Search

We examined the effects of repeated sprint training (RST) session volume on acute physiological, neuromuscular, perceptual and performance outcomes. In a randomised, counterbalanced, and crossover design, 14 healthy and trained male and female athletes (age: 23 ± 3 years) completed two sets of 10 × 40 m (10 × 40), 5 × 40 m (5 × 40), 10 × 20 m (10 × 20) and 5 × 20 m (5 × 20) sprints with 30 s rest between repetitions and 3 min rest between sets for all protocols. Average and peak heart rate, average oxygen consumption (VO2), time >90% of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), differential ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), session‐RPE training load (sRPE‐TL), percentage sprint decrement (Sdec), acceleration load and distance >90% of maximal sprint speed were recorded during each session. Neuromuscular performance (i.e. countermovement jump, lower‐limb stiffness and isometric hamstring strength) were measured post‐session, 24 h, and 48 h and compared to pre‐session. A univariate analysis of variance was used to compare within‐ and between‐protocol differences. To aid data interpretation, all effects were expressed as an effect size and accompanied by probability values (pMET). The 10 × 40 protocol induced the greatest training load compared to all other protocols (pMET < 0.05), including moderate to very large differences in breathlessness RPE, large differences in Sdec and time >90% VO2max and very large differences in sRPE‐TL. The 5 × 20 protocol induced the lowest training load compared to all other protocols (pMET < 0.05), including moderate to large differences in sRPE‐TL and leg muscle RPE. Heart rate, VO2, sRPE‐TL, leg muscle RPE and Sdec were similar between 5 × 40 and 10 × 20 (pMET < 0.05), but the acceleration load was greater for 10 × 20 when compared to 5 × 40 (pMET < 0.001), and this difference was large. Changes in neuromuscular performance across all timepoints and all protocols were unclear. Larger session volumes increase the demands of RST and by manipulating volume, sprint distance and the number of repetitions, practitioners can alter the internal and external training load. Highlights: The 10 × 40 protocol (i.e. 800 m volume) induced the greatest physiological and perceptual demands, which was demonstrated by a session average heart rate and VO2 of 89% ± 3% and 72% ± 8% of max, respectively, whereas differential RPE were rated hard to very hard on average.Performing 10 repetitions did not substantially increase the average VO2 demands when sprint distance was matched (e.g. 10 × 40 vs. 5 × 40). Rather than prescribing high repetition protocols, practitioners are encouraged to increase sprint distance if a greater aerobic stimulus is desired.There were no differences in the heart rate and VO2 recovery between the 2nd and 3rd minute of inter‐set recovery. Therefore, to reduce session duration while providing adequate recovery of cardiorespiratory function, 2‐min passive rest periods can be prescribed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Nordic Hamstring Exercise (NHE) improves the strength of the hamstring muscles, as well as prevents and rehabilitates the injuries of said muscles. However, the eccentric demand of NHE may influence the athlete's performance, making compliance with these programmes difficult. The aim is to analyse the acute impact on sprint performance after the passing of 24, 48, and 72 hours respectively since an NHE-based session (4 sets of 10 repetitions) had taken place. Participants were randomly divided into an experimental group (EG) (n = 12 male participants) who carried out an NHE session and a measurement of their 30 m sprint performance in each of the three subsequent days, and a control group (CG) (n = 12 male participants) who did not take part in the NHE session. The results show a significant reduction of maximum power within 24 hours (t = 3.57, d = 0.22, P <.0273) as well of the production of high speed horizontal force up to after 48 hours (t = 4.82, d = 0.22, P <.0001) in the EG. These results may suggest separating weekly NHE sessions from competition or demanding training in which sprint performance should not be affected by at least 72 hours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcycles are fundamental structures for training prescription and load management, helping to optimise training effects and performance. This study quantified external and internal loads of Italian Serie A youth soccer players across competitive weeks and their periodisation within microcycles. Data were collected from 90 players belonging to four age groups (under-19, -17, -16, -15) across a season. Methods of monitoring external [duration and global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)] and internal load [heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE)] were employed. Linear mixed models determined differences in training loads across age groups, training days and player positions. Under-19 and under-17 players trained five times per week, while younger players trained four times. Late-stage academy players (under-19 and -17) demonstrated higher weekly accumulated external and sRPE training load compared to their younger counterparts (p < 0.05 between groups). Weekly accumulated HR internal loads were higher in under-15 players (p < 0.05 between groups). Marked fluctuations of daily load were observed across microcycles in under-19 and under-17 groups (p < 0.05 between days). These findings highlight progressive increases in training load throughout the development pathway, with late-stage academy players training with higher frequency, volume and marked periodisation compared to younger players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dance research should consider time points within a season that may be associated with injury, and report on weekly dance training loads. The current study aimed to analyse injuries within each semester and participant, monitor load, mood and stress within one semester, and calculate compliance with monitoring in a tertiary dance training cohort. The dance training program that participants are drawn from is a six-semester, three-year undergraduate course, training in ballet and contemporary dance. A better understanding of injury in dance may further refine load management and injury prevention strategies. Fourteen tertiary dance students consented to participate. A medical attention injury definition was used. Weekly injury rate ratios within each 14-week semester were calculated. Participants completed ratings of perceived exertion , and mood and stress questionnaires across one semester. Injuries were significantly increased for Week 5, Semester 1; Week 2, Semester 2; and Week 1, Semester 3, and 4. Spikes in load coincided with injury spikes, as observed visually on a line graph. Certain weeks in proximity to a change in training schedule had increased injury. Applying training principles in response to monitoring, specifically to return to dance after a holiday period, may aid in reducing injuries at this time requiring further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is common these days to lament the recession of democracy around the world. The way scholars address the issue of democratic backsliding shows that there is a significant gap between the expectation about democracy's anticipated course of development and the current state of affairs. This article argues that the expectation that democracy would consolidate over time was produced by the progress narrative of democratic governance discourses. Drawing on narratology, it conducts a discourse analysis to demonstrate that today's dismay about the recession of democracy is due to an unwarranted expectation that was created by the progress narrative of democratic governance discourses. It focuses on the periodisation of history in the construction of these discourses and investigates how scholars used the Cold War – post-Cold War dichotomy to create a progress narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is