Search

In recent days, cryptographic algorithm hardware is the need of IoT devices. However, limited resources demand an efficient approach towards designing the said cryptographic algorithm hardware. This paper introduces the PUF (Physical Unclonable Function) based approach to design the key generator used in cryptographic algorithm hardware to minimize the area and power consumption. A customizable key generation unit has been introduced in the form of a Standard Synchronization Unit (SSU) to match the desired key size requirements. The results were generated with PUF based designs from literature and compared with the proposed PDL (Programmable Delay Logic) PUF. All parameters considered, a proposed PDL PUF key generator is an efficient option that can be integrated with an Advanced Encryption System (AES) as the key generator. The modified AES design result was compared with the literature's results on the Xilinx Virtex XC7VX690T platform. The modified AES is an efficient solution with 12.10% less area consumption and a 44.51% increase in throughput. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Port-Wine Stains are a congenital vascular malformation that affect 0.3–0.5% of newborns. It is a benign capillary malformation that commonly occurs on the head and neck. It is formed by progressive dilation of the post-capillary venules, and as the patient ages it may be associated with hypertrophy and nodularity which can lead to cosmetic disfigurement and psychological aggravation. There are many choices of treatment such as cryosurgery, cosmetic tattooing, and dermabrasion, amongst others. The treatment of choice is pulse dye laser (PDL) because it is both effective and safe to use. In darker skin types (Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI), treatment is more difficult. Caution when treating darker skin types with PDL comes from the fact that there is an inverse correlation between vessel specificity of the PDL and skin pigmentation. In this review, we will be reviewing the literature and discussing the manuscripts that describe the treatment of PWS on patients with fitzpatrick skin type IV–VI. Authors searched the PubMed Medline in the English language from database inception through December 2022 for eligible articles. The keywords searched included "PDL," "pulse dye laser," "skin of color," "Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI," "fitzpatrick," "pigmented skin," "Port-wine stain," "PWS", and "pulse dye laser." The articles that were included discussed PDL in the treatment of PWS in patients of skin of color. Any additional similar articles that were cited in our search were also included. Articles that were excluded did not discuss Fitzpatrick skin types IV–VI, darker skin type, or PDL. Data collected from each article included the number of participants, Fitzpatrick skin type, age, and laser parameters. There were 120 articles that were reviewed from our search and a total of nine articles met inclusion criteria with 241 patients that were considered Fitzpatrick skin type IV–VI. The patients were of a wide range of ages from 1 month to 74 years old. In our review, patients who are treated at a younger age had better results than when treated at an older age. The results show that darker skin individuals have better results when treated at a younger age compared to adults, they can experience complete resolution. Adults who were treated saw a variation of results, from improvements in the appearance to hyperpigmentation/hypopigmentation or scarring of the treated area. Patients who are Fitzpatrick skin type IV–VI are at higher risk of adverse events when treated with PDL for PWS when compared to patients of other skin types. Studies show that PDL can be beneficial for PWS in patients of skin of color; however, there are risks of hyperpigmentation, hypopigmentation, and scarring that are important to take into consideration when treating these patients. Further research is warranted to improve the understanding of PDL for PWS in patients of skin of color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate efficacy of combination of intralesional triamcinolone with PDL in patients with keloid. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study on patients with keloid referring to Afzalipour hospital during five years. Efficacy of treatment was evaluated by physician's and patients' global assessment. PDL was done in monthly interval with single pulse, no overlapping, 5-10 mm spot size, 0.5-6 ms pulse duration and fluence of 6-10 j/cm2. Intralesional triamcinolone was injected (0.1cc in each one cm2, maximum 2cc) after laser with concentration from 10-40 mg/ml. Results Eighty-two patients (range 2-65 years) with keloid were treated with mean number of 4.05±0.51 treatment sessions (range 2-10). Side effects included purpura, hyperpigmentation, blister, crust formation, persistent erythema and hypopigmentation. Patients were mainly satisfied or very satisfied (73.1%) and physician evaluation demonstrated more than 50% improvement in 70.7% of cases. There was no significant correlation between response rate with demographic features of the patients, site of the lesions or treatment protocol. Conclusion In the current study, nearly third-quarter of the patients demonstrated more than 50% improvement and were satisfied or very satisfied with treatment results. Males, younger patients and lighter skin types showed better outcome. Furthermore, more number of treatment sessions and higher fluence accompanied with better results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various dental resin materials are available for the fabrication of temporary restorations using modern additive printing methods. Albeit these materials are placed for several months in intimate contact with dental hard and soft tissues, including the gingival crevice, there exists only insufficient evidence on the biocompatibility of these materials. This in vitro study aimed to delineate the biocompatibility of 3D printable materials on periodontal ligament cells (PDL-hTERTs). Samples of four dental resin materials for additive fabrication of temporary restorations using 3D printing (MFH, Nextdent; GC Temp, GC; Freeprint temp, Detax; 3Delta temp, Deltamed), one material for subtractive fabrication (Grandio disc, Voco) and one conventional temporary material (Luxatemp, DMG) were prepared with a standardized size according to the manufacturer's instructions. Human PDL-hTERTs were exposed to resin specimens or eluates of the material for 1, 2, 3, 6 and 9 days. For determination of cell viability, XTT assays were performed. In addition, the expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 6 and 8 (IL-6 and 8) was assessed in the supernatants with ELISA. Cell viability and the expression of IL-6 and 8 in presence of the resin material or their eluates was compared with untreated controls. Immunofluorescence staining for IL-6 and IL-8, as well as scanning electron microscopy of the discs after culturing, were performed. Differences between groups were analyzed with Student´s t-test for unpaired samples. Compared to untreated control samples, the exposure against the resin specimen induced strong reduction of cell viability in case of the conventional material Luxatemp (p < 0.001) and the additive material 3Delta temp (p < 0.001) irrespective of the observation period. On the contrary, the presence of eluates of the various materials induced only minor changes in cell viability. Considering IL-6 (day 2: p = 0.001; day 6 and 9: p < 0.001) and IL-8 (day 1: p = 0.001; day 2, 3, 6, 9: p < 0.001) their expression was strongly reduced in presence of the eluate of Luxatemp. Except for IL-6 at day 1 and 6 also the material 3Delta temp caused significant reduction of both proinflammatory mediators at any time point. The conventional material Luxatemp and the additive material 3Delta temp appear to severely affect cell viability when in direct contact with PDL-hTERTs. The other tested materials of this new category of additive materials and the subtractive material Grandio seem to induce only minor changes in direct contact with these cells. Therefore, they could serve as a viable alternative in the fabrication of temporary restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will provide a brief overview of the unique multiferroic material Bismuth ferrite (BFO). Considering that Bismuth ferrite is a unique material which possesses both ferroelectric and magnetic properties at room temperature, the uniqueness of Bismuth ferrite material will be discussed. Fundamental properties of the material including electrical and ferromagnetic properties also will be mentioned in this paper. Electrical properties include characterization of basic parameters considering the electrical resistivity and leakage current. Ferromagnetic properties involve the description of magnetic hysteresis characterization. Bismuth ferrite can be fabricated in a different form. The common forms will be mentioned and include powder, thin films and nanostructures. The most popular method of producing thin films based on BFO materials will be described and compared. Finally, the perspectives and potential applications of the material will be highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cellular and molecular mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) are not yet fully understood, partly due to the lack of dynamical datasets within the same subject. Inflammation and calcification are two main