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Craniofacial development is a complex process with several factors involved. When malocclusions have a skeletal origin, they can generate an orthognathic (class I), retrognathic (class II) or prognathic (class III) relationship of the mandibular bone respect to the maxilla. This configuration is closely related to the base of the skull where the sella turcica has been studied for this purpose due to its ectomesenchymal origin (Dasgupta et al., 2018) and its anatomical relationships. Several studies have been conducted to elucidate this relationship and this work seeks to contribute to the discussion by comparing the characteristics of the sella turcica among skeletal malocclusions through lateral teleradiographies. The study was conducted using 52 radiographic plates of individuals between 18 and 24 years old with an equal number of male and female subjects, 15 class I, 7 class II and 30 class III. The radiographic area of the sella turcica was digitally measured and morphologically classified using the categories of Axelsson et al. (2004). An intraclass correlation coefficient was obtained with 95 % confidence, yielding a value of 0.88 for the sella turcica area, 0.89 for the ANB angle and 0.70 for the Wits value, demonstrating excellent observer reliability. With 95 % confidence, Fisher's exact test showed a significant association (p = 0.029) between the morphological variations of the ST and the skeletal class, being more frequent in class III. The Kruskal Wallis H test did not show significant differences (p=0.550) in median sellar area between skeletal classes. Morphological variations seem to be more relevant than anatomical variations in this association. New studies are required in the Chilean population with a greater number of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The diagnosis in orthodontics should be made through an analysis in the three planes of space, both in dental structures and bone structures, and not only based on the evaluation of crowding or dental gyroversions that the patient has. Objective. To compare the intercanine and intermolar distance in malocclusions. Methodology. The sample consisted of 120 orthodontic pre-treatment study models. Data collection was carried out using an electronic record sheet in the Microsoft Office Excel program, the patient's initials, sex, age, and intercanine and intermolar width were collected. The materials used were: study models, a digital caliper, fine brush brushes and a computer. The statistics were carried out in the Excel and StatCalc programs, the descriptive statistics were calculated and the ANOVA test was used. Results. The average intercanine distance in class I was 31.80 mm, in class II malocclusion it was 31.61 mm and in class III 31.54 mm. In the intermolar distance the average of class I was 39.91 mm, in class II 38.26 mm and in class III 37.87 mm. Conclusions. Type I, II and III dental malocclusions have no influence on intercanine and intermolar measurements. More studies with larger samples will have to be perform to see if the results hold. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. A close relationship between the position of the cervical spine and the craniomandibular complex has been described in the literature, so it is believed that there may be an impact on the position of one or both due to the change in their posture. Objective. Identify the association between malocclusions and the position of the head and neck. Methodology. A descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study was carried out. One hundred twenty lateral skull radiographs were taken into account as a universe, a confidence level of 95% and an error of 3% were used. Results. The average age of the sample was 16 years. The average in the craniovertebral angle was 100.93°, in the hyoid triangle -0.60 mm the C0-C1 distance was 7.1 mm and in the C1-C2 was 5.43 mm. Conclusions. The craniocervical posture has a statistically weak association; it is considered important that a routine diagnosis be obtained in most cases treated in the orthodontic consultation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To find an association between the position of the head and neck and malocclusions in patients of the Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit (México) Orthodontics Specialty. Method: A descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective and observational study was carried out, taking into account a total of 120 lateral skull radiographs. Results: In class I patients, the craniovertebral angle had an average of 102.05°, the hyoid triangle had an average of -0.63 mm, the C0-C1 distance obtained an average of 7.22 mm and the C1-C2 distance had an average of 4.95 mm. In class II patients, the craniovertebral angle presented an average of 100.02°, the hyoid triangle with -0.52 mm, the C0-C1 distance its average was 7.05 mm and the C1-C2 distance obtained an average of 5.7 mm. In class III patients, the craniovertebral angle presented an average of 101.83°, the hyoid