implementation into scientific use the proposed time limits and names of creative path's periods of artist Mykola Hlushchenko (1901-1977). Based on analysis of well-known facts of his life and creativity, studies of artist's artistic heritage from 1940s-1970s artworks collection of Dnipro Art Museum. The research methodology is based on the methods of art-stylistic and comparative analysis of Mykola Hlushchenko's paintings, considered in art-historical and cultural-historical aspects. The scientific novelty of research consists in scientific 1940s- 1970s creativity periods determination of M. Hlushchenko based on research of Dnipro Art Museum collection and additional attribution of individual painting artworks according to the proposed stages. Conclusions. Based on the analysis of Mykola Hlushchenko's paintings from Dnipro Art Museum collection and study in accounting fund documentation of the institution, considering biographical and autobiographical information, socio-political and historical-cultural context, we proposed a refined periodisation of the artist's work. Division of creative stages of M. Hlushchenko for more detailed periods will allow a more thorough and deeper analysis of the well-known today artist's creative heritage. Using the example of Dnipro Art Museum collection, we concluded that a certain number of works in the museum collections of Ukraine require additional attribution. In addition, the creative heritage of outstanding Ukrainian artist Mykola Hlushchenko remains insufficiently studied and requires comprehensive research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are no published data on the training-load magnitude or distribution in elite international-level boxers preparing for a major competition nor on the training load's relationship with objective and subjective training markers. Methods: Twelve elite boxers (eight males and four females) preparing for the 2018 Commonwealth Games were monitored during training for 12 weeks. The training load (TL), change in creatine kinase (ΔCK), and wellness variables were measured daily but were amalgamated into average weekly values over the 12-week period for weekly comparisons. The relationships between the TL, ΔCK, and wellness variables were also assessed. Results: The significant (p < 0.001) main effects of the week with large and moderate effect sizes were noted for the TL and ΔCK, respectively, with weeks 9 and 12 in the competition-specific and taper phases showing the greatest differences, respectively. For wellness, only the muscle condition showed a significant change over time (p < 0.001). There were significant (p < 0.05) small–moderate correlations between the TL, ΔCK, and wellness variables. Conclusions: This is the first study to describe the weekly training loads and responses to training of elite international boxers across a 12-week pre-competition training period in preparation for a major competition. The findings within this study report that elite international boxers have high chronic training loads that change between training blocks to put emphasis on different qualities. Monitoring the indirect muscle damage through CK may provide further information on the internal training responses in boxers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper outlines a framework for strength training as a dynamical model of perceptual-motor learning. We show, with emphasis on fixed-point attractor dynamics, that strength training can be mapped to the general dynamical principles of motor learning that arise from the constraints on action, including the distribution of practice/training. The time scales of the respective dynamics of performance change (increment and decrement) in discrete strength training and motor learning tasks reveal superposition of exponential functions in fixed-point dynamics, but distinctive attractor and parameter dynamics in oscillatory limit cycle and more continuous tasks, together with unique timescales to process influences (including practice, learning, strength, fitness, fatigue, warm-up decrement). Increments and decrements of strength can be viewed within a dynamical model of change in motor performance that reflects the integration of practice and training processes at multiple levels of learning and skill development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the development of the Council of Social Service for Wales during what is often called the Golden Age of the Welfare State. Recovering the neglected history of the peak organisation for voluntary social service in Wales adds to our understanding of the histories of social policy and postwar Wales. The article addresses social policy from a doubly peripheral perspective – it attends to a territorial periphery of the UK State while voluntary action can be left at the margins of Welfare State analysis. From this perspective we hope to cast new light on the historiography of the 'British Welfare State' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to detail the construction and results of a new periodization of ceramic productions from megalithic sites in Senegal and The Gambia (8th-16th centuries CE). For the first time there, this model is based on carefully documented stratigraphic contexts obtained on the necropolis of Wanar (Senegal). The intersection of typological and technological approaches reveals different productions, reflections of ceramic traditions, and distinct craft groups. In Wanar, the succession of these productions with specific morpho-functional characters could be correlated with the emergence of particular architectural styles. This periodization also integrates materials from previous excavations and thus offers a renewed reading of it. The distinction between ceramic vestiges anterior to the erection of monumental architectures and others fully participating in their ritual functioning leads to question both the status of ceramic productions and sites. This research finally contributes to integrating Senegambian pottery production into the broader context of medieval West Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mental fatigue has been shown to negatively influence physical, technical and tactical aspects of sporting performance. However, mental fatigue is not routinely monitored or managed in elite sport and it is not clear whether mental fatigue occurs and/or changes across the varied contextual demands experienced by elite athletes in training, preparation and competition. This study explored self-report measures of mental fatigue across eight training camps and six competition periods (two benchmark tournaments and four international test series) with international netballers (n = 22, 25.9 ± 2.7 years) during the 2018–2019 representative period. Mental fatigue was higher during training camps (p < 0.001; 3.20 [3.12, 3.27]) and preparation camps (p < 0.05; 3.27 [3.19, 3.34]) compared to the competition periods (3.49 [3.44, 3.55]). Significant within-group differences were also identified between individual preparation camps and competition subsets. Higher mental fatigue was reported during the preparation camp for international test series 2 comparative to the preparation camp for benchmark tournament 1 (p = 0.047). For individual competitions; greater mental fatigue was found during the international test series 3 competition in comparison to both the benchmark tournament 1 (p <0.001) and international test series 1 (p = 0.020) competition periods. International representative netballers experience differing levels of mental fatigue across training and preparation camps and competition periods. Practitioners should be aware that athletes report instances of elevated mental fatigue across camps, and competition. Mental fatigue is not limited to competition and thus is recommended to be monitored during periods of training and preparation for competition. International representative netballers experience differing levels of mental fatigue across camp and competition environments. Mental fatigue was higher during training camps and