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This research was carried out to determine the effects of different harvest time (HT) and salicylic acid application (SAA) on agronomic and quality characteristics of sage. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design in split plots with HTs (pre-flowering and 50% flowering periods) in the main plots and SAAs in the subplots (Control, 1, 2, and 4 mM). Plant height, fresh herb yield, dry herb yield, fresh leaf yield, dry leaf yield, leaf ratio, essential oil (EO) content, EO yield, and EO composition were examined. In total or mean results, the HT was statistically significant on plant height, fresh and dry herb yield, leaf ratio in both years. The SAA was statistically significant on fresh and dry herb yield and leaf ratio only in the second year. Among the 24 components identified, alpha thujone was the main component. This component was followed by camphor, 13-epimanool, veridiflorol, 1.8-cineol. According to the principal component analysis (PCA), in 2021, 1 mM SAAs applied at the 50% flowering period in the first cutting and at the pre-flowering period in the second cutting showed different properties regarding EO composition. In 2022, 4 mM SAAs applied at the 50% flowering period in the first and second cuttings showed different properties regarding EO composition. The study found that delaying the HT led to significant increases in plant height, fresh and dry herb yields. Additionally, the SAA increased the herb yield and decreased the leaf ratio, particularly in the second year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has increased substantially around the world; various global studies have documented the use of CAM by surgical patients in the preoperative period, with rates of herbal medications and other nonherbal treatments ranging from 12 to 69%. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of CAM and its patterns of use among surgical patients. Methods: From December 2020 to April 2021, a descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken in Palestine. A face‒to-face interview questionnaire was used. The participants were asked questions regarding sociodemographics, clinical information, CAM usage, reasons for its use, and opinions on its efficacy. Results: Among the 300 surgical patients who were interviewed in this study, 252 (84.0%) reported that they had ever used CAM, while a total of 122 (48.4%) had used CAM before their surgery, 81.7% of the respondents used herbal methods, and 64.7% of them used nonherbal methods. CAM use among our study population was not linked to specific demographics or other characteristics, except health insurance (p = 0.004). The most commonly used herbs among surgical patients are Salvia officinalis L. (Sage) (84.1%) and Pimpinella anisum L. (Anise) (75.5%). The highest percentage was found among patients with university qualifications (73.2%), who used more than three methods (p < 0.001). In addition, 59.4% of the females used more than three therapies, whereas 45.9% of the males did (p = 0.032). Conclusions: The herbal methods used are common among surgical patients in Palestine and are consistent with the enormous increase in the use of CAM. Therefore, awareness should be raised among the public regarding the risks and benefits of CAM use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article in the journal "Fabula" is an obituary for Leander Petzoldt, a prominent figure in narrative research blending literary studies and folklore. Petzoldt's extensive work focused on the interplay between literature and folk narratives, particularly in the context of Germanic storytelling traditions. His research contributions spanned various aspects of narrative analysis, including the study of myths, legends, and folk tales, making him a respected scholar in the field of European folklore studies. [Extracted from the article]

Mediterranean‐climate shrublands are key biodiversity hotspots and carbon storage pools, but are increasingly threatened by climate change, non‐native species, and altered fire regimes. Fires are important to historic shrubland disturbance cycles but can also promote non‐native plants, which may limit post‐fire native shrub recovery. Increasing drought with climate change could also reduce post‐fire shrub regeneration. I developed a stochastic, individual‐based demographic model (IBM) for the native shrub Artemisia californica, parameterized from an experimental removal of non‐native annuals after a 2013 fire in southern California. The IBM simulated A. californica recovery for 7 years after fire under different rainfall conditions (drought or pre‐drought) and non‐native removal strategies (from no years to all 7 years). Drought lowered A. californica canopy volume 7 years after fire by 90% or more. Rainfall in the second year after fire, when most A. californica germination occurred, had particularly strong effects on final canopy cover. Non‐native removal in all 7 years increased canopy volume by three times under drought conditions and 3.5 times under pre‐drought conditions. Targeting non‐native removal in the first 2 years proved nearly as effective, achieving from 88% (drought) to 95% (pre‐drought) the benefits of removal in all 7 years. In sum, low rainfall may be the most important limitation on post‐fire shrub recovery, but removal of non‐natives in years of pulsed shrub recruitment can be an effective restoration strategy even under drought conditions. More generally, this study illustrates how demographic models can help optimize the targeting of scarce management and restoration resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of Spanish sage oil from the leaves of Salvia officinalis ssp. lavandulifolia (Vahl) Gams (Spanish sage oil) when used as a sensory additive in feed and in water for drinking for all animal species. The EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) concluded that the additive under assessment is considered safe up to the maximum use level of 14 mg/kg complete feed for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel considered that the use of Spanish sage oil in water for drinking is safe provided that the total daily intake of the additive does not exceed the daily amount that is considered safe when consumed via feed. The use of Spanish sage oil in animal feed under the proposed conditions of use is safe for the consumer and the environment. Regarding user safety, the essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since the oil of the leaves of S. officinalis ssp. lavandulifolia (Vahl) Gams is recognised to flavour food and its function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is an invasive pest that lays eggs in ripe fruits. The short generation time, high fertility, and wide host range allows this species to cause important yield losses. Essential oils, extracted from a number of plant species, have been studied for their attractiveness to and deterrence of D. suzukii. In this study, we found clary sage oil exhibited dose-dependent repellency against both D. suzukii adults and larvae. Also, we identified that linalyl acetate and linalool were two major constituents of clary sage oil by GC-MS. Furthermore, we detected that both linalyl acetate and linalool repelled D. suzukii adults and larvae. In addition, we examined the electroantennography (EAG) responses of D. suzukii to clary sage oil, linalyl acetate, and linalool. These results suggest clary sage oil and its constituents linalyl acetate and linalool could be potential repellents for the management of D. suzukii. Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae), spotted-wing drosophila, poses a significant threat to soft-skinned fruit crops in the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Oceania, as well as in Asia. The application of chemical insecticides is the primary control strategy for D. suzukii; however, resistance has developed with the indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides. Essential oils, considered potential alternatives to pesticidal strategies, exhibit potent toxic and sublethal behavioral effects against numerous pests, including D. suzukii. Clary sage oil repels a variety of agricultural and household pests; however, whether it has a repellent effect against D. suzukii remains unknown. Here, we found that clary sage oil exhibited dose-dependent repellency against D. suzukii adults in a T-maze assay, a two-choice assay and a two-choice attraction assay. Also, clary sage oil showed a significant repellent effect against D. suzukii larvae. Next, we explored the chemical constituents of clary sage oil by GC-MS and identified two major constituents, linalyl acetate (40.03%) and linalool (23.02%). Furthermore, the behavioral assays of linalyl acetate and linalool showed that both compounds conferred comparable repellency against D. suzukii adults and larvae. Finally, we found clary sage oil, linalyl acetate, and linalool elicited EAG responses in D. suzukii, especially clary sage oil, suggesting the repellency was mediated by the olfactory system. These findings indicate that D. suzukii shows olfactory-based behavioral avoidance of clary sage oil, linalyl acetate, and linalool. Clary sage oil and its major constituents may be possible alternatives in the management of D. suzukii. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial light at night is increasingly recognized as a cause of habitat degradation, and as a conservation threat to wildlife species. We studied the behavioral response of Pacific kangaroo rats (Dipodomys agilis) to natural and artificial light in coastal sage scrub in southern California, United States. We used digital trail cameras to monitor visits to seed trays in shrub and open, intershrub microhabitats. Under natural-light conditions, kangaroo rats were more active on full- than new-moon nights, and concentrated foraging beneath shrubs. Surprisingly, kangaroo rats frequently interacted with other rodents in seed trays. Near to an artificial light source, kangaroo rats removed fewer seeds, had fewer foraging bouts, and spent less time in trays—especially in brightly lit open microhabitats—compared to distances farther from the light. Differences between the first and second nights of trials during both experiments suggested that kangaroo rats learned locations of resource-rich seed trays and modified their behavior accordingly. Our results are similar to recent studies showing that artificial light depresses foraging activity of rodents in the areas of highest illumination, and adds to evidence of the need to mitigate impacts of urban lighting in fragments of coastal sage scrub, especially along the urban–wildland interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diviner's sage (Salvia divinorum; Lamiaceae) is the source of the powerful hallucinogen salvinorin A (SalA). This neoclerodane diterpenoid is an agonist of the human Κ-opioid receptor with potential medical applications in the treatment of chronic pain, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Only two steps of the approximately twelve step biosynthetic sequence leading to SalA have been resolved to date. Results: To facilitate pathway elucidation in this ethnomedicinal plant species, here we report a chromosome level genome assembly. A high-quality genome sequence was assembled with an N50 value of 41.4 Mb and a BUSCO completeness score of 98.4%. The diploid (2n = 22) genome of ~ 541 Mb is comparable in size and ploidy to most other members of this genus. Two diterpene biosynthetic gene clusters were identified and are highly enriched in previously unidentified cytochrome P450s as well as crotonolide G synthase, which forms the dihydrofuran ring early in the SalA pathway. Coding sequences for other enzyme classes with likely involvement in downstream steps of the SalA pathway (BAHD acyl transferases, alcohol dehydrogenases, and O-methyl transferases) were scattered throughout the genome with no clear indication of clustering. Differential gene expression analysis suggests that most of these genes are not inducible by methyl jasmonate treatment. Conclusions: This genome sequence and associated gene annotation are among the highest resolution in Salvia, a genus well known for the medicinal properties of its members. Here we have identified the cohort of genes responsible for the remaining steps in the SalA pathway. This genome sequence and associated candidate genes will facilitate the elucidation of SalA biosynthesis and enable an exploration of its full clinical potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Salvia multicaulis (wild) × Salvia officinalis (cultivated) produced F1 hybrid. • F1 hybrid has the highest content of rosmarinic acid and quercetin. • PAL and CYP expressions strongly correlate with rosmarinic acid content. • Cineole contents negatively correlate with the expression of the CS gene. • Salvia has antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial effects. The Salvia genus, particularly the wild genotypes, received significant attention due to its antibacterial, antioxidant, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Crossbreeding wild and cultivated plants can conserve the genetic resources of wild plants and develop new hybrids with high yields and high resistance to climatic changes. In this study, Salvia multicaulis (P1, wild) and Salvia officinalis (P2, cultivated) have been crossed to produce a novel hybrid (F1 hybrid) in the Saint Catherin protectorate - Egypt. In P1, P2, and F1 hybrid, heterosis, phytochemical composition, gene expression of PAL (Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), RAS1 (Rosmarinic acid synthase I), CYP (Cytochrome P450), and CS (1,8-Cineole synthase), besides antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial effects were assessed. The F1 hybrid recorded the highest means of plant height in the two seasons. Heterosis over the mid-parents was positively associated with various traits, including stem thickness, number of branches, fresh yield, and percentage of oil in both seasons. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were found in the following order: P2 > P1 > F1. DPPH antioxidant effect was found in the following order: P2 > F1 > P1. The F1 hybrid had the highest content of rosmarinic acid (12.379 mg/g), quercetin (0.595 mg/g), and naringenin (0.152 mg/g), followed by P1 and P2. The 1,8-cineol and α-pinene were the main compounds in the essential oils of P1, P2, and F1. The 1,8-cineol was found in the following order: P2 > F1 > P1, while α-pinene was found in the following order: P1 > F1 > P2. The RAS1 expression showed a weak correlation with the concentration of rosmarinic acid, while the expressions of PAL and CYP were strongly correlated with the concentrations of main phenolics, including rosmarinic acid, quercetin, and naringenin. The 1,8-cineol content was negatively correlated with the expression of the CS gene. The P2 extract and the F1 hybrid essential oil showed potent anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. Crossbreeding S. multicaulis (P1, wild) and S. officinalis (P2, cultivated) in this study developed a new hybrid (F1) with good growth characteristics, high essential oil yields, high levels of bioactives, and good bioactivity. This makes it suitable for large-scale production for use in food and pharmaceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has investigated the effect of different concentrations of nanoparticles (zinc, iron, titanium) and smoke-water on some growth and physiological characteristics of the medicinal plant sage. A factorial experiment was conducted in the form of a randomised complete block design with three replications in the research greenhouse of the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Iran, over two consecutive years, 2021 and 2022. The first factor included foliar spraying of nanoparticles of Fe, Zn, Ti with two levels: 0 and 50 mg l−1. The second factor was foliar spraying using smoke-water with two levels of 0.5 and 1 mg l−1. Treatments were applied in three stages after graft establishment. Results indicated that the highest stem dry weight (68.477 g) occurred with 0.5 mg l−1 smoke-water without nanoparticles. At 0 mg l−1 smoke-water, titanium (64.493 g) and iron (65.193 g) nanoparticles yielded the highest stem weights. Application of 0.5 mg l−1 of smoked water improved the dry weight of leaves and stems. Foliar spraying of 50 mg l−1 of zinc and titanium nanoparticles also increased growth characteristics and chlorophyll content of sage leaves. In both cuttings, different concentrations affected some growth characteristics and photosynthetic pigments of sage plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of the addition of dried ground whole leaves of the herb Salvia officinalis L in the feed for fattening rabbits, on the productive parameters, some blood indicators and carcass characteristics. The inclusion of ground dry leaves of the herb sage in feed for fattening rabbits has a positive effect on productive performance. In the experimental group were improved average daily gain by 29,2% (P<0,05), feed conversion ratio by 19% (P<0,05) for the entire experimental period and average daily feed consumption by 3,8% (P<0,05) during the first week of the experiment compared to the control.The tested additive did not reliably affect the parameters of the slaughter analysis, the chemical analysis of the meat and blood parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Post‐fire vegetation recovery is often determined by the similarity of post‐burn with unburned sites because of a lack of in situ information on pre‐fire communities. The inclusion of pre‐fire data can help account for pre‐existing differences and explore recovery also in terms of return to pre‐fire conditions. We used long‐term monitoring data in coastal sage scrub and grasslands to: (a) examine vegetation cover recovery of different functional groups; and (b) determine whether vegetation composition in burned areas has recovered in 4 years after fire with burned to unburned and pre‐ to post‐fire comparisons. Location: Orange County, California, USA. Methods: We analyzed long‐term vegetation monitoring (2007–2021) data from 39 grassland and 58 coastal sage scrub transects in southern California, including observations before and after the 2017 Canyon 2 fire. Linear mixed‐effect models were used to determine whether forb, grass, and shrub covers differed between burned and unburned sites while considering the effects of year and repeated monitoring. We used canonical analysis of principal coordinates to analyze vegetation composition based on burn status and time of sampling. Results: Whereas vegetation cover in grassland recovered quickly, native vegetation cover in burned coastal sage scrub remained lowered 4 years after fire, though forb and non‐native grass cover were higher in some post‐fire years. Community composition in burned coastal sage scrub was still in recovery 4 years after fire when compared with unburned or pre‐fire composition. Although burned and unburned grassland differed after fire in dominant grass species, inclusion of pre‐fire data showed that this was a pre‐existing difference. Conclusions: Coastal sage scrub had not recovered pre‐fire vegetation cover and composition by 4 years after fire, whereas grassland cover rebounded quickly, albeit with shifts in composition over time; patterns that were detected only by having pre‐ and post‐fire data from long‐term monitoring efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Viruses significantly affect global health. The few available viricidal and antiviral therapies are expensive and often associated with unwanted side effects. Functional foods as plant extracts (nutraceuticals) are epigenetically active, and multi-target antiviral compounds that affect several steps of the viral life cycle and host proteins. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) post-transcriptionally regulate host and viral gene expression and are responsible for the fine-tuning of gene expression by controlling the expression of their target messenger RNAs (mRNA) in host cells and viruses. Several plant ingredients have been proven to be active against RNA virus infections. Obviously, miRNAs play a central role in the regulation of gene transcription in viral replication and host immune defense. A healthy diet and nutraceuticals can support the fine-tuning of miRNAs. Objectives: The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of epigenetic active phytoceuticals and/or functional foods on immune relevant miRNAs and mRNAs in a healthy human study population. Methods: In a 2-month human intervention study (n=80), a mix of plant extracts (sage extract, green tea extract, berberine, apple extract, onion extract, elderberry extract, and grape skin extract) with proven activity against RNA viruses were examined for the change of miRNA and mRNA patterns involved in virus response systems. Lifestyle and nutritional behavior, including self-reported stress levels, as well as infection frequency as potential cofounders have been raised. Results: The intervention with secondary plant extracts could modulate the expression of miRNAs involved in the virus defense (miR-30e, miR-877, miR-150) and the expression of NF-κB. The intervention also increased miRNA expression patterns associated with a positive lifestyle. The intervention adapted miRNAs that correlate with an increased risk of infection, smoking, stress, and processed meat products. Conclusion: Plant extracts can enhance the beneficial effects of a healthy nutrition and lifestyle by modulating miRNAs. MiRNAs are promising drug targets for maintaining immune homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extant texts of Enochic Judaism present accounts about the early history of humankind, which use the motifs familiar from the ancient Mesopotamian historiography. The different versions of the Jewish story of the Watchers originate as counter narratives about the antediluvian sages, or apkallus, which are known from the cuneiform literature. The myth of Adapa in Akkadian offers a version of the narrative in which the sage was promoted in heaven to a god-like status, which concept is corroborated with an entry in the cuneiform compendium Tintir and the Chronicle of the Esagila. This tradition also associated Adapa with the immortalized flood survivor. In the form of a counter narrative, the Enochic texts of Judaism attributed the heavenly assumption to Enoch and presented the Watchers as the demonic entities subordinated to him. The fall of the Watchers, the promotion of Enoch, and the primordial battle against evil forces are depicted in the Animal Apocalypse of 1 Enoch 85–90. A very similar scenario is found in the Chronicle of Esagila, which describes the early history of humankind from the Babylonian perspective. It can be demonstrated that the Animal Apocalypse uses this or a similar cuneiform historiographic source as the basis of its counter narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant-mediated synthesis of therapeutic metal nanoparticles is an intensively exploited field in the last decade. In particular, Salvia officinalis, considered one of these plants, was used in this work to synthesize silver particles. Here, we have used harmless substances to obtain silver particles and common characterization methods for quickly estimating sizes and shapes. Thus, UV–Visible spectroscopy helped us online-monitor and optimize the synthesis of silver particles and estimate the size of metallic particles in the stock solutions. The resulting eco-friendly synthesized silver particles were then separated and re-dispersed in water, to be analyzed by laser light scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to prove their nanometric size and shape polydispersity. Furthermore, the role of citric acid in stabilizing colloidal solutions of silver nanoparticles was studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long history of the Palestinian-Israeli conflict has resulted in a public and mental health crisis. Despite the significant mental health burdens facing the Palestinian population in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT) and refugee camps, this issue remains comprehensively unexplored. Aims: This scoping review identified mental health interventions and assessed their effectiveness among populations in the OPT and Palestinian refugee camps, while addressing delivery challenges. Method: A scoping review was conducted using 14 databases to include relevant studies published through March 2024 using PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews. Results: Analyzing 31 intervention studies meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria, revealed varied outcomes in interventions targeting post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and overall mental well-being. Conclusions: While some interventions showed potential, others had limited effectiveness, underscoring the complexity of mental health needs in conflict zones. Gender- and risk-specific effectiveness was observed, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches. Challenges like low attendance rates and systemic barriers hindered intervention success. The profound impact of war on children stresses the urgency for targeted interventions. Empowerment and community connectedness are vital for resilience, along with the importance of family and community involvement and research that balances the need for strong evaluation designs with the need for ongoing mental health services. Advocacy for systemic changes is crucial to implement the complex sustainable interventions necessary to assure mental health in any population. This review highlights the importance of holistic, contextually relevant approaches for mental health intervention in OPT and refugee camps, emphasizing rigorous evaluations and community-driven approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracts of Salvia officinalis (S. officinalis) have been described to have many therapeutic properties. However, the effect of S. officinalis on copper sulfate toxicity has not been previously reported. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of copper sulfate and the potential beneficial effects of S. officinalis aqueous infusion on proinflammatory response and antioxidant status. 56 male mice were used and equally divided into 6 groups: control group, copper sulfate treated group (40 mg/kg), S. officinalis aqueous infusion treated groups (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) separately or in combination with copper. IL-6 (interleukine-6) and TNF-α (Tumor necrosis factor alpha) were assessed by Elisa. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, malondialdehyde (MDA) and oxygen peroxide levels were determined. Serum biochemical parameters were analyzed. Copper enhanced aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (p < 0.05). Copper enhances significantly IL-6, TNF-α and MDA levels in liver and kidney and reduced CAT, SOD and AChE activities (p < 0.05). Aqueous infusion of S. officinalis at 400 mg/kg abolished copper-induced changes in AST and ALT activity. S. officinalis aqueous infusion at 200 mg/kg reversed copper-induced IL-6 in kidney and TNF-α in liver at both doses. S. officinalis aqueous infusion at 400 mg/kg restored SOD in kidney and CAT and AChE activities in both liver and kidney. S. officinalis aqueous infusion may be useful in partially ameliorating tissue disorders induced by copper exposure such as inflammatory response, oxidative stress imbalance and organ dysfunction through its phenolic compounds and higher antioxidant capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salvia officinalis L., commonly known as sage and belonging to the Lamiaceae family, is a medicinal herb indigenous to the Mediterranean region. It is celebrated for its diverse pharmacological properties and traditional uses in folk medicine, particularly in addressing hepatotoxicity. Cisplatin (Cis), a potent chemotherapeutic agent widely employed in cancer treatment, is recognized for its efficacy but often accompanied by adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to assess whether an ethanolic S. officinalis extract (ESOE) could provide protection against Cis -induced hepatotoxicity