processes during OTM. Given the high sensitivity and specificity of [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor and Sodium [18F]Fluoride (Na[18F]F) for inflammation and calcification, respectively, the aim of this study is to assess their ability to identify and monitor the dynamics of OTM in an established mouse model. To monitor the processes during OTM in real time, animals were scanned using a small animal PET/CT during week 1, 3, and 5 post-implantation, with [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor and Na[18F]F. Both tracers showed an increased uptake in the region of interest compared to the control. For [68Ga]Ga-Pentixafor, an increased uptake was observed within the 5-week trial, suggesting the continuous presence of inflammatory markers. Na[18F]F showed an increased uptake during the trial, indicating an intensification of bone remodelling. Interim and end-of-experiment histological assessments visualised increased amounts of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and TRAP-positive cells in the periodontal ligament on the compression side. This approach establishes the first in vivo model for periodontal remodelling during OTM, which efficiently detects and monitors the intricate dynamics of periodontal ligament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of having a word on the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) is an inherent psychological experience that emerges from an unsuccessful cognitive effort aimed at finding the right word to express a specific thought. From a Vygotskian perspective, this can be understood as a dynamic relationship between psychological processes that evolves over time, especially between thought and language, with these functions at times intersecting and later bifurcating — even aligning in parallel — during microgenetic human development. Following Vygotsky's postulates, in this article we explore the TOT experience as an episodic gap between thought and language during daily psychological activity. Then, the notion of metacognition in psychology is adjunctly revisited and reviewed. Based on theoretical developments on the notion of feeling-of-knowing, the TOT experience and metacognition are reframed as affective phenomena and the accuracy of the traditional interpretation of metacognition as a cognitive-intellectual monitoring system is put into question. Finally, the article discusses possible contributions the TOT phenomenon and the feeling-of-knowing might offer to educational practices and processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite people's concern for the environment, there are psychological barriers that make it difficult to adopt a pro-environmental lifestyle, including difficulties in estimating the environmental impact of behaviours. In a first study (n = 374), we see that, when estimating the environmental impact of our own behaviours, we believe that pro-environmental actions can offset the environmental impact of those that are harmful to the environment. In addition, we believe that others have a greater impact. A second study (n = 497) finds that people who believe they have a lower impact on the environment than others and less than should be deemed acceptable display less intent to behave pro-environmentally. These findings highlight the difficulty people face in knowing the environmental consequences of their own behaviour, as well as the importance of perceptions regarding others' behaviours in explaining the intent to behave pro-environmentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosacea is a chronic cutaneous disorder affecting primarily the face, characterized by erythema, transient or persistent, telangiectasia, and inflammatory lesions including papulo‐pustules and swelling. The essential component of the disease is the persistent erythema of facial skin. Episodes of flushing (acute‐subacute intermittent vasodilation) are common. Swelling and erythema of the nose along with dilatation of the pilosebaceous poral orifices, known as rhinophyma, can be noted in chronic cases. Rosacea affects up to 10% of the world population and is especially noted in fair‐skinned individuals aged 35–50. Women are affected more often than men. Several treatment modalities including topical medications, systemic drugs, lasers, and light‐based therapies have been used for the management of rosacea with variable results. Topical medications such as azelaic acid, metronidazole, and sulfacetamide/sulfur, oral antibiotics such as tetracyclines, and oral retinoids alone or, most commonly, in combination form the mainstay of treatment. Light therapies such as intense pulsed light and pulsed dye laser are best used for the erythemato‐telangiectatic type. Topical brimonidine, oxymetazoline, ivermectin, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, low‐dose modified‐release tetracyclines and botulinum toxin are the new additions to the therapeutic armamentarium. This article provides a comprehensive review of the various therapies used for rosacea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess long‐term outcomes of ALA‐PDT in treating recalcitrant laryngeal leukoplakia. Study design: Retrospective Case‐Control. Methods: We reviewed all laryngeal leukoplakia patients treated with ALA‐PDT compared with angiolytic laser treatment alone (585 nm PDL or 532 nm KTP laser) from 2000 to 2019. Patients with laryngeal cancer (or a history of laryngeal cancer), leukoplakia previously treated with radiation and no pathologic report were excluded. Patient demographics, procedure details and outcomes were examined including histopathologic diagnosis, procedures performed, ALA usage, recurrence of leukoplakia and the development of cancer. Results: We identified 132 patients with laryngeal leukoplakia: 42 were treated with ALA‐PDT and 90 were treated with an angiolytic laser alone (Laser group). The proportion of cases of high‐grade dysplasia was 57.1% in the ALA‐PDT group compared to 32.2% in the Laser group. In high‐grade dysplasia cases, there was a statistically significant better recurrence‐free survival (RFS) at 12 months and 60 months in those who underwent ALA‐PDT 71.4% and 7.1% vs Laser 25% and 0% (p =.01). However, for overall groups, there was no difference in RFS (p =.25). Voice outcomes (patient subjective report) improved or were stable in 75% of subjects with no serious side effects reported. Conclusion: ALA‐PDT for recalcitrant and high‐grade dysplasia is highly effective with improved recurrence‐free survival compared to laser alone. ALA‐PDT may be an appropriate therapy in patients who have failed prior angiolytic laser alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The periodontal ligament (PDL) plays an important role in orthodontic tooth movement; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. We have previously reported that the Mohawk homeobox (Mkx), a tendon-specific transcription factor, is expressed in the PDL and regulates its homeostasis. Materials and methods: In the present study, we examined the role of Mkx in orthodontic tooth movement via bone remodeling induced by mechanical stimulation in Mkx-deficient rats, which are widely used as experimental animals for orthodontic force application. Orthodontic tooth movement of the maxillary first molar was performed in 7-week-old male Mkx-deficient rats (n = 4) and wild-type Wistar rats (n = 4) using coil springs for 14 days. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining were performed to evaluate morphological changes and osteoclasts. Furthermore, changes in the expression of receptor activator nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL) were demonstrated using immunostaining. Results: The amount of tooth movement was significantly lower in Mkx-deficient rats than in wild-type rats. The number of TRAP-positive cells was suppressed in Mkx-deficient rats on the compression side. Conclusion: Orthodontic tooth movement experiments in Mkx-deficient rats suggested that Mkx is involved in osteoclast induction at the alveolar bone surface on the compression side. This study reveals the possibility that Mkx plays a mechanosensory role in orthodontic tooth movement by inducing RANKL expression and osteoclastogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intralesional injection of corticosteroid (ILIS) and pulsed-dye laser (PDL) have been used in nail psoriasis treatment with variable outcomes.Objective: We sought to compare the efficacy of ILIS to PDL for the treatment of psoriatic fingernails using a dermoscope in the assessment and follow-up.Methods: This study included 30 patients with bilateral nail psoriasis. The fingernails of one hand were treated with PDL, whereas ILIS was used to treat the fingernails of the other hand. One psoriatic nail was left alone as a control. Every patient received four treatment sessions once every month. Efficacy was recorded clinically using the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI) and by a dermoscope before treatment (baseline) and at eight, 24, and 36 weeks after treatment.Results: The assessment by NAPSI revealed improvements of 22.24% and 24.11% occurred in the laser group and the intralesional steroid group, respectively. Also, the dermoscopic assessments revealed an improvement of 18.33% in the laser group versus that of 21.69% in the ILES. No significant difference was found between the two groups.Conclusion: Both PDL and ILIS are considered safe treatments for nail psoriasis, yielding nearly