triangle was -0.74, the C0-C1 distance averaged 7.07 mm, and the C1-C2 distance averaged 5.33 mm. Conclusions: Include biomechanical analysis of head and neck posture to obtain a more complete diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invisalign® is a therapeutic modality, introduced as an alternative to the Fixed Orthodontic Appliances (FOA), but its indications and advantages still controversial. The objective of the present bibliographical review was to describe the similitudes, advantages and disadvantages of Invisalign® compared to FOA. This bibliographical review counts on 30 references. The bibliographical database of PubMed/Medline and Cochrane Library were consulted. Invisalign® has as main advantages: less pain, maintenance of a better oral hygiene, reduced risk for complications, shorter treatment duration, and relevant psychological and aesthetic benefits. It can be concluded that Invisalign® should be used in mild to moderate malocclusions and as an adequate option in non-growing patients that do not require extractions, reserving the use of FOA to treat the remaining complex cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: the objective of characterizing children from 4 to 6 years of age from nursery schools in the health area of the "Julián Grimau García" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, according to clinical and epidemiological variables. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out in children from 4 to 6 years of age belonging to the nursery circles of the health area of the "Julián Grimau García" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, in the period of July 2016 to April 2017. The study was constituted by the 57 children from 4 to 6 years of age belonging to the 2 children's circles of the aforementioned health area, of both sexes and who presented dental interferences. To obtain the data, a structured interview was conducted with parents or guardians, in order to obtain accurate and verified data, using the percentage as a summary measure. The oral examination was performed on children using the tongue depressor and natural or artificial light. Results: the male sex and the period of temporary dentition predominated. Buccal breathing and bottle use were the most practiced deforming habits. Conclusions: Concluding that most of the children examined did not present anomalies of the occlusion. Considering this, we recommend carrying out analytical studies in the area that allow deepening the study of dental interferences in children as a causal factor of malocclusions, elevating health promotion and prevention activities to pregnant women and mothers on the importance of practicing favorable lifestyles for the health and development of the stomatognathic system of their children from an early age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. In the Angle's skeletal malocclusions, when the maxilla or mandible show a noticeable discrepancy, the remaining structures of the dentofacial complex adapt and modify to disguise this discrepancy, such is the case of the incisors, which present compensations in their angulation depending the malocclusion. Objective. Comparison the position of the lower incisor in Angle class I and class II malocclusions. Material and methods. A total of 200 radiographs were measured, 100 of class I and 100 of class II, facial convexity was measured to classify by malocclusion; likewise, the interincisal angle formed by the axial axis of the central maxillary and mandibular incisors was measured, the protrusion of the lower incisor measuring the incisal edge of the lower incisor to the A-pogonion plane and the inclination of the lower incisor that forms the axial axis of the lower incisor and the A-Pogonion plane (Norm: 22° ± 4.0). Results. In the angle of the inclination of the lower incisor the average in class I was 22 ± 6.62 ° and in class II it was 25.5 ± 7.26°, when comparing the found values with the norm of this angle, they were not found significant statistical differences in class I (t 0.00 p < 1), however, in class II if they were found (t 8.57 p < 0.000). Conclusions. It was found that the lower incisors in the class II malocclusion are proclined, which is attributed to compensations of the dentofacial complex when there is a ske letal malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Family is the space par excellence for the development of human identity and is a person's first socialization group. People have their first experiences, habits, values, and world perceptions, including health, within the family core. Purpose: To analyze oral health status of individuals regarding family functioning. Methods: A descriptive study with 84 persons of 20 families who belonged to the dental office of the Plaza de la Revolution municipality in Havana Cuba was carried out. Patients responded family functioning and oral habits surveys and underwent at-home clinical evaluations (p=0.05, Chi²). Results: Edentulism was predominant (53.57%) mainly among individuals from dysfunctional families. 