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ABSTRACT Background Aim Design Data Sources Methods Results Conclusions No Patient or Public Contribution Trial Registration Transitions from the intensive care unit (ICU) to the general ward cause great impairment of physical and psychosocial functioning in children and their parents. Better understanding of parental experiences during children's ICU‐to‐ward transitions is required to inform the development of ICU transitional care.To examine the parental experiences during their children's ICU‐to‐ward transitions through the synthesis of original qualitative studies.This study follows the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) and the enhancing transparency in reporting the synthesis of qualitative research (ENTREQ) statements, uses Thomas and Harden's thematic synthesis framework rooted in a critical realist philosophy to present qualitative meta‐synthesis.We conducted a systematic review in June 2024 and searched nine electronic databases including Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Sinomed, CNKI, Wanfang and VIP. Eligible studies contained parents quotes about their children's ICU‐to‐ward transitions and published in either English or Chinese since 2005.Systematic searches yielded 2825 identified studies. Two reviewers screened titles, abstracts and full text and reached consensus through critical discussion with a third reviewer. Eighteen studies were finally agreed for inclusion. Data were extracted into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and synthesised through line‐by‐line coding of relevant quotes with the help of NVivo.The qualitative synthesis resulted in four descriptive themes followed later by two analytical themes. Specifically, these were (1) the nature of the parental experience during ICU‐to‐ward transition (challenging but responded proactively) and (2) factors involved in the ICU‐to‐ward transition (both facilitators and barriers).This study indicates the nature of parental experiences and factors involved during the critically ill child's ICU‐to‐ward transition. Healthcare providers serve as the primary support network for parents and should collaborate closely with them to facilitate a smooth transition by providing tailored support.This is a meta‐synthesis of previously published qualitative studies.We have registered in the PROSPERO and the number is CRD42023422055 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores the self-perceived impact of parental suicide in adolescence, of a father, on his daughter's intimate, heterosexual relationships in adulthood. The aim of the research was to ascertain if, and how, paternal suicide, in a young woman's adolescence, affects her intimate, heterosexual relationships, in adulthood. Four participants who had lost their fathers to suicide between the ages of 10 and 19, were interviewed, and transcripts were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The findings conclude that the majority of participants had experienced difficulties in establishing intimate relationships that fully met their needs. Participants perceived these factors were directly linked to their suicide loss. Four main group experiential themes arose from the data: isolation; connection with self and others; post-traumatic stress; and anxiety and shame. This research raises awareness for counsellors and helping professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physiological synchrony is the phenomenon of linked physiological processes among two or more individuals. Evidence of linkage between dyads has been found among a broad range of physiological indices, including the endocrine systems. During the transition to parenthood, both men and women undergo hormonal changes that facilitate parenting behavior. The present review sought to address the question as to whether hormonal synchronization occurs among expecting or new parents. A systematic literature search yielded 13 eligible records. The evidence of cortisol synchrony during the prenatal period, with additional testosterone, prolactin, and progesterone covariations in the time leading up to childbirth, was found to be most significant. During the postpartum period, parental synchrony was reported for oxytocin, testosterone, and cortisol levels. The implications of these covariations were found to translate into adaptive parenting behaviors and the facilitation of romantic bond. Associations with infant development were also reported, suggesting far-reaching effects of hormonal synchrony outside the parental dyad. The results highlight the importance of physiological interrelatedness during this sensitive period, underscoring the need for further research in this field. In view of the limited data available in this research domain, we have put forward a framework for future studies, recommending the adoption of standardized research protocols and repeated collections of specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the sleep characteristics of children born preterm and the relationship between these characteristics and parental sleep quality. Material and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the parents of children born preterm were administered the Child Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results: The study included 89 children born preterm with a current mean age of 38.7±55 months. According to the CSHQ, 95.5% of children had a sleep disorder. According to the PSQI, 48.9% of the mothers, 35.3% of the fathers had poor sleep quality. Maternal and paternal total PSQI scores were significantly correlated (r=0.373, p=0.030). In regression analysis of factors that may affect total CSHQ score, sleep disorder was found to be associated with low maternal education, hemiplegia, no smoking in the home (p=0.001, p<0.001and p<0.001 respectively). When factors that may affect total PSQI score were examined by regression analysis, the odds of poor sleep quality were 5.5 times higher in mothers with a high education level, 4 times higher in mothers with a history of multiple pregnancy (p=0.006 and p=0.027). Conclusion: Our study revealed a high rate of sleep disorder in children with a history of preterm birth and high rates of poor sleep quality among their parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eating disorders are complex mental health conditions exacerbated by high mortality rates. International and national guidelines recommend family involvement in the treatment process, recognising the family as an important source of support to young people. Research suggests fathers engage less in the process compared to mothers. In studies exploring parental perspectives, most samples consisted of mothers, with fathers minimally represented. Few studies explore family involvement from the perspective of fathers. This study aimed to explore the experiences of fathers regarding their involvement in the treatment process. Qualitative descriptive methods were used, involving focus group interviews of seven fathers. Interviews were assisted by a semi‐structured interview guide. A qualitative content analysis approach was used to analyse the data regarding paternal experiences of engagement in the treatment process. Fathers understood the importance of the whole family working together but viewed mothers as taking a more central role in the treatment process, with fathers more at the periphery. Gender emerged as an influencing factor in paternal involvement, with mothers primarily taking on responsibility for the child with the eating disorder and fathers providing secondary support. Healthcare providers need to be aware of the contribution of gendered roles within the family system and consider this when working with families within the treatment process. Consequently, mental health nurses have an important role in encouraging fathers to become actively involved in the treatment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: It has been suggested that the intergenerational transmission of anxiety may be an important contributor to the high prevalence of anxiety in adolescents. The objectives of this study are to examine whether and how parental anxiety is related to adolescent's anxiety and to explore the associations of parental anxiety and parent-child communication with adolescents' anxiety across different grades. Methods: The current survey was conducted online from February 8th to February 27th, 2020.The questionnaires were distributed and retrieved through a web-based platform. A total of 6196 Chinese rural adolescents from grade seven to twelve (age ranging from 11 to 18 years old) were included. Results: In this study, parental anxiety was significantly associated with higher adolescent anxiety (β = 0.14, p < 0.001) and this association was statically strongest at grade twelve. Besides, children with problematic parent-child communication related to COVID-19 reported elevated anxiety (β = 0.05, p < 0.01). In contrast, effective parent-child communication about COVID-19 mitigated the level of anxiety transmitted from parent to child (β = -0.04, p < 0.05). Conclusions: During the COVID-19 epidemic, parents' anxiety was related to adolescents' anxiety. In addition, parent-child communication plays a moderating role in the above relationship. These findings emphasize the importance of implementing more psycho-education programs that specifically target parents' emotion regulation and effective communication abilities to ameliorate the psychopathological symptoms of parents and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plain Language Summary: In the past, research indicated that a parent's mental health symptoms may impact their child's migraine status; however, these studies do not usually hold constant whether the parents themselves have migraine. This study provided new data suggesting that when parents have migraine, the connection between parents' mental health symptoms and their child's migraine status may be less pronounced. Future studies investigating the heritability of migraine and its related mental health conditions may consider this approach when recruiting study participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the risk of anxiety disorders in offspring of parents with mood disorders. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched 4 electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science [core collection]) to identify cross-sectional and cohort studies that examined the association between parental mood disorders (including bipolar disorder and unipolar depression) and risk of anxiety disorders in offspring. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) of overall and specific anxiety disorders were synthesized using a random effects model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to identify moderation factors. A total of 35 studies were included in the final analysis. Our results showed higher risks of all types of anxiety disorders in the offspring of parents with mood disorders (any anxiety disorder, RR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.47-2.26), except for agoraphobia (RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.56-2.08), and with an especially elevated risk of panic disorder (RR = 3.07, 95% CI = 2.19-4.32). Subgroup analysis demonstrated no significant difference between the risks of anxiety disorders across the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder as opposed to unipolar depression. The absence of anxiety disorders in control parents, younger offspring age, and specific parent/offspring sex were associated with higher RRs for some anxiety disorders in offspring of parents with mood disorders. Our findings suggest a robust relationship between parental mood disorders and offspring anxiety disorders, and highlight the potential value of prevention and early intervention for anxiety disorders in this context. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list. Anxiety Disorders in Offspring of Parents with Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ; CRD42021215058. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Intact nucleus accumbens is not required for maternal and infanticidal behavior. • 6-OHDA lesions in the nucleus accumbens delay maternal, but not infanticidal behavior. • Maternal and infanticidal behavior are differently regulated by the nucleus accumbens. Virgin and pups-naïve female and male adult mice display two opposite responses when they are exposed to pups for the first time. While females generally take care of the pups, males attack them. Since the nucleus accumbens (NA), and its dopaminergic modulation, is critical in integrating information and processing reward and aversion, we investigated if NMDA- and 6-OHDA-induced lesions, damaging mostly NA output and dopaminergic inputs respectively, affected female maternal behavior (MB) or male infanticidal behavior (IB) in mice. Our results revealed minor or no effects of both smaller and larger NMDA-induced lesions in MB and IB. On the other hand, while 6-OHDA-induced lesions in females reduced the incidence of full MB (12.5% 6-OHDA vs. 85.7% SHAM) increasing the latency to retrieve the pups, those lesions did not affect IB in males. There were no differences in locomotor and exploratory activity between the lesioned- and SHAM- females. Despite those lesions did not induce any major effect on IB, NMDA-lesioned males spent less time in the central area of an open field, while dopaminergic-lesioned males showed reduced number of rearing and peripheral crosses. The current study shows that an intact NA is not necessary for the expression of MB and IB. However, dopaminergic inputs to NA play different role in MB and IB. While damaging dopaminergic terminals into the NA did not affect IB, it clearly delayed the more flexible and rewarding expression of parental behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, reports on responses to death and dying individuals in non-human animals have been increasing. Here, we report the case of a striped hyena who refrained from eating a juvenile conspecific carcass in its territory. We inferred that the juvenile was an offspring of the individual. Although the hyena discovered the carcass several days before any other conspecific, other than maintaining vigilance over it and sniffing it repeatedly, it did not consume it; only an unfamiliar hyena did so. This is the first documentation of thanatological behavior in striped hyenas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To support parental decision‐making it is important to understand parents' perspectives on vaccination for their children and the factors that contribute to their vaccine hesitancy. There have been relatively few studies in this area in Japan, particularly with longitudinal and mixed methodologies. Methods: We used an explanatory sequential mixed methods approach to describe longitudinal changes in vaccine acceptance and to explore factors associated with parental coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine hesitancy. We recruited parents who had children aged 6 months to 11 years old from five facilities in Japan. Two cross‐sectional online surveys and semi‐structured online interviews were conducted. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors associated with parents' vaccine hesitancy for their children, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview data. Results: In total, 134 parents responded to both online surveys and, of those, 10 participated in interviews. Acceptance rates of COVID‐19 vaccination for their children were 19.4% (26/134) at the first survey and 11.2% (15/134) at the second survey. Integration of the data identified that the main factors for vaccine hesitancy included vaccine safety, vaccine effectiveness, government policy, and recommendations from people close to parents. Conclusions: Readily available and more balanced information, and community‐wide support from people close to parents and familiar health‐care providers are likely to provide better support for parents' decision‐making. Further investigation is required on how to provide information in an easily understood manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early life experiences can have an enduring impact on the brain and behavior, with implications for stress reactivity, cognition, and social behavior. In particular, the neural systems that contribute to the expression of social behavior are altered by early life social environments. However, paradigms that have been used to alter the social environment during development have typically focused on exposure to stress, adversity, and deprivation of species‐typical social stimulation. Here, we explore whether complex social environments can shape the development of complex social behavior. We describe lab‐based paradigms for studying early life social complexity in rodents that are generally focused on enriching the social and sensory experiences of the neonatal and juvenile periods of development. The impact of these experiences on social behavior and neuroplasticity is highlighted. Finally, we discuss the degree to which our current approaches for studying social behavior outcomes give insight into "complex" social behavior and how social complexity can be better integrated into lab‐based methodologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infant stimuli elicit widespread neural and behavioral response in human adults, and such massive allocation of resources attests to the evolutionary significance of the primary attachment. Here, we examined whether attachment reminders also trigger cross-brain concordance and generate greater neural uniformity, as indicated by intersubject correlation. Human mothers were imaged twice in oxytocin/placebo administration design, and stimuli included four ecological videos of a standard unfamiliar mother and infant: two infant/mother