equal results. The dermoscope is a reliable tool for the diagnosis and follow-up of nail psoriasis treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: We aimed to identify a key molecule that maintains periodontal tissue homeostasis during biophysical force‐induced tooth movement (BTM) by orchestrating alveolar bone (AB) remodelling. Materials and Methods: Differential display‐PCR was performed to identify key molecules for BTM in rats. To investigate the localization and expression of the identified molecules, immunofluorescence, real‐time RT‐PCR and Western blotting were performed in rats and human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. Functional test and micro‐CT analysis were performed to examine the in vivo effects of the identified molecules on BTM. Results: Secretory leucocyte peptidase inhibitor (SLPI) in the PDL was revealed as a key molecule for BTM‐induced AB remodelling. SLPI was enhanced in the PDL under both compression and tension, and downregulated by an adenyl cyclases inhibitor. SLPI induced osteoblastogenic genes including runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and synergistically augmented tension‐induced Runx2 expression. SLPI augmented mineralization in PDL cells. SLPI induced osteoclastogenic genes including receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐Β ligand (RANKL) and synergistically augmented the compression‐induced RANKL and macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (MCSF) expression. Finally, the in vivo SLPI application into the AB significantly augmented BTM. Conclusions: SLPI or its inhibitors might serve as a biological target molecule for therapeutic interventions to modulate BTM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE) is limited to the skin, commonly affecting the face, frequently disfiguring and sometimes therapeutically challenging. Cutaneous lupus erythematosus has been treated with different laser in many studies and reports with promising results, presenting another new line of CCLE treatment. Aim of the work: This work aimed to evaluate and compare between the efficacy and safety of pulsed dye laser (PDL) versus ND: YAG laser for CCLE treatment. Patients and methods: This comparative study included a total of twenty patients with CCLE who had active lesion and with histologically confirmed lupus erythematosus, attending at Dermatology Outpatient Clinic of Al-Azhar University Hospitals. The patients were divided into 2 groups; group (A): 20 patients were treated by PDL and group (B): 20 patients were treated by ND:YAG laser. The degree of CCLE and clinical response evaluation was assessed using CLASI system. Results: In both groups A & B clearance rate was equal (50%) and Improvement rate was 100% with significant decline in ''active'' CLASI after laser treatment in both groups. P-value was 0.04 in group A and 0.005 in group B, without significant difference between both groups. Conclusion: PDL and ND: YAG laser are safe and effective in CCLE treatment with insignificant difference between them. So, we recommend early laser usage as main treatment of CCLE particularly for refractory cases for other treatment line or as an adjunctive therapy to decrease incidence of atrophy and scarring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Port Wine Stain (PWS) is only partially and superficially treated with the Pulsed dye laser (PDL) because of its limited depth of penetration. The 1064-nm long pulsed Nd:YAG laser has greater depth of penetration and is used to treat deeper vessels. The dual sequential wavelength laser (DSWL) which combines PDL/Nd:YAG (595/1064 nm) can be more effective for the treatment of deeper, nodular portwine stains due to its synergistic effect. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DSWL in the treatment of portwine stains after five treatment sessions. Materials and Methods: A total of 11 patients with PWS lesions on the head and neck, who were treated with DSWL for at least five sittings at monthly interval were included in this study. The assessment of the therapeutic response and grading of improvement was done with a scale of 0 to 4 by comparing the photographs taken before treatment and after 5 sittings of laser treatment. Results: Out of the 11 patients, 5 patients (45.45%) had more than 70% improvement. Six out of eleven patients (54.54%) had 40 to 70% improvement at the end of five sittings with no adverse effects including purpura. Conclusion: Dual Sequential Wavelength Laser is a good modality of treatment for portwine stains. It has enhanced penetration and effective clearance of thicker, nodular, recalcitrant lesions of PWS. DSWL is safe and efficacious and it can be recommended as a therapeutic modality for portwine stains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Consumption of toxic substances such as alcohol is widespread in the general population and thus also in patients receiving orthodontic treatment. Since human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts play a key role in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) by expressing cytokines and chemokines, we wanted to clarify whether ethanol modulates the physiological activity and expression pattern of hPDL fibroblasts during static compressive force application. We pre-incubated hPDL fibroblasts for 24 h with different ethanol concentrations, corresponding to casual (0.041% blood alcohol concentration [BAC], % by volume) and excessive (0.179%) alcohol consumption. At each ethanol concentration, we incubated the cells for another 48 h with and without an additional physiological compressive force of 2 g/cm2 occurring during orthodontic tooth movement in compression areas of the periodontal ligament. Thereafter, we analyzed expression and secretion of genes and proteins involved in OTM regulation by RT-qPCR and ELISA. We also performed co-culture experiments to observe hPDL-fibroblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis. We observed no effects of ethanol on cytotoxicity or cell viability of hPDL fibroblasts in the applied concentrations. Ethanol showed an enhancing effect on angiogenesis and activity of alkaline phosphatase. Simultaneously, ethanol reduced the induction of IL-6 and increased prostaglandin E2 synthesis as well as hPDL-fibroblast-mediated osteoclastogenesis without affecting the RANK-L/OPG-system. hPDL fibroblasts thus seem to be a cell type quite resistant to ethanol, as no cytotoxic effects or influence on cell viability were detected. High ethanol concentrations, however, seem to promote bone formation and angiogenesis. Ethanol at 0.179% also enhanced hPDL-induced osteoclastogenesis, indicating increased bone resorption and thus tooth movement velocity to be expected during orthodontic therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: Periodontitis results from bacteria‐induced inflammation. A key cytokine, RANKL, is produced by a number of cell types. The cellular source of RANKL critical for periodontitis has not been established. Methods: We induced periodontal bone loss by oral inoculation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum in both normoglycaemic and streptozotocin‐induced type 1 diabetic mice. Experimental transgenic mice had osteocyte‐specific deletion of floxed receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa‐B ligand (RANKL) mediated by DMP‐1‐driven Cre recombinase. Outcomes were assessed by micro‐CT, histomorphometric analysis, immunofluorescent analysis of RANKL and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase staining for osteoclasts and osteoclast activity. Results: Oral infection stimulated RANKL expression in osteocytes of wild‐type mice, which was increased by diabetes and blocked in transgenic mice. Infected wild‐type mice had significant bone loss and increased osteoclast numbers and activity, which were further enhanced by diabetes. No bone loss or increase in osteoclastogenesis or activity was detected in transgenic mice with RANKL deletion in osteocytes that were normoglycaemic or diabetic. Conclusions: This study demonstrates for the first time the essential role of osteocytes in bacteria‐induced periodontal bone loss and in diabetes‐enhanced periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosacea is a chronic, progressive dermatosis characterized by erythema, papules and pustules, and usually located on the face. Patients should be treated because they are affected psychosocial. However, cures can not be achieved and symptoms can be controlled. There are various local, systemic and physical treatment options, Laser treatments are especially preferred for erythematotelangiectatic and phymatous rosacea. For this purpose, pulsed dye laser (585nm-595nm PDL), intense pulse light (IPL), potassium titanyl phosphate laser (532 nm KTP), neodymium- doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser (1064 nm Nd:YAG), CO2 and erbium:YAG laser systems are used at the present time. In this article, laser treatments, an important part of rosacea management, have been reviewed relative to rosacea subtypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of extracellular heat shock protein (HSP) 72 on human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells (hPDLFs) in vitro. Design hPDLFs were stimulated by recombinant human HSP72 (rhHSP72). TAK-242 was used to inhibit toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activity. Interleukin ( IL ) -6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor ( TNF ) -α mRNA levels were