70.24% had poor oral hygiene; however, most of those with good oral hygiene (88.00%) belonged to functional families. 51.19% only brushed their teeth twice a day, mainly from dysfunctional families. 22.62% of patients reported not consuming sugary foods, most of whom belonged to functional families. 82.05% informed seeing the dentist only when they had an dental emergency, all of them from dysfunctional families. Conclusion: Family functioning showed association with oral health status among the individuals studied. It is advisable to create family-focused preventive oral health programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Early correction of class II malocclusions associated to mandibular retrognathism is possible through sustained and continuous mandibular advancement that does not require patient collaboration. Purpose: To describe a case of malocclusion treated with a new fixed mandibular advance arch (FMAA). Case description: FMAA was applied to a 11-year-6-month-old skeletal class-II, division-1 girl with mandibular retrognathism and overbite. Results: After one-year treatment, there were functional and esthetic outcomes. ANB angle was reduced from 6.6° to 5.0°. Effective mandibular length (Co-Gn) increased (96.1 mm to 103.4 mm). Upper incisors inclinations went from 28,0° to 28,4°. Lower incisors experienced slight proinclinations (26.2° to 30.9°). Cephalograms after orthodontic treatment showed stable measures: ANB went from 5.0° to 5,1° and Co-Gn remained stable in 103.4°. Upper incisors had retroinclinations from 28.4° to 22.5° and lower incisors went from 30.9° to 28.2°. Conclusion: FMAA is a treatment alternative for mixed and early permanent dentitions for being a fixed appliance, it allows advancing mandible without requiring patient collaboration and during the necessary time to obtain changes. Because of its simple structure (cemented in the maxilla only to first molars), it advances without being fixed to the mandible every time the patient closes the mouth. In addition, it is easy to make, cement, activate, clean, and keep in mouth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The great development and progress of Transparent Orthodontics techniques has been possible thanks to biotechnology, based on clinical evidence and efficacy and research studies in bioengineering and software technology, making it possible for these techniques to become authentic Therapeutic Systems, without forgetting that the biology, the physiology, the biophysical, biomechanical, biochemical, bioelectrical concepts, that sustain the Orthodontics, as a specialty within the OdontoEstomatology, remain the same. In the present work, we review the biomechanical principles that support the orthodontic tooth movements necessary for the therapeutic correction of the different malocclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study of 120 adolescents aged 16 to 18, assisted in the Stomatological Clinic of "José Martí Pérez" Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba, was carried out from September to December, 2015, aimed at identifying diverse occlusal characteristics and their relationship with the corporal position. In the series the anteroposterior malocclusions prevailed, with 53.3% members, of which an equal percentage presented balanced front posture and the rest, unbalanced position (21.4% toward the right and 28.6% toward the left). It was concluded that in the examined adolescents the anomalies of the cross-sectional occlusions and the alterations in the front planes prevailed; also there were enough evidences to affirm that the association between the malocclusions and the corporal position was statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 490 adolescents aged 12-14 years, who studied at "Orlando Carvajal Lines" Junior High school, and who were assisted in the Estomatology Department of "Julián Grimau García" University Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba was carried out in the period of March, 2015 to the same month of 2016, in order to identify the necessity of orthodontic treatment in them through the dental aesthetics index. Most of the adolescents with malocclusions corresponded to the age groups 13 and 14 (with 34.0%, respectively) in this case material, without significant differences as for the sex, and the main components of the dental aesthetics index were the dental crowding (25.5%), the spacing in the incisive segments (19.4%) and the diastema (15.9%). It was demonstrated that the larger quantity in students didn't need any orthodontic treatment or they just required a minor treatment, since 51.6% of the series presented normal or light malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study of 332 children aged 8 to 11 with non physiologic loss of the dental arch, assisted in "José Martí Pérez" Teaching Polyclinic Stomatological Clinic in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from September, 2014 to December, 2015, in order to describe the predisposing factors to this disorder. The patients were examined with the help of the natural light, slide gauge and