alone (Alone) and two mother-infant dyadic contexts (Social). Theory-driven analysis measured cross-brain synchrony in preregistered nodes of the parental caregiving network (PCN), which integrates subcortical structures underpinning mammalian mothering with cortical areas implicated in simulation, mentalization, and emotion regulation, and data-driven analysis assessed brain-wide concordance using whole-brain parcellation. Results demonstrated widespread cross-brain synchrony in both the PCN and across the neuroaxis, from primary sensory/somatosensory areas, through insular-cingulate regions, to temporal and prefrontal cortices. The Social context yielded significantly more cross-brain concordance, with PCNs striatum, parahippocampal gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, ACC, and PFC displaying cross-brain synchrony only to mother-infant social cues. Moment-by-moment fluctuations in mother-infant social synchrony, ranging from episodes of low synchrony to tightly coordinated positive bouts, were tracked online by cross-brain concordance in the preregistered ACC. Findings indicate that social attachment stimuli, representing evolutionary-salient universal cues that require no verbal narrative, trigger substantial interbrain concordance and suggest that the mother-infant bond, an icon standing at the heart of human civilization, may function to glue brains into a unified experience and bind humans into social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research demonstrated that folate deficiency in either the mother or father could impact the biological functions of the offspring's of neural cells. Folate deficiency can also impair the methionine cycle, thus contributing to the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), which could potentially cause damage to the central nervous system. The study focused on the effect of parental folate deficiency on neural cell apoptosis in offspring neonatal rats and whether it is mediated by the levels of SAM and SAH in brains. The experimental design was conducted by feeding female and male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats with either folate-deficient or folate-normal diets, sacrificing the offspring within 24 h and isolating their brain tissue. Rats were divided into four groups: the maternal-folate-deficient and paternal-folate-deficient (D-D) group; the maternal-folate-deficient and paternal-folate-normal (D-N) group; the maternal-folate-normal and paternal-folate-deficient (N-D) group; and the maternal-folate-normal and paternal-folate-normal (N-N) group. There was down-regulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression, up-regulation of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Caspase-3 expression of neural cells, and pathological changes in the brain ultrastructure, as well as decreased SAM levels, increased SAH levels, and a decreased SAM/SAH ratio in the rat fetal brain via parental folate deficiency. In conclusion, parental folate deficiency could induce the apoptosis of neural cells in neonatal offspring rats, while biparental folate deficiency had the greatest effect on offspring, and the unilateral effect was greater in mothers than in fathers. This process may be mediated by the levels of SAM and SAH in the rat fetal brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite the serious consequences of shaken baby syndrome (SBS), previous studies revealed a low level of knowledge among Saudi parents. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. An electronic questionnaire was distributed through social media platforms to parents of pediatric age group children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. A total of 524 responses were received. Data about participants' demographics, knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding SBS were collected through convenient random sampling. Results: A total of 524 responses were received; 30.7% of the participants were familiar with SBS. The Internet and the social media platforms were the most common sources of information. There was no statistically significant correlation between knowledge levels and participants' sociodemographic factors; only 32.3% of individuals had good knowledge. Of them, 84% had a positive attitude towards learning more about SBS, and 40.1% and 34.3% were interested in learning more about SBS before and during pregnancy, respectively. Carrying the baby and shaking were the actions most frequently taken when a baby was crying. Of them, 23.9% forcefully shake their child, while 41.4% of them throw their infant up in the air and catch it. Conclusions: It is important to conduct health education programs on SBS for mothers throughout the prenatal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the insights gained from interviewing 12 parentally bereaved children aged 5–8. All were below six years of age when bereft. Participants were interviewed through Sandtray interviews. The study finds that children are developing an understanding of what it means to live with loss, but want truthful information about the illness of their parent, and to understand the loss. They value help from the remaining parent, but also appreciate the support from daycare staff and friends. Findings further highlight that under the right circumstances, children have much to contribute when it comes to understanding their support needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Web-based learning has transformed education. Its ability to overcome physical barriers and deliver knowledge at the click of a button has made web-based learning popular and ensured that it will continue to be used in the future. The involvement of parents in web-based learning is fundamental to the success of the educational process, but limited attention has been paid to the impact of web-based learning on parents. Objective: This study examined parental experiences with school-aged children receiving web-based learning in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Methods: We sent cross-sectional, anonymous web-based questionnaires to school-aged children's parents. A total of 184 parents completed the survey. Results: Parents' negative experiences of web-based learning (mean 4.13, SD 0.62) exceeded their positive experiences (mean 3.52, SD 0.65). The most negative experience reported by parents was their child's boredom due to prolonged sitting in front of a device (mean 4.56, SD 0.69). The most positive experience was their child's technological skill enhancement (mean 3.98, SD 88). Their child's lack of social interaction and friendship building promoted stress among parents (r=-0.190; P=.01). At the same time, their child's technological skill enhancement reduced stress among parents (r=0.261; P=.001). The most reported (63/184, 34.2%) obstacle to web-based learning was having multiple learners in the same household. Conclusion: Web-based learning is a fundamental learning method and will continue to be used in the future because of its ability to overcome many barriers to education. Parental involvement in the continuity and success of the web-based learning process is crucial. However, the findings of this study illustrated that parents' experiences of web-based learning were more negative than positive. Parents who reported negative experiences reported an increase in stress and faced more obstacles due to web-based learning. Thus, more attention and intervention are needed to promote positive web-based learning experiences among parents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) for prematurity or illness is necessary for approximately 20% of newborns in Australia, resulting in parent-infant separation. Web cameras in the NICU provide a virtual link for parents to remain remotely connected to their infant during admission. Web camera use is increasing; however, there is limited evidence on the impact of web cameras on parents, infants, and neonatal staff. Objective: There were two objectives: (1) to determine the attitudes of parents and staff toward web cameras in the NICU and (2) to compare parental depression, anxiety, and stress levels using validated scales before and after web camera implementation in the NICU. Methods: A pre- and postevaluation survey was administered before and after implementation of the NICVIEW camera system in a tertiary NICU in Sydney, Australia. The NICVIEW camera system provides secure real-time viewing of infants and can be accessed from any device with an internet connection. Surveys were administered to parents of inpatients and staff, and included open- and closed-ended questions and Likert scales. Survey questions aimed to determine parent and staff attitudes and use of web cameras before and after implementation. In addition, pre- and postimplementation parental levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, as measured by the 21-item version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and Parental