QTL Mapping (MQM) analyses identified a total of 13 QTL for seed oil, 7 QTL for seed protein, and 6 for seed weight (SDWT). QTL for seed oil content not co-located with protein QTL were found on chromosomes 17 and 18 in multiple environments in Pop 201 and Pop 202, respectively. These QTL can be useful in reducing the inverse correlation between seed protein and seed oil contents. Most QTL found in this study are in previously reported genomic regions, and thus provide additional evidence for the stability of those QTL across genetic and environmental backgrounds. The findings of this study provide additional insight into the genetic control of these traits and potentially enable breeders to utilize the QTL-linked SNPs in marker-assisted selection (MAS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: As the interest in foods with positive effects on human health has increased in recent decades, the importance of the mineral contents and oil compositions of grape seeds has been better understood. However, research on grape seeds to date has largely focused on effects on health and the usability of grape seeds in the food industry and animal feeds. In agricultural research, grape seeds have generally been evaluated as a source of genes in breeding new varieties and as propagation material. OBJECTIVE: Unlike previous studies, this study not only investigates the effect of variety on the changes of pomological properties, fatty acid compositions, and oil, protein, and mineral contents of grape seeds; it also aims to determine the effects of grape rootstocks and growing seasons on those changes. METHODS: The seeds of five grape varieties (Red Globe, Trakya Ilkeren, Ata Sarisi, Hatun Parmagi, and Horoz Karasi) grafted onto drought-tolerant grape rootstocks (1103P and 110R) were analyzed during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018. RESULTS: Seed size, moisture and oil contents, major fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, and linoleic), and levels of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and boron varied by variety, rootstock, and season. However, the effects of growing seasons and varieties on the seeds were not limited to these findings; effects were also seen for seed vitality, protein content, and N, K, Ca, and Fe levels of the seeds, among others. CONCLUSIONS: Genotype was found to be the main factor causing changes in the fatty acid compositions and mineral contents of grape seeds. When the factors that we investigated were ordered based on the changes they caused for seeds in general, the sequence that appeared was genotype > growing season > grape rootstock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Plant oil is an important renewable energy substance, and A. trifoliata seeds are of value in this regard. A. trifoliata fruits have many seeds with high oil content, but research progress on A. trifoliata seed oil is slow. Fatty acid biosynthesis is the most important factor affecting plant oil content. Therefore, analysis of the key genes for fatty acid biosynthesis is beneficial for breeding A. trifoliata varieties with high oil content. Here, we report changes in seed oil and key oil biosynthesis genes in the growth period of A. trifoliata based on transcriptome analysis. We found that the development of A. trifoliata seeds and fruits was not synchronized, and when the fruit was ripe, the seed oil content was not the highest. With the development of A. trifoliata seeds, linoleic and oleic acid content was found to decrease and increase, respectively. Subsequently, several key genes for oil biosynthesis in A. trifoliata were identified. These results further our understanding of the mechanism underlying oil biosynthesis in A. trifoliata seeds. Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz is an important Chinese medicinal and economic crop. Its seeds, which are rich in fatty acids, are usually discarded. As of now, A. trifoliata lipid biosynthesis pathways and genes have not been clearly described. In this work, we found that seed and fruit development of A. trifoliata were not synchronized, and that when the fruit was ripe, seed oil content was not at its highest. As seeds developed, linoleic and oleic acid content was found to decrease and increase, respectively. RNA sequencing yielded 108.45 GB of clean reads from 15 cDNA libraries, containing 8756 differentially expressed genes. We identified 65 unigenes associated with lipid biosynthesis, including fatty acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis. The 65 unigenes were mapped to the A. trifoliata lipid synthesis pathway. There were 20 AtrFAD family members in A. trifoliata, which could be divided into four sub-groups with the highest number of AtrSADs. Our study revealed the dynamic changes in A. trifoliata seed oil content and composition during its growth period and provides large-scale and comprehensive transcriptome data of A. trifoliata seeds. These findings provide a basis for the improvement of A. trifoliata seed oil yield and quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Edible oils are important for human nutrition and health. The demand for edible oils is increasing globally and the situation warrants the identification of new natural sources of oils that have been subjected to proper quality and safety evaluation. Garcinia gummi‐gutta is a widely cultivated fruit crop in Kerala, south India. The fruit rinds are the useful part, while the seeds are treated as waste material. This study evaluated the composition, physico‐chemical properties, and toxicity of the seed oil with a view to considering its utility in the food sector. RESULTS: The yield of oil obtained from the seeds of Garcinia gummi‐gutta through hexane extraction was 335.30 g kg−1. The physico‐chemical parameters of the oil were determined through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies. The values agree well with those of conventional edible oils. Stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid, was identified as the main component (55.39%) followed by monounsaturated oleic acid (40.22%) through gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Preliminary in vivo acute oral toxicity studies and acute dermal toxicity studies on female Wistar rats, and dermal irritation studies on New Zealand white male rabbits showed no morbidity, mortality, appreciable change in the bodyweight, or clinical signs of dermal responses. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the seeds of G. gummi‐gutta are a rich source of edible oil. The presence of stearic acid, a stable fatty acid, as the major constituent suggests that the oil could be suitable for use in value‐added food products such as chocolates. Preliminary toxicological studies also recommend the use of the oil in the food and cosmetics sectors. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the attention was focused on the protective role of seeds oil from local Onopordum acanthium L. (cotton thistle) against tissues damage in the liver, kidney and spleen in male albino rats. Forty adult male rats were randomly divided into four equal groups including control group, rats were treated orally with seeds oil (0.5ml/kg), carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) injected group, and last group was intoxicated with CCL4 and daily treated with seed oil (0.5ml/kg). After four weeks of the experiment, rats were anaesthetized and blood was taken directly by cardiac puncture for the evaluation of studied parameters. Samples of liver, kidneys and spleen were fixed in 10% formalin for histological studies. From the obtained results, no significant changes were seen in the estimated parameters in the group treated with oil only. In the group injected with CCL4 and treated with oil extract, the level of serum lipids, liver enzymes, total serum bilirubin (TSB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells (WBCs) were significantly reduced in comparison with untreated CCL4 intoxicated group. The toxicity of CCL4 on the level of fasting blood sugar (FBS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), renal function parameters, hemoglobin and body weight were ameliorated with seeds oil. These effective roles were further supported by the histopathological improvement of the liver, kidney and spleen tissues of rats against CCl4. Conclusion: from the results of this study, it can be concluded that the extracted oil from local Iraqi Onopordum acanthium L. seeds reduced the tissue damages with an improvement of biochemical, hematological and immunological parameters during the four weeks of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Conversion of biomass waste of Cestrum nocturnum into renewable energy. • Synthesis of Sb 2 O 3 NPs using Chenopodium album leaf extract. • Optimization of transesterification via Response Surface Methodology. • The highest yield (94%) of methyl ester was produced. Presently, the world faces pressing global challenges encompassing social, economic, and sustainable development, all of which demand a growing scale of energy production and associated services. With abundant waste biomass at our disposal, there exists immense potential for harnessing it to produce biofuels. In this study, we synthesized biodiesel using waste seed oil from Cestrum nocturnum , employing a green nano catalyst composed of antimony oxide (Sb 2 O 3 NPs). Active ingredients were extracted from the leaf of Chenopodium album and used as a reducing agent. Using Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Disperse X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), the synthesized Sb 2 O 3 nanoparticles was characterized for chemical composition, functional groups, crystalline structure, and thermal stability. Additionally, the produced biodiesel was quantitatively evaluated using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectrometry (1H and 13C NMR) and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). The highest yield (94 %) of methyl ester was obtained at optimum reaction conditions of 0.56 wt% of the catalyst, methanol to oil molar ratio of 8:1, at 95 °C for 180 min. Fatty acid profiles of synthesized biodiesel revealed elevated levels of 9-octadecenoic acid content. The cold properties (pour point, −11 °C and cloud point, −8 °C) and flash point (99 °C) of the biodiesel were within international requirements. The reusability of Sb 2 O 3 NPs revealed a maximum catalytic performance up to 5 cycles. The conversion of waste seed oil from Cestrum nocturnum to clean bioenergy has shown to be a successful waste management strategy for mitigating environmental pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to its numerous physiological effects, Acer truncatum seed oil (ATO) is increasingly popular as a novel source of edible oil in China. To explore the characteristics of ATO accumulation, the potential biosynthetic mechanisms of the main fatty acids (FAs) were investigated during the six different developmental stages of A. truncatum seeds (i.e., S1 - S6). The results indicated that the ATO yields significantly increased from S1 to S5, and then decreased (S6), whereby the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids reached up to 82.63–90.65% of the total ATO content. The highest content of nervonic acid was observed at S6. Dynamic transcriptome data analyses revealed that 38,932 genes were actively transcribed in the five seed developmental stages (i.e., S1-S5), 103 of which were related to lipid metabolism. Combining with the gene expression and FA profiling, the potential metabolism of the main FA was further explored. Notably, changes in C18:1-CoA transformation were observed at the later periods of A. truncatum seed development (especially from S4 to S5), which might be the key factor limiting the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Additionally, 24 key functional genes related to lipid metabolism were highly correlated with VLCFA biosynthesis. Finally, 11 potential transcription factors from the bHLH, GRAS, bZIP, AP2/ERF, and MADS families exhibited highly positive correlations with these key functional genes in lipid metabolism, all of which might play important roles in regulating of VLCFA accumulation. • Characteristics