a lingual depressor, and the calculated averages of the upper and lower dental arches length were 31 mm and 29 mm, respectively, with a higher implication in the 11 years children. In the evaluated population the males prevailed, the mostly found predisposing factor was the interproximal decay and the higher mean length values were in the upper arch and in the right hemiarches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Quantify the risk of the position of the impacted canine that caused the resorption of the upper incisors. Methodology. It was a clincal-analitic study, transversal and retrospective for dimensional variables, was used descriptive statistics, to determine association Xi2, for homogeneity and significance P= 0.05, for correlation was used Correlation of Phi and for estabilize risk was used odds ratio. Results. 33 patients was examined, 10 patients in the group with resorption, and 23 patients in the other group with out resorption, between 9 to 15 years old, in the resorption group was shown a eruption pattern so more vertical than the group whit out resorption. Conclusions. The eruption pattern average of 10 ° more horizontal as proposed Sune Ericson 29.5 ° to alpha angle, and 39.1 ° to beta angle mean not risk of resorption, by the contrary, a pattern of more vertical eruption 'Diaz and Piña" 15.7 ° alpha angle and 21.9 ° beta angle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breastfeeding is the best option for infants. It promotes an adequate growth and development of the craniofacial structures as breastfeeding stimulates the orofacial musculature and therefore the functional development of the stomatognathic system. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed. 195 clinical histories of patients with ages between 3 and 16 years attending the postdoctoral pediatric dentistry clinic of the dental School at the University of Santa Maria, Caracas Venezuela, were evaluated. Time data associated with breastfeeding, presence of parafunctional habits, and malocclusions were collected. Results: 29.7% of the children were breastfed <5 months, 62.1% >6 months, and 8.2% were not breastfed. 84.1% had par afunctional habits and 4 1% had som e type of malocclusion. When applying the Chi-square test for each variable, a statistically significant relationship between <5-month breastfeeding and parafunctional habits (p=0.001) was found. However, there was not a statistically significant relationship between the length of breastfeeding and the occurrence of malocclusions (p=0.012). Conclusions: The results indicate the existence of a relationship between a period of <5 months of breastfeeding and the development of parafunctional habits, having the greater risk children who do not receive nursing or did for a short period. However, no significant relationship between breastfeeding and the occurr ence of malocclusions was shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. In regard to conditions of the oral cavity in children, malocclusions occur with a prevalence of 60%, whereas the most common speech disorder among school-age children are the changes in pronunciation known as dyslalias, with a prevalence of 70%. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of malocclusions and speech disorders in a 4- to 6-year-old preschool population in eastern Mexico City. Methods. We performed an observational, prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive study. Clinical assessment of malocclusion was performed at the base of the terminal planes and the diagnosis of speech disorders was made using the test of Melgar, considering the categories with and without speech disorders. Results. Data were processed using SPSS v.11 and descriptive statistics were obtained from the study variables. The results allowed the observation that the revised total number of preschool-age children, 61% (n = 48) presented malocclusions, whereas speech disorders occurred in 42% (n = 39). In our study, however, no association was demonstrated between malocclusions and speech disorders. Both conditions were present and 40% (n = 19) of preschool-age children showed the presence of malocclusions and speech disorders; 42% (n = 13) had no malocclusions but demonstrated speech disorders. Conclusions. The prevalence of malocclusion and speech disorders in preschool-age children in this community is considered as a health problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Down Syndrome (DS) is one of the more common congenital anomalies due to a trisomy in chromosome 21. Patients with DS have a variety of medical complications and characteristically in the stomatognatic system. Maxilars and dental structures have particularities that favour malocclusions. We evaluated 39 patients with DS between 11 and 48 years old and we determined an Angle classification, Malocclusion Index. We found that 94,87% presented an MI of 2; 84,2% presented Class III of Angle. Vertical alterations represented 38,4% transversal alterations, 30,7% and 64.10% had parafuncional habits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]