Stressor Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, were recorded. Results: In total, 94 parents and 109 staff members completed the pre- and postimplementation surveys. Post implementation, 43 of 44 (98%) parents supported web cameras, and 40 of 42 (95%) parents stated that they used web cameras. The most common reasons for support from parents included web cameras making parents feel more at ease, facilitating parent-infant bonding, increasing parental confidence in staff, and allowing others to see infants. There was no significant difference between the parental groups for the depression, anxiety, or stress scales measured by DASS-21. Staff support for web cameras increased significantly from 34 of 42 (81%) participants before to 64 of 67 (96%) participants after implementation (P=.01). Following implementation, there was a resolution in staff concerns about web cameras having an adverse impact on staff roles and privacy and security concerns. Conclusions: Web camera use in a tertiary Australian NICU was strongly supported by parents and staff and may reduce parental stress, facilitate parent-infant bonding, and encourage positive parent-staff engagement. Web cameras are a feasible method of providing continuity of care for families and should be considered as a standard of care in similarly resourced settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advanced parental age at delivery and neurological soft signs (NSS) constitute risk factors for schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was to develop a neurobiological diagnostic index by combining them, and without the contribution of clinical symptomatology. The study sample included 133 patients suffering from schizophrenia according to DSM-IV-TR (77 males and 56 females; aged 33.55 ± 11.22 years old) and 122 normal controls (66 males and 56 females; aged 32.89 ± 9.91 years old). The assessment included the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES), and a number of scales assessing the clinical symptoms and adverse effects. The statistical analysis included exploratory t-test, Pearson Correlation coefficient (R) and Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA). Exploratory t-tests and Pearson's R suggested that sex, parental age and NSS constitute independent components. On the basis of DFA results, the Psychotic Neurological Index was developed. At the cut-off PNI score of 8.5, sensitivity was equal to 94.74 and specificity to 93.44. The current is probably the first study to report on an easily obtainable diagnostic neurobiological marker with identifiable properties which is absolutely independent from the clinical manifestations and could serve in distinguishing between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls with high efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In developing countries, pediatric dermatoses cause significant morbidity and are a major public health problem. Parental socioeconomic status (SES) is an important underlying factor. Aim: The aim of the study is to estimate the prevalence and disease characteristics of pediatric dermatoses at a tertiary care center in Eastern India. Materials and Methods: Patients aged 19 years and below, presenting with at least one skin disorder were included in this cross-sectional study. All patients were subjected to detailed history including parental SES and clinical examination. Results: We evaluated 525 subjects (mean age 9.9 ± 6.2 years; M:F 1:1.1), majority being adolescents (>12–19 years) (40.6%) and belonging to upper-lower socioeconomic class (69.3%). Infections and infestations were most frequent (56.6%), followed by skin appendageal disorders (22.7%), eczema and dermatitis (8.8%), miscellaneous disorders (6.9%), pigmentary and nevoid disorders (3.4%), and papulo-squamous disorders (1.7%). Among infections, dermatophytosis was most common, followed by scabies and impetigo; while acne vulgaris was the most frequent noninfectious disorder followed by seborrhoeic dermatitis. Skin disorders were significantly associated with parental SES (P = 0.04). Infections showed a significant inverse association with parental SES (P = 0.003) while eczematous disorders demonstrated a positive dose-response association (P = 0.005). Higher parental SES increased the risk of acne vulgaris but reduced the risk of impetigo. Conclusion: Infectious diseases occurred most frequently, followed by pilosebaceous disorders. Parental SES is a significant determinant of pediatric dermatoses. Increased awareness is needed to prevent and treat these disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited studies have examined the role of a parent's involvement in their child's daily life as it relates to cigarette smoking among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We examined the role of parental involvement with current smoking among 6,105 adolescents using a nationally representative sample from the 2015– 2016 Global School-based Students Health Survey in Nepal. Using the adolescents' perceptions of daily parental involvement, a composite variable was created to include parents (a) checking to see if the child's homework was done, (b) understanding the child's problems and worries, and (c) knowing what the child was doing with their free time. Our analysis utilized a multiple logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) accounting for significant covariates. Overall, an increase in parental involvement was associated with a 15% less (aOR = 0.86) likelihood of their child smoking. Additionally, being 15 years or older (aOR =1.55), being bullied (aOR =1.72), drinking alcohol (aOR =20.63), and having missed school without permission (aOR =2.29) were all associated with cigarette smoking. Further, girls were almost 70% less (aOR = 0.33) likely to be cigarette smokers than boys. Future longitudinal studies should examine parental involvement as a protective factor against cigarette smoking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Asthma is a major contributor to childhood morbidity. Several environmental and socioeconomic status (SES) factors have been implicated in its etiopathogeneses such as indoor moisture and parental education level. Our study examined the association between exposure to indoor dampness and/or mould (IDM) with adolescent asthma and how parental education could modify or mediate this relationship.Method: A total of 1934 adolescents (boys: 47.5%, mean age (standard variation): 12.7(0.6) years) and their parents were voluntarily enrolled and completed a validated questionnaire on adolescents' asthma status, parental educational level, and adolescents' indoor exposure to IDM during three different lifetime periods, i.e., pregnancy, the first year of life and the current time.Results: There was a significant modification effect of parental education only for the current exposure; higher parental education lowered almost 50% the odds of IDM and asthma (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.96, 95% Confidence Intervals (CI): (1.05-3.68) and aOR:1.55, 95% CI (1.04-2.32), for primary/secondary and tertiary parental education, respectively).Conclusion: Adolescents whose parents had a higher education level had lesser odds to have asthma, even if they were exposed to a moisture home environment. This could be attributed to the increased knowledge about asthma risk factors and the improved measures for the amelioration of moisture-home environment that highly educated parents are more likely to take. Further research is needed in order to elucidate the interweaved role of family SES in the aforementioned relation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Hormones confer neuroplasticity during life stage transitions in males and females. • Sex steroid hormones modulate social recognition behavior in males and females. • Gonadal steroid hormones influence paternal behavior and structural plasticity. • Peripartum fluctuations in steroid hormones alter the brain and behavior in females. • Previous parity reduces hormone levels, brain aging and alters disease risk. Major life transitions often co-occur with significant fluctuations in hormones that modulate the central nervous system. These hormones enact neuroplastic mechanisms that prepare an organism to respond to novel environmental conditions and/or previously unencountered cognitive, emotional, and/or behavioral demands. In this review, we will explore several examples of how hormones mediate neuroplastic changes in order to produce adaptive responses, particularly during transitions in life stages. First, we will explore hormonal influences on social recognition in both males and females as they transition to sexual maturity. Next, we will probe the role of hormones in mediating the transitions to motherhood and fatherhood, respectively. Finally, we will survey the long-term impact of reproductive experience on neuroplasticity in females, including potential protective effects and