analyzed by real-time PCR and protein levels were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. p65/RelA phosphorylation was analyzed by western blot. Results IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased by rhHSP72 stimulation. These effects were inhibited by TAK-242 treatment. Additionally, p65/RelA phosphorylation was increased after 5-min rhHSP72 stimulation, which was inhibited by TAK-242 treatment. Conclusion Extracellular HSP72 induces proinflammatory cytokines through TLR4/NF-κB in hPDLFs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of laser treatments beginning on the day of stitch removal has been demonstrated to improve scar quality. However, there are few guidelines for the treatment of immature scars (ISs), which are defined as "scars whose features are not yet expressed." The purpose of this study was to extract information about early combination laser treatment (CLT) beyond what is currently known by analyzing 33 pairs of pre-treatment and post-treatment photographs of ISs. Two hundred fifty medical records of patients with scars were reviewed, and 33 scars were included in the study. The included scars were treated with vascular lasers (585 or 532 nm) followed by 1550-nm fractional lasers from May 2014 to July 2015 (fewer than 52 days after stitch removal, Fitzpatrick's skin types III-IV, mean age = 16.0 years). Blinded evaluators (one plastic surgeon and two dermatologists) evaluated the pre-treatment and post-treatment photographs. The pre-treatment photographs were scored on a spectrum from "0," when no difference with the surrounding unaffected skin was observed, to "100," when the worst scarring was present. The pre-treatment and post-treatment photographs were compared, and the results were graded on a spectrum from 0, when no difference between the pre-treatment and post-treatment photographs was observed, to 100, when no difference was observed between the post-treatment skin and the surrounding unaffected skin. Statistical analyses were performed with PASW 17.0, SPSS Korea, Seoul, Korea (p < 0.05). The improvement scores (ImS) and weighted scores (Wtd: i.e., weighted according to the pre-treatment scores) were used as dependent variables. The average improvement score was 87.98 (median = 90). Seventeen cases were scored as 100-point improvements. The facial and non-facial scars exhibited differences in the ImS and Wtd scores. The Wtd scores were negatively correlated with the temporal gap (in days) between stitch removal and the beginning of CLT. No significant difference in the Wtd scores was demonstrated between the two vascular laser groups. Patient age and Wtd score were negatively correlated, and a significant difference was observed in the Wtd scores between the age groups (≥15 and <15 years old). CLT for ISs results in excellent outcomes. Better results are achieved with earlier CLT initiation following stitch removal. Better outcomes can be expected for younger patients and for facial scars. We found that 532 and 585-nm lasers are equally effective for CLT of ISs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Both pulsed dye laser and combined 585/1064-nm (sequential dual-wavelength PDL and Nd:YAG) laser improves inflammatory skin disorders including acne vulgaris.Objective: To compare the efficacy of 585-nm pulsed dye laser versus sequential dual-wavelength PDL and Nd:YAG in treatment of acne vulgaris.Patients and method: Thirty patients with acne vulgaris were treated by PDL alone on half of the face while contra lateral half was treated by combined 585/1064 nm laser.Results: The study showed that inflammatory acne lesions count was significantly reduced by 82.5% (p0.0001) on PDL sides and by 83.5% (p0.00001) on combined 585/1064-nm side after 8 weeks, while reduction of non-inflammatory acne lesions was observed at 8 weeks by 58.4% and 71.5% respectively. However, difference between the two modalities was not statistically significant.Conclusion: PDL and combined PDL/Nd:YAG laser treatment were found to be an effective, safe and well-tolerated treatment option for inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne vulgaris. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Venous lake is a benign vascular malformation commonly seen in elderly patients, typically arising in sun-exposed areas of the body. Patients often seek treatment to prevent recurrent bleeding or because they find the lesion cosmetically unacceptable. Venous lake may negatively affect quality of life, due to the cosmetic disfigurement it can create and the resulting psychological distress. Traditional treatments, such as surgical excision, cryosurgery, sclerotherapy, and electrocoagulation, result in varying degrees of success and can cause discomfort. Laser- and light-based treatment modalities may offer a safe and effective alternative, as numerous studies have shown their benefit in the treatment of venous lakes, particularly with the long-pulsed 1064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG). Although various types of lasers and lights have been studied, there remains a lack of general consensus as to which one is the superior laser modality. Further studies that establish standardized protocols to compare the results of using different types of laser treatments are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Different studies suggest that inflammation as well as hypoxia leads to an increase of p53 protein levels. However, the implication of p53 during oral inflammatory processes is still unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the effect of hypoxia and inflammation on p53 regulation in human periodontium in vitro and in vivo. Materials and methods: Under hypoxic and normoxic conditions, human primary periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts ( n = 9) were stimulated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from Porphyromonas gingivalis ( P.g.), a periodontal pathogenic bacterium. After different time points, cell viability was tested; p53 gene expression, protein synthesis, and activation were measured using quantitative RT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence. Moreover, healthy and inflamed periodontal tissues were obtained from 12 donors to analyze p53 protein in oral inflammatory diseases by immunohistochemistry. Results: LPS- P.g. and hypoxia initially induced a significant upregulation of p53 mRNA expression and p53 protein levels. Nuclear translocation of p53 after inflammatory stimulation supported these findings. Hypoxia first enhanced p53 levels, but after 24 h of incubation, protein levels decreased, which was accompanied by an improvement of PDL cell viability. Immunohistochemistry revealed an elevation of p53 immunoreactivity in accordance to the progression of periodontal inflammation. Conclusions: Our data indicate that p53 plays a pivotal role in PDL cell homeostasis and seems to be upregulated in oral inflammatory diseases. Clinical relevance: Upregulation of p53 may promote the destruction of periodontal integrity. A possible relationship with carcinogenesis may be discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Keloids and hypertrophic scars are benign fibrous growths that occur after trauma or wounding of the skin and present a major therapeutic problem. Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of pulsed dye laser (PDL) versus Nd:YAG laser in hypertrophic scar and keloid. Methods: Twenty patients with hypertrophic scars and keloid were included in this prospective, randomized, split-scar study. Half of each scar was randomized to treatment with a 595-nm PDL and the contralateral half with the 1064-nm Nd:YAG. Each patient received 6 laser treatment sessions at 1-month intervals. The scars were evaluated at baseline and one month after the last laser session using the Vancouver scar scale (VSS). Results: One month after the last laser treatment, final total VSS analysis of treated sites by PDL and long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser revealed significant improvements (p < 0.001), whereas the average percentage of improvement in the total VSS was 55.14% for PDL and 65.44% for Nd:YAG laser. However, there were no statistically significant differences between PDL- and long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser-treated sites for total VSS (p = 0.074). Limitations: This was a single-center non-controlled trial, which included a small number of patients and subjective outcome measures. Conclusion: PDL and long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser treatments for keloid and hypertrophic scar provide significant improvement with insignificant difference between both modalities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Angiokeratoma of Fordyce is typically asymptomatic, blue-to-red papules with a scaly surface located on the scrotum, shaft of penis or labia majora. They can be treated with some locally destructive treatment modalities such as excision, electrocoagulation, cryotherapy and laser.Objectives: To compare the effects of the pulsed dye laser versus long pulsed Nd:YAG laser in the treatment of angiokeratoma of Fordyce.Methods: Twenty tow patients with angiokeratoma of Fordyce were included in this study. All participants received three sessions of pulsed dye laser on the selected side or part of lesional area and long pulsed Nd:YAG laser on the other side or part of lesional area. Two dermatologists independently evaluated the photographs of the baseline and