of VLCFA accumulation were parsed during seed development. • Regulation of C18:1-CoA transfromation is the key steps in VLCFA accumulation. • Putative key genes and regulators were identified in VLCFA accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is recognized to be an excellent nutrient with high nutritional content. However, few genotypes of quinoa were analyzed, so we found a knowledge gap in the comparison of quinoa seeds of different genotypes. This study aims to compare the physicochemical, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of seed oil from three C. quinoa genotypes. Seeds of three genotypes (white, red, and black) were extracted with hexane and compared in this study. The oil yields of these quinoa seeds were 5.68–6.19% which contained predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids (82.78–85.52%). The total tocopherol content ranged from 117.29 to 156.67 mg/kg and mainly consisted of γ-tocopherol. Total phytosterols in the three oils ranged from 9.4 to 12.2 g/kg. Black quinoa seed oil had the highest phytosterols followed by red and white quinoas. The chemical profile of quinoa seed oils paralleled by their antioxidant and anticancer activities in vitro was positively correlated with the seed coat color. Black quinoa seed oil had the best antioxidant and anti-proliferation effect on HCT 116 cells by the induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which may play more significant roles in the chemoprevention of cancer and other diseases related to oxidative stress as a source of functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gamma irradiation is efficiently applied to many foods, but nevertheless there is a distinct lack of information about the changes of macro- and micronutrients (e.g., carbohydrates, lipids, organic acids, and phenolics) in dried rose hip (RH) fruits. Therefore, in this study, for the first time, the effect of gamma irradiation (10 and 25 kGy) on RH constituents is investigated. Different analytical techniques (GC-FID, HPLC-UV, HPSEC-RID, IR-FT, and SEM) are employed to examine this effect. The irradiation treatment (10 kGy) increased the glucose content by 30% and released cellobiose from RH fruits, thus revealing cellulose destruction. The extractability of total uronic acids increased from 51% (control) to 70.5% (25 kGy-irradiated), resulting in a higher pectin yield (10.8% < 12.8% < 13.4%) and molecular heterogeneity. Moreover, de-esterification was not a major effect of the irradiation-induced degradation of pectin. The sample exposure to the highest dose did not change the content of total carotenoids, β-carotene, and (un)saturated fatty acids, but it affected the tocopherols levels. Gamma rays had a negligible effect on the phenolic constituents and did not affect ORAC and HORAC antioxidant activity. In conclusion, it can be compromised that the exposition of dried RH is safe and can be successfully applied to decontaminate fruits without affecting their nutritional value and biological activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study assessed the chemical composition of seeds and seed oils from wild cucumber as compared with cultivated cucumbers. • The main fatty acids in wild cucumber seed oils are linoleic acid, followed by palmitic, oleic, and stearic acids. • Wild cucumber seeds could be utilized as an alternative source of vegetable oil, a potential raw material in food applications. To determine the suitability of wild cucumber as a natural resource of seed oil, we assessed the chemical composition of seeds and seed oils from wild cucumber (Cucumis sativus var. hardwickii (Royle) Alef.) and compared them with those of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus) and gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.). Wild cucumber, cucumber, and gherkin seeds contained 21.04, 23.87, and 21.32 g 100 g−1 of oil, respectively, and were rich in proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and fiber. Free fatty acids, iodine value, peroxide value, acid value, saponification, and ester values of wild cucumber seed oil were 1.12%, 124.45 mg 100 g−1, 0.84 meq O 2 Kg−1, and 2.24, 140.25, and 138.0 mg of KOH g−1, respectively. The main fatty acid in seed oils was linoleic acid, followed by oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Thus, wild cucumber seeds are an alternative source of vegetable oil, a potential raw material in food applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenanthera pavonina is a well-known holistic medicinal plant in South Asian countries. Processed seeds of A. pavonina served as a nutrient-rich food. The title plant is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as rheumatism, skin burns and ulcer. Investigations into the pharmacological properties of this plant manifested a wide spectrum of bioactivities including anticancer, anti-malarial, anti-viral activities. Both crude extracts and isolated monomeric compounds exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacology. Adenovin is a novel peptide isolated from A. pavonina seeds that provide trypsin-inhibition activity. This review aims to highlight the reported phytochemical and pharmacological studies of A. pavonina to explore its pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A range of seed oils are sourced from West Africa. We present an overview of the certification standards for tree-based oil applied for food and cosmetics and an evaluation of sustainability gains. Certification standards were identified via the International Trade Centre’s listings and internet search, guided by interviews with certification bodies. Eleven certification standards were identified in 15 ecowas countries; five standards are applied in five or more countries, six in one to three countries. The largest numbers of standards were found in Ghana (nine) and Burkina Faso (seven), while five countries had none. The most widespread certification standards focused on organic production. In addition, two standards with a wide range of use were identified. The use of certification standards is still limited in West