risk factors associated with reproductive experience in mid-life and beyond. Ultimately, a more complete understanding of how hormones influence neuroplasticity throughout the lifespan, beyond development, is necessary for understanding how individuals respond to life changes in adaptive ways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic life support training and instruction is recommended for parents of premature infants discharged from the hospital. In order to assess the short-term efficacy of basic life support simulation, in addition to the institutional training, a prospective single-blinded randomized interventional study was performed. The study group received, besides the institutional training, an additional simulation training. The control group had only traditional training. A test assessment was followed approximately a week later and evaluated by two investigators. Fifty parents participated. Nineteen (38%) were in the study group. The study group showed a significant improvement in all the parameters assessed. Conclusion: The addition of a simulation encounter before discharge may improve short-term parental performance of basic life support. What is Known: • Parents of newborns at risk receive institutional training in basic life support. • The retention of knowledge from this training is a point of concern for parents. What is New: • A single simulation encounter for parents improved resuscitation performance. • Simulation for parents may be an important and useful tool to improve the efficacy of basic life support training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic dermatoses, such as atopic dermatitis, vitiligo, and psoriasis, can affect children. Apart from impacting the pediatric patient's quality of life, these disorders can also have a profound impact on the quality of life of their parents or closest caregivers and other family members. In an effort to better understand the relationship between parental stress and chronic dermatoses in children, we reviewed the available literature, which is scarce. Data indicate that the negative impact that chronic dermasoses in children can have on their parents is often overlooked during dermatologic consultation. Increased parental/caregiver stress can contribute to poor psychological adjustment of the parent to the child, potentially leading to a decreased level of childcare. Financial burden caused by prolonged therapy may further impact the parental care of the child. We as healthcare professionals should address parental and caregiver stress and incorporate appropriate measures to ensure optimal care of children with chronic dermatoses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the internal working model, attachment is rooted in one's previous interactive experience, which can affect further interpersonal relationships through reaction to others, including the parent-child relationships. However, no meta-analysis examining the link between parental attachments and parenting styles was done before. This meta-analysis study aimed to examine the associations between parents' patterns of attachment and parenting styles. Sixteen published articles and 2342 participants were included in the analysis. It was found that parental secure attachment correlated with positive parenting, but no significant negative correlation emerged between secure attachment and negative parenting. Regarding maternal insecure attachment, the results showed it correlated with positive parenting negatively and significantly. Also, there was a significant association between the insecure attachment and negative parenting. This research suggests that parental attachment pattern is linked to parenting styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Informal caregivers often report exhaustion when providing care, which can be related to forms of burnout. Yet, there is no systematic inventory of studies comparing caregivers and non-caregivers in terms of burnout. For the present meta-analysis, studies comparing burnout in informal caregivers and non-caregivers were screened and included. Two categories of studies were found: those on family care burnout (spousal or parental burnout) and those on professional burnout (mostly in healthcare). For family care burnout studies, informal caregivers reported more emotional exhaustion, and, to a lesser extent, depersonalization and reduced personal accomplishment than non-caregivers. For studies on professional burnout, workers providing informal care also reported more emotional exhaustion than workers not providing such a care. Overall, the results indicate that providing informal care represents a risk for role burnout. In family care burnout studies, these results confirm the assumption that providing informal care adds extra weight on the individuals' shoulders. In professional burnout, these results support the role accumulation theory, pointing that an additional weight in one's role, i.e., providing informal care, has an impact on another role, work. This work emphasizes the consideration of the multifaceted impact that the caregiving role can have on the individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Parental morphine exposure impaired spatial memory in the male offspring. • Intra-hippocampal injection of SCH improved spatial memory in the offspring. • Intra-PFC injection of SCH improved spatial memory in the offspring. • Injection of SCH23390 increased the p-CREB level in the offspring. Accumulating evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in the formation and maintenance of memory as well as addiction. In this study, we examined the role of D1-like dopamine receptor (D1 DR) on spatial memory in the offspring of morphine-abstinent rats. Adult male and female rats received morphine orally for 21 days and were drug-free for ten days. The rats were prepared to mate and the offspring were divided into four groups: offspring of drug-naïve parents, offspring of maternal morphine-exposed, offspring of paternal morphine-exposed, and PME + MME group. Saline or SCH23390 was injected into the hippocampus and prefrontal (PFC), and the Morris Water Maze task was performed. Afterward, the rats were sacrificed, and phosphorylated-CREB (p-CREB) was assessed using Western blotting. The data obtained from saline-treated offspring indicated that spatial memory was deteriorated in the offspring of morphine-abstinent parents compared with the control which improved when they received SCH23390. The level of p-CREB also decreased in the hippocampus, while it increased in the PFC and hippocampus after SCH23390 administration. Our results suggested that morphine exposure before conception could induce impairment in spatial memory in the offspring. Since D1 DR was up-regulated in the PFC of the offspring, blocking D1 DR led to improved memory deficit in the offspring of morphine-abstinent rats. Improvement of memory is correlated to p-CREB level in the hippocampus and PFC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Short hospital admission periods following pediatric inpatient surgery leave parents responsible for managing their child's postoperative pain in the community following discharge. Little is known about the experiences of parents caring for their child's postoperative pain after discharge home following inpatient surgery. Research examining parental postoperative pain management following their child's day surgery has found that parents are challenged in their pain management knowledge and practices. Aims: This interpretative phenomenological analysis study sought to understand parents' experiences caring for their child's postoperative pain at home. Methods: Semistructured telephone interviews were conducted with seven parents between 2 weeks and 6 months after their child's discharge from hospital. Results: Identified themes were coming home without support, managing significant pain at home, and changes in the parent–child relationship. Conclusions: Parents could potentially benefit from nurses optimizing educational interventions, from receiving ongoing support of transitional pain teams, and from assistance with return to school planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This paper aimed at analyzing the relation between perceived parenting experienced in adolescence and personality traits - positive, normal and pathological- in adulthood. Materials and methods: a sample consisted of 512 adults from general population with an average age of 40.83 years (sd = 15.05, 49.6% male, 50.4% female) was analyzed. Results: Statistically significant correlations were found mostly with the responsiveness dimension of parenting. it was positively associated with serenity, sprightliness, extraversion and agreeableness, and negatively associated with neuroticism and detachment. Besides, when analyzing parenting from a categorical approach of parenting styles, it was found that those who reported having authoritative or permissive parents had higher levels of serenity, sprightliness, extraversion and agreeableness, and lower levels of neuroticism. On the other hand, those who reported having authoritarian or negligent parents had higher levels of detachment. Finally, the study has shown that all positive personality traits and normal traits -except neuroticismwere positively associated with the presence of psychological wellbeing, and all pathological traits and the neuroticism trait were negatively related to the presence of psychological well-being. Conclusions: Perceived parenting can be placed within environmental factors associated with personality variability, whose role is significant but small. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a large-scale survey of 9,526 parents in China, we investigated antimicrobial drug use for common childhood infections. Of children with self-limiting conditions, formal care was sought for 69.2%; of those, 53.4% received drug prescriptions, including 11.2% from parental demands. Where drugs were taken without prescriptions, 70% were from community pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the impact of destructive parental conflict in continuously married parents, on young adult children. Four trainee or practicing counselors, who had personal experience of growing up in families in which there was continuing destructive parental conflict, were interviewed. The data were analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The findings resulted in four superordinate themes: feelings of loss, impact to family structure, trauma associated with the conflict, and impacts to personal and professional development, within which were 12 subordinate themes. Short-term impacts focused on mental health and self-esteem, and loss of security at home. Long-term impacts focused on future relationships, defensiveness, parent–child role-reversal, impacts to career, trauma, and parent–child relationships. The results demonstrate the necessity for support to be made available to children who are exposed to destructive parental conflict in parents who remain married, as well as to the adult children of continuing destructive parental conflict. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at Verifying the influence of parental treatment and it's relation to the children's Academic progress according to certain Variables: father's job, mother's job, father's educational level mother's educational level, Gender, order among Siblings and monthly income. For that purpose the researcher had developed a questioner which included 69 paragraphs distributed over 11 dimensions. Also, the researcher has chosen the Ninth grade students from Hebron's governmental schools as a study object; in which the researcher implemented his study on a sample consisting 319 students which are randomly selected. The study has revealed no differences in parental treatment between the variables; father's job, mother's job, father's educational level mother's educational level, Gender, order among Siblings and monthly income. Where as differences existed which were attributed to the father's educational level variable and were in favor for the fathers who obtained a university education. And according to these results the researcher has formulated a set of recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screen dependency disorder is on a rising trend and being less researched, the study tried to find out the prevalence and pattern of screen viewing (SV) among children less than two-years of age. Data was collected through in-person interviews from their mothers. Increasing child-age and type of family were significantly associated with higher prevalence of SV. Smart phones had similar usage rates as TVs. Parental knowledge and practices were found to influence the SV and screen-time in children. Modifiable factors like parental knowledge on SV, parental SV practices can help in designing health promotion strategies and recommendations on SV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screen dependency disorder is on a rising trend and being less researched, the study tried to find out the prevalence and pattern of screen viewing (SV) among children less than two-years of age. Data was collected through in-person interviews from their mothers. Increasing child-age and type of family were significantly associated with higher prevalence of SV. Smart phones had similar usage rates as TVs. Parental knowledge and practices were found to influence the SV and screen-time in children. Modifiable factors like parental knowledge on SV, parental SV practices can help in designing health promotion strategies and recommendations on SV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having children compels parents to examine their vaccine beliefs, particularly if they are vaccine-hesitant or refuse all vaccines. Presently, little is known about the specific ways in which having children influences the vaccine beliefs of parents. This research examined how having children changed the attitudes of Australian vaccine-hesitant and vaccine-refusing parents towards childhood vaccination. We asked 904 Australian parents who believed that having children changed their attitudes to vaccination to describe these changes. Parents' responses were inductively, iteratively coded and thematically analysed. Themes were compared between parents who believed all vaccines should be refused, parents with varying degrees of vaccine hesitancy, and parents who were fully vaccine-accepting. Low numbers of responses from fully vaccine-accepting parents meant that this paper focused on mostly vaccine-hesitant and vaccine-refusing vaccine parents. Five themes were identified. Having children prompted all parents to learn about vaccine choices. Hesitant and refusing parents' interpreted vaccine choices through a lens of distrust of pharmaceutical companies and regulatory bodies overseeing vaccine safety. The distrust fuelled parents' fears about vaccination risks, such as side effects. Parents became concerned about the scheduled timing of vaccinations, particularly of the Hepatitis B vaccine. Parents among the three groups that believed some or all vaccines should be refused reported that a vaccine permanently injured their child. This research contributes to understanding how having children affects the vaccine attitudes among vaccine-hesitant and vaccine-refusing parents. Greater support for parents with negative vaccination experiences may prevent hesitant attitudes. The vaccination schedule needs to be communicated to parents better. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at Verifying the influence of parental treatment and it's relation to the children's Academic progress according to certain Variables: father's job, mother's job, father's educational level mother's educational level, Gender, order among Siblings and monthly income. For that purpose the researcher had developed a questioner which included 69 paragraphs distributed over 11 dimensions. Also, the researcher has chosen the Ninth grade students from Hebron's governmental schools as a study object; in which the researcher implemented his study on a sample consisting 319 students which are randomly selected. The study has revealed no differences in parental treatment between the variables; father's job, mother's job, father's educational level mother's educational level, Gender, order among Siblings and monthly income. Where as differences existed which were attributed to the father's educational level variable and were in favor for the fathers who obtained a university education. And according to these results the researcher has formulated a set of recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nobel laureate Nikolaas Tinbergen provided clear criteria for declaring a neuroscience problem solved, criteria which despite the passage of more than 50 years and vastly expanded neuroscience tool kits remain applicable today. Tinbergen said for neuroscientists to claim that a behavior is understood, they must correspondingly understand its (i) development and its (ii) mechanisms and its (iii) function and its (iv) evolution. Now, all four of these domains represent hotbeds of current experimental work, each using arrays of new techniques which overlap only partly. Thus, as new methodologies come online, from single-nerve-cell RNA sequencing, for example, to smart FISH, large-scale calcium imaging from cortex and deep brain structures, computational ethology, and so on, one person, however smart, cannot master everything. Our response to the likely "fracturing" of neuroscience recognizes the value of ever larger consortia. This response suggests new kinds of problems for (i) funding and (ii) the fair distribution of credit, especially for younger scientists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Trans-generational maternal effects have been shown to influence a broad range of offspring phenotypes. However, very