in an experimental rat model. The ESOE was prepared using standard extraction techniques, and its chemical constituents were elucidated through UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, revealing the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and flavonoids, which are associated with various therapeutic effects, including hepatoprotection. Adult male albino rats were allocated into four groups: control, ESOE (250 mg/kg), Cis (7.5 mg/kg), and ESOE (250 mg/kg) + Cis (7.5 mg/kg). The treatment duration lasted 21 days, with Cis administration on the 22nd day. Twenty-four hours post-Cis administration, blood and liver samples were collected for analysis. Cis -induced hepatotoxicity was evidenced by alterations in hematological parameters, including erythrocyte, thrombocyte, leukocyte, and lymphocyte counts, alongside elevated serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, LDH, AST, ALP, and GGT), indicative of liver damage. Furthermore, Cis exposure resulted in increased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) and Nitric oxide (NO) levels, oxidative stress markers, coupled with decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), a non-enzymatic antioxidant, and histopathological changes in liver tissue, characterized by necrosis and inflammation. Additionally, Cis treatment led to elevated levels of 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), TNF-α, and IL-6, indicating oxidative stress and inflammation. Remarkably, pretreatment with ESOE ameliorated these Cis -induced hepatotoxic effects, as evidenced by improved hematological parameters, reduced liver enzyme activities, alleviated oxidative stress, and ameliorated histopathological alterations. The observed hepatoprotective effects of ESOE against Cis -induced liver injury may be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, highlighting its potential as a natural therapeutic agent in mitigating chemotherapy-associated hepatotoxicity. [Display omitted] • Ethanolic Salvia officinalis extract (ESOE) mitigates cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. • ESOE restores hematological parameters and hepatic enzyme levels. • ESOE attenuates oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in rat liver. • Histological examination confirms ESOE's protective effect on hepatic architecture. • ESOE suppresses caspase-3 and iNOS expression, indicating anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined the protective effects of an aqueous extract of Salvia officinalis (Sage) in mice exposed to copper sulfate (CuSO4). Ten days of daily administration of 6 mg/kg CuSO4 were found to induce oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in the liver, brain, and kidney of mice. In fact, the activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) decreased in the organs of mice. Furthermore, it was shown that CuSO4 caused a drop in cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Additionally, there was a general decrease in organ growth and body weight. Improvements in the antioxidant defense of the kidney and brain were observed to be promoted by the first concentration of 0.425 g/L (E1) of S. officinalis. In contrast, the second concentration of 1.275 g/L (E2) showed a greater improvement in SOD and AChE activities in liver. Sage extract (0.425 g/L) was able to raise the levels of AST, ALAT, and LDH in plasma. Additionally, it was noted that this concentration (E1) was beneficial for the growth of the three investigated organs as well as for preventing weight loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Expanding on work by Conway, Orson, and Powell, we study the isotopy classes rel. boundary of nonorientable, compact, locally flatly embedded surfaces in D 4 with knot group Z 2. In particular we show that if two such surfaces have the same normal Euler number, the same fixed knot boundary K such that | det ⁡ (K) | = 1 , and the same nonorientable genus 4 or 5, then they are ambiently isotopic rel. boundary. This implies that closed, nonorientable, locally flatly embedded surfaces in the 4-sphere with knot group Z 2 of nonorientable genus 4 and 5 are topologically unknotted. The proof relies on calculations, implemented in Sage, which imply that an obstruction to modified surgery is elementary. Furthermore we show that this method fails for nonorientable genus 6 and 7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Staphylococcus aureus , particularly multi-drug resistant strains, presents significant challenges in dairy farming due to its role in causing bovine mastitis, which leads to substantial economic losses and limited treatment options. Seeking alternative therapies, we investigated the potential of a topical formulation derived from the medicinal herb Salvia officinalis to combat S. aureus growth and biofilms associated with bovine mastitis. Through systematic extraction in different solvents and fractionation by column chromatography, we isolated and identified three key multicyclic terpenoids—ferruginol, sugiol, and sclareol—exhibiting significant antimicrobial activity. The formulation effectively inhibited biofilm formation, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 0.09 to 0.74 mg ml−1 against clinical S. aureus strains, comparable to or lower than those of the pure compounds. Moreover, it displayed robust anti-adhesive properties, reducing biofilm formation by 20%–79% at subinhibitory concentrations. Furthermore, the formulation successfully disrupted pre-existing biofilms, achieving reductions ranging from 30% to 82%. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed the safety of the formulation on mammary epithelial cells, with cell viability maintained at 100% at MIC. Our findings underscore the therapeutic potential of Sa. officinalis -derived compounds in managing bovine mastitis caused by S. aureus , emphasizing their antimicrobial efficacy and safety profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving the productivity of medicinal and aromatic species via eco-friendly approaches is imperative worldwide because of their therapeutic impacts. Biostimulants have been recognized among the best cultural practices in the last few decades. Among them, bee honey (BH) and ginger extract (GE) are new sources of multifunctional biostimulants that positively influence plant growth and development. However, there are currently no detailed reports on the impacts of BH or GE as promising growth and yield enhancers for medicinal and aromatic species. Also, the mechanism involved in stimulating growth and essential oil content with BH or GE is still unidentified. This work was, therefore, undertaken to analyze the impact of BH and GE on the growth, productivity, and essential oil content of sage plants (Salvia officinalis L.). Sage plants were sprayed monthly for three months with the same volume of BH (0, 5, 10, and 15 g L−1), GE (0, 5, 10, and 15 mg L−1), or tap water, which was used as a control. BH or GE application improved the plant height, branch number, herb yield, total chlorophyll content, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity relative to the controls, more so with GE. Intriguingly, the essential oil percentage, oil yield, and oil constituents were enhanced by BH and GE. In this respect, the highest levels of biostimulants, particularly GE, were more effective. On a percentage basis, the essential oil yield per hectare was largely increased by 127.91 and 138.89% with GE (10 g L−1) in both seasons relative to the controls. The contents of IAA, GA3, and CK in THE sage leaves were substantially increased by BH and GE, and higher levels of both biostimulants and GE were more effective. The nutrient levels of N, P, K, Fe, Zn, and Mg were also elevated by BH and GE compared with the untreated plants. These results suggest that BH or GE application could be a promising biostimulant for improving the productivity of sage and provide a new understanding of their mechanisms in this aspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Kongzi 孔子, in the Zhuangzi, has been a compelling story. Can we read the stories about Kongzi as constituting a type of commentary on his teachings and the early development of Confucian philosophy in general? First, let us consider the way Zhuangzi has put his own teachings into the mouth of Kongzi because he was accepted to be a sage who understood how to live well. Then, I turn to the more problematic references to Kongzi as being punished in Chapter 5 and his being a "condemned person" in chapter 6 to illustrate how these stories are taken to be forms of commentary or criticism of Kongzi's project because he did not understand complete virtue. The role of Kongzi in the Zhuangzi can be read as a criticism-like commentary using Kongzi to criticize Kongzi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the exploration of the therapeutic potential of Salvia has gained considerable attention, leading to a growing number of scientific studies emphasizing its pharmacological properties. Despite this, therapeutic applications of Salvia remain underexploited, requiring further investigation. Iran is a major center for sage diversity in Asia, boasting 60 Salvia species, 17 of which are unique to the area. This study aimed to comprehensively explore and compare the extracts of 102 Salvia samples belonging to 20 distinct Salvia species from Iran, providing a deeper understanding of their specific polyphenol content