preparation camps compared to the competition periods. Mental fatigue is not limited to competition so is recommended to be monitored during periods of training and preparation for competition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past few decades have witnessed a proliferation of theories on the origins of Islam which have called into question long-held scholarly axioms. One such axiom is the traditional date of 632 CE for the death of the prophet Muḥammad, which some scholars have now sought to redate to after the beginning of the Muslim conquests on the basis of the evidence of non-Muslim sources. The present contribution aims to demonstrate that the prima facie disharmony between these sources and Muslim accounts of Muḥammad's life and the conquests is a product of the reading imposed on both sets of data, which primarily has to do with the fact that, more often than not, modern scholarship unsuspectingly operates within the rigid framework of the classical periodisation of early Islamic history. Therefore, a revision of either the traditional date of Muḥammad's death or the starting date of the conquests based on this evidence is uncalled for. Résumé: Ces dernières décennies ont été marquées par une prolifération de théories sur les origines de l'islam, qui ont remis en question des axiomes scientifiques bien ancrés. L'un de ces axiomes est la date traditionnelle de 632 de notre ère pour la mort du prophète Muḥammad, que certains chercheurs ont tenté de redater après le début des conquêtes musulmanes sur la base d'éléments provenant de sources non musulmanes. La présente contribution vise à démontrer que la discordance de prime abord entre ces sources et les récits musulmans de la vie de Muḥammad et des conquêtes est le produit de la lecture imposée aux deux ensembles de données, ce qui tient principalement au fait que, le plus souvent, les chercheurs modernes opèrent sans s'en douter dans le cadre rigide de la périodisation classique de l'histoire islamique ancienne. Par conséquent, une révision de la date traditionnelle de la mort de Muḥammad ou de la date de début des conquêtes sur la base de ces données n'a pas lieu d'être. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response by the author to the contributions to the Historical Materialism symposium on Allegory and Ideology. The reply is framed in terms of the different theoretical strategies through which the articulation of 'Marx' and 'Freud' has been carried out, namely the precarious syntheses of Freudo-Marxism, the homological method pioneered by Lucien Goldmann, and the theory of allegorical levels and transcoding explored in Allegory and Ideology. It critically engages with the openings and challenges posed by the various contributions to the symposium, focusing in particular on matters of periodisation, and concluding with a reflection on how a theory of allegorical levels can be complemented by a materialist understanding of the 'category'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There has long been a tension in Fredric Jameson's work regarding the extent to which it is possible or warranted to develop transhistorical categories for literary interpretation across of the whole of the capitalist mode of production. In my contribution to this symposium, I take up the problem of how Jameson's Allegory and Ideology participates in such questions in its consideration of periodisation and narrativisation through the particular construction of allegory, from the early modern age to our financial present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the amendment of the 1945 Constitution, Indonesia became one of the countries that adopted presidential government system in which the president is directly elected by the people. The interesting thing that is still hitherto controversial is the limitation of presidential term of office for no more than two periods. Our review of various literatures illustrates that there is no standard exemplar to limit or not to limit the period that must be applied in a country that adheres to presidentialism. Furthermore, if it is associated with democracy, the limitation of presidential period will cause contradiction especially with president's accountability in which the president is directly elected by the people. Based on this, we conducted a study using qualitative method with historiography approach that aims at knowing how the periodisation of presidential term of office in Indonesia viewed from a democratic perspective. This article argues that the model of presidential period limitation for at maximum two periods must be carried out by adding the length of service to more than five years and requiring an interlude between the first and the second period. The modelling can anticipate the tendency of power abuse by incumbent while maintaining people's support for the legitimacy of the president. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to skeletal muscle wasting (sarcopenia) older adults rely on a larger proportion of their remaining skeletal muscle to generate force and power for everyday activities. As a consequence, premature fatigue and a cycle of further inactivity and disability ensue. Thus, different fitness components, such as muscular strength and endurance may need to be targeted to counteract functional decline. Although, resistance training periodization has been shown to result in superior muscle strength adaptations in younger populations, the effects are less clear in older adults. We recruited previously trained, older male and female subjects (n = 15, > 60 years of age) for a ten-week pre- post-test design, two days/week periodized resistance training program. The program consisted of one day high-intensity/low volume [∼85% of the estimated 1 repetition maximum (RM) with 6 repetitions] and one day low-moderate intensity/high volume (∼67% of the estimated 1RM with 12 repetitions) training. 1RM increased significantly (P = 0.000) for both the leg press and chest press exercises after resistance training by 17.9 and 17.3%, respectively. Moreover, the subjects completed more repetitions with the higher load (60% of post-training 1RM) after training, thus volume load (VL) (number of repetitions × 60% of 1RM load) increased significantly (P = 0.000) in both the leg press (43.3%) and the chest press (21.6%) exercises. Chest press strength and endurance improvements showed a significant (P = 0.017) moderate correlation (r = 0.59). On the other hand, no changes were detected in body composition and lean mass as a result of the program. Resistance training periodization is a feasible strategy in older populations to improve muscular strength and muscular endurance simultaneously. The results indicate that exercise professionals can utilize even low frequency periodization training to improve muscle strength and endurance in active older adults in a time-efficient manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying the external training load variables which influence subjective internal response will help reduce the mismatch between coach-intended and athlete-perceived training intensity. Therefore, this study aimed to reduce external training load measures into distinct principal components (PCs), plot internal training response (quantified via session Rating of Perceived Exertion [sRPE]) against the identified PCs and investigate how the prescription of PCs influences subjective internal training response. Twenty-nine school to international level youth athletes wore microtechnology units for field-based training sessions. SRPE was collected post-session and assigned to the microtechnology unit data for the corresponding training session. 198 rugby union, 145 field hockey and 142 soccer observations were analysed. The external training variables were reduced to two PCs for each sport cumulatively explaining 91%, 96% and 91% of sRPE variance in rugby union, field hockey and soccer, respectively. However, when internal response was plotted against the PCs, the lack of separation between low-, moderate- and high-intensity training sessions precluded further analysis as the prescription of the PCs do not appear to distinguish subjective session intensity. A coach may therefore wish to consider the multitude of physiological, psychological and environmental factors which influence sRPE alongside external training load prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