little is known about paternal trans-generational effects. Here, we tested the trans-generational effects of maternal and paternal age, and their interaction, on daughter and son reproductive fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. We found significant effects of parent ages on offspring reproductive fitness during a 10 day postfertilization period. In daughters, older (45 days old) mothers conferred lower reproductive fitness compared with younger mothers (3 days old). In sons, father's age significantly affected reproductive fitness. The effects of 2 old parents were additive in both sexes and reproductive fitness was lowest when the focal individual had 2 old parents. Interestingly, daughter fertility was sensitive to father's age but son fertility was insensitive to mother's age, suggesting a sexual asymmetry in trans-generational effects. We found the egg-laying dynamics in daughters dramatically shaped this relationship. Daughters with 2 old parents demonstrated an extreme egg dumping behavior on day 1 and laid >2.35× the number of eggs than the other 3 age class treatments. Our study reveals significant trans-generational maternal and paternal age effects on fertility and an association with a novel egg laying behavioral phenotype in Drosophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Genetic studies have provided convergent results indicating that schizophrenia is a polygenic disorder with a heritability estimate of ∼60–80%. The propensity for schizophrenia is ∼10 times higher in individuals with first-degree relatives with schizophrenia when compared to the general population. Aim: To identify associations between parental characteristics and the risk of schizophrenia in a Chinese population. Methods: Participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were recruited along with healthy controls (HCs) matched for age and gender from Weifang, China. Logistic regression models and generalized linear models were used to explore the associations between parental characteristics with the risk and age at onset of schizophrenia. In total, 414 cases and 639 HCs were recruited for the study. Results: We observed an inverse association between levels of paternal and maternal education and risk of schizophrenia after controlling for potential confounders (Paternal: OR = 1.525, 95% CI: 1.080–2.153, p =.017; Maternal: OR = 1.984, 95% CI: 1.346-2.924, p =.001). Younger paternal and maternal childbearing age were associated with a higher risk of diagnosis of schizophrenia. We furtherly observed that individuals with earlier age at onset of schizophrenia had fewer siblings (p =.007) and had higher rates of parental marital disharmony (p =.033). Conclusion: Our results indicate that parental years of education and age of childbearing are associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia in a Chinese population. Age of onset of schizophrenia was positively associated with a greater number of siblings and negatively associated with parental marital disharmony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Neurological softs signs are present in patients with schizophrenia irrespective of their family history for mental disorders. • NSS are more prevalent in cases with psychotic family history. • Presence of family history in first degree relatives is similar to the presence in second degree relatives in terms of NSS. • Patients with family history of non-psychotic mental disorder manifest fewer NSS. • There seems to be a spectrum of increasing severity from healthy controls to psychotic family history, rather than a categorical distribution. Abstract Objective Neurological soft signs (NSS) are a group of minor non-localizable neurological abnormalities found more often in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of the current study was investigate whether there is any difference in their manifestation in familial vs. sporadic schizophrenia. Material and methods The study sample included 120 patients suffering from schizophrenia according to DSM-5 (71 males and 49 females; aged 32.79 ± 11.11 years old) and 110 normal controls (57 males and 53 females; aged 33.38 ± 10.14 years old). The assessment included the Neurological Evaluation Scale (NES) and the detailed investigation family history. The statistical analysis included exploratory Analysis of Covariance. Results The results of the current study suggest that NSS are more frequent in familial cases of schizophrenia and are even more pronounced in cases with family history of psychosis in either first or second degree relatives. Discussion Overall the results suggest the presence of a spectrum of increasing severity from healthy controls to sporadic cases, to cases with non-psychotic family history and eventually to cases with psychotic family history, rather than a categorical distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the adaptation of the Family Efficacy Scales developed by Caprara, Regalia, Scabini, Barbaranelli and Bandura (2004) to Turkish was done. The sample of the study consists of a total of 375 person, including 125 adolescents in high school and their parents. The family competence scale consists of four forms. Data from the Filial, Marital, Parental, and Collective Family Scales were analyzed using SPSS 23 and AMOS schedules. Explanatory factor analysis (AFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (DFA) were used as methods. According to the results of AFA, filial's form is four-dimensional, marital form is two-dimensional, parental form is two-dimensional and collective family efficacy form is three-dimensional. Only a substance with a low substance load in the parental form has been removed. As a result, there are items 16 filial form, 12 marital form, 11 parental form and 20 collective family form, which are applicable for Turkish family structure. According to DFA results, compliance indices are significant. The high scores obtained from the scales indicate that the self-efficacy of the relevant role is high, while the low scores indicate that the self-efficacy of the relevant role is low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: still a controversial issue, family history is known as a risk factor for the development of Cerebrovascular Diseases (CVD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between parental history and risk of CVD in their offspring in Iranian population. Methods: Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS) included total 6504 healthy participants which were randomly selected through a two-stage cluster sampling method from three districts. The participants were followed prospectively for 10 years. The diagnosis of CVD were confirmed by expert panelist. Clinically validated history of CVD was established for definition of parental history of CVD. Types of history were categorized into paternal, maternal, both parents, and no history. Results: The prevalence of CVD is generally higher among female offspring compared with male ones (P<0.001). The relative risk of CVD with maternal history was not significant (95%CI=0.95-2.29). By adjusted model analysis, history of CVD in both parents affected the risk of CVD in their male children (RR=2.13, P=0.033, 95%CI). By crude model analysis, maternal history of CVD (P=0.047), history of CVD in both parents (P=0.032), and maternal history of hypertension (P=0.005) were determined as risk factors of CVD in offspring. Indeed, the mean age of CVD in offspring decreases based on this order: history of hypertension in parents, paternal history of CVD in both parents, maternal history of CVD, and no history (P<0.001). Conclusion: Early and regular screening for CVD development is necessary in female offspring of the families with the present history of CVD from maternal side. This group are at risk and should be considered as the target group for screening and taking preventive measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Cri du Chat syndrome (CdCS) is a genetic syndrome caused by deletions in the short arm of chromosome 5. Although the main clinical features of CdCS are well known, the neurocognitive and behavioural characteristics of the phenotype are rarely described in detail in the literature. In this study, we analysed the main phenotypic features of CdCS from a parental perspective. Method: A questionnaire was sent to 700 Brazilian families that were registered in the Brazilian Association of CdCS. The questions involved specific domains of CdCS, such as pregnancy and birth conditions, recurrence of the disease in the family, current major health problems, and aspects of cognitive development. Results: In total, 73 questionnaires were completed: 44 females and 29 males, ranging from 9.5 months old to 40 years old (mean = 13.8 years; median = 12 years). Most of the parents noticed the typical cat‐like cry at birth (94.4%). The age at diagnosis of CdCS ranged from the time of birth to 180 months (mean = 14 months; median = 6 