and, consequently, their antioxidant capabilities and potential therapeutic uses. All samples were analyzed to determine the contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, total tannin, photosynthetic pigments, and ascorbic acid, along with their antioxidant activity. These data were then combined with the forty distinct chemical fingerprints identified by ultrafast high-pressure liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. Multivariate data analysis was employed to find correlations and differences among the huge number of data obtained and to identify Salvia species with similar phytochemical and/or antioxidant properties. The results show that each Salvia species is characterized by a distinct class of polyphenols recognized for their antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties. Overall, our findings reveal the potential of some Salvia species for targeted therapeutic applications and provide a rational basis for the development of Salvia-derived nutraceuticals, ultimately improving the prospects for the use of Salvia in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sage is a perennial medicinal and aromatic plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Macro-micro elements have an important place in the development of this plant. One of these elements is selenium. This study aims to examine the effect of foliar selenium (Se) application on the agronomic, biochemical, and bioactive properties of sage. The plant height (PH), fresh herb yield (FHY), dry herb yield (DHY), and dry leaf yield (DLY) as agronomic properties, and Se content in the plant (SCP), ascorbic acid content (AAC), total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and mineral composition (MC) as biochemical and bioactive properties were investigated in this context. The experiment was carried out in four replications over three years in 2018, 2019, and 2020. In the study, 0 (control), 100, 200, 400, and 800 g ha−1 Se were applied to sage leaves. At the end of the study, it was determined that Se application was effective on the agronomic characteristics of the sage, except for the first year. The application of 100 g ha−1 Se in FHY, DHY, DLY, AA, and TPC properties emerged as the recommended dose since it reached the highest values. In addition, it was evaluated that the Se application did not have a statistically significant effect on the SCP. For years with statistical significance, 400 g ha−1 Se application was recommended in terms of AAC and 100 g ha−1 Se application in terms of AA and TPC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Salvia officinalis on anxiety-like behaviors triggered by intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin in male Wistar rats. Methods: The animals were divided into four groups: control, vehicle, streptozotocin, and streptozotocin with Salvia officinalis treatment, which included dosages of 50, 25, and 100 mg/kg. The control group received no treatment. The Vehicle group received saline intraperitoneally and intracerebroventricularly. The streptozotocin group and the streptozotocin + Salvia officinalis treatment groups received saline intraperitoneally and hydroalcoholic extract of Salvia officinalis, respectively, for 14 days. Intracerebroventricular cannulas were then implanted into the animals' brains. One week after recovery, the streptozotocin group was administered streptozotocin (3 mg/kg), while the streptozotocin+ Salvia officinalis group was administered Salvia officinalis extract intraventricularly. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated at two time points: 5 minutes and one week after streptozotocin administration, using the Elevated Plus Maze. Results: Salvia officinalis at the high dose (100 mg/kg) significantly increased both the percentage of open arm times and the percentage of open arm entries compared to the streptozotocin group (P<0.05). The medium dose (50 mg/kg) only resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of open arm times (P<0.05), while the low dose (25 mg/kg) did not result in a reduction of streptozotocin-induced anxiety. Conclusion: The plant extract of Salvia officinalis shows a dose-dependent protective effect against anxiety induced by intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent years have seen a global resurgence of interest in herbal medicine due to a desire for natural and holistic approaches to health, increased awareness of the side effects of synthetic drugs and scientific evidence supporting herbal remedies. Herbal medicine has a deep-rooted history and is closely tied to traditional practices and cultural beliefs. Many people rely on herbs and natural remedies to heal and maintain their health. Sage (Salvia officinalis), commonly known as "maramia" in Arabic culture, is a herbaceous perennial plant with a distinctive aroma and earthy flavour. It holds significant scientific interest due to its rich phytochemical profile and potential therapeutic applications, warranting further research and exploration of its medicinal properties. This article provides a comprehensive overview and analysis of sage, including its herbal characteristics, habitat harvesting and safety issues contributing to understanding its uses in herbal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These studies were conducted to uncover the potential and traditional knowledge of aromatic and medicinal plants (AMP) in the Boulemane province of the Middle Atlas, an area previously unexplored. The objectives were to inventory and identify AMP used in the region's traditional medicine, gather extensive information from locals and professionals on their usage and exploitation, and identify the most promising species for further studies, to be highlighted in future publications. The floristic study enabled the identification of 71 families out of 155 existing in Morocco, comprising 313 genera and 618 species and subspecies, which represent 11% of the global Moroccan floristic richness. Additionally, 84 taxa from 20 families are endemic with 78% being exclusive to Morocco. The ethnopharmacological study revealed that 88.47% of the informants use AMP for therapeutic purposes in 58.21% of the cases. A catalog of traditional practices was compiled, documenting 79 species across 38 families. Rosemary, sagebrush, pennyroyal, thyme, berber cedar, lavender sage, and clubroot were the most frequently cited species, mainly used to treat stomach and respiratory problems. However, only 17.6% of the population exploits this wealth through the creation of cooperatives and/or associations. This study assessed the role of AMP in fostering sustainable development in the region. The evaluation was based on a series of studies, with particular emphasis on the ethnopharmacological aspect. The latter has facilitated the promotion of awareness of sustainable usage practices and the training of professionals to implement these practices while ensuring the conservation of botanical resources against over-exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Mutiles campus, in San Mateo, Esmeraldas, Brachiaria Hybrid Sabia AIG-330 J was evaluated at three cutting ages (30, 60 and 90 days), using a completely randomized experimental design and statistical analysis with Fisher's test at 5%. Variables of forage potential were studied, such as cutting height, cover, green forage production and dry matter, as well as nutritional composition (dry matter, ash, protein, fiber, nitrogen free extract and ethereal extract). The results showed significant differences, highlighting greater height at 90 days (1.32 m) and greater production of green forage (77.13 ton/ha/year) and dry matter (13.13 ton/ha/year). Nutritional analysis revealed a decrease in protein content with increasing cutting age, being higher at 30 and 60 days (14.16%) and lower at 90 days (10.86%). Fiber reached its maximum at 90 days (31.50%). These findings suggest that cutting at 60 days offers an optimal balance between biomass production and nutritional value, recommending the Brachiaria Sabia AIG-330 J hybrid as an efficient forage source for this age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Species belonging to the genus Salvia, Lamiaceae, have been deeply involved in the folk medicine of different nations since ancient times. Lilac sage, or Salvia verticillata L. (S. verticillata) is a less studied species from the genus. However, it seems to have a prominent potential for the future drug discovery strategies of novel phytopharmaceuticals. This review aims to summarise the data on the biological activity and the phytochemical profile of extracts and essential oils derived from S. verticillata. This review is based on data from 57 in vitro and in vivo studies. The chemical profile of S. verticillata includes different synergic compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenes, and salvianolic acids. Although some small amounts of salvianolic acid B were found in S. verticillata extracts, the major compound among the salvianolic acids is salvianolic acid C, a compound associated with the potential for improving liver fibrosis, cardio- and hepatoprotection, and the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist β-caryophyllene is one of the major compounds in S. verticillata essential oils. It is a compound with a prominent potential in regenerative medicine, neurology, immunology, and other medical fields. The in vivo and the in vitro studies, regarding S. verticillata