November 2017 will forever be etched in the minds of Zimbabweans, as the moment involving the end of Robert Mugabe's 37-year rule and the beginning of a post-Mugabe 'era' under the leadership of Emmerson Mnangagwa. It also might be considered as a watershed moment in Zimbabwean history, or at least as having the potential to be so. However, identifying key moments in Zimbabwe's history, and continuities and changes over time, involves engaging in historical periodisation. Periodising the past is never straightforward and leads to contestations at an analytical level. Further, periodisation often has a pronounced political dimension, such that Mnangagwa's ZANU-PF is engaged in periodisation in seeking to distance itself from Mugabe's rule. This opening article addresses these points, and it seeks to show how the following articles (mainly written, unknowingly, at the cusp of Mugabe's endgame) facilitate reflection on continuities and changes in contemporary Zimbabwe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the early 1890s, application of the term fin de siècle functioned as an ambiguous metaphor that could symbolise hope invested in progress and technological innovation, or a fear of national decline. The term was most consistently employed to regulate the behaviour of women, in the reinforcement of prevailing gender roles and in resistance to the emergence of the New Woman, identified as an unwelcome embodiment of the fin de siècle and feared for her potential to destabilise the emerging nation's future. The press functioned as a key technology for the transmission of this narrative, and its extensive deployment in the public sphere spread as its meaning was embraced and contested, and faded in the early 20th century as its usefulness in making sense of a transition to the challenges and opportunities of a new century seemed spent. As a device for repudiating outmoded or illegitimate values and forms of behaviour, its deployment cleared a path for approved forms of progress. As a metaphor of modernity, the fin de siècle narrative helped Australians break with the past in order to compose the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• TDevelopments in UK Government Communication during David Cameron's Premiership 2010 – 2016 and its ongoing implications. • History of Government communication prior to Cameron Premiership provides context and is part of a periodising overview. • Shifts in orientation in communication from providing a service to the public to being a lever for Government are discussed. • A periodisation of UK Government Communication from 1956 to 2016 with its different philosophical orientations is provided. This paper chronicles in detail, analyses and draws conclusions about the development of the UK Government Communication Service (GCS) from the election of the Coalition Government led by David Cameron in May 2010, to his resignation following the referendum vote to leave the European Union (EU) on 23rd June 2016. Looking at the radical changes introduced within a historical context, the paper also provides a conceptual model of Government communication from the point where it became a recognisably government-wide service in 1956 to the period under examination. The methodological approach to this paper is qualitative using case study as the main method. A variety of data collection methods were used: ethnographic, including non-participant and participant observation, in-depth, semi-structured interviews with six senior managers in the Government Communication Service (GCS), five senior operational managers and two external experts. This primary research is supplemented by secondary sources including the academic literature and Government papers most of which are in the public domain, but some of which the author had privileged access to. Context is provided through an overview of the challenges facing the UK Government in the recent past and currently, a brief literature review and background on the philosophy and origins of Government Communication in the UK along with changes in the civil service more broadly. Then the structural and operational changes introduced During the Cameron years are presented. These changes, their impact and implications are discussed in context and conclusions drawn. A novel historiological, conceptual model of four chronological stages of UK Government communication presented and this, along with the detailed analysis of the Cameron years, is its original contribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé Pierre Pichot a publié en 1983 une histoire de la psychiatrie mondiale, rééditée en 1996. Couvrant la période 1880–1980, divisée en quatre chapitres très documentés, mentionnant un total de 900 noms, traitant des aspects aussi bien cliniques que théoriques et institutionnels de l'évolution de la discipline, elle est vite devenue un ouvrage de référence. Pichot est également l'auteur d'études sur l'histoire des états dépressifs, du trouble bipolaire, du trouble panique, des troubles de la personnalité, des troubles schizo-affectifs et des troubles délirants. Entre 1966 et 2000, il a publié plusieurs articles sur l'évolution des classifications depuis les origines de la psychiatrie, envisageant leurs caractéristiques, leurs fondements et leur méthodologie, comparant classifications françaises et internationales. Il décrit la succession dans l'histoire de l'approche syndromique empirique et de l'approche par l'évolution temporelle, conduisant à la description d'espèces naturelles de maladies mentales. Sa périodisation comporte des analogies avec celle de Georges Lantéri-Laura, mais les références philosophiques de ces deux anciens présidents de la SMP diffèrent. Abstract Pierre Pichot has published in 1983 a world history of psychiatry from 1880 to 1980, which had a 2nd edition in 1996. It is divided in 4 chapters very documented, quotes about 900 names, studies clinical as well as theoretical and institutional facts and quickly became a reference book. Pichot has also written studies on the history of depressive states, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, personality disorders, schizo-affective disorders and delusional disorders. Between 1966 and 2000, he has published several articles about the evolution of the classifications of mental disorders since the beginning of psychiatry, studying their characteristics, origins and methodology, comparing French classifications with international ones. He describes the succession in history of the syndromic empirical approach and of the evolutive one, leading to the description of natural species of mental illnesses. His chronology of psychiatric historical periods has some analogies with that of Georges Lantéri-Laura, but the philosophical references of these two past presidents of the Societé Médico-Psychologique are unlike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there is research providing physiologically-based guidance for the content of the taper, this study was the first to examine how coaches actually implement the taper. The purpose of this study was to examine the taper planning and implementation processes of successful Olympic coaches leading up to major competitions and how they learned about tapering. Seven track and field coaches participated in semi-structured interviews exploring their tapering processes. To be considered for inclusion, coaches were required to have coached one or more athletes to an Olympic or Paralympic medal. Through a process of axial and open coding interview transcripts were analysed and lower and higher order themes developed describing the coaches’ tapering processes. Our findings indicate that the strategies employed to achieve the desired physiological adaptions of the taper were consistent with research (e.g., reduction in volume whilst maintaining intensity and frequency). However, our findings also suggest that tapering is far from a straight forward “textbook” process. The taper was not restricted to physiological outcomes with coaches considering athletes’ psychological as well as physical state. Coaches also involved the athlete in the process, adapted the taper to the athlete, continually monitored its progress, and adapted it further as required. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Besides being simply an economic activity, mining was generating an intense dynamic on the interior of the territory and, for this reason, it had a decisive role in Brazilian territorial formation. This study concerns about the Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba area, usually referred as part of the "great interior" where the mining sector has played, and still plays, a role of utmost importance in terms of wealth generation, as well as in the constitution of the local societies and their processes of formation. Thus, this study intends to understand mining as an primordial agent for territorial formation in the area covered by the Triângulo Mineiro/Alto Paranaíba, an administrative region in the State of Minas Gerais. A periodization for mining practiced is in the area was presented, looking to understand it in the broader process of the Brazilian territorial formation, in their most decisive moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concluding the British Journal of Politics and International Relations' (BJPIR) Brexit Special Issue, this article seeks to set the unsettled times and unexpected events associated with the Brexit in historic context and tease out the prospects for a 'bespoke' UK exit agreement. Drawing on classics of social science history--by Barrington Moore, Gourevitch and Davis--it reflects on 'suppressed historic choices' and historical periodisations. Three key dilemmas are interrogated: the Brexit dilemma (control of immigration/regaining of sovereignty vs European Union (EU) market access), the Brexiteers' dilemma (sustaining economic prosperity while restricting immigration) and the Remainers/soft Brexit dilemma (of weakening Parliamentary democracy by staying in the Single Market). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Periodization of swim training in the final training phases prior to competition and its effect on performance have been poorly described. We modeled the relationships between the final 11 weeks of training and competition performance in 138 elite sprint, middle-distance, and long-distance swimmers over 20 competitive seasons. Total training load (TTL), strength training (ST), and low- to medium-intensity and high-intensity training variables were monitored. Training loads were scaled as a percentage of the maximal volume measured at each intensity level. Four training periods (meso-cycles) were defined: the taper (weeks 1 to 2 before competition), short-term (weeks 3 to 5), medium-term (weeks 6 to 8), and long-term (weeks 9 to 11). Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the association between training loads in each training meso-cycle and end-of-season major competition performance. For sprinters, a 10% increase between ∼20% and 70% of the TTL in medium- and long-term meso-cycles was associated with 0.07 s and 0.20 s faster performance in the 50 m and 100 m events, respectively ( p < 0.01). For middle-distance swimmers, a higher TTL in short-, medium-, and long-term training yielded faster competition performance (e.g., a 10% increase in TTL was associated with improvements of 0.1-1.0 s in 200 m events and 0.3-1.6 s in 400 m freestyle, p < 0.01). For sprinters, a 60%-70% maximal ST load 6-8 weeks before competition induced the largest positive effects on performance ( p < 0.01). An increase in TTL during the medium- and long-term preparation (6-11 weeks to competition) was associated with improved performance. Periodization plans should be adapted to the specialty of swimmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lady Mary Shepherd (1777-1847) argued for distinctive accounts of causation, perception, and knowledge of an external world and God. However, her work, engaging with Berkeley and Hume but written after Kant, does not fit the standard periodisation of early modern philosophy presupposed by many philosophy courses, textbooks, and conferences. This paper argues that Shepherd should be added to the canon as a Scottish philosopher. The practical reason for doing so is that it would give Shepherd a disciplinary home, opening up additional possibilities for research and teaching. The philosophical reason is that her views share certain features characteristic of canonical Scottish philosophers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the way in which Eurocentric conceptualisations of the ‘international' are reproduced in different geopolitical contexts. Even though the Eurocentrism of International Relations has received growing attention, it has predominantly been concerned with unearthing the Eurocentrism of the ‘centre', overlooking its varied manifestations in other geopolitical contexts. The article seeks to contribute to discussions about Eurocentrism by examining how different conceptualisations of the international are at work at a particular moment, and how these conceptualisations continue to reproduce Eurocentrism. It will focus on the way in which Eurocentric designations of spatial and temporal hierarchies were reproduced in the context of Turkey through a reading of how the ‘Gezi Park protests' of 2013 and ‘Turkey' itself were written into the story of the international. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endurance athletes usually achieve performance peaks with 2–4 weeks of overload training followed by 1–3weeks of tapering. With a tight competition schedule, this may not be appropriate. This case investigates the effect of a 7-day overload period including daily high-intensity aerobic training followed by a 5-day step taper between two competitions in an elite cross-country mountain biker. Pre-test peak oxygen consumption was 89 ml·kg−1·min−1, peak aerobic power 6.8 W·kg−1, power output at 2 mmol·L−1blood lactate concentration 3.9 W·kg−1, maximal isometric force 180 Nm and squat jump 21 cm. During overload, perceived leg well-being went fromnormaltovery heavy. On day 1 after overload, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis EMGmeanactivity was reduced by 3% and 7%, respectively. Other baseline measurements were reduced by 3–7%. On day 4 of the taper, he felt that his legs weregoodand all measurements were 3–7% higher than before overload. On day 6 after the taper, his legs feltvery good. This case shows that an elite mountain biker (11th in UCI World Cup one week prior to the pre-test) could achieve a rather large supercompensation by using a 12-day performance peaking protocol. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article reflects playfully on poetic and periodic conceptions of the Middle Ages, with a view to establishing connections (direct as well as analogical) between the inscription of periodic claustrality and the formal structure of verse. As a means of defamiliarising the subjects at hand, the notion of authenticity is deployed in uncommon guises; in particular, the authentic is framed as ‘the culpable’ (that is, an agent regarded as identical with the perpetrator of past deeds). This legal or juridical sense of the wordauthentic(which is encoded in its etymology) provides the frame for considering various poetic and narrative techniques by which the Middle Ages have been put ‘on trial’ and found to be selfsame – or otherwise. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aimed to examine: (i) the effect of decreasing training load (TL) during taper weeks on physical match activities in professional soccer players, and (ii) to disclose the relationship between weekly TL and physical match activities. Rating of perceived exertion was collected after each training session and match to quantify the TL in 19 professional players over 17 standard and 7 taper weeks during the season. Physical match activities were quantified by a computerised match analysis system and compared between standard training and taper weeks. Compared to standard weeks, the duration and frequency of training sessions during the taper weeks decreased (−21.7% and −18.8%, respectively;P < 0.01) with no change in intensity (−4.8%;P = 0.09). Consequently, the weekly TL decreased during the taper weeks (−25.5%;P < 0.01). Increases in distance covered by intense running (+15.1%;P < 0.05), high-intensity running (HIR) (+15.7%;P < 0.01), number of sprints (+17.8%;P < 0.05) and number of high-speed runs (+15.7%;P < 0.05) were observed during the seven matches played after the taper weeks. High relationships were observed between TL and HIR distance covered, number of HIR and number of sprints (r = −0.53;r = −0.55;r = −0.65, respectively;P < 0.01). Decreasing TL during taper weeks by reducing training duration and frequency but maintaining intensity was associated with an increase in physical activities during matches. However, it needs to be determined whether tapering or other match factors led to the changes in match activity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This study aimed to (1) profile a professional boxer (23 years and 80 kg) with boxing-specific, muscle function, aerobic capacity and body composition tests, and (2) quantify how these measures varied during an 8-week preparation phase leading to, and post a state-Title Bout fought in the 76.2-kg class. A series of boxing-specific and muscle function tests were completed on 11 occasions: 9 prior and twice after the bout, each separated by approximately 2 weeks. The boxing test included 36 maximal punches (9 of each: lead and rear straights, lead and rear hooks) to a punching integrator measuring forces and velocity. Muscle function tests included countermovement jump, drop-jumps, isometric mid-thigh pull and isometric bench-press. Body composition was assessed using skin-fold measurements on three occasions and one dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. Aerobic capacity was assessed using 2 VO2M max tests. Leading up to the bout, performance decreased in isometric mid-thigh pull (8%), isometric bench-press (5%), countermovement jump (15%) and impact forces in 3 of 4 punches (4%-7%). Whereas measures of dynamic and isometric muscle function remained depressed or unchanged post competition, punching forces (6%-15%) and aerobic power (6%) increased. Data suggest the athlete may have super-compensated following rest as fatigue dissipated and further adaptation occurred. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) is primarily known as a cellular source of energy. Increased ATP levels may have the potential to enhance body composition. A novel, proprietary blend of ancient peat and apple extracts has been reported to increase ATP levels, potentially by enhancing mitochondrial ATP production. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine the supplement's effects on body composition when consumed during 12 weeks of resistance training. Twenty-five healthy, resistance-trained, male subjects (age, 27.7 ± 4.8 years; height, 176.0 ± 6.5 cm; body mass, 83.2 ± 12.1 kg) completed this study. Subjects supplemented once daily with either 1 serving (150 mg) of a proprietary blend of ancient peat and apple extracts (TRT) or placebo (PLA). Supervised resistance training consisted of 8 weeks of daily undulating periodized training followed by a 2-week overreach and a 2-week taper phase. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and ultrasound at weeks 0, 4, 8, 10, and 12. Vital signs and blood markers were assessed at weeks 0, 8, and 12. Significant group × time ( p < 0.05) interactions were present for ultrasound-determined cross-sectional area, which increased in TRT (+0.91 cm2) versus PLA (-0.08 cm2), as well as muscle thickness (TRT: +0.46; PLA: +0.04 cm). A significant group × time ( p < 0.05) interaction existed for creatinine (TRT: +0.06; PLA: +0.15 mg/dL), triglycerides (TRT: +24.1; PLA: -20.2 mg/dL), and very-low-density lipoprotein (TRT: +4.9; PLA: -3.9 mg/dL), which remained within clinical ranges. Supplementation with a proprietary blend of ancient peat and apple extracts may enhance resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy without affecting fat mass or blood chemistry in healthy males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to describe the time–motion and physiological performance profiles of footballers whose ages are under 15 (U15), under 17 (U17), and under 19 (U19) during a typical week of a competitive season. A total of 151 elite Portuguese players U15 (age 14.0 ± 0.2; n = 56), U17 (age 15.8 ± 0.4; n = 66), and U19 (age 17.8 ± 0.6; n = 19) were monitored during 33 training sessions (TSs) (U15 n = 12; U17 n = 11; and U19 n = 10 TSs). The TS data were captured at 15 Hz by global positioning systems devices and divided into post-match (session after the match), prematch (session before the match), and middle week (average of remaining sessions). The U15 middle week showed a higher number of sprints, distance covered in intermediate speed zones, and time spent above 90% HRmax, while the prematch presented a higher distance covered above 18 km · h−1and time spent below 75% HRmax. In U17, both prematch and post-match data presented lower values than middle-week data in most of the variables. The post-match data in U19 presented higher values of distance covered above 13 km · h−1, body impacts above 10 G, and time spent above 85% HRmax, while middle week showed higher values in body impacts in most of the zones. In addition, the prematch data presented 35% to 100% less values than the middle-week data. Understanding the weekly workload variations according to the competition and the developmental ages of the players can contribute to optimising short- and mid-term planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to test which specific type of exercise (i.e., jump squat (JS) or half-squat (HS)) is more effective at maintaining speed and power abilities throughout a preseason in soccer players. Twenty-three male soccer players were randomly allocated into two groups: JS and HS. The mean propulsive power, vertical jumping ability, and sprinting performance were evaluated before and after 4 weeks of a preseason period. The optimum power loads for the JS and HS exercises were assessed and were used as load-references. The soccer players performed 10 power oriented training sessions in total. Both JS and HS maintained power in JS and speed abilities (P > 0.05, for main effects and interaction effect) as indicated by ANCOVA. Both groups demonstrated reduced power during HS (ES = −0.76 vs. −0.78, for JS and HS, respectively); both groups improved acceleration (ACC) from 5 to 10 m (ES = 0.52). JS was more effective at reducing the ACC decrements over 0–5 m (ES = −0.38 vs. −0.58, for JS and HS, respectively). The HS group increased squat jump height (ES = 0.76 vs. 0.11, for HS and JS, respectively). In summary, JS is more effective in reducing the ACC capacity over very short sprints while HS is more effective in improving squat jump performance. Both strategies improve ACC over longer distances. New training strategies should be implemented/developed to avoid concurrent training effects between power and endurance adaptations during professional soccer preseasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which aims to examine whether an increase in training volume at high-intensity levels was related to injury incidence, or increased the odds of sustaining an injury among professional soccer players. The intensity of their training was monitored through the time spent in high-intensity (T-HI) and very high-intensity (T-VHI) zones. The results revealed a mean total injury incidence of 18.7 injuries per 1,000 hours of exposure.