two-month follow-up after last session using a grade system in which treatment response was categorized into six grades.Results: Both PDL and long pulsed Nd:YAG laser revealed statistically significant improvements in angiokeratoma of fordyce. Comparatively, there was a statistical difference between them (overall mean improvement with PDL, 61.8%, versus Nd:YAG, 77.63%;p < 0.005).Conclusions: Both PDL and 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser are effective and safe in the treatment of angiokeratoma of Fordyce with better response in Nd:YAG laser than pulsed dye laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike treatments for most rickets, the treatment using 1,25-(OH)2 vitamin D3 has little efficacy on patients with hypophosphatemic rickets, a set of rare genetic diseases. Thus, understanding the local cause for osteomalacia in hypophosphatemic rickets and developing an effective treatment to restore mineralization in this rare disease has been a longstanding goal in medicine. Here, we used Dmp1 knockout (KO) mice (whose mutations led to the same type of autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets in humans) as the model in which the monoclonal antibody of sclerostin (Scl-Ab) was tested in two age groups for 8 weeks: the prevention group (starting at age 4 weeks) and the treatment group (starting at age 12 weeks). Applications of Scl-Ab greatly improved the osteomalacia phenotype (> 15%) and the biomechanical properties (3-point bending, ~ 60%) in the treated long-bone group. Our studies not only showed improvement of the osteomalacia in the alveolar bone, which has the highest bone metabolism rate, as well as the long bone phenotypes in treated mice. All these improvements attributed to the use of Scl-Ab are independent of the change in serum levels of phosphorus and FGF23, since Scl-Ab had little efficacy on those parameters. Finally, we propose a model to explain how Scl-Ab can improve the Dmp1 KO osteomalacia phenotype, in which the sclerostin level is already low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Center-right parties in government in Romania and Bulgaria navigated the economic downturns associated with the Great Recession (2008-12), and introduced austerity policies, yet had different electoral fates. While in Romania, the Democratic Liberal Party experienced a dramatic loss at the December 2012 elections, in Bulgaria, the Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria topped the May 2013 vote. In this article, we analyze these divergent outcomes, taking into account institutional configurations, strength of governing parties, and economic conditions. We argue that the electoral effects of harsh economic policies are conditioned by differences in the institutional aspect of governmental 'clarity of responsibility' during the peaks of the recession. These differences in institutional clarity become then key factors in understanding the electoral fates of the center-right parties in these governments. Related Articles [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding periodontal ligament (PDL) biology and developing an effective treatment for bone and PDL damage due to periodontitis have been long-standing aims in dental medicine. Here, we first demonstrated by cell lineage tracing and mineral double-labeling approaches that murine PDL progenitor cells display a 2- and 3-fold higher mineral deposition rate than the periosteum and endosteum at the age of 4 weeks, respectively. We next proved that the pathologic changes in osteocytes (Ocys; changes from a spindle shape to round shape with a >50% reduction in the dendrite number/length, and an increase in SOST) are the key pathologic factors responsible for bone and PDL damage in periostin-null mice (a periodontitis animal model) using a newly developed 3-dimensional FITC-Imaris technique. Importantly, we proved that deleting the Sost gene (a potent inhibitor of WNT signaling) or blocking sclerostin function by using the mAb in this periodontitis model significantly restores bone and PDL defects (n = 4-5; P < 0.05). Together, identification of the key contribution of the PDL in normal alveolar bone formation, the pathologic changes of the Ocys in periodontitis bone loss, and the novel link between sclerostin and Wnt signaling in the PDL will aid future drug development in the treatment of patients with periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We have previously reported that relaxin (Rln) expression from the ovary is upregulated by orthodontic tooth movement. This study was performed to test the hypothesis that Rln family peptides (Rxfps), the G-protein-coupled Rln receptor, is induced in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells to modulate the molecules involved in periodontal tissue remodeling while applying biophysical force. Materials and methods: Rats were implanted with orthodontic appliances to investigate changes to Rxfps in vivo. An in vitro biophysical force analysis was performed to measure the level of Rxfp 1 messenger RNA (mRNA) in primary human PDL cells. Results: The levels of Rxfp 2 transcription and translation increased in a time-dependent manner during tooth movement. Rxfp 2 was localized in the PDL by immunofluorescence. In vitro analyses revealed that the level of Rxfp 1 mRNA in PDL cells increased significantly with both compression and tension force. The levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, interleukin-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA, which are important for periodontal tissue remodeling, also changed under force application and Rln treatment. Conclusions: PDL cells responded to Rln to modulate effector molecules for periodontal tissue remodeling by upregulating Rxfps expression under a biophysical force. Clinical relevance: Rln and Rxfps may serve as a PDL turnover molecule complex to control orthodontic tooth movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is rare congenital disorder presenting facial port-wine stains (PWS) eye abnormalities and cerebrovascular malformations. The frequency of SWS is estimated at 1 in 50 000. Cerebrovascular abnormalities can be responsible for seizures, hemiparesis, mental retardation and ophthalmologic abnormalities cause intraocular pressure, glaucoma. Etiopathogenesis of SWS remains elusive. We present a case of a 7-year-old girl with SWS type II. A port-wine stain involves the upper right part of half face and has been associated with glaucoma of both eyes. In the Department of Dermatology in 2009-2012 we performed 23 procedures within 2 months. We have been using PDL laser at wavelength 595 nm and very good cosmetic results were achieved. Given positive treatment effects, the laser therapy of port-wine stains is a method of selection. Port-wine stains in the course of SWS requires a large number of laser treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Trichophyton rubrum is one of the most common species of dermatophytes which affects superficial keratinous tissue. It is not especially virulent but it can be responsible for considerable morbidity. Although there are different therapeutic modalities to treat fungal infections, clinicians are searching for alternative treatment because of the various side effects of the present therapeutic methods. As a new procedure, Laser therapy has brought on many advantages in clinical management of dermatophytes. Possible inhibitory potential of laser irradiation on fungal colonies was investigated invitro in this study. Methods: A total of 240 fungal plates of standard size of trichophyton rubrum colonies that had been cultured from the lesions of different patients at the mycology laboratory, were selected. Each fungal plate was assigned as control or experimental group. Experimental plates were irradiated by a laser system (low power laser or different wavelength of high power laser). The effects of different laser wavelengths and energies on isolated colonies were assessed. After laser irradiation, final size of colonies was measured on the first, the 7th and the 14th day after laser irradiation. Results: Although low power laser irradiation did not have any inhibitory effect on fungal growth, the Q-Switched Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (Nd:YAG) laser 532nm at 8j/cm2, Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser 1064nm at 4j/cm2 to 8j/cm2 and Pulsed dye laser 595nm at 8j/cm2 to 14j/cm2 significantly inhibited growth of trichophyton rubrum in vitro. Conclusion: Q-Switched Nd:YAG 532nm at 8j/cm2, Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser 1064nm at 4j/cm2 to 8j/cm2and pulsed dye laser (PDL) 595nm at 8j/cm2 to 14j/cm2 can be effective to suppress trichophyton rubrum growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The PDL effect is totally eliminated in dual-polarized communications. • The computational complexity of WFRFT in the proposed method is greatly reduced. • The self-interferences appear in eavesdropper's received signals, have the same effect as artificial noise that deteriorates the channel quality. Thus, a positive secrecy capacity can be ensured to improve the information security. In this paper, we propose an orthogonal vector based transmission method to enhance the transmission security and eliminate the polarization dependent loss (PDL) effect in wireless communications. In the proposed method, the information is modulated into symbols with polarization state modulation technique. Then, two polarization signal