highlighted good antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. S.verticillata was also reported as a potential source of drug candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, because of the inhibitory activity on the acetylcholinesterase. However, the number of studies in this direction is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the topic of offering sacrifices for the dead in the ancient world and its potential presence in the Bible. It suggests that the Bible discourages the practice of offering food to the dead, citing Deuteronomy 26:12-14 as a possible reference. The article also mentions other biblical passages that may refer to offerings made to idols or deceased ancestors. It concludes that the evidence indicates that the Israelites were instructed to prioritize their commitment to the less fortunate and were prohibited from using their tithes for offerings to the dead. The text further discusses the practice of offering sacrifices to the dead in ancient Israelite culture, including sleeping at grave sites in hopes of encountering the spirits of the deceased in dreams. It also mentions the consumption of forbidden animals as part of a ritual to establish a connection with underworld powers. However, the Bible is portrayed as being opposed to providing food and drink to the dead, and the practice was not widely accepted in Israelite culture. [Extracted from the article]

BACKGROUND: Salvia officinalis (Common Sage) plant, is used as herbal medicine. The study was aimed at investigating the antimalarial potential and liver function profiles of the Methanol Extract of Salvia officinalis. METHODS: Mice infected with Plasmodium berghei were treated (p.o) with the extract in the curative, suppressive, and prophylactic antimalarial models at doses of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg, and 1000mg/kg. The positive control drug used was artemether/ lumefantrine (7mg/kg A/L) while the negative control was 10mk/kg of Tween 80. RESULTS: The curative stage showed a significant (p < 0.001) dose-dependent antiplasmodial effect (of the methanol extract of S. officinalis leaf) compared with the negative control (Group 1). At doses of 250, 500, and 1000mg/kg, the Salvia officinalis extract produced parasite suppression of 37.13%, 57.18% and 66.80% respectively. While the positive control group produced parasite percentage suppression of 74.38%. There was a significant chemosuppressive effect (p < 0.001) at all doses of the methanol extract of Salvia officinalis leaf.The leaf extracts demonstrated a prophylactic significant (p < 0.001) activity. There was no significant effect (p > 0.05) on packed cell volume at doses of 250 and 500mg/kg while 1000mg/kg body weight showed a significant (p < 0.05) effect. There was a reduction in the level of activity of the enzymes and other parameters in the liver function tests with an increase in the dosage of the leaf extract. CONCLUSION: The methanol extract of Salvia officinalis possesses in vivo antiplasmodial activities and could be a lead plant in the development of antiplasmodial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a paper on social media postings by a publishing company focusing on issues of humane qualities of a diverse society, Sage Publishing (Sage). Part of a global academic community, Sage developed uniquely positive messaging for social media and is a model for other organizations. Starting with a background of Sage, this study includes a brief history of publishing in the United States and world, and continuing with the history of social media, with a focus on LinkedIn. Sage's communication approach is not to sell products and services via social media, but to educate its followers and stakeholders on the important issues of the day. The research methods used are Historical and Descriptive Research, Content Analysis, and Elite and Specialized Interviewing. The result is a model for communication via social media for organizations wanting to communicate effectively to its publics. A Content Analysis looks at four broad categories, 14 specific categories, and 90 topics. The study covers the people behind the Sage LinkedIn postings; purpose of the postings; Sage corporate morals, ethics, social responsibilities, values, and philosophy; Sage today and prospects for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Lamiaceae family, which includes several well-known aromatic plants, is scientifically relevant due to its essential oils (EOs). In this work, four EOs from Mediterranean species, namely Origanum vulgare L., Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., and Thymus vulgaris L., were evaluated for their volatile profiles and the biological activity in vitro to assess their potential use in the food and cosmetic sector. GC/MS analysis revealed dominant compounds, such as carvacrol, thymol, and eucalyptol. Regarding biological action, the samples exhibited antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activities, with O. vulgare and T. officinalis standing out. T. vulgaris showed the lowest EC50 in the reducing power assay, and O. vulgare had the lowest EC50 in the DPPH assay. Most EOs also displayed excellent anti-inflammatory responses and antifungal properties, with O. vulgare and T. vulgaris also demonstrating antibacterial activity. All EOs from Mediterranean species showed cytotoxicity against tumoral cell lines. Overall, the selected EOs stood out for their interesting bioactivities, with the obtained results underscoring their potential as natural preservatives and bioactive agents in various industrial applications, including food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study set out to determine the effects of Salvia officinalis L., commonly known as sage, on the chemical composition of the essential oil, its free radical scavenging activity (IC50), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) value, and antimicrobial properties. According to the results of the GC-MS analysis, 3-thujen-2-one, (26,21%), (+)-2-bornanone (16.47%), and 1,8-cineole (15.09%) were the compounds with the highest percentage in the sage essential oil. In addition, the essential oil showed high antioxidant activity, providing an IC50 value of 5.507 ± 0.723 mg/ml and a FRAP value of 2.129 ± 0.136 mM/g. The findings of the agar disc diffusion test demonstrated that the highest inhibition zones were against Bacillus cereus NRRL B3711 and Bacillus subtilis PY79 bacteria, whereas the lowest antimicrobial effect was shown against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19115 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Similarly, sage essential oil showed the highest antimicrobial effect in the broth dilution test with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 2.94 mg/ml against Bacillus cereus NRRL B3711, while its effectiveness against Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, and Salmonella typhimurium ATCC 14028 bacteria was the lowest with a MIC value of 23.5 mg/ml. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the study carried out at the University of Bristol, 60% of oregano spices present on the European Union (EU) market are adulterated with olive, myrtle, cistus, and hazelnut leaves. According to the same authors, the sage products are adulterated by similar bulking agents. The aim of this study was to assess possibilities for detection of sage adulteration by olive leaves using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with digital image analysis and multivariate linear regression/classification (partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis). Twenty‐four samples (4 pure sage leaves, 4 pure olive leaves, and 16 mixtures of olive and sage leaves with content of added olive leaves varying in 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50%) have been prepared, extracted, and analyzed under normal‐phase conditions. Several derivatization methods were tested, and derivatized HPTLC plates were inspected under visible or ultraviolet light. Digital images of chromatograms were recorded. In order to minimize effects of intraplate and interplate peak shifts, background changes, and baseline drifts, correlation‐optimized warping, standard normal variate, and mean centering were applied to acquired signals. Partial least squares and partial least squares discriminant analysis models with moderate complexity (two to four latent variables) based on chromatographic signals obtained after derivatization by FeCl3, anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl demonstrated good statistical performances with R2 ranging 0.894–0.998 and relative prediction error of 4–12%. Misclassification error <4% was obtained in the case of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl and anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid derivatization. Therefore, HPTLC combined with multivariate image analysis, signal processing, and linear modeling proved to be promising, cost‐effective chromatographic tool for assessment of sage adulteration by olive leaves. A possibility for detection of sage adulteration by olive leaves using high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with digital image analysis and multivariate linear regression/classification (PLS and PLS‐DA) was assessed. HPTLC derivatization by anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid (detection of terpenoids), DPPH reagent (antioxidants), and 3% FeCl3 solution (phenolic compounds) lead to models of good statistical performances with R2 ranging 0.894–0.998 and relative prediction error of 4–12%. Misclassification error <4% was obtained in the case of DPPH and anisaldehyde–sulfuric acid derivatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Lamiaceae family: valued in medicine, the food industry and cosmetics. • Salvia officinalis (SO): aromatic oils and various bioactive components. • Phenolic diterpenes in SO prevent obesity, diabetes and cancer. • Antioxidant, antibacterial, and antifungal properties of flavonoids and phenolic acids of SO. • SO as a potential natural food additive that extends the shelf life of food. The botanical family Lamiaceae, which comprises around 230 genera and 7100 species worldwide, is of great importance for medicine, cooking, cosmetics, and the cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants. Notable members include Sage, Mint, and Sideritis. This review focuses on S. officinalis L. (S. officinalis), commonly known as sage, and in particular its bioactive constituents and their potential medicinal applications. Extensive searches of databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were conducted. The research emphasizes the antioxidant properties of S. officinalis due to its flavonoids and phenolic acids. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate its effectiveness against bacterial infections. Recent research also suggests that S. officinalis has the potential to extend the shelf life of various foods by reducing lipid oxidation, making it an important ingredient in the food industry as a natural food additive. The findings underscore the potential medicinal applications of S. officinalis , including its pharmacological, antioxidant and antibacterial properties, as well as its role in food preservation. Despite existing controversies, S. officinalis proves to be a natural and healthier alternative for various applications, in line with today's consumer preferences for natural and sustainable products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extracted plants basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.), lavender (Lavandula officinalis L.), immortelle (Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G. Don), savory (Satureja montana L.), and rosemary (Salvia rosmarinus Spenn.) against foodborne and clinical pathogens. Dried plants were used in the production of Dalmatian cow's milk hard cheese at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2% to evaluate the microbiological safety and sensory properties of novel cheeses. The broadest antimicrobial activity was found in rosemary and sage, inhibiting ten indicator pathogens, and the strongest antimicrobial activity was found in immortelle and sage, which showed the widest zones of inhibition. The most sensitive indicators were Staphylococcus species and Yersinia enterocolitica. The supplemented cheeses met the official microbiological criteria and were mycotoxin negative. The surface mycobiota of control and experimental cheeses consisted mainly of Penicillium sollitum, based on the sequence analysis of the beta-tubulin and calmodulin genes. The antifungal effect of the added plants was clearly demonstrated in cheeses with added basil and sage (p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antidepressant drug trazodone (TRZ) is commonly used for treating depression, anxiety, and insomnia, however, it causes cardiotoxicity, which is one of its limitations. The objective of this work was to investigate the impact of sage (Salvia officinalis) in rats against cardiotoxicity induced by TRZ and to investigate the mechanisms involved in its cardio-protective properties through autophagy and oxidative stress. Fifty male albino rats were split randomly into five experimental groups: control group, sage oil group (100 mg/kg), TRZ group (20 mg/kg), protective group, and curative group. Cardiac function biomarkers (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], creatine kinase-MB [CK-MB], and cardiac troponin T [cTnI]) were assessed in serum. Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in cardiac tissue (total antioxidant capacity, malondialdehyde, and tumor necrosis factor-α) were evaluated. Heart tissues were subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural evaluations. DNA damage also evaluated. Significant rise in the levels of AST, CK-MB, and cTnI were observed with enhanced autophagy along with marked histopathological changes in the form of interrupted muscle fibers with wide interstitial spaces with areas of hemorrhage and extravasated blood and interstitial mononuclear cellular infiltration in TRZ group. DNA damage was also significantly increased in TRZ group. However, administration of sage in both protective and curative groups show marked improvement of the cardiac alterations. In conclusion, sage ameliorated the alterations in the heart induced by trazadone through modulation of autophagy and oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to explore the notion of freedom as an ontologically untransferable part of human natural right. We are not speaking of the full freedom of the sage, which few possess prevalently, but of a freedom to think imaginatively, according to one's own temperament, one's own disposition, and not merely according to the ruler's temperament, even though the ruler has the power to define what is just and pious. We will examine the ontological foundations of this kind of freedom, as well as its political consequences depicted in the final chapter of Spinoza's Theologico-Political Treatise. This freedom to opine, a necessary consequence of human nature, is accompanied by the requirement to share opinions with others, a requirement that grows as the individual's virtue grows. Thus, as embryonic active affects operate in the mind, the untransferable part of this freedom expands in a virtuous movement that limits the ruler's power to suppress the public expression of opinions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how the worship of ancient wisdom affects economic progress in historical China, where the learned class embraced classical wisdom for millennia but encountered the shock of Western industrial influence in the mid-nineteenth century. Using the number of sage temples to measure the strength of classical worship in 269 prefectures, I find that classical worship discouraged intellectuals from appreciating modern learning and thus inhibited industrialization between 1858 and 1927. By contrast, industrialization grew faster in regions less constrained by classicism. This finding implies the importance of cultural entrepreneurship, or the lack thereof, in shaping modern economic growth. "The humor of blaming the present, and admiring the past, is strongly rooted in human nature, and has an influence even on persons endued with the profoundest judgment and most extensive learning." —David Hume (1754, p. 464). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Daily consumption of various teas is a popular tradition in many countries especially in Turkey and although it shouldn’t be in tea, carbonate can be added to obtain more brew from teas especially in local coffeehouses. In this study, the effect of carbonate addition on the essential element concentrations of some black teas (black, earl grey and green tea), herbal teas (fennel, mint and sage tea) and fruit teas (apple, lemon and rosehip) is analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES), after the infusion process of tea brewing with carbonate. Afterwards, the total element contents of the tea grains in are determined by again ICP-OES prior to microwave digestion process. Considering the data obtained from the experiments, carbonate addition increased or decreased some elements with respect to the tea types. According to the results obtained after the microwave digestion method, although the major elements in all types of teas are found as Ca, K, P, Mg and Mn, which do not reach 2% brewing from the tea grains, carbonated infusion is not recommended due to its increasing effect on the concentration of the major elements contained in teas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was to enhanced functionality of beer with natural materials such as selected herbs from Lamiaceae family (salvia, oregano, wild thyme, lemon balm) and consequently to determine the impact of the addition of herbs on the technological parameters and sensory profile of beer. For purposes of this study a top-fermented beer was produced and herbs: salvia (Salvia officinalis L), oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) were used for beer fortification. The basic qualitative parameters of beer as real extract, alcohol content, pH, colour, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity were determined. Results showed that in the analysed samples, the values of the actual extract ranged from 3.64 wt.% to 4.02 wt.%. Alcohol content ranged from 3.99 vol.% to 4.46 vol.