Writing Kurdish literary history, that is a historical account of the development of Kurdish literature, is a fairly new project. Literary critics have strived to construct a comprehensive narrative of the evolution of poetry and prose and to classify individual works into certain schools and movements. Doing so, however, has proved to be a challenging task for Kurdish literature predominantly due to the lack of adequate knowledge of classical, and even contemporary, literature as a consequence of sizeable unpublished or lost manuscripts. In fact, the scarcity of knowledge on classical literature has left critics with a fragmented and episodic picture of Kurdish literary history. In this article I evaluate Kurdish literary historiography in the light of the scarcity of information and examine its ideological foundation and methodological problems. I discuss the significance of collecting, editing and publishing documents and manuscripts as a crucial step in rewriting Kurdish literary history and the way this might change our understanding of Kurdish literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay advances an argument regarding the structure of periodisation and the ways in which it limits critique of imperial historiography. It focuses first on the history and structure of medieval/modern periodisation and its relationship to the more recently popular ‘early modern’, and then turns briefly to the historiography of feudalism, an important anchor of the period concept, ‘the Middle Ages’. It then attends in more detail to the historiography of secularisation, particularly the recent tendency to find a secularising impulse in the texts of ‘early modern’ authors such as Vitoria and Grotius, which ultimately reinscribes the imperial logic that Subaltern Studies has worked to critique. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper explores the relationships between local or national housing markets and recent historic transformations in global capitalism. It proposes a periodisation of developments in housing markets, policies and practices distinguishing between, first, the pre-modern period; second, the modern or Fordist period; third, the flexible neoliberal or post-Fordist period; and fourth, the late neoliberal or emerging post-crisis period. This periodisation is a heuristic device that helps to make sense of the interdependence of national housing markets and the global financial crisis. The argument is not that the crisis caused the breakdown of the post-Fordist housing model, but rather that the shift to this model introduced certain dynamics to housing markets that a few decades later culminated into a crisis. The start of the Great Moderation was also the start of the financialisation of states and economies in various domains, particularly housing. In making this argument, I unpack the concept of the Great Moderation: what appeared to be a structural moderation of macroeconomic cycles was in fact the build-up of a bubble economy. The 1970s and early 1980s as well as the post-2007 crisis are critical junctures in the development of housing. The Great Moderation was also a Great Excess in terms of rising inequality and excessive credit and debt, suggestive of a finance-led regime of accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In Russia, philosophy of religion, likewise religious studies, only managed to claim their name, let alone their right for self-realisation, as late as the early 1990s. The article represents an attempt to elicit the maximum possible number of primary methodological accounts, conceptual divergences and discussions pertaining to both the domain of understanding and that of studying the phenomenon of religion and the variety of religious expression, as well as methods of establishing the actual interdisciplinary relations between religious studies and the philosophy of religion, with their disciplinary scope defined, on the one hand, and contiguous scientific disciplines and worldview discourses on the other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basketball incorporates intense eccentric muscle activity that induces muscle microtrauma and an inflammatory response. This study investigated time-dependent inflammatory and performance responses during a weekly microcycle after a basketball match. Twenty elite-standard players underwent a trial that comprised a match followed by a 6-day simulated in-season microcycle. The trial was preceded by a control condition that did not have a match. Blood sampling and tests of maximal-intensity exercise performance and muscle damage occurred before each condition, immediately after the match and daily thereafter for 6 consecutive days. The match induced marked increases in heart rate, lactate, ammonia, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and triglycerides. Performance deteriorated for 24–48 h after the match, whereas knee flexor and extensor soreness increased for 48 and 24 h post-match, respectively. Inflammatory (leukocytes, C-reactive protein, creatine kinase activity, adhesion molecules, cortisol, uric acid and cytokines) and oxidative stress (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyls, oxidised glutathione, antioxidant capacity, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) markers increased for ~24 h and subsided thereafter. Reduced glutathione declined for 24 h after exercise. These results suggest that a basketball match elicits moderate and relatively brief (~24–48 h) inflammatory responses, is associated with marked but short-lived performance deterioration, but is less stressful than other intermittent-type sports. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides linguistic arguments for a new periodisation of the Scots language where adequate space for the Renaissance, or the early modern period, would be created. In his search for the definition of the ‘middle’ period in Germanic languages, Roger Lass (2000) selected a range of linguistic features whose absence or presence would testify to a specific degree of archaism in the language of a given author, with special attention paid to Middle English poetry. This paper uses the same methodology to establish whether the language of William Dunbar warrants the label ‘middle’, which is traditionally applied to his writing, or perhaps a less anachronistic designation would be appropriate. A series of linguistic tests (phonological and morphological) proves that the language used in Dunbar’s poetry at the beginning of the sixteenth century does not qualify as a ‘middle’ stage in the history of a Germanic language. It is argued that, if one wants to achieve coherence with other Germanic periodisations on linguistic grounds, one should treat William Dunbar’s language as early modern Scots. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This comparative vision of anthropocentric character at global scale and the demonstration with regard to the rise of anthropocentrism of Hellenic cosmosystem do not mean a return to the small scale of Cosmos. The edification at the grand Cosmos scale is not a given fact, but a capital positive evolution in the sense of progress. But the deepening of the cosmosysteme nature of social phenomenon will allow to modernity to conquer the necessary self- knowledge concerning his antropocentric stage, it will make possible to meet the history on new bases, it will conduce to a new periodization of continuous evolution of human being and, in consequence, it will facilitate the ellaboration of a project for the future which will reconcile the notion of progress with the notion of anthropocentric development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to contribute to the elaboration of a framework for the systematic periodisation of health social movement organisations (HSMOs). Drawing on historical and contemporaneous data on two organisations that identify as Alzheimer's disease movement organisations (the Alzheimer's Society in Britain and the Alzheimer Society of Ireland), we consider transformations in these organisations' ‘cause regimes’. By cause regime, we refer to who and what an HSMO is fighting for, as articulated in its public self-identifications; to the broader framing of the cause and to how organisations' public self-identifications of their cause can govern or regulate their operation, including their interactions with and representations of those on whose behalf they advocate. We show that the transformation of HSMOs' cause regime can give rise to a series of organisational tensions and challenges, including the alignment of the public identification of its cause with the patient identities it promotes, or its day-to-day ‘patient identity work’. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The purpose of this study was to determine the recovery rate of football skill performance following resistance exercise of moderate or high intensity. Ten elite football players participated in three different trials: control, low-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 8–10 repetitions/set, 65–70% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) and high-intensity resistance exercise (4 sets, 4–6 repetitions/set, 85–90% 1RM) in a counterbalanced manner. In each experimental condition, participants were evaluated pre, post, and at 24, 48, 72 h post exercise time points. Football skill performance was assessed through the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, long passing, dribbling, shooting and heading. Delayed onset muscle soreness, knee joint range of motion, and muscle strength (1RM) in squat were considered as muscle damage markers. Blood samples analysed for creatine kinase activity, C-reactive protein, and leukocyte count. Passing and shooting performance declined (P< 0.05) post-exercise following resistance exercise. Strength declined post-exercise following high-intensity resistance exercise. Both trials induced only a mild muscle damage and inflammatory response in an intensity-dependent manner. These results indicate that football skill performance is minimally affected by acute resistance exercise independent of intensity suggesting that elite players may be able to participate in a football practice or match after only 24 h following a strength training session. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Comparative social and political research often contains a historical dimension. Lately it has become fashionable to refer to this dimension with the term ‘path dependence’. In this article we propose an approach to comparative housing research that takes the path dependence of social and political processes seriously. In contrast to the traditional understanding of historical research, this approach, which can be called ‘comparative process tracing’, is quite strongly theoretically informed. We see comparative process tracing as an analysis in two steps. In the first step the goal is to reconstruct as closely as possible a chain of ideal-type social mechanisms made portable to other contexts by the assumption of thin rationality. In the second step, these processes are compared making use of ideal type periodisation. We have, together with others, applied comparative process tracing to an analysis of the Nordic housing policies. The article discusses the basic ideas behind the approach in that research and reflects on how to develop it further. It also presents some analytical tools that were used in the Nordic project to facilitate comparison between processes, e.g. an analytical distinction between critical junctures and focal points, a periodisation based on an ideal-type evolution model of housing provision, and a ladder of institutionalisation based on Lukes’ ‘three faces of power’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Approaches to the Bedouin's importance in the history of the Arab Middle East regularly conflict on whether outside or inside influences are paramount. In particular, have their political structures and activities been a secondary response to processes that stemmed from the polities of sedentary people, or have primary agency and rationales from within their own milieu been pivotal? For the first time, this issue is to undergo methodical diachronic analysis. Distinguishing major periods of Bedouin political development from antiquity to the present, with an emergent focus on northern Arabia and the Fertile Crescent, a constant set of seven key features is assessed period by period in order to compare historical variations. Period-specific and consolidated results show that periods characterised by intrinsic factors differ clearly from periods marked by extrinsic ones, and that they alternate. Even as the Bedouin engage in interaction with the sedentary people, their own dynamics prove persistent and irreducible in themselves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chronological reordering of the Qur'an remains one of the main entrance gates to the Muslim sacred text for researchers today. However, if chronology produces a strong sense of coherence by providing both an organising principle and a narrative context, its historical accuracy is difficult to assess. Recurrent criticism points to its dependence on traditional materials, the circularity of its argumentation, and the inability to appreciate, and account for, the present state of the Qur'anic text. This article engages these questions through a close reading of one of the most influential chronological reorderings, that of the Geschichte des Qorâns by Nöldeke and Schwally, taking the different versions of this seminal text into consideration so as to explore its assumptions, methodology and originality. Particular attention is paid to the textual impact of this linear reading on the Qur'anic text and to the inherent difficulties encountered in any chronological arrangement of the Muslim scripture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effects of 40-week training on anxiety and perceived fatigue in four elite triathletes. Anxiety and perceived fatigue were self-reported by the subjects twice a week by the way of a specific questionnaire and were linked by a mathematical model to the training loads calculated from the exercise heart rate. A significant relationship (r = 0.32; p <0.001) between the training loads and anxiety was identified using a two-component model: a first, negative (i.e., anxiety decreased) short-term (τ1 = 23 days) function and a second, positive long-term (τ2 = 59 days) function. The relationship between the training loads and perceived fatigue was significant (r=0.30; p <0.001), with one negative function (τ1=4 days). This mathematical model can potentially describe the relationships between training loads and anxiety or perceived fatigue and may improve both the adjustment of the duration of tapering and the early detection of staleness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we derive and compare several different vibration analysis techniques for automatic detection of local defects in bearings.Based on a signal model and a discussion on to what extent a good bearing monitoring method should trust it, we present several analysis tools for bearing condition monitoring and conclude that wavelets are especially well suited for this task. Then we describe a large-scale evaluation of several different automatic bearing monitoring methods using 103 laboratory and industrial environment test signals for which the true condition of the bearing is known from visual inspection. We describe the four best performing methods in detail (two wavelet-based, and two based on envelope and periodisation techniques). In our basic implementation, without using historical data or adapting the methods to (roughly) known machine or signal parameters, the four best methods had 9–13% error rate and are all good candidates for further fine-tuning and optimisation. Especially for the wavelet-based methods, there are several potentially performance improving additions, which we finally summarise into a guiding list of suggestion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]