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The FRP reinforcement gained importance due to high tensile strength, high durability and ecological friendliness [1–7]. Its usefulness as the internal or Near Surface Mounted reinforcement in bent concrete elements has already been proven. Though, in terms of the compressive behaviour of the bars and concrete elements incorporating them, there are still few experimental and numerical considerations, especially when high temperatures are considered. This article contains further considerations on the performance of concrete columns with BFRP main reinforcement in fire resistance tests on the basis of previously presented authors’ numerical analyses. Comparative analysis in terms of temperatures, deformations and stresses of concrete columns with BFRP and steel main reinforcement in fire resistance tests is presented by the example of two columns, for which also experimental investigations were performed. Also, a comparative analysis of stress-strain relations for BFRP, steel and concrete at temperatures up to 600◦C is presented. It can be concluded that BFRP bars’ properties are strongly different when compressive and tensile performance is considered, especially at elevated temperatures. Tensile strength was higher for BFRP than steel at room temperature, but along with temperature growth, it came the other way (at around 600◦C). The compressive strength of the BFRP bars was higher than the value for concrete, but only for temperatures lower than 200◦C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wildfires have been known to mankind since its inception. Formerly attributed to supernatural powers, today increasingly caused by the human factor, they represent a crisis situation that everyone fears. Great material losses, fear, inability to function normally and human casualties are an integral part of any major wildfire outbreak. Proactive action cannot entirely prevent wildfires, and actions are increasingly focused on reactive action. Aerial firefighting is crucial in many situations so that the fire is thoroughly extinguished or managed in such way that ground forces can successfully suppress the fire. Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is striving to form its own aerial firefighting unit, a complex process that ultimately offers great benefits. The formation of such unit and the selection of the optimal aircraft are described in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper conducts research to determine and justify the total time of rescuing people in a fire in case of threat to their lives. It is established that the total time of rescuing people in a fire consists of the time before the report of the fire, the time of collection and departure of the unit, the time of departure and the time of operational deployment. Which in turn are determined depending on such indicators as the number of fire and rescue units and their location, their tactical capabilities and equipment of fire and rescue vehicles and fire equipment, population density, road coverage, terrain and operational and tactical characteristics of the area departure of the unit. Graphically shows the components of the total time of rescuing people in a fire, depending on these indicators. Also, a comparative analysis of the total time of rescuing people in a fire, taking into account the scheme number, period and place of use of the fire and rescue unit with the safe time of people in the room before the fatal concentration of carbon monoxide. The obtained results allow researchers to determine the total time of rescuing people in a fire with the appropriate adjustment of its components and the introduction of their relevant documentation. The paper also substantiates the choice of the scheme of operational deployment of the fire and rescue unit upon arrival at the scene of the fire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the issues of the contents and the significance of Ulpian’s text D. 19, 2, 9, 3 within a wider context of allocation of risk in lease agreements and the place of fire, conflagration (incendium) among the different forms of vis maior in Roman legal sources. Considering the problem of subsequent impossibility of performance in locatio conductio (rei), D. 19, 2, 9, 3 stands out as the one mentioning periculum in relation to locatio fundi, however, it is burdened by different interpretations. The analysis in the article starts with the D. 19, 2, 9, 3 and then continues setting it in the context of other related texts in which the Roman jurists dealt with the problem of fire in lease agreements. The conclusion is drawn on the probable changes in the text as well as on the function of the term fortuitus casus in the line of the texts dealing with fire. It emphasizes the connection between fire (ignis) and conflagration (incendium) marked by the words fortuitus casus, which would show a differentiated approach to incendium as a form and an example of vis maior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 70-year-old female patient was transferred from the Oncological Surgery Clinic to the West Pomeranian Centre for Severe Burns and Plastic Surgery in Gryfice (Poland). The patient suffered from a thermal face burn, mainly of the 3rd degree, that was caused by ignition of a nasal oxygen cannula and surgical drapes during Mohs surgery. Conservative treatment was implemented in order to avoid a mutilating necrectomy. Positive wound healing effect was achieved without surgical intervention. Face burns have high self-healing potential, therefore it is essential to suitably qualify patients for necrectomy in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the research was to determine whether, and to what extent, a surface fire of forest areas determines changes in physical and chemical properties of the soil. The test material consisted of soil samples taken from soil profiles exposed in a burntout area and in an area unaffected by fire. The samples were analyzed for total organic carbon and total nitrogen contents, and also selected indicators of soil acidification. As a result of the tests, it was found that there was a decrease in the levels of organic carbon (by over 75%) and nitrogen (by 50%). A negative effect of the changes was the narrowing of the C/N ratio, a positive one - an increase in soil pH (from 3.14 to 4.67), and a several-times reduction in hydrolytic and exchangeable acidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a