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The aim of this research i; to determine the optimum factors affecting mechanical planting of coated marjoram seeds. The studied factor is four forward speed levels. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows: The maximum marjoram seeding rate of 3.50 kg/fad., was obtained at metering-device speed of 20 rpm. while, the minimum seeding rate of 2.30 kg/fad., was obtained at metering-device speed of 60 rpm. The maximum plant-emergency of 93.6% was obtained at forward speed of 1.82 km/hr. While, the minimum plant-emergence of 82.3% was obtained at forward speed of 4.79 km/hr. By increasing forward speed from 1.82 to 4. 79 km/hr., the total cropyield decreased from 3200 to 2400 kg/fad. Also the minimum production-cost of 26 LE/ton was obtained using forward speed of 4. 79 km/hr. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of plant number of rape seedlings is the key to evaluating effect and quality of mechanical planting. In terms of the long-lasting and inefficient manual statistics in plant quantity detection of rape seedlings planted mechanically, this article explored a new means to automatically identify the number by a low altitude unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) remote sensing system with ultra-high resolution. A color vegetation index, excess green - excess red (ExG-ExR), was chosen for image segmentation which was performed by Otsu algorithm. The features of rape plant like spectral and shape information were extracted after image segmentation. Combined with the field survey data, the research applied stepwise multiple regression analysis to build the relationship between the plant number of rape seedlings and features. The low altitude UAV used in research was integrated with an ultra-high resolution sensor, Nikon D800, an FX-format digital single lens reflex (DSLR) camera with effective pixel count of 36.3 million for definition and image quality. Its ultra-high resolution (0.18 cm/pixel) made the identification of rape seedlings plant number possible, although it captured RGB (red, green, blue) images. In fact, there were several color vegetation indices based on visible band. And the research on them had an outstanding achievement. This article compared the ExG, ExG-ExR, normalized green-red difference (NGRD) and green leaf index (GLI), which were commonly used in the study, especially in the UAV digital image system. The result of image segmentation showed that all the color vegetation indices could be suitable for the rape seedlings area identification and extraction. In the end, ExG-ExR was chosen in this paper because it was matched with the area of rape seedlings in RGB image best, while GLI had a lot of noise. Before feature extraction, there were some post-processings for the segmentation objects, such as vectorization, buffer analysis, abnormal object elimination and field survey data input. Finally, in 24 quadrats of this research area, 3 565 segmentation objects of rape with 15 shape features were identified and extracted. Eighty percent of them were randomly selected for regression, while the remaining 20% were used for testing. A correlation analysis for 15 shape features was conducted to solve the problem of choosing independent variables preliminarily. Three shape features, i.e. the length-to-width ratio of the minimum bounding rectangle, the distribution density of the pixels and the raster number of perimeter, were chosen for the stepwise multiple regression analysis. For the minimum bounding rectangle of vector segmentation rape objects, the length-to-width ratio was calculated. The distribution density of the pixels describes the distribution of the pixels of a segmentation object in space. The most “dense” shape is a square; the more an object is shaped like a filament, the lower its density. The raster number of perimeter is the sum of the raster numbers of border length for a segmentation object. The result indicated that there was a linear relationship between the plant number and 3 selected shape features. The model showed a determination coefficient R2 of 0.803 with high significance, and its standard error of estimate (SEE) was 0.699. Furthermore, strong correlation existed between the ground-measured and model-predicted plant number (R2=0.809) in the test, and the root-mean-square error (RMSE) was 0.728. Overall, by calculating the color vegetation index and analyzing the correlation between rape seedlings plant number and features, the application of low altitude UAV remote sensing system integrated with ultra-high resolution sensor can effectively identify the plant number of rape seedlings planted by mechanical planter. Based on the automatic identification of rape seedlings plant number, the estimation of rape seedlings emergence and the distribution characteristic of row and plant space would be the next study direction for the evaluation on effect and quality of mechanical planting of rape seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In general, nitrogen (N), silicon (Si), and planting method influence fragrant rice yield and lodging resistance. Nevertheless, the response of fragrant rice yield and lodging resistance to N-Si fertilization under different planting methods has not been examined in detail. Field trials were undertaken in the early seasons of 2018 and 2019. Two Si levels i.e., 0 kg Si h m−2 (Si0) and 150 kg Si h m−2 (Si1), three N levels i.e., 0 kg N h m−2(N0), 150 kg N h m−2(N1), and 220 kg N h m−2(N2) as well as three planting methods i.e., artificial transplanting (AT), mechanical transplanting (MT), and mechanical direct-seeding (MD) were set up for two indica fragrant rice cultivars i.e., 'Yuxiangyouzhan' (YX) and 'Xiangyaxiangzhan' (XY). Results revealed that the N-Si treatments and planting methods significantly affected the grain yield, lodging index, and some related parameters across the two cultivars. The mean fold change (FC) in grain yield for the different planting methods was ranked MD＞MT＞AT, while MT and MD have larger variation of FC in grain yield and lodging index as compared with AT. Besides, under all planting methods, the N1 and N2 treatments significantly increased grain yield and lodging index, while the Si1 treatment significantly reduced lodging index without affecting grain yield. There were also significant Si and N interaction effects on grain yield and lodging resistance, with the Si1N2 treatment producing the best balance of grain yield and lodging resistance. The treatments differed in grain yield and yield-related traits such as yield components, biomass yield and photosynthetic properties, as well as in lodging index and lodging-related traits such as plant height, N and Si content in the stem sheath, and biomass allocation ratio. Overall, this study revealed that the 150 kg Si h m−2 coupled with 220 kg N h m−2 treatment showed the best positive effects on balancing grain yield and lodging resistance under all planting methods. Additionally, fragrant rice planted by mechanical methods requires more stricter N-Si fertilization because mechanical planting methods produce greater variation in the physio-biochemical characteristics that underlie grain yield formation and lodging resistance. • Nitrogen (N) fertilization significantly increased grain yield and lodging risk. • Silicon (Si) fertilization significantly reduced lodging risk without affecting grain yield. • Mechanical direct-seeding showed higher variation in grain yield and lodging index than artificial transplanting at N-Si. • Application of 150 kg Si hm−2 and 220 kg N hm−2 produced the optimal balance between grain yield and lodging resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]