months), while one case was diagnosed during pregnancy. In all of the cases, the diagnosis of CdCS was made by G‐banding karyotype analysis. In 66.2% of the cases, the parents underwent cytogenetic investigation. A total of 52.1% of the parents answered that they did not remember what the recurrence risk of CdCS was in their family. The main health problems that were reported were as follows: swallowing problems (80.3%), feeding problems (80.3%), congenital heart disease (31.5%), spine abnormalities (28.8%), and neurological symptoms (20.5%), including seizures (11%). The behavioural problems that were reported were as follows: aggressive behaviour, stereotypies, anxiety, phobias, and genital manipulation/masturbation. Neurodevelopmental delay was reported in all of the cases. Independent walking was achieved in 72.2% of the patients. Approximately 50% of the patients never presented expressive language, and most of the patients are dependent on others for their daily activities. Conclusions: The questionnaire was a pioneer initiative in the CdCS support group, and the answers used in this study can improve the health care assistance to these patients because they focus attention on the demands from a parental perspective. In addition, nearly half of the families stated that they did not remember information regarding recurrence risk, which reinforces the importance of genetic counselling follow‐up and the need for the expansion of genetic services in Brazil [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background/Objectives: Excessive sun exposure during childhood is a risk factor for skin cancer. This study aimed to compare the frequency of ideal sun protection use between parents with lighter‐ and darker‐skinned children and explore their attitudes and beliefs on sun safety and their choice of sun protection. Methods: Parents of children aged 6 months to 6 years completed self‐administered questionnaires about sun protection practices for their children. Parents assessed their child's Fitzpatrick phototype and were divided into lighter‐ (Fitzpatrick phototype I‐III) and darker‐skinned (Fitzpatrick phototype IV‐VI) groups. Sun safety guidelines from the Canadian Dermatology Association were used to qualify ideal sun protection. Results: A total of 183 parents were included. Overall, 31 parents (17%) used ideal sun protection for their children. As their children grew older, parents were less likely to use ideal sun protection (odds ratio = 0.69, 95% confidence interval = 0.53‐0.90). Parents in the lighter‐skinned group were more likely to use ideal sun protection for their children (odds ratio = 7.4, 95% confidence interval = 2.7‐20.1), believe that sun exposure was harmful (odds ratio = 17.2, 95% confidence interval = 4.0‐74.9), and perceive value in sun protection (odds ratio = 11.4, 95% confidence interval = 3.3‐39.0); the darker‐skinned group believed that darker skin tones provided more sun protection (odds ratio = 12.4, 95% confidence interval = 6.1‐25.4). Conclusion: Ideal parental sun protection efforts are overall low, particularly in parents of darker‐skinned children. The identified attitudes toward and beliefs about sun safety may aid in delivery of future sun protection interventions, especially in multiracial populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Italy, in 2016, we conducted a cross-sectional survey to estimate vaccine hesitancy and investigate its determinants among parents of children aged 16–36 months. Data on parental attitudes and beliefs about vaccinations were collected through a questionnaire administered online or self-administered at pediatricians’ offices and nurseries. Parents were classified as pro-vaccine, vaccine-hesitant or anti-vaccine, according to self-reported tetanus and measles vaccination status of their child. Multivariable logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with hesitancy. A total of 3130 questionnaires were analysed: 83.7% of parents were pro-vaccine, 15.6% vaccine-hesitant and 0.7% anti-vaccine. Safety concerns are the main reported reason for refusing (38.1%) or interrupting (42.4%) vaccination. Anti-vaccine and hesitant parents are significantly more afraid than pro-vaccine parents of short-term (85.7 and 79.7% vs 60.4%) and long-term (95.2 and 72.3% vs 43.7%) vaccine adverse reactions. Most pro-vaccine and hesitant parents agree about the benefits of vaccinations. Family pediatricians are considered a reliable source of information by most pro-vaccine and hesitant parents (96.9 and 83.3% respectively), against 45% of anti-vaccine parents. The main factors associated with hesitancy were found to be: not having received from a paediatrician a recommendation to fully vaccinate their child [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.21, 95% CI: 2.14–4.79], having received discordant opinions on vaccinations (AOR: 1.64, 95% CI: 1.11–2.43), having met parents of children who experienced serious adverse reactions (AOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.03–2.15), and mainly using non-traditional medical treatments (AOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.31–3.19). Vaccine safety is perceived as a concern by all parents, although more so by hesitant and anti-vaccine parents. Similarly to pro-vaccine parents, hesitant parents consider vaccination an important prevention tool and trust their family pediatricians, suggesting that they could benefit from appropriate communication interventions. Training health professionals and providing homogenous information about vaccinations, in line with national recommendations, are crucial for responding to their concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To revise the Chinese version of the Parental Psychological Flexibility Ouestionnaire (PPFQ) and test its validity and reliability. Methods: Totally 1015 parents from 2 primary school of Beijing were recruited and asked to complete the Chinese version of PPFQ. Item analysis was conducted to identify valid items. The parents were randomly allocated into two groups where one subset (n=510) was used for exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and the other (n=505) for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and discriminant validity. In addition, responses of 389 participants selected by simple random sampling was assessed in criterion validity with the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ), Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-Second Edition (AAQ-II), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), Trait Coping Style Questionnaire( TCSQ) and Conners Child Behavior Rating Scale (CBRS). Seven weeks later, 225 of the participants were retested. Results: The exploratory factor analysis extracted 3 components, and explained 58. 1% of the total variance. The factor loading of items ranged between 0.63 and 0.86. The confirmatory factor analysis verified the 3-factors model (x2/dƒ=1.77, NFI=0.94, IFI=0.97, GFI=0.96, TLI=0.96, CFI=0.97, RMSEA=0.04). Discriminant validity testing demonstrated the three revised factors had adequate discriminant validity in relation to one another (Ps<0.01). Criterion validity results showed that the total and subscale scores of the PPFQ were negatively correlated with the scores of CFQ, AAQ- II，SAS, SDS, TCSQ-NC, CBRS (=-0.16-0.52, Ps<0.01), and were positively correlated with the scores of MAAS, TCSQ-PC (r=0.14-0.37, Ps<0.01). The total and subscale scores of the PPFQ demonstrated good internal consistency Cronbach's α were 0.77-0.86 and test-retest reliability coefficient were 0.55-0.75. Conclusion: It suggests the validity and reliability of the adapted Chinese version of the Parental Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire be satisfactory, and could be used in the clinical and research work in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed at Verifying the influence of parental treatment and it's relation to the children's Academic progress according to certain Variables: father's job, mother's job, father's educational level mother's educational level, Gender, order among Siblings and monthly income. For that purpose the researcher had developed a questioner which included 69 paragraphs distributed over 11 dimensions. Also, the researcher has chosen the Ninth grade students from Hebron's governmental schools as a study object; in which the researcher implemented his study on a sample consisting 319 students which are randomly selected. The study has revealed no differences in parental treatment between the variables; father's job, mother's job, father's educational level mother's educational level, Gender, order among Siblings and monthly income. Where as differences existed which were attributed to the father's educational level variable and were in favor for the fathers who obtained a university education. And according to these results the researcher has formulated a set of recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]