real case of fire in a large shopping centre. Described is the manner of work of experts and the investigation team. Methods are listed for determining the place of fire origin and cause of fire, indicating the found defects which may have caused the fire. The building in question was equipped with fire protection systems, but their activation did not prove effective. The fire took place at night, after working hours, thus there was no need to evacuate shoppers and employees. In the fire the building suffered total damage, including damage to furniture, installations and merchandise. Through the conducted investigation of the fire location including an examination of the protection systems, and on the basis of other gathered information, it was found that the direct cause of fire was a defect on a light fixture installed in a metal rack with wooden shelves for storing textile goods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damages and losses caused by fire on ships, in the last decade, have accelerated the development of new techniques, technologies and innovation, in order to increase the safety and reliability of the fire detection system. At the same time, by increasing the demand for enhanced technology for early fire detection and its prevention, advanced detection systems are being developed, whose control algorithms have the task of intelligently processing and distinguishing the real smoke or flames signals from the false ones, or real alert from the false one. By using the service that new technology provides, ship owner aims to better protect the crew, ship's inventory, and to reduce the potential costs, that may occur due to accidents caused by fire. With an overview of the latest techniques and technologies for early fire detection on ships, this paper presents improvement of characteristics of the new systems and components of detection systems, and their abilities, benefits, and applications are being analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underground car park fires are among the riskiest firefighting operations. The main reasons for high risks are underground location, large spaces, possible high fire load, lack of installed fire protection systems, etc. When accounting for an underground car park fire scenario we must know the fire load, i.e. car characteristics, number of cars in underground car park, underground car park design features and possible ignition sources. Based on this framework we can predict the fire development. Additional help can be provided by using deterministic and probabilistic methods. In general, fire spread will be highly dependable on the initial fuel - the first vehicle, which was ignited and the spread of fire to adjacent vehicles. The success of fire brigade intervention depends on fire development stage at the time of its arrival at the fire scene. In this paper heat fluxes during car fires were analyzed. Experimental data were recalculated by computational fluid dynamics code (CFD) where some significant consistency was found. In addition to this, real underground car park fire (the fire that was used as an example happened in Ljubljana in 2007) and fire brigade response times were analyzed by probabilistic method. Car burning properties and realistic fire data were compared to probabilistic values. The expected performance of these features has often been predicted using rules-of thumb or expert judgment. These approaches often lack the convincing technical bases that exist when addressing fire safety measures and fire brigade responses. This paper presents science-based approaches to analyze fire brigade response and fire spread in underground car parks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early fire detection has a crucial role in fire spreading and extinguishing. Development of fire detection technology was introduced as a result of series of great fire incidents, which have caused heavy material losses with even greater casualties. Fire is among the major sources of danger to the ship, and therefore special attention must be paid to preventing and extinguishing fires on board. The recent development of fire detection sensors and their integration into the fire alarm system can be traced through the development of four generations of sensors. Integration of fire detection technology with microelectronics and information technologies, a high level of system autonomy is achieved, allowing wireless networking of fire alarm sensor while increasing system reliability and availability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fires pose a serious threat to people, especially in closed environments with a lot of people. Good evacuation and rescue system is one of the most important factors reducing the number of injured and dead people, whereby the behaviour of people is of crucial importance in the situation of ire, especially when it comes to quick decision making. People can choose various strategies for surviving in ire, but they go through the process of evacuation at different speeds. In addition to making an evacuation and rescue plan, the staff responsible for managing evacuation in crisis situations should also be trained in topics such as disaster psychology. It is important to conduct evacuation and rescue drills, further evaluate those drills and continue improving the evacuation and rescue plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article at the beginning defines multilayer and monolayer structure based on the structural characteristics of ship engine room. The smoke filling motions in multilayer and monolayer structures are studied by employing filtered balance equations and the Smagorinsky subgrid-scale model. The article investigates the distribution of smoke with iso-concentration and the height of smoke layer. The research indicates that the spread speed and the spread area of smoke in the multilayer structure are greater than in the monolayer structure. The height variation of smoke layer is non-continuous in the multilayer structure and continuous in monolayer structure. The height of smoke layer decreased slowly within zone 1 in the multilayer structure, but the smoke fills the zone 1 more quickly in the monolayer structure. The examples demonstrate that the shortcomings of the structural hypothesis in traditional method badly affect the research results. The article suggests improvements for research of fires in ship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]