vectors are reshaped into two matrices and each column of them is multiplied by an unique vector selected from an orthogonal matrix, which results into several matrices. After that, for each polarization, all matrices are added up into a mixed matrix and then, reshaped into a vector for transmission. To enhance the transmission security, the weighted fractional Fourier transform (WFRFT) technique is designed to process the mixed matrices before reshaping into vectors. For legitimate users, the received signals could be reshaped into matrices with right size and the inverse-WFRFT is operated to the matrices with right WFRFT orders. Moreover, the same orthogonal vectors are used to process the signal matrix in the right sequence to recover original signals. As orthogonal vectors are different for two polarizations, there is no mutual interferences in two recovered polarization signals, thus, the PDL effect is naturally eliminated. In addition, the signals are also difficult to crack. Finally, simulation results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method in enhancing the transmission security and eliminating the PDL effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The expression of phospholipase D1 (PLD1) and PLD2 were found to decrease at the transcription level during both replicative and premature senescence in human lung fibroblast IMR‐90 cells. Knockdown of PLD2 dramatically induced senescent phenotype in proliferating IMR‐90 cells and wild‐type HCT116 colon cancer cells, whereas this response was nearly abolished in p53‐ or p21Cip1/WAF1‐null HCT116 cells. PLD2 knockdown increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Antioxidant N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine, NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, and p22phox small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced ROS generation and thus suppressed the appearance of senescence markers. Elevated CK2 α subunit (CK2α) expression repressed PLD2 downregulation‐mediated senescence. PLD2 overexpression increased protein kinase CK2 (also known as casein kinase 2) (CK2) activity. Taken together, these results show that PLD2 downregulation causes senescence through the p53–p21Cip1/WAF1 pathway by stimulating ROS production, which is induced by CK2 inhibition.PLD1 and PLD2 expression apparently decreased during replicative and premature senescence in IMR‐90 cells. PLD2 knockdown induced premature senescence in IMR‐90 and HCT116 cells. PLD2 knockdown increased the levels of p53 and reactive oxygen species. Elevated CK2 activity almost suppressed PLD2 downregulation‐mediated senescence. Thus, PLD2 downregulation promotes senescence through a ROS–p53 pathway, which is induced by CK2 inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purpose of this review is to investigate the use of Pulsed Dye Laser (PDL) as a therapeutic tool for hypertrophic burns scarring. The difference between keloids and hypertrophic scars is first described. The review then outlines the progress and assessment of hypertrophic scars for burns patients and the problem of their clinical management. The assessment using both objective and subjective measurements for complete account of hypertrophic scars is explained. The efficacy of PDL for both prevention and treatment is summarised for all hypertrophic scarring and the various laser treatment protocols in previous research is studied. The differentiation between prevention and treatment is discussed in relation to scar duration and the need for prevention rather than treatment is then proposed for intervention using PDL. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research through a prospective randomised, controlled study using 595nm PDL in the prevention of scars with less than 6 month duration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Background/Aims: Once tissue destruction has occurred, the differentiation of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells into osteoblasts plays an important role in repairing the oral cavity. Methods: In this work, we measured the proliferation and differentiation of PDL cells after fluid shear stress (FSS) treatment by ALP activity assays and in vitro mineralization assays respectively. The levels of miRNA in PDL cells treated with FSS or not were detected by using microRNA arrays. The possible signaling pathway was determined by western-blot. Results: This study demonstrates that FSS modulates several functions of human PDL cells. Specifically, increasing FSS in fixed increments regulates the proliferation and differentiation of PDL cells. Through microRNA arrays, we find that FSS induced-differentiation is accompanied by a significantly higher level of miR-132 compared to untreated controls. Phosphorylated levels of the P13K, AKT, mTOR, and p70S6K proteins also significantly increases in FSS-treated PDL cells. Finally, the FSS-induced differentiation of PDL cells is inhibited by miR-132 knockdown probe and the mTOR signaling pathway inhibitor BEZ235. Conclusion: Our data support the hypothesis that FSS-induced differentiation and proliferation involves the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis, through a process involving mir-132. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acquired, non?nevoid, apparently idiopathic facial pigmentation are distributed over some specific locations like periorbital area, zygomatic area, malar area, root of nose, perioral and mandibular area. Periorbital pigmentation is the most well known entity in this group. These are bilaterally distributed homogenously diffuse gray to dark gray or slate?gray colored patches showing progressive intensification of pigmentation. These are often considered as physiologic or constitutional pigmentation. Some portions of the margins of these patches were described previously as pigmentary demarcation line (PDL? F, G, H). Aim: To analyze the distributional patterns of acquired, apparently idiopathic facial pigmentations and to evaluate the etiologic aspects of these conditions. Materials and Methods: Spatial patterns, distribution, and orientation were analyzed among 187 individuals with idiopathic non?nevoid, facial pigmentation. Observed patterns were compared with various pigmentary nevi and Blaschko's lines on face. Results: It was found that most of the idiopathic facial pigmentary alterations including periorbital pigmentation and PDL on face had specific patterned distribution that had high similarity to that of the pigmentary nevi and Blaschko's lines on face. Conclusion: It is hypothesized here that phenotypic expression of acquired patterned pigmentation (AIFPFP) is due to genetically determined increased pigmentary functional activity to various known and unknown yet natural factors like UV rays and aging. Mosaicism was a definite possibility. We also consider that the patterns actually reflected the normal patterns of embryological human pigmentation on face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3D imaging of soft tissues in their native state is challenging, especially when high resolution is required. An X-ray-based microCT is, to date, the best choice for high resolution 3D imaging of soft tissues. However, since X-ray attenuation of soft tissues is very low, contrasting enhancement using different staining materials is needed. The staining procedure, which also usually involves tissue fixation, causes unwanted and to some extent unknown tissue alterations. Here, we demonstrate that a method that enables 3D imaging of soft tissues without fixing and staining using an X-ray-based bench-top microCT can be applied to a variety of different tissues. With the sample mounted in a custom-made loading device inside a humidity chamber, we obtained soft tissue contrast and generated 3D images of fresh, soft tissues with a resolution of 1 micron voxel size. We identified three critical conditions which make it possible to image soft tissues: humidified environment, mechanical stabilization of the sample and phase enhancement. We demonstrate the capability of the technique using different specimens: an intervertebral disc, the non-mineralized growth plate, stingray tessellated radials (calcified cartilage) and the collagenous network of the periodontal ligament. Since the scanned specimen is fresh an interesting advantage of this technique is the ability to scan a specimen under load and track the changes of the different structures. This method offers a unique opportunity for obtaining valuable insights into 3D structure-function relationships of soft tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generalized essential telangiectasia (GET) is a rare, clinically benign condition but a source of cosmetic concern for affected patients. There is a dearth of publications and known treatment options for GET. This case report reviews the clinical course of a 54‐year‐old woman who presented with a long‐standing history of telangiectatic patches on her dorsal feet and ankles with progressive spread to the lower extremities consistent with GET. The patient proceeded with two pulsed dye laser (PDL) treatments and had complete resolution of her skin findings maintained at her 1.5‐year follow‐up appointment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Subjective assessment of results after laser treatment for birthmarks does not provide a validated method for clinicians. Previous reports concerning objective evaluation using L*a*b color coordinates were only partially successful due