%. Total polyphenol content was significantly increased by the herbs addition to beer. The content of phenolic substances increased the most in beer with oregano 801.63 mg GAE.g-1. Moreover, the antioxidant activity in beer samples enriched with herbs was significantly increased; it ranged from 50.30 mg TEAC.g-1 (control beer) to 78.17 mg TEAC.g-1 (beer with oregano). Values of antioxidant activity were positively correlated with the content of total polyphenols. Sensory evaluation of beer was conducted using a nine-level hedonic scale. Sensory analyses revealed that the most intense, pleasurable herbal aroma and taste was evaluated in beer with salvia. From the overall impression point of view beer enriched with wild thyme manifested the best performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study investigated the effect of dried and ground Salvia officinalis (SO) shrub leaves on ruminal fermentation characteristics, primarily focusing on nutrient degradability, in vitro gas, and ruminal CH4 production. Previous studies on SO mostly focused on plant extracts or sage essential oil with different inclusions. This study used dried and ground leaves of SO in an in vitro experiment to evaluate the dose response when the ruminants' diets were supplemented with incremental amounts of SO. We found that a 1% inclusion of SO significantly improved gas production kinetics, nutrient degradability, and the ruminal fermentation profile while reducing CH4 production significantly. This study contributes to developing our understanding of phytogenic feed additives and their potential use in ruminants' diet as sustainable method to reduce the environmental impact of livestock farming. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of dried Salvia officinalis (SO) shrub leaves on nutrient degradability, ruminal in vitro fermentation, gas production (GP), methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide (CO2) productions. Dried and ground SO shrub leaves were included at 0% (control), 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% DM of a diet consisting of (per kg DM) 500 g concentrate feed mixture, 400 g berseem hay, and 100 g rice straw. The diet was incubated for 48 h. The asymptotic GP and the rate of GP changed linearly and quadratically (p < 0.01), with the highest GP observed at 1% inclusion of SO and then decreasing thereafter with greater inclusion (i.e., 1.5% and 2%), while CH4 production and its rate decreased linearly (p < 0.01) with all levels of SO inclusion. A linear increase in CO2 production and its rate was also found with an increasing level of SO inclusion in the diet (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the degradability of DM, NDF, and the concentration of total short-chain fatty acids and acetate changed linearly and quadratically, with the greatest being found at 1% SO inclusion and then steadily declining after (p < 0.01) with the 1.5% and 2% inclusion levels. Meanwhile, the propionate, NH3-N, and microbial crude protein levels showed similar trends, with the plateau found at 1% inclusion of SO, where there was no change in butyrate concentration. Moreover, the pH, metabolizable energy, and partitioning factor (PF24) also changed linearly and quadratically (p < 0.05), where the pH and PF24 were considerably reduced and ME increased with a 1% inclusion of SO (p < 0.05). In summary, SO at 1% inclusion in the diet showed the potential to improve gas production kinetics, nutrient degradability, and the ruminal fermentation profile, with a more significant reduction in ruminal CH4 production suggesting that SO at 1% could be included in the ruminant diet to reduce their carbon footprint and increase the production performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional medicine has used sage (Salvia officinalis L.) preparations for centuries to prevent and treat various inflammatory and oxidative stress-induced conditions. The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the bioactive properties of a sage leave extract obtained with environmentally friendly aqueous extraction and lyophilisation in primary human peripheral blood cells. To that end we measured the total phenolic and flavonoid content (TPC and TFC, respectively) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Non-cytotoxic concentrations determined with the trypan blue assay were used to assess the antioxidant (DPPH, ABTS, and PAB assay), antigenotoxic (CBMN assay), immunomodulatory (IL-1β and TNF-α), and neuroprotective effects (AChE inhibition). The extract contained high TPC (162 mg GAE/g of dry extract) and TFC (39.47 mg QE/g of dry extract) concentrations, while β-thujone content was unexpectedly low (below 0.9 %). Strong radical-scavenging activity combined with glutathione reductase activation led to a decrease in basal and H2O2-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage. A decrease in TNF-α and increase in IL-1β levels suggest complex immunomodulatory response that could contribute to antioxidant and, together with mild AChE inhibition, neuroprotective effects. Overall, this study has demonstrated that aqueous sage leave extract reduces the levels of thujone, 1,8-cineole, pinene, and terpene ketones that could be toxic in high concentrations, while maintaining high concentrations of biologically active protective compounds which have a potential to prevent and/or treat inflammatory and oxidative stress-related conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils from Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, and Ocimum basilicum were extracted by hydrodistillation, characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and quantified by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector. The principal constituents were thymol, ρ‐cymene and carvacrol (T. vulgaris); camphor, β‐pinene, and 1,8‐cineole (S. officinalis); and (E)‐anethole, linalool, and 1,8‐cineole (O. basilicum). The essential oil from T. vulgaris was the most effective, forming inhibition halos of 46.16 ± 0.16 and 26.38 ± 0.33 mm, respectively, for Salmonella choleraesuis and Listeria monocytogenes. This essential oil was also more effective against S. choleraesuis, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8.85 mg mL−1, and a minimum inhibitory concentration of 17.71 mg mL−1 for L. monocytogenes. No bactericidal activity against S. choleraesuis and L. monocytogenes was observed for the essential oils from S. officinalis, and O. basilicum. Scanning electron micrographs showed that the addition of essential oils left the bacterial cells damaged and deformed. Significant 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging capacity and lipid substrate protection were observed in the β‐carotene bleaching assay for the essential oil from T. vulgaris, with IC50 of 231.13 ± 0.53 and 15.25 ± 0.38 μg mL−1, respectively. A dose‐dependent relationship between antioxidant activity and concentrations was observed in the tests. Toxicities of LC50 = 1.24, 3.51 and 1.19 mg mL−1 against Drosophila suzukii flies, respectively, were observed for the essential oils from T. vulgaris, S. officinalis, and O. basilicum. Results suggest that essential oils can be promising antioxidant agents, insecticides, and inhibitors of pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to compare the extraction yields, chemical compositions and antimicrobial activities of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation (HD) and volatile extracts obtained by supercritical fluid extraction extraction (SFE) from oregano (Origanum onites), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), sage (Salvia officinalis), anise (Pimpinella anisum) and clove (Syzygium aromaticum). Essential oil compounds (EOCs) of the obtained materials from both techniques (HD and SFE) were determined by GC-MS/FID. Agar well diffusion method was used for the determination of antimicrobial activities on five different foodborne microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli Enterococcus faecalis and Klebsiella pneumoniae). According to the results; extraction yields of SFE were found to be higher than HD for all tested aromatic plants. Active ingredient ratios (carvacrol, camphor, anethole, eugenole and linalol) varied depending on the extraction methods. SFE extracts were higher antimicrobial activity than HD essential oils, except clove extract on E. faecalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the properties and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised through a green method using Salvia officinalis. Extracts were obtained from sage at two different temperatures, and these extracts were then used to synthesise silver nanoparticles through a reaction with AgNO₃. The characteristics of resulting silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial effects on foodborne pathogenic bacteria were examined. During the synthesis, the colour of the silver nanoparticle solution changed from yellow to dark brown, and a significant absorbance peak was observed at 360 nm. The sizes of the synthesised silver nanoparticles were found to be 53.77 and 57.08 nm for the two different extraction temperatures, respectively. The nanoparticles exhibited spherical-rod shapes with silver contents of 83.91% and 84.38% and crystal sizes of 37.15 nm and 34.81 nm, corresponding to the two temperatures. The reduction of silver ions involved functional groups like C=C or C=O. The antimicrobial activity of the synthesised silver nanoparticles was evaluated at concentrations of 10 and 25 mg·mL–1 using the paper disc method against several foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Notably, the sage extract displayed antimicrobial efficacy against Salmonella Typhi, Listeria monocytogenes, and Staphylococcus aureus. However, no significant antimicrobial effect was observed against Escherichia coli O157:H7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]