Africa, despite the fact that standards could promote high-value products and the attainment of sustainable-development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diospyros chloroxylon is the indigenous fruit of the Indian subcontinent and both unripe and ripe fruits are eaten by tribal people. The present study explores the nutritional status of Diospyros chloroxylon fruits. Unripe and ripe fruits were rich in fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash, fiber, and minerals. The energy levels of unripe, ripe fruits, and seeds were 93.78, 133.93, and 96.16 Kcal/100 g, respectively. Ripe fruits were also rich in phenolics (4.64 mg GAE/g DW) and flavonoids (1.62 mg QE/ g DW). Acetone, methanol, and water extracts of unripe, ripe fruits and seeds displayed potent free radical scavenging properties. The seeds of D.chloroxylon possess 3.16% oil and it contains oleic acid (39.91%) and palmitic acid (28.06%) as major fatty acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Peanut is one of the sources of edible oil supply and one of the important crops in Gilan province. This plant is not very resistant to drought and insufficient water supply in the cultivation of this product, is one of the limiting factors for its yield and its successful producing definitely needs water supply. Therefore, if it is possible to increase water use efficiency by using materials such as compost, a positive step can be taken to produce peanuts in conditions without irrigation. Compost can increase plant growth and yield due to its high water holding capacity and gradual release of nutrients. And it seems that its consumption along with nitrogen fertilizer, which has a greater effect on increasing leaf area and plant growth among nutrients, can be effective in promoting peanut production. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer on yield and yield components of peanut in both irrigated and non-irrigated conditions. Materials and methods: This experiment was performed as a split split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during 2018 and 2019. The main plot consisted of irrigation in two levels of irrigated (according to local custom) and without irrigation. Compost application treatment (in two levels of non-compost application and consumption of five tons per hectare) was as a sub-plot and nitrogen fertilizer treatment (in four levels of zero, 20, 40 and 60 kg of pure nitrogen per hectare) was as a sub-sub-plot. In both years, at the end of the growing season, pod length, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 100-seeds, seed oil, seed yield and biological yield were measured. Results: The results indicated that the highest number of pods per plant, pod length, seed oil and seed and biological yields were observed in irrigation treatments and application of 40 and 60 Kg N ha-1. Application of five t ha-1 of compost and 40 and 60 kg of nitrogen per hectare resulted in significant superiority for number of pods per plant and biological yield of peanuts. Applying compost along with 60 Kg N ha-1 caused a significant increase in seed yield. The length of peanut pods was increased by use of compost compared to non-using it, at the rate of 9.65%. With increasing nitrogen consumption, weight of 100-seeds significantly increased and the highest weight of 100-seeds at the rate of 55.46 g was obtained in 60 kg N ha-1 treatment. Under no irrigation and no application of nitrogen fertilizer, seed yield was 21% higher in the second year compared to the first year. In the first year compared to the second year, seed oil was significantly higher by 4.58%. Conclusion: Application of municipal waste compost and nitrogen fertilizer under drought stress conditions reduced the negative effects of stress on the studied traits and in the absence of stress, improved seed yield. It seems that the application of 40 Kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer along with five t ha-1 of municipal waste compost in peanut cultivation can be effective to improve the seed yield of this plant, especially in non-irrigation conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is a growing demand to replace the compounds in a given product that are of a petroleum origin with renewable resources. One of these compounds, called fatty acid (FA), is the main component of vegetable oils. FA composition is not only responsible for the physicochemical properties of plant oils, but it also determines their uses. For example, since time immemorial, products containing lipids have been used for lighting and heating purposes. They are also excellent lubricants and possess drying properties important molecules for painting, and wood preservation. In terms of nutrition, they have a high-energy content, are part of our daily health requirements, and are used for animal feed. We present here some lipids of interest, the plants that produce them naturally with high yield, the enzymes responsible for their synthesis when known, and their possible uses, as well as resources and ways that could allow the lipids of interest to be produced in quantity in different hosts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the antioxidant capacity of commercial hemp seed oils, 10% CBD (cannabidiol) enriched hemp seed oil and extra virgin olive oil used for comparison. Results indicate a difference in antioxidant activities among tested oils. CBD oil with IC50 of 0.86±0.06 mg/ml was shown to be a better scavenger of hydroxyl radical and DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical (IC50 value of 5.99±0.34 mg/ml) in comparison with other oils. CBD oil also had the best ability to reduce Fe3+ from ferricyanide at a concentration of 20 mg/ml (0.73) and the highest total antioxidant capacity (245±35.16 GAE). Two commercial fresh hemp seed oils that showed small differences in antioxidant activity had better antioxidant properties than olive oil in three performed assays, while olive oil had the highest total antioxidant capacity. Hemp seed oil showed a lower antioxidant potential after a year of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]