to difficulties in standardizing and comparing colors from pre- and posttreatment photographs. The study aimed to present a reliable and clinically applicable method of aesthetic result assessment after laser treatment for birthmarks. All 48 patients, included in the study, were treated for birthmarks on the face or neck using laser. Each pre- and posttreatment photograph was subjected to triple objective comparative assessment of color fading with use of a computer program, as well as to subjective evaluation by three core physicians and three laypeople. Objective analysis was based on an innovative method using combined L*a*b and hue saturation value color coordinates. Accuracy was higher between objective assessment with the computer program and subjective evaluation by core physicians than by laypeople. Repeatability of results was higher with the use of the computer program than among core physicians or among laypeople. In conclusion, our method may be considered for objective assessment of the results after laser treatment of vascular and pigmented birthmarks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Different laser systems are reported to be effective in treatment of telangiectasia and erythema, but comparative studies on 1064-nm neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet ( Nd- YAG) laser and pulsed dye laser ( PDL) in treatment of erythemato-telangiectatic rosacea are lacking. Substance ( P) is implicated in rosacea pathogenesis. Objectives To compare the effect of Nd- YAG laser and PDL on erythemato-telangiectatic rosacea, both clinically and immunohistochemically on cutaneous substance ( P) expression. Methods This split-face comparative study included 15 patients with erythemato-telangiectatic rosacea treated on the right side with Nd- YAG laser and on the left side with PDL: three sessions, 4 weeks apart. Evaluation of the patients was done using erythema and telangiectasia grading scores, patient's self-assessment, physicians' clinical assessment of the patient, and immunohistochemical assessment of substance ( P). Results One month after the three laser sessions, excellent response was achieved in 73.3% of patients after Nd- YAG and in 53.3% of patients after PDL with significantly lower substance ( P) concentration after Nd- YAG laser than after PDL. Positive correlations were found between the decrease in erythema and telangiectasia grading scores and the decrease in substance ( P) concentration. Conclusions The use of Nd- YAG laser and PDL appears to be safe and effective measures in treatment of erythemato-telangiectatic rosacea. Both types of laser decrease the concentration of substance ( P) in the skin. This effect is more pronounced with Nd- YAG laser. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A manuscript is basically a hand-written or inscribed piece of information on bark, leaf, cloth, metal, paper or any other material in any composition. This may be a combination of letters, pictures, symbols, maps, figures etc. with knowledge content about the art, culture, history and science of a civilization. The word manuscript was originated in 16th century from Medieval Latin word "Manuscriptus" from Manu by 'hand' + Scriptus 'written'. The preservation of manuscripts is of utmost importance to protect and save the rich cultural and heritage history of a civilization/ nation. The paper in hand is an attempt to carry forward and sensitize the stakeholders about the initiatives taken up by Punjab Digital Library (PDL) in locating, preserving and digitizing the manuscripts thereby providing a global access to the scattered, hidden or accumulated treasures of information of Punjab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The periodontal ligament (PDL), a soft tissue connecting the tooth and the bone, is essential for tooth movement, bone remodeling and force dissipation. A collagenous network that connects the tooth root surface to the alveolar jaw bone is one of the major components of the PDL. The organization of the collagenous component and how it changes under load is still poorly understood. Here using a state-of-the-art custom-made loading apparatus and a humidified environment inside a microCT, we visualize the PDL collagenous network of a fresh rat molar in 3D at 1μm voxel size without any fixation or contrasting agents. We demonstrate that the PDL collagen network is organized in sheets. The spaces between sheets vary thus creating dense and sparse networks. Upon vertical loading, the sheets in both networks are stretched into well aligned arrays. The sparse network is located mainly in areas which undergo compressive loading as the tooth moves towards the bone, whereas the dense network functions mostly in tension as the tooth moves further from the bone. This new visualization method can be used to study other non-mineralized or partially mineralized tissues, and in particular those that are subjected to mechanical loads. The method will also be valuable for characterizing diseased tissues, as well as better understanding the phenotypic expressions of genetic mutants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The mechanism of orthodontic teeth movement is not entirely explained. The principal reaction on tissues at the cellular and molecular level is initiated by the force applied to the tooth crown and transferred in turn upon the periodontal ligament (PDL). It seems, therefore, that the PDL and particularly its properties play a key role in bone remodelling. One of the more commonly used methods, which is capable of analysis of a wide range of orthodontic movements or distribution of stress and strain within teeth and periodontium, is the finite element method (FEM). Aiming to achieve the FEM model as close as possible to in vivo conditions, it is necessary to account for accurate material properties. The aim of the present study is to compare particular studies and descriptions of material characteristics of the PDL. The analysis of available articles shows how imperfect modern descriptions of PDL material properties available today are, which in the precise method could allow the analysis of the occurrences within the in vivo processes in a non-destructive manner. The complicated anatomy and physiology of PDL, which incur significant parameter changes with age and disease susceptibility, make the accurate description of this material so difficult. The available study results show that those characteristics should be precise and complicated, which undoubtedly impedes the calculation processes but generates reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. This investigation aims to evaluate the changes in stress magnitudes and distributions on Partially Stabilized Zirconia (PS-ZrO2) dental implants and bridges and on the mandible caused by fibrous encapsulations during clenching. Materials and methods. Four 3.26 mm diameter PS-ZrO2 dental implants with lengths of 12 mm were modelled and placed in the second premolar and first molar region on both sides of the mandible model. A rigid zirconia bridge with a thickness of 0.5 mm connects the PS-ZrO2 dental implants placed in the second premolar and first molar. Four periodontal ligament (PDL) case studies were examined: PDL in the second premolars; PDL in the first molars; PDL in both the second premolars and first molars; and no PDL present. Results. The results reveal the magnitudes and distributions of stresses on the dental implants and connecting bridges were governed by the PDLs. A significant drop in stress levels were recorded when the PDL encapsulates the roots of the dental implants. Of the four PDL case studies, it was found that when the PDLs are present in both the second premolars and first molars the lowest stress magnitudes are generated. The analysis also revealed that, during the healing process after implant insertion and the result of fibrous encapsulation, the dental implant system will experience a varying amount of stress levels. Conclusion. This study was intended to produce more insight into the influence of the PDL on the changes in stress distribution on the dental implant system during clenching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Solar lentigines are among commonest cosmetic problems. There are many topical therapies suggested to treat these lesions including cryotherapy, chemical peeling with tn chloro acetic acid (TCA) and laser therapy with q-switched lasers as well as long pulsed lasers. Considering possible treatment side effects (PIH, scar) with cryotherapy and peeling in Iranian patients (darker skin types) it seems necessary to try to find alternative measures. The aim of the present study was to evaluate effect of long pulsed dye laser (LPDL) on lentigines via an objective method (computerized dermoscopy). Methods: Patients with pathologically confirmed lentigines were selected if they agreed to participate in the study,were not treated before, hadn't history of psoriasis, vitiligo, scar formation and were not pregnant. Letigines were dermoscopied before and after treatment with PDL (V-beam, 595nm, Candela Corp. Wayland, USA) using fluence of 10 joules, without DCD (dynamic cooling device) via extra compress lens provided with laser system. The resulting figures were compared by two academic unrelated dermatologists as well as by computerized analysis. Post laser side effects were treated with topical antibiotics and mild topical steroids. Patients were followed for six months after the end of the study to determine the rate of recurrence via dermoscopy of sites of previous lesions and also delayed side effects. Results: A total of2l patients with the same number of lesions, were included in the study. Mean age of patients was 54.2 years (±23.3) ranging from 39 to 71 years. Included patients were 18 females and three males. From 21 treated lesions, 11 were located on the hands and 10 on the face. Comparing before and after photographs taken through dermoscopy system, revealed that approximately 57% of patients had more than 75% improvement. Mean pigment analysis score (calculated by computerized dermoscope software) was respectively 8 and 2 before and after PDL therapy, showing noticeable decrease in pigment density of lesions. Side effects were mild erythema and local irritation responding to topical mild steroids. No hypo or persistent hyper pigmentation or other delayed side effects was seen after six months follow up. One patient experienced transient hyper pigmentation of treatment site after treatment. During six months follow up, no recurrences were seen; Conclusion: In conclusion, PDL is a safe and effective option to treat lentigines if applied properly using compression method, especially in Iranian patients. However, further studies with larger sample size are required to confirm these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: Periodontal ligament cells (PDLs) produce prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in response to orthodontic force. PGE2 is a potent osteoclast-inducing factor that induces the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Some studies reported that PDLs express RANKL in response to mechanical stress, whereas another study reported that they do not. Based on an immunohistochemical study, RANKL expression is localized around the alveolar bone surface 3 days after tooth movement. However, ankylosed teeth cannot be moved by therapeutic mechanical stress, suggesting that PDLs play a major role in alveolar bone resorption. In this study, we compared the functional difference in osteoclastogenesis between human PDLs (HPDLs) and normal human osteoblasts (HOBs) as a direct effect of PGE2 exposure. Design: We examined the expression of RANKL, osteoprotegerin, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor after 48-h culture with or without PGE2 (10−11 to 10−5 M) in HPDLs and HOBs. Then to confirm whether RANKL produced by PGE2 treatment induces osteoclastogenesis or not, RAW264.7 cells were co-cultured on HPDLs or HOBs pretreated with 10−6 M of PGE2. Result: PGE2 exposure increased significantly RANKL expression in HOBs compared with HPDLs. PGE2 exposure significantly decreased osteoprotegerin expression in HPDLs compared with HOBs. The number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining osteoclast-like cells from RAW264.7 cells increased significantly by PGE2 pretreatment in HOBs and was reduced by small interfering RNA knockdown of RANKL. Conclusion: These results suggest that osteoblasts strongly influence the stimulation of osteoclastogenesis via RANKL, induced by PGE2 in periodontal tissues, compared with PDLs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We present a dynamic deontic logic for specifying and reasoning about complex contracts. The concepts that our contract logic captures are drawn from legal contracts, as we consider that these are more general and expressive than what is usually found in computer science (like in software contracts, web services specifications, or communication protocols). is intended to be used in specifying complex contracts found in computer science. This influences many of the design decisions behind . We adopt an ought-to-do approach to deontic logic and apply the deontic modalities exclusively over complex actions. On top, we add the modalities of dynamic logic so to be able to reason about what happens after an action is performed. can reason about regular synchronous actions capturing the notion of actions done at the same time. incorporates the notions of contrary-to-duty and contrary-to-prohibition by attaching to the deontic modalities explicitly a reparation which is to be enforced in case of violations. Results of decidability and tree model property are given as well as specific properties for the modalities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An innovative technique for fabricating the optical fiber hybrid wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) coupler is presented. The device is comprised of two components, a wavelength division multiplexer and an optical fiber coupler, in a miniature stainless steel tube. The outstanding features of the ultra-low polarization dependent loss (PDL) under 0.05dB and the compact size of ∅3.5×65mm for bare-fiber type of package are accomplished by using the pioneering methodology combining the main techniques of twisted and parallel fusion processes in the fused biconical taper (FBT) technology. Besides, its miniaturization is more competitive in both of the applications of optical communication and sensing systems where a compact-sized package is required for extending the flexibility of installation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: During mastication, dental trauma and functional dental habits the tissues that surround and support the teeth, i.e. the periodontium, are subject to complex biomechanical forces. The exact mechanisms mediating the anabolic and catabolic biomechanical effects on the periodontium are yet poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of this in-vitro study was to determine if continuous tensile strain (CTS) regulates the synthesis of components of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system in human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. PDL cells from six donors were phenotyped, seeded on collagen type-I coated silicone membranes, and subjected to CTS of low (3%) or high (20%) magnitudes for 4 and 24h. The gene expression of IGF1, IGF2, IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)1, and IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) was detected by real-time PCR. The protein synthesis was determined by immunoblotting. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and the Tukey test (p<0.05) were applied. When cells were subjected to low CTS for 4h, the IGF1 expression was significantly increased, whereas high CTS or CTS applied for 24h reduced the constitutive IGF1 synthesis. Although PDL cells also expressed IGF2, IGF1R, and IRS1, no significant differences for these molecules were found between stretched cells and controls. High CTS caused a significant upregulation of IGFBP1 and significant downregulation of IGFBP3 and IGFBP5 at 24h. In conclusion, this in-vitro study suggests that biomechanical forces may regulate several components of the local IGF system in the human periodontium. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of the pulsed-dye laser (PDL) at a wavelength of 585 nm with those at 595 nm in the treatment of post-surgical scars, starting on the day of suture removal. The study was a prospective, non-randomized, double-blind, controlled, clinical trial, set in an outpatient clinic. Fifteen outpatients with 21 post-operative scars at least 3 cm long were recruited, and 14 patients with 19 scars completed the study. Scars were divided into three equal portions. Each outer portion was randomly allocated to PDL at 585 nm or at 595 nm (3.5 J/cm2, 450 μs, 10 mm spot size), and the center was an untreated control; treatment was composed of three laser sessions at 4-week intervals. A blinded examiner evaluated the three scar sections using the Vancouver scar scale for pigmentation, vascularity, pliability, and height. Cosmetic appearance was evaluated with a visual analog scale. Punch biopsies of three randomly selected scars were evaluated. Pigmentation: more scars after laser treatments were of normal color than in the control, but the difference was not statistically significant. Vascularity: after treatment, more scars had normal vascularity in all three groups than at baseline ( P < 0.05); the largest increase was with a wavelength of 585 nm (10.5–94.7%), then 595 nm (15.8–78.9%), then control (5.2–36.6%). Pliability: there was more normal pliability in all three groups than at baseline ( P < 0.05), with greater improvements in the laser-treated groups. Height: significantly more flat scars after 585 nm PDL (63.2%) than at baseline (21.1%) ( P < 0.05). We observed a slight but non-significant decrease in the scar heights with 595 nm PDL in comparison with the control. Histology: after laser irradiation, the treated sections were more similar to a non-scarring process than the control. Cosmetic outcome: visual analog scales increased in all groups ( P < 0.05), but the greatest increases were observed in the 585 nm and 595 nm laser-treated groups (50% and 60%, respectively) compared with controls (30%). There were significantly higher scores with the lasers than for the control ( P < 0.001) at each visit after baseline. Both the 585 nm and 595 nm PDL treatments were effective in improving the appearance and normalizing the vascularity and pliability of post-operative scars. Both wavelengths improved the scars’ visual appearance more than controls. We found that 585 nm appears to be the preferred wavelength, as it substantially normalized the height in addition to the vascularity and pliability in a significant number of scars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]